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Frasca F, Sorrentino L, Fracella M, D’Auria A, Coratti E, Maddaloni L, Bugani G, Gentile M, Pierangeli A, d’Ettorre G, Scagnolari C. An Update on the Entomology, Virology, Pathogenesis, and Epidemiology Status of West Nile and Dengue Viruses in Europe (2018-2023). Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:166. [PMID: 39058208 PMCID: PMC11281579 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9070166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, increases in temperature and tropical rainfall have facilitated the spread of mosquito species into temperate zones. Mosquitoes are vectors for many viruses, including West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV), and pose a serious threat to public health. This review covers most of the current knowledge on the mosquito species associated with the transmission of WNV and DENV and their geographical distribution and discusses the main vertebrate hosts involved in the cycles of WNV or DENV. It also describes virological and pathogenic aspects of WNV or DENV infection, including emerging concepts linking WNV and DENV to the reproductive system. Furthermore, it provides an epidemiological analysis of the human cases of WNV and DENV reported in Europe, from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2023, with a particular focus on Italy. The first autochthonous cases of DENV infection, with the most likely vector being Aedes albopictus, have been observed in several European countries in recent years, with a high incidence in Italy in 2023. The lack of treatments and effective vaccines is a serious challenge. Currently, the primary strategy to prevent the spread of WNV and DENV infections in humans remains to limit the spread of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Frasca
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (C.S.)
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.B.); (G.d.)
| | - Leonardo Sorrentino
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Matteo Fracella
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Alessandra D’Auria
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Eleonora Coratti
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Luca Maddaloni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.B.); (G.d.)
| | - Ginevra Bugani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.B.); (G.d.)
| | - Massimo Gentile
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Alessandra Pierangeli
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Gabriella d’Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.B.); (G.d.)
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (C.S.)
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Vita S, Bordi L, Sberna G, Caputi P, Lapa D, Corpolongo A, Mija C, D'Abramo A, Maggi F, Vairo F, Specchiarello E, Girardi E, Lalle E, Nicastri E. Autochthonous Dengue Fever in 2 Patients, Rome, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:183-184. [PMID: 37967518 PMCID: PMC10756386 DOI: 10.3201/eid3001.231508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Since August 2023, outbreaks of dengue virus (DENV) infection have occurred in Italy. We report 2 autochthonous case-patients and their extended follow-up. Despite persistent DENV detected in blood by PCR, results for antigenomic DENV RNA were negative after day 5, suggesting that a 5-day isolation period is adequate to avoid secondary cases.
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de Albuquerque BHDR, de Oliveira MTFC, Aderaldo JF, de Medeiros Garcia Torres M, Lanza DCF. Human seminal virome: a panel based on recent literature. Basic Clin Androl 2022; 32:16. [PMID: 36064315 PMCID: PMC9444275 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-022-00165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The seminal virome and its implications for fertility remain poorly understood. To date, there are no defined panels for the detection of viruses of clinical interest in seminal samples. Results In this study, we characterized the human seminal virome based on more than 1,000 studies published over the last five years. Conclusions The number of studies investigating viruses that occur in human semen has increased, and to date, these studies have been mostly prospective or related to specific clinical findings. Through the joint analysis of all these studies, we have listed the viruses related to the worsening of seminal parameters and propose a new panel with the main viruses already described that possibly affect male fertility and health. This panel can assist in evaluating semen quality and serve as a tool for investigation in cases of infertility.
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Chikungunya Virus Shedding in Semen: A Case Series. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091879. [PMID: 36146686 PMCID: PMC9500917 DOI: 10.3390/v14091879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chikungunya is a viral disease that is transmitted by mosquitoes. It is characterized by an acute onset of fever and severe arthralgia. Methods: We describe six cases of acute and post-acute chikungunya in which viral RNA was detected in semen. Conclusions: The most prolonged detection period was 56 days after illness onset. We attempted to cultivate positive semen samples, but virus isolation was unsuccessful in all cases.
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Mons J, Mahé-Poiron D, Mansuy JM, Lheureux H, Nigon D, Moinard N, Hamdi S, Pasquier C, Dejucq-Rainsford N, Bujan L. Effects of Acute Dengue Infection on Sperm and Virus Clearance in Body Fluids of Men. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1146-1153. [PMID: 35608553 PMCID: PMC9155864 DOI: 10.3201/eid2806.212317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of dengue virus (DENV) on semen using samples collected 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days after symptom onset from 10 infected volunteers on Réunion Island. We assessed characteristics of semen and reproductive hormones and isolated motile spermatozoa from semen. We assayed semen for DENV using reverse transcription PCR and searched for DENV RNA by virus isolation in Vero E6 cell cultures. Four volunteers had >1 DENV RNA-positive semen samples; 2 volunteers had DENV RNA–positive semen at day 15 and 1 at day 30. No motile sperm were DENV positive. After exposure to positive semen, few Vero E6 cells stained positive for DENV antigens, indicating low levels of replicative virus. We found DENV had shorter duration in semen than in blood. These findings support the possibilities that DENV is sexually transmissible for a short period after acute dengue illness and that acute dengue induces reversible alterations in sperm.
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Cimini E, Agrati C. γδ T Cells in Emerging Viral Infection: An Overview. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061166. [PMID: 35746638 PMCID: PMC9230790 DOI: 10.3390/v14061166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New emerging viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Filoviridae families are serious threats to public health and represent a global concern. The surveillance to monitor the emergence of new viruses and their transmission is an important target for public health authorities. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an excellent example of a pathogen able to cause a pandemic. In a few months, SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally from China, and it has become a world health problem. Gammadelta (γδ) T cell are sentinels of innate immunity and are able to protect the host from viral infections. They enrich many tissues, such as the skin, intestines, and lungs where they can sense and fight the microbes, thus contributing to the protective immune response. γδ T cells perform their direct antiviral activity by cytolytic and non-cytolytic mechanisms against a wide range of viruses, and they are able to orchestrate the cellular interplay between innate and acquired immunity. For their pleiotropic features, γδ T cells have been proposed as a target for immunotherapies in both cancer and viral infections. In this review, we analyzed the role of γδ T cells in emerging viral infections to define the profile of the response and to better depict their role in the host protection.
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Humaidi M, Tien WP, Yap G, Chua CR, Ng LC. Non-Invasive Dengue Diagnostics-The Use of Saliva and Urine for Different Stages of the Illness. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081345. [PMID: 34441280 PMCID: PMC8393275 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue diagnosis is largely dependent on clinical symptoms and routinely confirmed with laboratory detection of dengue virus in patient serum samples collected via phlebotomy. This presents a challenge to patients not amenable to venipuncture. Non-invasive methods of dengue diagnosis have the potential to enhance the current dengue detection algorithm. In this study, samples from dengue infected patients were collected between January 2012 until September 2012 and September 2013 until December 2013 in two different setups. Panel A samples (blood, urine, and saliva) were collected daily when the 39 patients were hospitalised and during their follow-up visits while Panel B samples (saliva) were collected from 23 patients during the acute stage of dengue. Using DENV PCR on Panel A, from day 2 to day 4 post fever onset, serum showed the best overall positivity followed by saliva and urine (100%/82.1%/67.9%). From day 5 until day 10 post fever onset, serum and urine had similar positivity (67.4%/61.2%), followed by saliva (51.3%). Beyond day 10 post fever onset, DENV was undetectable in sera, but urine and saliva showed 56.8% and 28.6% positivity, respectively. DENV in urine was detectable up until 32 days post fever. Panel B results showed overall sensitivity of 32.4%/36% (RNA/NS1) for DENV detection in saliva. Our results suggest that the urine-based detection method is useful especially for late dengue detection, where DENV is undetected in sera but still detectable in urine. This provides a potential tool for the physician to pick up new cases in an area where there is ongoing dengue transmission and subsequently prompt for intensified vector control activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahathir Humaidi
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore 138667, Singapore; (W.P.T.); (G.Y.); (C.R.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (L.C.N.)
| | - Wei Ping Tien
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore 138667, Singapore; (W.P.T.); (G.Y.); (C.R.C.)
| | - Grace Yap
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore 138667, Singapore; (W.P.T.); (G.Y.); (C.R.C.)
| | - Choon Rong Chua
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore 138667, Singapore; (W.P.T.); (G.Y.); (C.R.C.)
| | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore 138667, Singapore; (W.P.T.); (G.Y.); (C.R.C.)
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (L.C.N.)
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Wang R, Gornalusse GG, Kim Y, Pandey U, Hladik F, Vojtech L. Potent Restriction of Sexual Zika Virus Infection by the Lipid Fraction of Extracellular Vesicles in Semen. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:574054. [PMID: 33133043 PMCID: PMC7550675 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.574054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission from men to women occurs less frequently than the often-detected high viral loads in semen would suggest, but worries that this transmission route predisposes to fetal damage in pregnant women remain. To better understand sexual ZIKV pathogenesis, we studied the permissiveness of the human female genital tract to infection and the effect of semen on this process. ZIKV replicates in vaginal tissues and primary epithelial cells from the vagina, ectocervix, and endocervix and induces an innate immune response, but also continues to replicate without cytopathic effect. Infection of genital cells and tissues is strongly inhibited by extracellular vesicles (EV) in semen at physiological vesicle-to-virus ratios. Liposomes with the same composition as semen EVs also impair infection, indicating that the EV’s lipid fraction, rather than their protein or RNA cargo, is responsible for this anti-viral effect. Thus, EVs in semen potently restrict ZIKV transmission, but the virus propagates well once infection in the recipient mucosa has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Germán G Gornalusse
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Urvashi Pandey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lucia Vojtech
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Blitvich BJ, Magalhaes T, Laredo-Tiscareño SV, Foy BD. Sexual Transmission of Arboviruses: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090933. [PMID: 32854298 PMCID: PMC7552039 DOI: 10.3390/v12090933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are primarily maintained in nature in transmission cycles between hematophagous arthropods and vertebrate hosts, but an increasing number of arboviruses have been isolated from or indirectly detected in the urogenital tract and sexual secretions of their vertebrate hosts, indicating that further investigation on the possibility of sexual transmission of these viruses is warranted. The most widely recognized sexually-transmitted arbovirus is Zika virus but other arboviruses, including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and dengue virus, might also be transmitted, albeit occasionally, by this route. This review summarizes our current understanding on the ability of arboviruses to be sexually transmitted. We discuss the sexual transmission of arboviruses between humans and between vertebrate animals, but not arthropod vectors. Every taxonomic group known to contain arboviruses (Asfarviridae, Bunyavirales, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Togaviridae) is covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-515-294-9861; Fax: +1-515-294-8500
| | - Tereza Magalhaes
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.M.); (B.D.F.)
| | - S. Viridiana Laredo-Tiscareño
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Brian D. Foy
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (T.M.); (B.D.F.)
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Grobusch MP, van der Fluit KS, Stijnis C, De Pijper CA, Hanscheid T, Gautret P, Schlagenhauf P, Goorhuis A. Can dengue virus be sexually transmitted? Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 38:101753. [PMID: 32473313 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been well documented that Zika virus (ZIKV) can be sexually transmitted. Dengue virus (DENV) shows many similarities with ZIKV; both belong to the genus Flavivirus and share the same main vector route of transmission. Moreover, they share overall architectural features on a molecular level, with a highly similar structure and distinctive insertions, deletions and mutations of their respective E proteins, and it has been suggested that they use a common pathophysiological pathway. In view of similarities with other sexually transmissible viruses, the question arises as to whether DENV could also be sexually transmissible. Limited animal model data do not suggest otherwise. The presence of dengue virus in - and human-to-human, non-vector transmission from - various bodily fluids other than semen or vaginal secretions has been documented anecdotally. Several anecdotal reports described prolonged presence of DENV in semen, urine and vaginal secretions. In 2019, two cases of likely sexual transmission were reported from Spain and South Korea, respectively. We discuss the evidence for and against a relevant DENV sexual transmission potential, highlight controversies and propose a future research agenda on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Grobusch
- Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Karin S van der Fluit
- Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Stijnis
- Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A De Pijper
- Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hanscheid
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Philippe Gautret
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Patricia Schlagenhauf
- University of Zürich Centre for Travel Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers' Health, Department of Public and Global Health, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Abraham Goorhuis
- Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Park MS, Kim JI, Bae JY, Park MS. Animal models for the risk assessment of viral pandemic potential. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:11. [PMID: 32337177 PMCID: PMC7175453 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemics affect human lives severely and globally. Experience predicts that there will be a pandemic for sure although the time is unknown. When a viral epidemic breaks out, assessing its pandemic risk is an important part of the process that characterizes genomic property, viral pathogenicity, transmission in animal model, and so forth. In this review, we intend to figure out how a pandemic may occur by looking into the past influenza pandemic events. We discuss interpretations of the experimental evidences resulted from animal model studies and extend implications of viral pandemic potentials and ingredients to emerging viral epidemics. Focusing on the pandemic potential of viral infectious diseases, we suggest what should be assessed to prevent global catastrophes from influenza virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, dengue and Zika viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Sook Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
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The Cellular Impact of the ZIKA Virus on Male Reproductive Tract Immunology and Physiology. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041006. [PMID: 32325652 PMCID: PMC7226248 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has been reported by several groups as an important virus causing pathological damage in the male reproductive tract. ZIKV can infect and persist in testicular somatic and germ cells, as well as spermatozoa, leading to cell death and testicular atrophy. ZIKV has also been detected in semen samples from ZIKV-infected patients. This has huge implications for human reproduction. Global scientific efforts are being applied to understand the mechanisms related to arboviruses persistency, pathogenesis, and host cellular response to suggest a potential target to develop robust antiviral therapeutics and vaccines. Here, we discuss the cellular modulation of the immunologic and physiologic properties of the male reproductive tract environment caused by arboviruses infection, focusing on ZIKV. We also present an overview of the current vaccine effects and therapeutic targets against ZIKV infection that may impact the testis and male fertility.
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Iannetta M, Di Caro A, Nicastri E, Vairo F, Masanja H, Kobinger G, Mirazimi A, Ntoumi F, Zumla A, Ippolito G. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Other than Ebola and Lassa. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2020; 33:977-1002. [PMID: 31668201 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fevers represent a group of diseases caused by enveloped RNA viruses. The epidemiology is broadly variable, ranging from geographically localized to more diffuse infections. Viral hemorrhagic fevers are classified as category A bioweapon agents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hemorrhagic fevers are severe febrile illnesses with hemorrhagic phenomena. Laboratory diagnosis takes place in highly specialized reference laboratories. Treatment is essentially supportive. In this article, we focus the attention on yellow fever and viral hemorrhagic fevers other than Ebola and Lassa virus diseases that have been described elsewhere in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Iannetta
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Francesco Vairo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Honorati Masanja
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Kiko Avenue, Plot N 463, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Alle 8 Plan 7, Stockholm 14183, Sweden
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Université Marien NGouabi, Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Villa D6, Campus OMS//AFRO Djoué, Brazzaville, Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, Royal Free Campus 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy.
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Wei KC, Wei WJ, Liu YS, Yen LC, Chang TH. Assessment of Prolonged Dengue Virus Infection in Dermal Fibroblasts and Hair-Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030267. [PMID: 32121148 PMCID: PMC7150742 DOI: 10.3390/v12030267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV)-mediated hair loss is one of the post-dengue fatigue syndromes and its pathophysiology remains unknown. Whether long-term or persistent infection with DENV in the scalp results in hair loss is unclear. In this study, we cultured human dermal fibroblasts (WS1 cells) and primary human hair-follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) in the long term with DENV-2 infection. The production of virion, the expression of inflammatory and anti-virus genes, and their signaling transduction activity in the infected cells were analyzed. DENV-2 NS3 protein and DENV-2 5′ UTR RNA were detected in fibroblasts and HFDPCs that were subjected to long-term infection with DENV-2 for 33 days. A significant amount of DENV-2 virion was produced by both WS1 cells and HFDPCs in the first two days of acute infection. The virion was also detected in WS1 cells that were infected in the long term, but HFDPCs failed to produce DENV-2 after long-term culture. Type I and type III interferons, and inflammatory cytokines were highly expressed in the acute phase of DENV infection in HFPDC and WS1 cells. However, in the long-term cultured cells, modest levels of anti-viral protein genes were expressed and we observed reduced signaling activity, which was correlated with the level of virus production changes. Long-term infection of DENV-2 downregulated the expression of hair growth regulatory factors, such as Rip1, Wnt1, and Wnt4. This in vitro study shows that the long-term infection with DENV-2 in dermal fibroblasts and dermal papilla cells may be involved with the prolonged-DENV-infection-mediated hair loss of post-dengue fatigue syndrome. However, direct evidence for viral replication in the human hair of a dengue victim or animal infection model is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Che Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan; (K.-C.W.); (W.-J.W.)
- Faculty of Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care and Management, Kaohsiung 80776, Taiwan
- National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11211, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan; (K.-C.W.); (W.-J.W.)
| | - Yi-Shan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Science Education and Environmental Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung 82446, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Yen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Le Tortorec A, Matusali G, Mahé D, Aubry F, Mazaud-Guittot S, Houzet L, Dejucq-Rainsford N. From Ancient to Emerging Infections: The Odyssey of Viruses in the Male Genital Tract. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1349-1414. [PMID: 32031468 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The male genital tract (MGT) is the target of a number of viral infections that can have deleterious consequences at the individual, offspring, and population levels. These consequences include infertility, cancers of male organs, transmission to the embryo/fetal development abnormalities, and sexual dissemination of major viral pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus. Lately, two emerging viruses, Zika and Ebola, have additionally revealed that the human MGT can constitute a reservoir for viruses cleared from peripheral circulation by the immune system, leading to their sexual transmission by cured men. This represents a concern for future epidemics and further underlines the need for a better understanding of the interplay between viruses and the MGT. We review here how viruses, from ancient viruses that integrated the germline during evolution through old viruses (e.g., papillomaviruses originating from Neanderthals) and more modern sexually transmitted infections (e.g., simian zoonotic HIV) to emerging viruses (e.g., Ebola and Zika) take advantage of genital tract colonization for horizontal dissemination, viral persistence, vertical transmission, and endogenization. The MGT immune responses to viruses and the impact of these infections are discussed. We summarize the latest data regarding the sources of viruses in semen and the complex role of this body fluid in sexual transmission. Finally, we introduce key animal findings that are relevant for our understanding of viral infection and persistence in the human MGT and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Le Tortorec
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Giulia Matusali
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Mahé
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Aubry
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Séverine Mazaud-Guittot
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Houzet
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
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16
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Vouga M, Chiu YC, Pomar L, de Meyer SV, Masmejan S, Genton B, Musso D, Baud D, Stojanov M. Dengue, Zika and chikungunya during pregnancy: pre- and post-travel advice and clinical management. J Travel Med 2019; 26:taz077. [PMID: 31616923 PMCID: PMC6927317 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE FOR REVIEW Young adults of childbearing age and pregnant women are travelling more frequently to tropical areas, exposing them to specific arboviral infections such as dengue, zika and chikungunya viruses, which may impact ongoing and future pregnancies. In this narrative review, we analyse their potential consequences on pregnancy outcomes and discuss current travel recommendations. MAIN FINDINGS Dengue virus may be associated with severe maternal complications, particularly post-partum haemorrhage. Its association with adverse fetal outcomes remains unclear, but prematurity, growth retardation and stillbirths may occur, particularly in cases of severe maternal infection. Zika virus is a teratogenic infectious agent associated with severe brain lesions, with similar risks to other well-known TORCH pathogens. Implications of chikungunya virus in pregnancy are mostly related to intrapartum transmission that may be associated with severe neonatal infections and long-term morbidity. TRAVEL RECOMMENDATIONS Few agencies provide specific travel recommendations for travelling pregnant patients or couples trying to conceive and discrepancies exist, particularly regarding Zika virus prevention. The risks significantly depend on epidemiological factors that may be difficult to predict. Prevention relies principally on mosquito control measures. Couples trying to conceive and pregnant women should receive adequate information about the potential risks. It seems reasonable to advise pregnant women to avoid unnecessary travel to Aedes spp. endemic regions. The current rationale to avoid travel and delay conception is debatable in the absence of any epidemic. Post-travel laboratory testing should be reserved for symptomatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Vouga
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yen-Chi Chiu
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Léo Pomar
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara V de Meyer
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Masmejan
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Blaise Genton
- Travel Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Didier Musso
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - David Baud
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Milos Stojanov
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Review of Emerging Japanese Encephalitis Virus: New Aspects and Concepts about Entry into the Brain and Inter-Cellular Spreading. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030111. [PMID: 31357540 PMCID: PMC6789543 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging flavivirus of the Asia-Pacific region. More than two billion people live in endemic or epidemic areas and are at risk of infection. Recently, the first autochthonous human case was recorded in Africa, and infected birds have been found in Europe. JEV may spread even further to other continents. The first section of this review covers established and new information about the epidemiology of JEV. The subsequent sections focus on the impact of JEV on humans, including the natural course and immunity. Furthermore, new concepts are discussed about JEV’s entry into the brain. Finally, interactions of JEV and host cells are covered, as well as how JEV may spread in the body through latently infected immune cells and cell-to-cell transmission of virions or via other infectious material, including JEV genomic RNA.
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18
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Wilder-Smith A. Can dengue virus be sexually transmitted? J Travel Med 2019; 26:5259064. [PMID: 30590715 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tay157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Can dengue virus be sexually transmitted? A literature review revealed one probable case of female-to-male transmission. Even if dengue PCR can occasionally be found in semen or vaginal secretions, reports on sexual transmission are extremely rare. Sexual transmission of DENV has no public health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Wilder-Smith
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Mortality from severe dengue is low, but the economic and resource burden on health services remains substantial in endemic settings. Unfortunately, progress towards development of effective therapeutics has been slow, despite notable advances in the understanding of disease pathogenesis and considerable investment in antiviral drug discovery. For decades antibody-dependent enhancement has been the prevalent model to explain dengue pathogenesis, but it was only recently demonstrated in vivo and in clinical studies. At present, the current mainstay of management for most symptomatic dengue patients remains careful observation and prompt but judicious use of intravenous hydration therapy for those with substantial vascular leakage. Various new promising technologies for diagnosis of dengue are currently in the pipeline. New sample-in, answer-out nucleic acid amplification technologies for point-of-care use are being developed to improve performance over current technologies, with the potential to test for multiple pathogens using a single specimen. The search for biomarkers that reliably predict development of severe dengue among symptomatic individuals is also a major focus of current research efforts. The first dengue vaccine was licensed in 2015 but its performance depends on serostatus. There is an urgent need to identify correlates of both vaccine protection and disease enhancement. A crucial assessment of vector control tools should guide a research agenda for determining the most effective interventions, and how to best combine state-of-the-art vector control with vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Wilder-Smith
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Eng-Eong Ooi
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olaf Horstick
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bridget Wills
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhwan Lee
- a Clinical Medical Experts Organization Hospital , Hwaseong , Korea
| | - Hyungmin Lee
- b Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Cheongju , Korea
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21
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Matusali G, Houzet L, Satie AP, Mahé D, Aubry F, Couderc T, Frouard J, Bourgeau S, Bensalah K, Lavoué S, Joguet G, Bujan L, Cabié A, Avelar G, Lecuit M, Le Tortorec A, Dejucq-Rainsford N. Zika virus infects human testicular tissue and germ cells. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4697-4710. [PMID: 30063220 DOI: 10.1172/jci121735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a teratogenic mosquito-borne flavivirus that can be sexually transmitted from man to woman. The finding of high viral loads and prolonged viral shedding in semen suggests that ZIKV replicates within the human male genital tract, but its target organs are unknown. Using ex vivo infection of organotypic cultures, we demonstrated here that ZIKV replicates in human testicular tissue and infects a broad range of cell types, including germ cells, which we also identified as infected in semen from ZIKV-infected donors. ZIKV had no major deleterious effect on the morphology and hormonal production of the human testis explants. Infection induced a broad antiviral response but no IFN upregulation and minimal proinflammatory response in testis explants, with no cytopathic effect. Finally, we studied ZIKV infection in mouse testis and compared it to human infection. This study provides key insights into how ZIKV may persist in semen and alter semen parameters, as well as a valuable tool for testing antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Matusali
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Houzet
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Anne-Pascale Satie
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Mahé
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Aubry
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Thérèse Couderc
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Inserm U1117, Paris, France
| | - Julie Frouard
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Salomé Bourgeau
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Karim Bensalah
- Service d'Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvain Lavoué
- Unité de coordination hospitalière des prélèvements d'organes et de tissus, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Guillaume Joguet
- Centre Caribéen de Médecine de la Reproduction-CECOS CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Louis Bujan
- Research Group on Human Fertility EA 3694, University Paul Sabatier Toulouse III - CECOS, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - André Cabié
- Inserm Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1424, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, and Service de maladies infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - Gleide Avelar
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Inserm U1117, Paris, France.,Paris-Descartes University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anna Le Tortorec
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
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