1
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Hao JL, Li XY, Liu YT, Lang JX, Liu DJ, Zhang CD. Antibody-drug conjugates in gastric cancer: from molecular landscape to clinical strategies. Gastric Cancer 2024; 27:887-906. [PMID: 38963593 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-024-01529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a crucial component of targeted therapies in gastric cancer, potentially altering traditional treatment paradigms. Many ADCs have entered rigorous clinical trials based on biological theories and preclinical experiments. Modality trials have also been conducted in combination with monoclonal antibody therapies, chemotherapies, immunotherapies, and other treatments to enhance the efficacy of drug coordination effects. However, ADCs exhibit limitations in treating gastric cancer, including resistance triggered by their structure or other factors. Ongoing intensive researches and preclinical experiments are yielding improvements, while enhancements in drug development processes and concomitant diagnostics during the therapeutic period actively boost ADC efficacy. The optimal treatment strategy for gastric cancer patients is continually evolving. This review summarizes the clinical progress of ADCs in treating gastric cancer, analyzes the mechanisms of ADC combination therapies, discusses resistance patterns, and offers a promising outlook for future applications in ADC drug development and companion diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Hao
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xin-Yun Li
- Clinical Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Yu-Tong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Ji-Xuan Lang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Di-Jie Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Chun-Dong Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
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2
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Yu P, Zhu C, You X, Gu W, Wang X, Wang Y, Bu R, Wang K. The combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and antibody-drug conjugates in the treatment of urogenital tumors: a review insights from phase 2 and 3 studies. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:433. [PMID: 38898003 PMCID: PMC11186852 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06837-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
With the high incidence of urogenital tumors worldwide, urinary system tumors are among the top 10 most common tumors in men, with prostate cancer ranking first and bladder cancer fourth. Patients with resistant urogenital tumors often have poor prognosis. In recent years, researchers have discovered numerous specific cancer antigens, which has led to the development of several new anti-cancer drugs. Using protein analysis techniques, researchers developed immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and antibody-conjugated drugs (ADCs) for the treatment of advanced urogenital tumors. However, tumor resistance often leads to the failure of monotherapy. Therefore, clinical trials of the combination of ICIs and ADCs have been carried out in numerous centers around the world. This article reviewed phase 2 and 3 clinical studies of ICIs, ADCs, and their combination in the treatment of urogenital tumors to highlight safe and effective methods for selecting individualized therapeutic strategies for patients. ICIs activate the immune system, whereas ADCs link monoclonal antibodies to toxins, which can achieve a synergistic effect when the two drugs are combined. This synergistic effect provides multiple advantages for the treatment of urogenital tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puguang Yu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Chunming Zhu
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xiangyun You
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
- Department of Urology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
- Department of Urology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Wen Gu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Renge Bu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Kefeng Wang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Capuozzo M, Santorsola M, Ianniello M, Ferrara F, Zovi A, Petrillo N, Castiello R, Fantuz MR, Ottaiano A, Savarese G. Innovative Drug Modalities for the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer. Diseases 2024; 12:87. [PMID: 38785742 PMCID: PMC11119780 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12050087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer, a prevalent malignancy affecting the prostate gland, is a significant global health concern. Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) has proven effective in controlling advanced disease, with over 50% of patients surviving at the 10-year mark. However, a diverse spectrum of responses exists, and resistance to ADT may emerge over time. This underscores the need to explore innovative treatment strategies for effectively managing prostate cancer progression. Ongoing research endeavors persist in unraveling the complexity of prostate cancer and fostering the development of biologic and innovative approaches, including immunotherapies and targeted therapies. This review aims to provide a valuable synthesis of the dynamic landscape of emerging drug modalities in this context. Interestingly, the complexities posed by prostate cancer not only present a formidable challenge but also serve as a model and an opportunity for translational research and innovative therapies in the field of oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Capuozzo
- Coordinamento Farmaceutico, ASL-Naples-3, 80056 Ercolano, Italy; (M.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Mariachiara Santorsola
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Monica Ianniello
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, Via Padre Carmine Fico 24, 80013 Casalnuovo Di Napoli, Italy; (M.I.); (N.P.); (R.C.); (M.R.F.)
| | - Francesco Ferrara
- Coordinamento Farmaceutico, ASL-Naples-3, 80056 Ercolano, Italy; (M.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Andrea Zovi
- Ministry of Health, Viale Giorgio Ribotta 5, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nadia Petrillo
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, Via Padre Carmine Fico 24, 80013 Casalnuovo Di Napoli, Italy; (M.I.); (N.P.); (R.C.); (M.R.F.)
| | - Rosa Castiello
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, Via Padre Carmine Fico 24, 80013 Casalnuovo Di Napoli, Italy; (M.I.); (N.P.); (R.C.); (M.R.F.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Fantuz
- AMES, Centro Polidiagnostico Strumentale srl, Via Padre Carmine Fico 24, 80013 Casalnuovo Di Napoli, Italy; (M.I.); (N.P.); (R.C.); (M.R.F.)
| | - Alessandro Ottaiano
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Savarese
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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Fang ZX, Chen WJ, Wu Z, Hou YY, Lan YZ, Wu HT, Liu J. Inflammatory response in gastrointestinal cancers: Overview of six transmembrane epithelial antigens of the prostate in pathophysiology and clinical implications. World J Clin Oncol 2024; 15:9-22. [PMID: 38292664 PMCID: PMC10823946 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v15.i1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is known to increase the risk of gastrointestinal cancers (GICs), the common solid tumors worldwide. Precancerous lesions, such as chronic atrophic inflammation and ulcers, are related to inflammatory responses in vivo and likely to occur in hyperplasia and tumorigenesis. Unfortunately, due to the lack of effective therapeutic targets, the prognosis of patients with GICs is still unsatisfactory. Interestingly, it is found that six transmembrane epithelial antigens of the prostate (STEAPs), a group of metal reductases, are significantly associated with the progression of malignancies, playing a crucial role in systemic metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory responses. The structure and functions of STEAPs suggest that they are closely related to intracellular oxidative stress, responding to inflammatory reactions. Under the imbalance status of abnormal oxidative stress, STEAP members are involved in cell transformation and the development of GICs by inhibiting or activating inflammatory process. This review focuses on STEAPs in GICs along with exploring their potential molecular regulatory mechanisms, with an aim to provide a theoretical basis for diagnosis and treatment strategies for patients suffering from these types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Xuan Fang
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen-Jia Chen
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan-Yu Hou
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yang-Zheng Lan
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
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Radaram B, Glazer SE, Yang P, Li CW, Hung MC, Gammon ST, Alauddin M, Piwnica-Worms D. Evaluation of 89Zr-Labeled Anti-PD-L1 Monoclonal Antibodies Using DFO and Novel HOPO Analogues as Chelating Agents for Immuno-PET. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17181-17194. [PMID: 37214681 PMCID: PMC10193402 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a type 1 transmembrane immunosuppressive protein that is expressed on a wide range of cell types, including cancer cells. Anti-PD-L1 antibodies have revolutionized cancer therapy and have led to improved outcomes for subsets of cancer patients, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. As a result, PET imaging of PD-L1 protein expression in cancer patients has been explored for noninvasive detection of PD-L1 expressing tumors as well as monitoring response to anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint therapy. Previous studies have indicated that the in vivo stability and in vivo target detection of antibody-based radio-conjugates can be dramatically affected by the chelator used. These reports demonstrated that the chelator HOPO diminishes 89Zr de-chelation compared to DFO. Herein, we report an improved HOPO synthesis and evaluated a series of novel analogues for thermal stability, serum stability, PD-L1-specific binding using the BT-549 TNBC cell line, PET imaging in vivo, as well as biodistribution of 89Zr-labeled anti-PD-L1 antibodies in BT-549 xenograft murine models. A new chelator, C5HOPO, demonstrated high stability in vitro and afforded effective PD-L1 targeting in vivovia immuno-PET. These results demonstrated that an improved HOPO chelator is an effective chelating agent that can be utilized to image therapeutically relevant targets in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhasker Radaram
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Molecular & Cellular
Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Sarah E. Glazer
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Molecular & Cellular
Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Ping Yang
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Molecular & Cellular
Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Chia-Wei Li
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Molecular & Cellular
Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Molecular & Cellular
Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Seth T. Gammon
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Molecular & Cellular
Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Mian Alauddin
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Molecular & Cellular
Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging and Department of Molecular & Cellular
Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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6
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Melendez-Alafort L, Ferro-Flores G, De Nardo L, Ocampo-García B, Bolzati C. Zirconium immune-complexes for PET molecular imaging: Current status and prospects. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.215005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Sardinha M, Palma Dos Reis AF, Barreira JV, Fontes Sousa M, Pacey S, Luz R. Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e34490. [PMID: 36874351 PMCID: PMC9983052 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis in the setting of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients (mCRPC) remains limited. Therefore, novel treatment strategies remain an unmet need. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) emerged as a new drug concept with the potential to deliver a cytotoxic payload with limited off-target toxicity and potentially bystander effect. Following the success of ADCs in breast cancer and urothelial tumours, their activity in prostate cancer is now under investigation. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to identify published and ongoing prospective clinical trials regarding ADC treatment in prostate cancer. A systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science was conducted as per PRISMA guidelines to identify prospective clinical trials of ADCin prostate cancer. Trials are currently ongoing on ClinicalTrials.gov and in the EU. The Clinical Trials Register was also identified. Abstracts, publications in languages other than English, review articles, retrospective analyses, and phase I trials were excluded. A total of six phase I/II prospective clinical trials already published were included. Seven ongoing trials were also identified. All studies were in the refractory/advanced tumour setting, and two included only mCRPC patients. The ADC targets were prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), trophoblast cell surface antigen-2 (TROP-2), six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate-1 (STEAP-1), tissue factor (TF), delta-like protein 3 (DLL-3), B7-H3 family of proteins (B7-H3), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Regarding the efficacy of PSMA ADC treatment in the second-line or beyond mCRPC setting, a PSA ≥ 50% decline rate in 14% of all treated patients was reported. One patient achieved a complete response with TROP-2 ADC. Overall, a wide range of safety issues were raised, particularly in connection with neuropathy and hematologic toxicity. Novel therapies have been changing the scope of treatment in mCRPC. ADCs seem to provide efficacy benefits, even with potential toxicity. The results of most prospective ongoing studies are still awaited, and a longer follow-up time is warranted to evaluate the real impact of ADCs in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Sardinha
- Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Central Lisboa, Lisbon, PRT
| | - Ana Filipa Palma Dos Reis
- Medical Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, GBR
| | - João Vasco Barreira
- Medical Oncology, Hospital dos Serviços de Assistência Médico-Social, Lisbon, PRT
| | | | - Simon Pacey
- Medical Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, GBR
| | - Ricardo Luz
- Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Central Lisboa, Lisbon, PRT
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8
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Batista-Silva J, Gomes D, Barroca-Ferreira J, Gallardo E, Sousa Â, Passarinha LA. Specific Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate 1 Capture with Gellan Gum Microspheres: Design, Optimization and Integration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031949. [PMID: 36768273 PMCID: PMC9916199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates the potential of calcium- and nickel-crosslinked Gellan Gum (GG) microspheres to capture the Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate 1 (STEAP1) directly from complex Komagataella pastoris mini-bioreactor lysates in a batch method. Calcium-crosslinked microspheres were applied in an ionic exchange strategy, by manipulation of pH and ionic strength, whereas nickel-crosslinked microspheres were applied in an affinity strategy, mirroring a standard immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Both formulations presented small diameters, with appreciable crosslinker content, but calcium-crosslinked microspheres were far smoother. The most promising results were obtained for the ionic strategy, wherein calcium-crosslinked GG microspheres were able to completely bind 0.1% (v/v) DM solubilized STEAP1 in lysate samples (~7 mg/mL). The target protein was eluted in a complexed state at pH 11 with 500 mM NaCl in 10 mM Tris buffer, in a single step with minimal losses. Coupling the batch clarified sample with a co-immunoprecipitation polishing step yields a sample of monomeric STEAP1 with a high degree of purity. For the first time, we demonstrate the potential of a gellan batch method to function as a clarification and primary capture method towards STEAP1, a membrane protein, simplifying and reducing the costs of standard purification workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Batista-Silva
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Diana Gomes
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jorge Barroca-Ferreira
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Gallardo
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia–UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6201-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ângela Sousa
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís A. Passarinha
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia–UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6201-284 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-275-329-069
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Preclinical development of ZED8, an 89Zr immuno-PET reagent for monitoring tumor CD8 status in patients undergoing cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:287-301. [PMID: 36271158 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ZED8 is a novel monovalent antibody labeled with zirconium-89 for the molecular imaging of CD8. This work describes nonclinical studies performed in part to provide rationale for and to inform expectations in the early clinical development of ZED8, such as in the studies outlined in clinical trial registry NCT04029181 [1]. METHODS Surface plasmon resonance, X-ray crystallography, and flow cytometry were used to characterize the ZED8-CD8 binding interaction, its specificity, and its impact on T cell function. Immuno-PET with ZED8 was assessed in huCD8+ tumor-bearing mice and in non-human primates. Plasma antibody levels were measured by ELISA to determine pharmacokinetic parameters, and OLINDA 1.0 was used to estimate radiation dosimetry from image-derived biodistribution data. RESULTS ZED8 selectively binds to human CD8α at a binding site approximately 9 Å from that of MHCI making mutual interference unlikely. The equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) is 5 nM. ZED8 binds to cynomolgus CD8 with reduced affinity (66 nM) but it has no measurable affinity for rat or mouse CD8. In a series of lymphoma xenografts, ZED8 imaging was able to identify different CD8 levels concordant with flow cytometry. In cynomolgus monkeys with tool compound 89Zr-aCD8v17, lymph nodes were conspicuous by imaging 24 h post-injection, and the pharmacokinetics suggested a flat-fixed first-in-human dose of 4 mg per subject. The whole-body effective dose for an adult human was estimated to be 0.48 mSv/MBq, comparable to existing 89Zr immuno-PET reagents. CONCLUSION 89Zr immuno-PET with ZED8 appears to be a promising biomarker of tissue CD8 levels suitable for clinical evaluation in cancer patients eligible for immunotherapy.
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10
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Zhang D, Liu H, Wang W, Xu G, Yin C, Wang S. STEAP2 promotes osteosarcoma progression by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and is regulated by EFEMP2. Cancer Biol Ther 2022; 23:1-16. [PMID: 36316642 PMCID: PMC9629848 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2022.2136465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to explore the prognostic significance and functionality of STEAP2 (six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 2) in osteosarcomas and determine whether EFEMP2 (Epidermal growth factor-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 2) targets STEAP2 to facilitate osteosarcoma cell infiltration and migration. STEAP2 expression in peritumoral tissues, osteosarcoma, benign fibrous dysplasia, osteosarcoma cells, normal osteoblastic hFOB cells, and various invasive subclones was evaluated using IHC, ICC, and qRT-PCR. We also evaluated the association between STEAP2 expression and disease outcome using Kaplan-Meier analyses and then investigated STEAP2 regulation and its functional effects using both in vitro and in vivo assays. The results revealed that the upregulation of STEAP2 in osteosarcoma tissues positively correlated with both the malignant osteosarcoma phenotype and poor patient outcomes. In addition, STEAP2 expression induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis and facilitated osteosarcoma cell infiltration and migration. Changes in EFEMP2 expression resulted in correlating changes in STEAP2 expression, with EFEMP2-overexpressing osteosarcoma cells exhibiting a less invasive phenotype and reduced EMT following STEAP2 inhibition. It is also worth noting that although EFEMP2 overexpression activated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway promoting EMT, it did not affect osteosarcoma cells in which STEAP2 or Akt was knocked down. Thus, we can conclude that STEAP2 acts as an oncogene in osteosarcoma progression, while EFEMP2 enables PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis initiation and EMT by partly targeting STEAP2, thereby facilitating osteosarcoma cell infiltration and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Suzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangcheng No. 2 People’s Hospital, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangcheng No. 2 People’s Hospital, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangcheng No. 2 People’s Hospital, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chenxiao Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangcheng No. 2 People’s Hospital, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Songgang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China,CONTACT Songgang Wang Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan, Shandong250012, China
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11
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Zhang D, Han S, Pan X, Li H, Zhao H, Gao X, Wang S. EFEMP1 binds to STEAP1 to promote osteosarcoma proliferation and invasion via the Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β/Smad2/3 signal pathways. J Bone Oncol 2022; 37:100458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2022.100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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12
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A chromatographic network for the purification of detergent-solubilized six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 from Komagataella pastoris mini-bioreactor lysates. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Predict Clinical Outcomes in Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer and Suppress Antitumor Immunity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022; 114:725-737. [PMID: 35671867 PMCID: PMC9869345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE SABR has demonstrated clinical benefit in oligometastatic prostate cancer. However, the risk of developing new distant metastatic lesions remains high, and only a minority of patients experience durable progression-free response. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify which patients will benefit from SABR alone versus combination SABR and systemic agents. Herein we provide, to our knowledge, the first proof-of-concept of circulating prostate cancer-specific extracellular vesicles (PCEVs) as a noninvasive predictor of outcomes in oligometastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (omCRPC) treated with SABR. METHODS AND MATERIALS We analyzed the levels and kinetics of PCEVs in the peripheral blood of 79 patients with omCRPC at baseline and days 1, 7, and 14 after SABR using nanoscale flow cytometry and compared with baseline values from cohorts with localized and widely metastatic prostate cancer. The association of omCRPC PCEV levels with oncological outcomes was determined with Cox regression models. RESULTS Levels of PCEVs were highest in mCRPC followed by omCRPC and were lowest in localized prostate cancer. High PCEV levels at baseline predicted a shorter median time to distant recurrence (3.5 vs 6.6 months; P = .0087). After SABR, PCEV levels peaked on day 7, and median overall survival was significantly longer in patients with elevated PCEV levels (32.7 vs 27.6 months; P = .003). This suggests that pretreatment PCEV levels reflect tumor burden, whereas early changes in PCEV levels after treatment predict response to SABR. In contrast, radiomic features of 11C-choline positron emission tomography and computed tomography before and after SABR were not predictive of clinical outcomes. Interestingly, PCEV levels and peripheral tumor-reactive CD8 T cells (TTR; CD8+ CD11ahigh) were correlated. CONCLUSIONS This original study demonstrates that circulating PCEVs can serve as prognostic and predictive markers to SABR to identify patients with "true" omCRPC. In addition, it provides novel insights into the global crosstalk, mediated by PCEVs, between tumors and immune cells that leads to systemic suppression of immunity against CRPC. This work lays the foundation for future studies to investigate the underpinnings of metastatic progression and provide new therapeutic targets (eg, PCEVs) to improve SABR efficacy and clinical outcomes in treatment-resistant CRPC.
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The Role of Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer Imaging and ADC Treatment. Cancer J 2022; 28:446-453. [DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Jin Y, Lorvik KB, Jin Y, Beck C, Sike A, Persiconi I, Kvaløy E, Saatcioglu F, Dunn C, Kyte JA. Development of STEAP1 targeting chimeric antigen receptor for adoptive cell therapy against cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 26:189-206. [PMID: 35860008 PMCID: PMC9278049 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that retarget T cells against CD19 show clinical efficacy against B cell malignancies. Here, we describe the development of a CAR against the six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate-1 (STEAP1), which is expressed in ∼90% of prostate cancers, and subgroups of other malignancies. STEAP1 is an attractive target, as it is associated with tumor invasiveness and progression and only expressed at low levels in normal tissues, apart from the non-vital prostate gland. We identified the antibody coding sequences from a hybridoma and designed a CAR that is efficiently expressed in primary T cells. The T cells acquired the desired anti-STEAP1 specificity, with a polyfunctional response including production of multiple cytokines, proliferation, and the killing of cancer cells. The response was observed for both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and against all STEAP1+ target cell lines tested. We evaluated the in vivo CAR T activity in both subcutaneous and metastatic xenograft mouse models of prostate cancer. Here, the CAR T cells infiltrated tumors and significantly inhibited tumor growth and extended survival in a STEAP1-dependent manner. We conclude that the STEAP1 CAR exhibits potent in vitro and in vivo functionality and can be further developed toward potential clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Jin
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Mail Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristina Berg Lorvik
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Mail Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yang Jin
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carole Beck
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Mail Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Adam Sike
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Mail Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Irene Persiconi
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Mail Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Emilie Kvaløy
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Mail Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Fahri Saatcioglu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claire Dunn
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Mail Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Amund Kyte
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Mail Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Clinical Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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STEAP1-4 (Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate 1-4) and Their Clinical Implications for Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14164034. [PMID: 36011027 PMCID: PMC9406800 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14164034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite recent therapeutic advances in the treatment of prostate cancer, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality. New research into highly expressed proteins in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer shows that Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate 1–4 (STEAP1–4) are significant drivers of prostate cancer aggressiveness and metastasis. STEAP1, in particular, is highly expressed on the plasma membrane of prostate cancer cells and has received significant attention as a potential therapeutic target. This review highlights what is known about STEAP1–4 and identifies knowledge gaps that require further research. Abstract Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate 1–4 (STEAP1–4) compose a family of metalloproteinases involved in iron and copper homeostasis and other cellular processes. Thus far, five homologs are known: STEAP1, STEAP1B, STEAP2, STEAP3, and STEAP4. In prostate cancer, STEAP1, STEAP2, and STEAP4 are overexpressed, while STEAP3 expression is downregulated. Although the metalloreductase activities of STEAP1–4 are well documented, their other biological functions are not. Furthermore, the properties and expression levels of STEAP heterotrimers, homotrimers, heterodimers, and homodimers are not well understood. Nevertheless, studies over the last few decades have provided sufficient impetus to investigate STEAP1–4 as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for prostate cancer. In particular, STEAP1 is the target of many emerging immunotherapies. Herein, we give an overview of the structure, physiology, and pathophysiology of STEAP1–4 to provide context for past and current efforts to translate STEAP1–4 into the clinic.
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Crișan G, Moldovean-Cioroianu NS, Timaru DG, Andrieș G, Căinap C, Chiș V. Radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT Imaging: A Literature Review over the Last Decade. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5023. [PMID: 35563414 PMCID: PMC9103893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radioactive tracers and enables the functional imaging of several metabolic processes, blood flow measurements, regional chemical composition, and/or chemical absorption. Depending on the targeted processes within the living organism, different tracers are used for various medical conditions, such as cancer, particular brain pathologies, cardiac events, and bone lesions, where the most commonly used tracers are radiolabeled with 18F (e.g., [18F]-FDG and NA [18F]). Oxygen-15 isotope is mostly involved in blood flow measurements, whereas a wide array of 11C-based compounds have also been developed for neuronal disorders according to the affected neuroreceptors, prostate cancer, and lung carcinomas. In contrast, the single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technique uses gamma-emitting radioisotopes and can be used to diagnose strokes, seizures, bone illnesses, and infections by gauging the blood flow and radio distribution within tissues and organs. The radioisotopes typically used in SPECT imaging are iodine-123, technetium-99m, xenon-133, thallium-201, and indium-111. This systematic review article aims to clarify and disseminate the available scientific literature focused on PET/SPECT radiotracers and to provide an overview of the conducted research within the past decade, with an additional focus on the novel radiopharmaceuticals developed for medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Crișan
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | | | - Diana-Gabriela Timaru
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
| | - Gabriel Andrieș
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Călin Căinap
- The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuţă”, Republicii 34-36, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Vasile Chiș
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Str. Fântânele 30, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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A phase 1 safety and bioimaging trial of antibody DS-8895a against EphA2 in patients with advanced or metastatic EphA2 positive cancers. Invest New Drugs 2022; 40:747-755. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-022-01237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dorff TB, Narayan V, Forman SJ, Zang PD, Fraietta JA, June CH, Haas NB, Priceman SJ. Novel Redirected T-Cell Immunotherapies for Advanced Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:576-584. [PMID: 34675084 PMCID: PMC8866199 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has failed to achieve durable remissions in advanced prostate cancer patients. More potent T-cell-redirecting strategies may be needed to overcome the immunologically exclusive and suppressive tumor microenvironment. Clinical trials are underway, seeking to define the optimal target for T-cell redirection, such as PSMA, PSCA, or STEAP-1, as well as the optimal strategy, with CAR or bispecific antibodies. As results continue to emerge from these trials, understanding differential toxicity and efficacy of these therapies based on their targets and functional modifications will be key to advancing these promising therapies toward clinical practice. This review provides a unique depth and breadth of perspective regarding the diverse immunotherapy strategies currently under clinical investigation for men with advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya B. Dorff
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Vivek Narayan
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen J. Forman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Peter D. Zang
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph A. Fraietta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carl H. June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Naomi B. Haas
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Saul J. Priceman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
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20
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Liu J, Dong Y, Xu D, Zhang C, Lan T, Chang D. Progress in diagnosis of bone metastasis of prostate cancer. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 46:1147-1152. [PMID: 34911846 PMCID: PMC10930230 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.200999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of bone metastasis of prostate cancer (PC) is of great significance to the treatment and prognosis of patients with PC.Bone scan is the most commonly used in the early diagnosis of bone metastasis, but its specificity is low and there is a high false positive.In recent years, with the in-depth study of the application of CT, MRI, emission computed tomography (ECT), positron emission computed tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and deep learning algorithm-convolutional neural networks (CNN) in the diagnosis of bone metastasis, the combined application of various auxiliary parameters in the diagnosis of bone metastasis has significantly been improved. The therapeutic effect of PC patients with bone metastasis can also be evaluated, which is expected to achieve the treatment of bone metastasis as well as diagnosis. By systematically expounding the research progress of the above-mentioned techniques in the diagnosis of bone metastasis, it can provide clinicians with new methods for the diagnosis of bone metastasis and improve the diagnostic efficiency for bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000.
- Department of Urology, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730050.
| | - Yongchao Dong
- Department of Urology, Sichuan Gem Flower Hospital, Chengdu 610095
| | - Dongbo Xu
- Department of Urology, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730050
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730050
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Urology, Pinghu Hospital, Shenzhen University, Guangdong Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dehui Chang
- Department of Urology, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730050.
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21
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Barroca-Ferreira J, Cruz-Vicente P, Santos MFA, Rocha SM, Santos-Silva T, Maia CJ, Passarinha LA. Enhanced Stability of Detergent-Free Human Native STEAP1 Protein from Neoplastic Prostate Cancer Cells upon an Innovative Isolation Procedure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10012. [PMID: 34576175 PMCID: PMC8472055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The STEAP1 is a cell-surface antigen over-expressed in prostate cancer, which contributes to tumor progression and aggressiveness. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying STEAP1 and its structural determinants remain elusive. METHODS The fraction capacity of Butyl- and Octyl-Sepharose matrices on LNCaP lysates was evaluated by manipulating the ionic strength of binding and elution phases, followed by a Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) polishing. Several potential stabilizing additives were assessed, and the melting temperature (Tm) values ranked the best/worst compounds. The secondary structure of STEAP1 was identified by circular dichroism. RESULTS The STEAP1 was not fully captured with 1.375 M (Butyl), in contrast with interfering heterologous proteins, which were strongly retained and mostly eluted with water. This single step demonstrated higher selectivity of Butyl-Sepharose for host impurities removal from injected crude samples. Co-IP allowed recovering a purified fraction of STEAP1 and contributed to unveil potential physiologically interacting counterparts with the target. A Tm of ~55 °C was determined, confirming STEAP1 stability in the purification buffer. A predominant α-helical structure was identified, ensuring the protein's structural stability. CONCLUSIONS A method for successfully isolating human STEAP1 from LNCaP cells was provided, avoiding the use of detergents to achieve stability, even outside a membrane-mimicking environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Barroca-Ferreira
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.B.-F.); (P.C.-V.); (S.M.R.); (C.J.M.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.F.A.S.); (T.S.-S.)
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cruz-Vicente
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.B.-F.); (P.C.-V.); (S.M.R.); (C.J.M.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.F.A.S.); (T.S.-S.)
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Marino F. A. Santos
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.F.A.S.); (T.S.-S.)
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sandra M. Rocha
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.B.-F.); (P.C.-V.); (S.M.R.); (C.J.M.)
| | - Teresa Santos-Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.F.A.S.); (T.S.-S.)
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Cláudio J. Maia
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.B.-F.); (P.C.-V.); (S.M.R.); (C.J.M.)
| | - Luís A. Passarinha
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.B.-F.); (P.C.-V.); (S.M.R.); (C.J.M.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.F.A.S.); (T.S.-S.)
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6201-284 Covilhã, Portugal
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Lin TY, Park JA, Long A, Guo HF, Cheung NKV. Novel potent anti-STEAP1 bispecific antibody to redirect T cells for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003114. [PMID: 34497115 PMCID: PMC8438958 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis for metastatic Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (EFT) is still poor despite high-dose chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Immunotherapies hold promise, but cancer antigen-targeting immunotherapies have largely failed to induce effective T cell receptor-mediated antitumor response. However, T cell-engaging bispecific antibodies (T-BsAbs) have yet to be adequately explored. METHODS Rehumanized STEAP1-IgG was used to build T-BsAb (named BC261) using the 2+2 IgG-[L]-scFv platform carrying the anti-CD3 huOKT3 scFv as the second specificity. Its binding epitope mapping, species cross-reactivity, tumor cell line staining, and in vitro cytotoxicity were investigated thoroughly. Its potency in driving tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was quantified using bioluminescence, correlated with in vivo antitumor response against cell line-derived or patient-derived xenografts (CDXs or PDXs) and compared with anti-STEAP1 T-BsAbs built on representative antibody platforms. RESULTS BC261 binding epitope was mapped to its second extracellular domain of STEAP1 shared among canine and primate orthologs. BC261 induced potent cytotoxicity against panels of EFT, prostate cancer, and canine osteosarcoma cell lines despite their low antigen density. BC261 drove significantly more TILs into tumors (30-fold) and exerted superior antitumor effects compared with the other standard BsAb platforms. The antitumor efficacy of BC261 was consistent against EFT and prostate cancer CDXs and PDXs. CONCLUSIONS BC261 was highly efficient in driving T cell infiltration and tumor ablation. Either as stand-alone therapeutics or for ex vivo armed T cells, this novel anti-STEAP1 T-BsAb BC261 has therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yi Lin
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeong A Park
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alan Long
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hong-Fen Guo
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The remarkable amount of preclinical data achieved on 89Zr-PET imaging led to a significant clinical translation, concerning mainly immuno-PET applications. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a complete overview on clinical applications of 89Zr-PET imaging, using a systematic approach to identify and collect published studies performed in humans, sorted by field of application and specific disease subsections.
Methods
A systematic literature search of articles suiting the inclusion criteria was conducted on Pubmed, Scopus, Central, and Web Of Science databases, including papers published from January 1967 to November 2020. Eligible studies had to be performed on humans through PET imaging with 89Zr-labeled compounds. The methodological quality was assessed through the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic accuracy Studies-2 tool.
Results
A total of 821 articles were screened. 74 studies performed on humans were assessed for eligibility with the exclusion of further 18, thus 56 articles were ultimately selected for the qualitative analysis.
Conclusions
89Zr has shown to be a powerful PET-imaging tool, in particular for radiolabeling antibodies in order to study antigen expression, biodistribution, anticancer treatment planning and follow-up. Other than oncologic applications, 89Zr-radiolabeled antibodies have been proposed for use in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders with interesting results. 89Zr-labeled nanoparticles represent groundbreaking radiopharmaceuticals with potential huge fields of application. To evaluate the clinical usefulness of 89Zr PET-imaging in different conditions and in real-world settings, and to widen its use in clinical practice, further translation of preclinical to clinical data is needed.
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Khanna K, Salmond N, Lynn KS, Leong HS, Williams KC. Clinical significance of STEAP1 extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:802-811. [PMID: 33589770 PMCID: PMC8384631 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived lipid bilayer enclosed structures shed from the plasma membrane by all cell types. Evidence of EV presence in biological fluids has led to considerable efforts focused on identifying their cargo and determining their utility as a non-invasive diagnostic platform for cancer. In this study, we identify circulating STEAP1 (six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1)-positive EVs in the plasma of healthy males and prostate cancer patients and evaluate its diagnostic and prognostic significance. METHODS STEAP1 was identified on EVs in prostate cancer patient plasma. EVs were validated using electron microscopy, Western blot, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and nanoscale flow cytometry. STEAP1-positive EVs were quantified for 121 males with prostate cancer and 55 healthy age-matched control males. An evaluation of STEAP1 in prostate cancer tissue was also performed using established prostate cancer cohort data (TCGA, MSKCC, and SU2C/PCF Dream Team). RESULTS Evaluation of STEAP1-positive EVs by nanoscale flow cytometry identified a significant increase in prostate cancer patient plasma compared to healthy males. However, no association was found between total STEAP1 EV levels and disease recurrence or overall survival. Cohort data from prostate cancer tissue also found STEAP1 to be elevated in prostate cancer while no significant association with recurrence or overall survival was identified. CONCLUSIONS STEAP1 is known to be enriched on the cells of the prostate with potential clinical significance in prostate cancer. Our results identify and quantitate STEAP1-positive EVs in plasma and provide rationale for a STEAP1 EV-based liquid biopsy as a diagnostic strategy in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Khanna
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nikki Salmond
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kalan S Lynn
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Hon S Leong
- Translational Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Karla C Williams
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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The Usefulness of STEAP Proteins in Prostate Cancer Clinical Practice. Prostate Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.36255/exonpublications.prostatecancer.steap.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
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Wang Y, Pan D, Huang C, Chen B, Li M, Zhou S, Wang L, Wu M, Wang X, Bian Y, Yan J, Liu J, Yang M, Miao L. Dose escalation PET imaging for safety and effective therapy dose optimization of a bispecific antibody. MAbs 2021; 12:1748322. [PMID: 32275842 PMCID: PMC7153848 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1748322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Selecting the dose for efficacy and first-in-human studies of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) is a challenging process. Herein, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with 89Zr-labeled IBI322, an anti-CD47/PD-L1 BsAb, was used to optimize the safety and effective therapy dose. By labeling with 89Zr, we aimed to assess the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, and target engagement of IBI322 with dose escalation dynamic PET imaging in humanized transgenic animal models bearing MC38 tumors (knock-in of hCD47 and hPDL1). 89Zr-labeled IBI322 specifically accumulated in tumors with a tumor-to-muscle ratio of 12.37 ± 1.42 at 168 h (0.22 mg/kg) and the biodistribution of normal tissues from PET imaging could be used for preliminary safety prediction. According to the Pearson correlation analysis between the ELISA-quantified serum concentration and heart uptake (%ID/g) (r = 0.980), a modified Patlak model was proposed. The exploratory target-mediated 50% (0.38 mg/kg) and 90% (0.63 mg/kg) inhibitory mass doses were calculated with the current modified Patlak model. The preliminary pharmacodynamics (PD) study with 0.34 mg/kg revealed that the dose prediction was rational. In conclusion, dose escalation PET imaging with 89Zr-labeled antibodies is promising for PK/PD modeling and safety prediction, and helpful for determining rational dosing for preclinical and clinical trials of BsAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Donghui Pan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenrong Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bingliang Chen
- Drug Discovery Department, Innovent Biopharmaceutical (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuaixiang Zhou
- Drug Discovery Department, Innovent Biopharmaceutical (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Wu
- Drug Discovery Department, Innovent Biopharmaceutical (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yicong Bian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjian Liu
- Drug Discovery Department, Innovent Biopharmaceutical (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liyan Miao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Rosellini M, Santoni M, Mollica V, Rizzo A, Cimadamore A, Scarpelli M, Storti N, Battelli N, Montironi R, Massari F. Treating Prostate Cancer by Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041551. [PMID: 33557050 PMCID: PMC7913806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequent malignancy in the worldwide male population; it is also one of the most common among all the leading cancer-related death causes. In the last two decades, the therapeutic scenario of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer has been enriched by the use of chemotherapy and androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) and, more recently, by immunotherapy and poly(ADP–ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. At the same time, several trials have shown the survival benefits related to the administration of novel ARSIs among patients with non-castration-resistant metastatic disease along with nonmetastatic castration-resistant cancer too. Consequently, the therapeutic course of this malignancy has been radically expanded, ensuring survival benefits never seen before. Among the more recently emerging agents, the so-called “antibody–drug conjugates” (ADCs) are noteworthy because of their clinical practice changing outcomes obtained in the management of other malignancies (including breast cancer). The ADCs are novel compounds consisting of cytotoxic agents (also known as the payload) linked to specific antibodies able to recognize antigens expressed over cancer cells’ surfaces. As for prostate cancer, researchers are focusing on STEAP1, TROP2, PSMA, CD46 and B7-H3 as optimal antigens which may be targeted by ADCs. In this paper, we review the pivotal trials that have currently changed the therapeutic approach to prostate cancer, both in the nonmetastatic castration-resistant and metastatic settings. Therefore, we focus on recently published and ongoing trials designed to investigate the clinical activity of ADCs against prostate malignancy, characterizing these agents. Lastly, we briefly discuss some ADCs-related issues with corresponding strategies to overwhelm them, along with future perspectives for these promising novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Rosellini
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (V.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Oncology Unit, Macerata Hospital, 62100 Macerata, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Veronica Mollica
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (V.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessandro Rizzo
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (V.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Nadia Storti
- Direzione Sanitaria Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale, 60122 Ancona, Italy;
| | | | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Francesco Massari
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (V.M.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (F.M.)
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Kirchner J, O'Donoghue JA, Becker AS, Ulaner GA. Improved image reconstruction of 89Zr-immunoPET studies using a Bayesian penalized likelihood reconstruction algorithm. EJNMMI Phys 2021; 8:6. [PMID: 33469848 PMCID: PMC7815860 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-021-00352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a Bayesian penalized likelihood reconstruction algorithm (Q.Clear) for 89Zr-immunoPET image reconstruction and its potential to improve image quality and reduce the administered activity of 89Zr-immunoPET tracers. Methods Eight 89Zr-immunoPET whole-body PET/CT scans from three 89Zr-immunoPET clinical trials were selected for analysis. On average, patients were imaged 6.3 days (range 5.0–8.0 days) after administration of 69 MBq (range 65–76 MBq) of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-daratumumab, [89Zr]Zr-DFO-pertuzumab, or [89Zr]Zr-DFO-trastuzumab. List-mode PET data was retrospectively reconstructed using Q.Clear with incremental β-values from 150 to 7200, as well as standard ordered-subset expectation maximization (OSEM) reconstruction (2-iterations, 16-subsets, a 6.4-mm Gaussian transaxial filter, “heavy” z-axis filtering and all manufacturers’ corrections active). Reduced activities were simulated by discarding 50% and 75% of original counts in each list mode stream. All reconstructed PET images were scored for image quality and lesion detectability using a 5-point scale. SUVmax for normal liver and sites of disease and liver signal-to-noise ratio were measured. Results Q.Clear reconstructions with β = 3600 provided the highest scores for image quality. Images reconstructed with β-values of 3600 or 5200 using only 50% or 25% of the original counts provided comparable or better image quality scores than standard OSEM reconstruction images using 100% of counts. Conclusion The Bayesian penalized likelihood reconstruction algorithm Q.Clear improved the quality of 89Zr-immunoPET images. This could be used in future studies to improve image quality and/or decrease the administered activity of 89Zr-immunoPET tracers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40658-021-00352-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Kirchner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Joseph A O'Donoghue
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anton S Becker
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary A Ulaner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Hoag Family Cancer Institute, Newport Beach, CA, USA.
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29
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Wang S, Li J, Hua J, Su Y, Beckford-Vera DR, Zhao W, Jayaraman M, Huynh TL, Zhao N, Wang YH, Huang Y, Qin F, Shen S, Gioeli D, Dreicer R, Sriram R, Egusa EA, Chou J, Feng FY, Aggarwal R, Evans MJ, Seo Y, Liu B, Flavell RR, He J. Molecular Imaging of Prostate Cancer Targeting CD46 Using ImmunoPET. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:1305-1315. [PMID: 33293372 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We recently identified CD46 as a novel therapeutic target in prostate cancer. In this study, we developed a CD46-targeted PET radiopharmaceutical, [89Zr]DFO-YS5, and evaluated its performance for immunoPET imaging in murine prostate cancer models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN [89Zr]DFO-YS5 was prepared and its in vitro binding affinity for CD46 was measured. ImmunoPET imaging was conducted in male athymic nu/nu mice bearing DU145 [AR-, CD46+, prostate-specific membrane antigen-negative (PSMA-)] or 22Rv1 (AR+, CD46+, PSMA+) tumors, and in NOD/SCID gamma mice bearing patient-derived adenocarcinoma xenograft, LTL-331, and neuroendocrine prostate cancers, LTL-331R and LTL-545. RESULTS [89Zr]DFO-YS5 binds specifically to the CD46-positive human prostate cancer DU145 and 22Rv1 xenografts. In biodistribution studies, the tumor uptake of [89Zr]DFO-YS5 was 13.3 ± 3.9 and 11.2 ± 2.5 %ID/g, respectively, in DU145 and 22Rv1 xenografts, 4 days postinjection. Notably, [89Zr]DFO-YS5 demonstrated specific uptake in the PSMA- and AR-negative DU145 model. [89Zr]DFO-YS5 also showed uptake in the patient-derived LTL-331 and -331R models, with particularly high uptake in the LTL-545 neuroendocrine prostate cancer tumors (18.8 ± 5.3, 12.5 ± 1.8, and 32 ± 5.3 %ID/g in LTL-331, LTL-331R, and LTL-545, respectively, at 4 days postinjection). CONCLUSIONS [89Zr]DFO-YS5 is an excellent PET imaging agent across a panel of prostate cancer models, including in both adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine prostate cancer, both cell line- and patient-derived xenografts, and both PSMA-positive and -negative tumors. It demonstrates potential for clinical translation as an imaging agent, theranostic platform, and companion biomarker in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jun Hua
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yang Su
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Denis R Beckford-Vera
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Walter Zhao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mayuri Jayaraman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tony L Huynh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yung-Hua Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yangjie Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Fujun Qin
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Sui Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Daniel Gioeli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Robert Dreicer
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Departments of Medicine and Urology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Emily A Egusa
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jonathan Chou
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Felix Y Feng
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rahul Aggarwal
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. .,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. .,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. .,University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Oosterheert W, Reis J, Gros P, Mattevi A. An Elegant Four-Helical Fold in NOX and STEAP Enzymes Facilitates Electron Transport across Biomembranes-Similar Vehicle, Different Destination. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1969-1980. [PMID: 32815713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ferric reductase superfamily comprises several oxidoreductases that use an intracellular electron source to reduce an extracellular acceptor substrate. NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate enzymes (STEAPs) are iconic members of the superfamily. NOXs produce extracellular reactive oxygen species that exert potent bactericidal activities and trigger redox-signaling cascades that regulate cell division and differentiation. STEAPs catalyze the reduction of extracellular iron and copper which is necessary for the bioavailability of these essential elements. Both NOXs and STEAPs are present as multiple isozymes with distinct regulatory properties and physiological roles. Despite the important roles of NOXs and STEAPs in human physiology and despite their wide involvement in diseases like cancer, their mode of action at the molecular level remained incompletely understood for a long time, in part due to the absence of high-resolution models of the complete enzymes. Our two laboratories have elucidated the three-dimensional structures of NOXs and STEAPs, providing key insight into their mechanisms and evolution. The enzymes share a conserved transmembrane helical domain with an eye-catching hourglass shape. On the extracellular side, a heme prosthetic group is at the bottom of a pocket where the substrate (O2 in NOX, chelated iron or copper in STEAP) is reduced. On the intracellular side, the inner heme of NOX and the FAD of STEAP are bound to topological equivalent sites. This is a rare case where critical amino acid substitutions and local conformational changes enable a cofactor (heme vs FAD) swap between two structurally and functionally conserved scaffolds. The catalytic core of these enzymes is completed by distinct cytosolic NADPH-binding domains that are topologically unrelated (a ferredoxin reductase-like flavoprotein domain in NOX and a F420H2:NADP+-like domain in STEAP), feature different quaternary structures, and underlie specific regulatory mechanisms. Despite their differences, these domains all establish electron-transfer chains that direct the electrons from NADPH to the transmembrane domain. The multistep nature of the process and the chemical nature of the products pose considerable problems in the enzymatic assays. We learned that great care must be exerted in the validation of a candidate inhibitor. Multiple orthogonal assays are required to rule out off-target effects such as ROS-scavenging activities or nonspecific interference with the enzyme redox chain. The structural analysis of STEAP/NOX enzymes led us to further notice that their transmembrane heme-binding topology is shared by other enzymes. We found that the core domain of the cytochrome b subunits of the mitochondrial complex III and photosynthetic cytochrome b6f are closely related to NOXs and STEAPs and likely arose from the same ancestor protein. This observation expands the substrate portfolio of the superfamily since cytochromes b act on ubiquinone. The rigidly packed helices of the NOX/STEAP/cytochrome b domain contrast with the more malleable membrane proteins like ion channels or amino-acid transporters, which undergo large conformational changes to allow passage of relatively large metabolites. This notion of a rigid hourglass scaffold found an unexpected confirmation in the observation, revealed by structural comparisons, that an helical bundle identical to the NOX/STEAP/cytochrome b enzymes is featured by a de novo designed heme-binding protein, PS1. Apparently, nature and protein designers have independently converged to this fold as a versatile scaffold for heme-mediated reactions. The challenge is now to uncover the molecular mechanisms that implement the isozyme-specific regulation of the enzyme functions and develop much needed inhibitors and modulators for chemical biology and drug design studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Oosterheert
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joana Reis
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Piet Gros
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Lau J, Rousseau E, Kwon D, Lin KS, Bénard F, Chen X. Insight into the Development of PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1312. [PMID: 32455729 PMCID: PMC7281377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the development of positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals closely follows that of traditional drug development, there are several key considerations in the chemical and radiochemical synthesis, preclinical assessment, and clinical translation of PET radiotracers. As such, we outline the fundamentals of radiotracer design, with respect to the selection of an appropriate pharmacophore. These concepts will be reinforced by exemplary cases of PET radiotracer development, both with respect to their preclinical and clinical evaluation. We also provide a guideline for the proper selection of a radionuclide and the appropriate labeling strategy to access a tracer with optimal imaging qualities. Finally, we summarize the methodology of their evaluation in in vitro and animal models and the road to clinical translation. This review is intended to be a primer for newcomers to the field and give insight into the workflow of developing radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lau
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Etienne Rousseau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | - Daniel Kwon
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (D.K.); (K.-S.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (D.K.); (K.-S.L.); (F.B.)
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (D.K.); (K.-S.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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32
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Oosterheert W, Gros P. Cryo-electron microscopy structure and potential enzymatic function of human six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1). J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9502-9512. [PMID: 32409586 PMCID: PMC7363144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1) is an integral membrane protein that is highly up-regulated on the cell surface of several human cancers, making it a promising therapeutic target to manage these diseases. It shares sequence homology with three enzymes (STEAP2–STEAP4) that catalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of iron(III). However, STEAP1 lacks an intracellular NADPH-binding domain and does not exhibit cellular ferric reductase activity. Thus, both the molecular function of STEAP1 and its role in cancer progression remain elusive. Here, we present a ∼3.0-Å cryo-EM structure of trimeric human STEAP1 bound to three antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) of the clinically used antibody mAb120.545. The structure revealed that STEAP1 adopts a reductase-like conformation and interacts with the Fabs through its extracellular helices. Enzymatic assays in human cells revealed that STEAP1 promotes iron(III) reduction when fused to the intracellular NADPH-binding domain of its family member STEAP4, suggesting that STEAP1 functions as a ferric reductase in STEAP heterotrimers. Our work provides a foundation for deciphering the molecular mechanisms of STEAP1 and may be useful in the design of new therapeutic strategies to target STEAP1 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Oosterheert
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Piet Gros
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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33
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Jiao Z, Huang L, Sun J, Xie J, Wang T, Yin X, Zhang H, Chen J. Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 expression promotes ovarian cancer metastasis by aiding progression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:215-230. [PMID: 32382787 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a severe malignant tumour of the female genital organs. Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1) expression is correlated with the occurrence and progression of multiple cancers. Here, we assessed STEAP1 expression in ovarian cancer and explored the relationship between STEAP1 and ovarian cancer progression. We used immunohistochemistry and public databases to test STEAP1 expression in normal human ovarian tissues, benign ovarian tumours, and ovarian cancer. The expression of STEAP1 and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes was analysed using immunocytochemistry, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting in ovarian cancer cell lines. Lentivirus was used to knockdown and overexpress STEAP1. Invasion, migration, growth, clonogenicity, and apoptosis were assessed using transwell assay, growth curve, plate clone formation assay, and flow cytometry. We used a tumour xenograft to verify the relationship between STEAP1 and in vivo ovarian cancer cell growth. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) activities were examined using Matrix metalloproteinase zymography assay. STEAP1 was highly expressed in the human ovarian cancer tissues and a highly invasive ovarian cancer cell line. Overexpression of STEAP1 was related to poor prognosis in ovarian cancer patients. Down-regulation of STEAP1 suppressed the invasion, migration, proliferation, clonogenicity, EMT progression in human ovarian cancer cells and xenograft tumour growth in vivo, but it enhanced apoptosis. In human ovarian cancer, the STEAP1 gene is highly expressed, and its function is correlated with human ovarian cancer cell metastasis and growth. STEAP1 may be a possible target for suppressing ovarian cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Jiao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jiali Sun
- Department of Vascular Anomalies and Interventional Radiology, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jie Xie
- Child Healthcare Department, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, 266034, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Shibei District Disease Prevention and Control Center, Qingdao, 266012, China
| | - Xiu Yin
- Department of Scientific Research, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, 272000, China
| | - Haozheng Zhang
- Research Institute of Pediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a paradigm-shifting molecular imaging modality combining the superior targeting specificity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the inherent sensitivity of PET technique. A variety of radionuclides and mAbs have been exploited to develop immunoPET probes, which has been driven by the development and optimization of radiochemistry and conjugation strategies. In addition, tumor-targeting vectors with a short circulation time (e.g., Nanobody) or with an enhanced binding affinity (e.g., bispecific antibody) are being used to design novel immunoPET probes. Accordingly, several immunoPET probes, such as 89Zr-Df-pertuzumab and 89Zr-atezolizumab, have been successfully translated for clinical use. By noninvasively and dynamically revealing the expression of heterogeneous tumor antigens, immunoPET imaging is gradually changing the theranostic landscape of several types of malignancies. ImmunoPET is the method of choice for imaging specific tumor markers, immune cells, immune checkpoints, and inflammatory processes. Furthermore, the integration of immunoPET imaging in antibody drug development is of substantial significance because it provides pivotal information regarding antibody targeting abilities and distribution profiles. Herein, we present the latest immunoPET imaging strategies and their preclinical and clinical applications. We also emphasize current conjugation strategies that can be leveraged to develop next-generation immunoPET probes. Lastly, we discuss practical considerations to tune the development and translation of immunoPET imaging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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35
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O'Donoghue JA, Danila DC, Pandit-Taskar N, Beylergil V, Cheal SM, Fleming SE, Fox JJ, Ruan S, Zanzonico PB, Ragupathi G, Lyashchenko SK, Williams SP, Scher HI, Fine BM, Humm JL, Larson SM, Morris MJ, Carrasquillo JA. Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of a [ 89Zr]Zr-DFO-MSTP2109A Anti-STEAP1 Antibody in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Patients. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3083-3090. [PMID: 31117485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate-1 (STEAP1) is a newly identified target in prostate cancer. The use of radio-labeled STEAP1-targeting antibodies with positron emission tomography (PET) may allow for detection of sites of metastatic prostate cancer and may refine patient selection for antigen-directed therapies. This was a prospective study in seven patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who had at least one archival biopsy that was STEAP1-positive by immunohistochemistry. Patients received intravenous injections of ∼185 MBq and 10 mg of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-MSTP2109A, a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against STEAP1. PET/CT images, blood samples, and whole-body counts were monitored longitudinally in six patients. Here, we report on safety, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, dose estimates to normal tissues, and initial tumor targeting for this group of patients. There was no significant acute or subacute toxicity. Favorable biodistribution and enhanced lesion uptake (in both bone and soft tissue) were observed on imaging using a mass of 10 mg of DFO-MSTP2109A. The best lesion discrimination was seen at the latest imaging time, a median of 6 days postadministration. Pharmacokinetics showed a median serum T1/2 β of 198 h, volume of central compartment of 3.54 L (similar to plasma volume), and clearance of 19.7 mL/h. The median biologic T1/2 for whole-body retention was 469 h. The highest mean absorbed doses to normal organs (mGy/MBq) were 1.18, 1.11, 0.78, 0.73, and 0.71 for liver, heart wall, lung, kidney, and spleen, respectively. Excellent targeting of metastatic prostate sites in both bone and soft tissue was observed, with an optimal imaging time of 6 days postadministration. The liver and heart were the normal organs that experienced the highest absorbed doses. The pharmacokinetics were similar to other antibodies without major cross-reactivity with normal tissues. A more detailed analysis of lesion targeting in a larger patient population with correlation to immunohistology and standard imaging modalities has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel C Danila
- Department of Medicine , Joan and Sanford I. Weill College of Medicine of Cornell University , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Neeta Pandit-Taskar
- Department of Radiology , Joan and Sanford I. Weill Cornell Medical Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon P Williams
- Genentech , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Howard I Scher
- Department of Medicine , Joan and Sanford I. Weill College of Medicine of Cornell University , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Bernard M Fine
- Genentech , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | | | - Steven M Larson
- Department of Radiology , Joan and Sanford I. Weill Cornell Medical Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States.,Center for Targeted Radioimmunotherapy and Diagnosis of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Michael J Morris
- Department of Medicine , Joan and Sanford I. Weill College of Medicine of Cornell University , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Jorge A Carrasquillo
- Department of Radiology , Joan and Sanford I. Weill Cornell Medical Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States.,Center for Targeted Radioimmunotherapy and Diagnosis of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy , New York , New York 10065 , United States
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