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Lu V, Bastaki M, Api AM, Aubanel M, Bauter M, Cachet T, Demyttenaere J, Diop MM, Harman CL, Hayashi SM, Krammer G, Mendes O, Renskers KJ, Schnabel J, Taylor SV. Dietary administration of β-ionone epoxide to Sprague-Dawley rats for 90 days. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:192-201. [PMID: 34345860 PMCID: PMC8320606 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In a 90-day GLP-compliant study groups of Sprague-Dawley rats (10/sex/group) were fed diets containing β-ionone epoxide, a fragrance material and a flavoring substance, at dietary concentrations providing target intakes of 0, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg bw/day. There were no deaths and no adverse changes in clinical observations, ophthalmological examinations, body weight, body weight gain, food consumption, food efficiency; hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis parameters; or in macroscopic findings attributable to β-ionone epoxide administration. Increased absolute and relative liver weights in high dose females without correlating hepatic histopathological findings were considered non-adverse. Cortical vacuolation of adrenal zona fasciculata was observed in high-dose males but was considered non-adverse due to the nondegenerative nature of this alteration. β-Ionone epoxide did not influence estrus cyclicity in females and did not affect sperm morphology or epididymal sperm count, homogenization-resistant spermatid count and motility measurements in male rats. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for administration of β-ionone epoxide in the diet was determined to be the highest dose tested of 80 mg/kg bw/day.
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Key Words
- AAALAC, Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care
- CAS, Chemical Abstracts Service
- CFR, Code of Federal Regulation
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FEMA GRAS
- FEMA, Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association
- GLP, Good Laboratory Practice
- GRAS, Generally Recognized as Safe
- JECFA, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
- MW, molecular weight
- NOAEL, no-observed-adverse-effect level
- OECD, Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development
- RSD, relative standard deviation
- Rat
- SD, standard deviation
- Toxicity
- beta-Ionone epoxide
- bw or BdW, body weight
- flavoring ingredient
- fragrance material
- ppm, parts per million
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Lu
- International Organization of the Flavor Industry, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Maria Bastaki
- International Organization of the Flavor Industry, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Blvd., Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - Michel Aubanel
- Kerry Flavours France, Zl du Plan BP 82067, 63 Avenue Jean Maubert, 06131 Grasse Cedex, France
| | - Mark Bauter
- Product Safety Labs, 2394 US Route 130, Dayton, NJ 08810, USA
| | - Thierry Cachet
- International Organization of the Flavor Industry, Avenue des Arts 6, B-1210 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Demyttenaere
- European Flavour Association, Avenue des Arts 6, B-1210 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Christie L. Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Shim-mo Hayashi
- Japan Flavor and Fragrance Materials Association, Sankeinihonbashi Bldg. 6F, 4-7-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0023, Japan
| | | | - Odete Mendes
- Product Safety Labs, 2394 US Route 130, Dayton, NJ 08810, USA
| | - Kevin J. Renskers
- Takasago International Corporation, 4 Volvo Drive, PO Box 932, Rockleigh, NJ 07647, USA
| | - Jürgen Schnabel
- Givaudan International SA, Kemptpark 50, 8310 Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Sean V. Taylor
- International Organization of the Flavor Industry, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036, USA
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Kouba M, Kos Durjava M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Brantom P, Chesson A, Westendorf J, Gregoretti L, Manini P, Dusemund B. Safety and efficacy of oct-1-en-3-ol, pent-1-en-3-ol, oct-1-en-3-one, oct-1-en-3-yl acetate, isopulegol and 5-methylhept-2-en-4-one, belonging to chemical group 5 and of isopulegone and α-damascone belonging to chemical group 8 when used as flavourings for all animal species. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06002. [PMID: 32874217 PMCID: PMC7448000 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of oct-1-en-3-ol [02.023], pent-1-en-3-ol [02.099], oct-1-en-3-one [07.081], oct-1-en-3-yl acetate [09.281], isopulegol [02.067] and 5-methylhept-2-en-4-one [07.139], belonging to chemical group 5, and of isopulegone [07.067] and α-damascone [07.134] belonging to chemical group 8, when used as feed flavourings for all animal species. They are currently authorised for use as flavours in food. The FEEDAP Panel was unable to assess the safety of isopulegone because the purity of the compound could not be established and the safety of α-damascone [07.134] because of the inconclusive assessment of its genotoxicity. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the use of isopulegol [02.067] is safe at the maximum proposed dose of 5 mg/kg complete feed for all animal species, except cats for which the use level of 1 mg/kg is considered safe. 5-Methylhept-2-en-4-one [07.139] is safe at the proposed normal use levels of 1 mg/kg complete feed for all animal species. For oct-1-en-3-ol [02.023], pent-1-en-3-ol [02.099], oct-1-en-3-one [07.081] and oct-1-en-3-yl acetate [09.281], the calculated safe use level is 1 mg/kg complete feed for all animal species, except cats for which the calculated safe level is 0.6 mg/kg. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of these compounds up to the highest safe levels in feed. In the absence of studies to assess the safety for the user, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety for the users when handling the additives. Use of the compounds in animal feed at the maximum safe level is considered safe for the environment. Since the compounds are used in food as flavourings and their function in feed is essentially the same, no demonstration of efficacy is necessary.
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