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Barja I, Navarro-Castilla Á, Ortiz-Jiménez L, España Á, Hinojosa R, Sánchez-Sotomayor D, Iglesias Á, España J, Rubio-Sánchez S, Martín-Romero S, Vielva J, Horcajada-Sánchez F. Wild Ungulates Constitute the Basis of the Diet of the Iberian Wolf in a Recently Recolonized Area: Wild Boar and Roe Deer as Key Species for Its Conservation. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3364. [PMID: 37958119 PMCID: PMC10647792 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) is recolonizing historical distribution areas after decades of absence. As in other human-dominated landscapes, finding a balance to protect this species by favoring recolonization and mitigating human-wildlife conflicts is a challenge. Since wolves are often generalist opportunistic predators, we studied their diet composition in central Spain to evaluate the consumption of domestic ungulates and provide reliable data that could help local authorities to deal with the current wolf-cattle ranchers conflict and coexistence. Diet composition (% prey occurrence, % prey ingested biomass) was analyzed through the identification of prey hairs present in 671 scats collected between 2017 and 2021. The wolves fed more on wild ungulates (82% occurrence) than domestic ones (18%). Wild boar (Sus scrofa, 44% occurrence) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, 35%) were the most consumed prey. The wolves positively selected these two species. The wolves' diets varied between seasons, years, and forest regions, but a diet based on wild ungulates predominated over domestic ones. Food niche breadth showed variations depending on seasons and years. Preserving the availability and diversity of wild ungulates may favor reducing livestock attacks and would be an achievable goal that would help to conserve this species and reduce conservation conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Barja
- Unidad de Zoología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Global Change (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Navarro-Castilla
- Unidad de Zoología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Global Change (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Ortiz-Jiménez
- Unidad de Zoología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel España
- Unidad de Zoología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Hinojosa
- SIGNATUR, Carretera de la Sierra, 45, Villavieja del Lozoya, 28739 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Sotomayor
- Unidad de Zoología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Iglesias
- Unidad de Zoología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José España
- SIGNATUR, C/Asunción Castell, 22, 28739 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Rubio-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación, Seguimiento y Evaluación del Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Guadarrama, TRAGSA, 28740 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Martín-Romero
- Centro de Investigación, Seguimiento y Evaluación del Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Guadarrama, TRAGSA, 28740 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Vielva
- Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Vivienda y Agricultura, Centro de Investigación, Seguimiento y Evaluación del Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Guadarrama, 28740 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Horcajada-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación, Seguimiento y Evaluación del Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Guadarrama, TRAGSA, 28740 Madrid, Spain
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Guimarães NF, Álvares F, Ďurová J, Urban P, Bučko J, Iľko T, Brndiar J, Štofik J, Pataky T, Barančeková M, Kropil R, Smolko P. What drives wolf preference towards wild ungulates? Insights from a multi-prey system in the Slovak Carpathians. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265386. [PMID: 35759447 PMCID: PMC9236239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The wolf is a generalist-opportunistic predator that displays diverse and remarkably adaptable feeding strategies across its range with local adaptations to certain prey species depending on their availability and vulnerability. The multi-prey system of the Slovak Carpathians supports important portion of the European wolf population; however, it has been markedly understudied. We evaluated winter diet composition and prey selection of Slovak wolves based on 321 scat samples collected between September–April within four different study areas during 2015–2017. The winter diet of wolves in the Slovak Carpathians was characterized by a 98% occurrence of wild large-sized and medium-sized ungulates with red deer occurring in wolf scats most often, consistent with their highest density among other wild ungulates. However, by comparing the consumption with availability of wild prey, we found that wolves in fact selected for wild boar especially in areas with higher altitudinal range, while selected for red deer in areas with low altitudinal range where this prey species was more spatially predictable. Although wolves showed the potential to switch between red deer and wild boar when their density increases, we found that this variation can be rather linked to changing prey vulnerability, which is dependent on particular environmental conditions at local scale such as topography and snow accumulation. The present study provides valuable insights into the winter foraging ecology of Slovak wolves in a multi-prey system of the Carpathians and allows for practical implications in the management of the rapidly increasing populations of wild ungulates across Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno F. Guimarães
- Faculty of Forestry, Department of Applied Zoology and Wildlife Management, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
- Little Fox, The Centre of Natural Sciences, Research and Environmental Education, Staré Hory, Slovakia
- Diana–Carpathian Wildlife Research, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
- * E-mail:
| | - Francisco Álvares
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Jana Ďurová
- Little Fox, The Centre of Natural Sciences, Research and Environmental Education, Staré Hory, Slovakia
- Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Technical University in Zvolen, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Peter Urban
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | | | - Tomáš Iľko
- Diana–Carpathian Wildlife Research, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
- Muráň Plateau National Park, State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic, Revúca, Slovakia
| | - Jaro Brndiar
- Diana–Carpathian Wildlife Research, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Štofik
- Poloniny National Park, State Nature Conservancy of the Slovakia Republic, Stakčín, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Pataky
- Faculty of Forestry, Department of Applied Zoology and Wildlife Management, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Barančeková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
- University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Kropil
- Faculty of Forestry, Department of Applied Zoology and Wildlife Management, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Peter Smolko
- Faculty of Forestry, Department of Applied Zoology and Wildlife Management, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
- Diana–Carpathian Wildlife Research, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
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3
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Large-Scale Quantification and Correlates of Ungulate Carrion Production in the Anthropocene. Ecosystems 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-022-00763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wolf-Hunting Dog Interactions in a Biodiversity Hot Spot Area in Northern Greece: Preliminary Assessment and Implications for Conservation in the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli Forest National Park and Adjacent Areas. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113235. [PMID: 34827967 PMCID: PMC8614248 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Wolf attacks on hunting dogs are on the rise in many European countries, triggering retaliatory killing and poisoning of wolves. Poisoning may have detrimental effects on endangered vulture species. In critical areas for vulture conservation such as the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli Forest National Park, the conflict should be urgently evaluated. We assessed levels, trends, and defined related factors, by interviewing hunters and undertaking a diet analysis of wolf scats. Attacks affected mostly hare hunters, certain dog breeds and age classes, averaged one dog per hunter and decade, and happened under certain circumstances. Affected areas had specific landscape characteristics, fewer livestock, more hunting, and presence of wolf reproduction. Trends of wolf attacks on hunting dogs were positive and those on livestock negative. Wolves fed mainly on roe deer in summer and wild boar in winter, while the presence of dogs in scats was 5.1% in winter. Reduced dependence of wolves on livestock, as well as changes in wolf diet and hunting practices, may have predisposed wolves to kill more dogs recently. Wild boar also injured or killed hunting dogs, very often perplexing assessment of the conflict. The study concludes on practical measures for verifying and reducing hunting dog losses from wolf attacks. Abstract Hunting dog depredation by wolves triggers retaliatory killing, with negative impacts on wildlife conservation. In the wider area of the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli Forest National Park, reports on such incidents have increased lately. To investigate this conflict, we interviewed 56 affected hunters, conducted wolf trophic analysis, analyzed trends for 2010–2020, applied MAXENT models for risk-map creation, and GLMs to explore factors related to depredation levels. Losses averaged approximately one dog per decade and hunter showing a positive trend, while livestock depredations showed a negative trend. Wolves preyed mainly on wild prey, with dogs consisting of 5.1% of the winter diet. Low altitude areas, with low to medium livestock availability favoring wolf prey and game species, were the riskiest. Dogs were more vulnerable during hare hunting and attacks more frequent during wolf post-weaning season or in wolf territories with reproduction. Hunter experience and group hunting reduced losses. Wolves avoided larger breeds or older dogs. Making noise or closely keeping dogs reduced attack severity. Protective dog vests, risk maps, and enhancing wolf natural prey availability are further measures to be considered, along with a proper verification system to confirm and effectively separate wolf attacks from wild boar attacks, which were also common.
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Moroni B, Angelone S, Pérez JM, Molinar Min AR, Pasquetti M, Tizzani P, López-Olvera JR, Valldeperes M, Granados JE, Lavín S, Mentaberre G, Camacho-Sillero L, Martínez-Carrasco C, Oleaga A, Candela M, Meneguz PG, Rossi L. Sarcoptic mange in wild ruminants in Spain: solving the epidemiological enigma using microsatellite markers. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:171. [PMID: 33743796 PMCID: PMC7981868 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Spain, sarcoptic mange was first described in native wildlife in 1987 in Cazorla Natural Park, causing the death of nearly 95% of the local native population of Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica). Since then, additional outbreaks have been identified in several populations of ibex and other wild ungulate species throughout the country. Although the first epizootic outbreak in wildlife was attributed to the introduction of an infected herd of domestic goats, the origin and the cause of its persistence remain unclear. The main aims of this study are to understand (i) the number of Sarcoptes scabiei "strains" circulating in wild ruminant populations in Spain, and (ii) the molecular epidemiological relationships between S. scabiei and its hosts. METHODS Ten Sarcoptes microsatellite markers were used to characterize the genetic structure of 266 mites obtained from skin scrapings of 121 mangy wild ruminants between 2011 and 2019 from 11 areas in Spain. RESULTS Seventy-three different alleles and 37 private alleles were detected. The results of this study show the existence of three genetic strains of S. scabiei in the wild ruminant populations investigated. While two genetic clusters of S. scabiei were host- and geography-related, one cluster included multi-host mites deriving from geographically distant populations. CONCLUSIONS The molecular epidemiological study of S. scabiei in wild ruminants in Spain indicates that the spreading and persistence of the parasite may be conditioned by host species community composition and the permissiveness of each host population/community to the circulation of individual "strains," among other factors. Wildlife-livestock interactions and the role of human-driven introduction or trade of wild and domestic animals should be better investigated to prevent further spread of sarcoptic mange in as yet unaffected natural areas of the Iberian Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Moroni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Samer Angelone
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jesús M. Pérez
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, and Ecology, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, Spain
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), and Departament de Medicina I Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Anna Rita Molinar Min
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Mario Pasquetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Paolo Tizzani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Jorge Ramón López-Olvera
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), and Departament de Medicina I Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marta Valldeperes
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), and Departament de Medicina I Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - José Enrique Granados
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), and Parque Nacional Y Parque Natural Sierra Nevada, Granada, Spain
| | - Santiago Lavín
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), and Departament de Medicina I Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Gregorio Mentaberre
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), and Departament de Ciència Animal, Escola Tècnica Superior D’Enginyeria Agraria, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Leonor Camacho-Sillero
- Programa Vigilancia Epidemiológica Fauna Silvestre, Consejería Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Desarrollo Sostenible, Junta de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Carrasco
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alvaro Oleaga
- S.E.R.P.A., Sociedad de Servicios del Principado de Asturias S.A., Gijón, Spain
| | - Mónica Candela
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pier Giuseppe Meneguz
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Luca Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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Abstract
AbstractThe increasing animosity towards wolves (Canislupus) by livestock-keeping nomads in Mongolia and the accompanying conflicts highlight the urgent need for knowledge about the feeding behavior of wolves, since information on the feeding ecology of wolves in Mongolia is rare, especially in the mountain taiga and mountain forest steppe regions of Northern Mongolia. Those regions are characterized by a relatively high wildlife diversity and are sparsely populated by humans. To face this problem, 137 wolf scats were collected in the Khentii Mountain range in Northern Mongolia between 2008 and 2012. Almost all wolf faeces contained remnants of wild ungulates, which made up 89% of the consumed biomass. Siberian roe deer (Capreoluspygargus) was the most important and positively selected prey species. It was followed by red deer (Cervuselaphus) and wild boar (Susscrofa), which was negatively selected by wolves. Wolves also fed on buffer prey species such as lagomorphs and small mammals. No evidence of domestic ungulates was found in the wolf diet. Thus, near-natural habitats with a diverse fauna of wild animals are important to limit livestock depredation.
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Spatial Segregation between Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes), European Wildcats (Felis silvestris) and Domestic Cats (Felis catus) in Pastures in a Livestock Area of Northern Spain. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12070268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Red foxes, European wildcats and domestic cats share cattle pastures for hunting in La Pernía Valley, northern Spain. To understand the mechanisms that allow the coexistence of these mesopredators in a habitat characterized by its anthropogenic modifications, we recorded sightings of these species in pastures in the summers of 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. We tested if the species preferred specific areas of pastures and if they exhibited any spatial segregation in the use of pastures. Red foxes did not show consistent preferences for any area of the pastures. European wildcats preferred pasture areas closer to streams and forest edges, whereas domestic cats preferred areas closer to buildings and paved roads whilst avoiding forest edges. All species pairs showed strong spatial segregation with less than 7% overlap. We hypothesize that spatial segregation is the mechanism used by European wildcats and domestic cats to avoid dangerous interactions with other predators and which characterizes their preference of specific areas on pastures, using areas near places that may protect them from other predators. Ultimately, the influence of fox presence (and probably that of other larger potential predators) on the use of pastures by European wildcats and domestic cats is decreasing the number of interactions between them and may help to prevent hybridization in this area.
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Attraction and Avoidance between Predators and Prey at Wildlife Crossings on Roads. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife passages are currently built at roads and railway lines to re-establish connectivity. However, little is known about whether predator-prey interactions may reduce the effectiveness of the crossing structures. We evaluated the co-occurrence patterns of predator-prey species-pairs at 113 crossing structures, noting their coincidence at the same structure and/or on the same day. We built occupancy models using presence-absence matrices for three prey and five predator types obtained during 2076 passage-days of monitoring. The results indicate that predators and prey do not use passages independently. Attraction or segregation effects occurred in 20% of predator-prey species-pairs and were detected in 67% of cases with respect to same-day use. Our results show that both predator and prey species used the same structures to cross fenced roads. However, the spatial and daily patterns of crossing suggest that there were predators that attended crossings to search for prey and that prey species avoided using crossings in the presence of predators. Our results support two recommendations to avoid crossing structures losing effectiveness or becoming prey traps: (i) increase the number of wider structures to reduce the risks of predator-prey encounters and (ii) include inside them structural heterogeneity and refuges, to reduce the likelihood for predator-prey interactions.
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Figueiredo AM, Valente AM, Barros T, Carvalho J, Silva DAM, Fonseca C, de Carvalho LM, Torres RT. What does the wolf eat? Assessing the diet of the endangered Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) in northeast Portugal. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230433. [PMID: 32231379 PMCID: PMC7108738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) is a top predator that inhabits the Iberian Peninsula. In Portugal, its numbers and distribution declined throughout the 20th century, due to human persecution, habitat degradation and prey decline, which have led to higher predation rates of livestock in the remaining packs. In Montesinho Natural Park (northeast Portugal), wild ungulate populations have been increasing in the last years, which may have led wolf to predate upon them. In order to assess Iberian wolf diet in this area, 85 wolf scats were collected from transects distributed throughout the study area in two periods between November 2017 and August 2019. Scat analysis indicated a high predation on wild ungulates, where the frequency of occurrence showed that roe deer was the most consumed prey (44%), followed by red deer (26%) and wild boar (24%). Domestic/wild cat (6%), domestic goat and stone marten (5%) were consumed in lower quantities. It was found a higher selection towards roe deer (D = 0.71) and this was the only prey item which was significantly dependent of the season of the year (χ2 = 16.95, df = 3, p < 0.001). This is the first study in Portugal where was recorded that wolves feed mainly on wild ungulates. We conclude that lower livestock predation may be correlated with higher wild ungulates densities in our study area, as well as suitable husbandry practices, leading to a shift on Iberian wolf diet from mainly livestock on previous studies to wild ungulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Figueiredo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Valente
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Tânia Barros
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Carvalho
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos Fonseca
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luís Madeira de Carvalho
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Tinoco Torres
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Yravedra J, Maté-González MÁ, Courtenay LA, González-Aguilera D, Fernández MF. The use of canid tooth marks on bone for the identification of livestock predation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16301. [PMID: 31705057 PMCID: PMC6841930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically wolves and humans have had a conflictive relationship which has driven the wolf to extinction in some areas across Northern America and Europe. The last decades have seen a rise of multiple government programs to protect wolf populations. Nevertheless, these programs have been controversial in rural areas, product of the predation of livestock by carnivores. As a response to such issues, governments have presented large scale economic plans to compensate the respected owners. The current issue lies in the lack of reliable techniques that can be used to detect the predator responsible for livestock predation. This has led to complications when obtaining subsidies, creating conflict between landowners and government officials. The objectives of this study therefore are to provide a new alternative approach to differentiating between tooth marks of different predators responsible for livestock predation. Here we present the use of geometric morphometrics and Machine Learning algorithms to discern between different carnivores through in depth analysis of the tooth marks they leave on bone. These results present high classification rates with up to 100% accuracy in some cases, successfully differentiating between wolves, dogs and fox tooth marks.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Yravedra
- Department of Prehistory, Ancien History and Archaeology, Complutense University, Prof. Aranguren s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,C.A.I. Arqueometría, Complutense University, Prof. Aranguren s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Maté-González
- Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Avila, University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50, 05003, Avila, Spain.,Gran Duque de Alba Institution, Diputación Provincial de Ávila, Paseo Dos de Mayo, 8, 05001, Ávila, Spain
| | - Lloyd A Courtenay
- Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Avila, University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50, 05003, Avila, Spain.,Department of Prehistory, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES). Zona educacional, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3) E3, 43700, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Diego González-Aguilera
- Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Avila, University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50, 05003, Avila, Spain
| | - Maximiliano Fernández Fernández
- Gran Duque de Alba Institution, Diputación Provincial de Ávila, Paseo Dos de Mayo, 8, 05001, Ávila, Spain.,Department Sciences of Communication and Sociology, Faculty of Communication Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos, Camino del Molino, s/n, 28943, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
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Ferretti F, Lovari S, Mancino V, Burrini L, Rossa M. Food habits of wolves and selection of wild ungulates in a prey-rich Mediterranean coastal area. Mamm Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Haswell PM, Shepherd EA, Stone SA, Purcell B, Hayward MW. Foraging theory provides a useful framework for livestock predation management. J Nat Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Bannister HL, Hodgens P, Moseby KE. Offspring sex and maternal effects influence the development and natal dispersal of an arboreal marsupial. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Bannister
- The University of Adelaide, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick Hodgens
- Terrain Ecology Pty Ltd, Kingscote, South Australia, Australia
- Ecological Horizons Pty Ltd, Kimba, South Australia, Australia
| | - Katherine E Moseby
- The University of Adelaide, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Ecological Horizons Pty Ltd, Kimba, South Australia, Australia
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Petridou M, Youlatos D, Lazarou Y, Selinides K, Pylidis C, Giannakopoulos A, Kati V, Iliopoulos Y. Wolf diet and livestock selection in central Greece. MAMMALIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2018-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding the feeding habits of wolves is essential for designing and implementing fundamental management processes across the range of the species. This is even more important within human-dominated areas, such as southern Europe, and more especially Greece. In this context, we analyzed 123 scat samples, collected between 2010 and 2012, from a mixed agricultural, forested and human-dominated area, centered on the municipality of Domokos in central continental Greece. We used standard laboratory procedures for scat analysis and calculated percentages of frequency of occurrence (FO%), average volume (AV%) and biomass index (BM%) to assess diet composition, and estimated prey selectivity. Domestic prey composed the bulk of wolf diet (FO%=73.5, AV%=84.8, BM%=97.2), wild ungulates were almost absent (FO%=0.5, AV%=0.8, BM%=1.2), whereas grass consumption was high in our area (FO%=19.5, AV%=11.0). The high dependence on livestock corroborates previous studies from Greece and other countries in southern Europe. Goat (FO%=46.0, AV%=61.2, BM%=64.9) was the main prey and was strongly selected, with sheep (FO%=11.5, AV%=9.0, BM%=11.2), pig carrion and cattle ranking behind (FO%=11.5, AV%=10.1, BM%=8.7 and FO%=4.5, AV%=4.5, BM%=12.4, respectively). No differences across seasons were detected, except from pig carrion, which increased during winter. The preference for goats is probably associated with its grazing behavior. High livestock consumption generally results in increased human-wolf conflict. Thus, substantial improvement of husbandry practices and restoration of wild ungulate populations are recommended to facilitate wolf-human coexistence in Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Petridou
- Callisto Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society , Mitropoleos 123 , Thessaloniki GR-54621 , Greece
- University of Ioannina , Department of Biological Applications and Technology , Ioannina GR-45110 , Greece
| | - Dionisios Youlatos
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , School of Biology, Department of Zoology , GR-54124 Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Yorgos Lazarou
- Callisto Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society , Mitropoleos 123 , Thessaloniki GR-54621 , Greece
| | - Kiriakos Selinides
- Callisto Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society , Mitropoleos 123 , Thessaloniki GR-54621 , Greece
| | - Charilaos Pylidis
- Callisto Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society , Mitropoleos 123 , Thessaloniki GR-54621 , Greece
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Bristol , Bristol, BS8 1TH , UK
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK
| | - Alexios Giannakopoulos
- Callisto Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society , Mitropoleos 123 , Thessaloniki GR-54621 , Greece
- Faculty of Veterinary Science , University of Thessaly , GR-43100 Karditsa , Greece
| | - Vassiliki Kati
- University of Ioannina , Department of Biological Applications and Technology , Ioannina GR-45110 , Greece
| | - Yorgos Iliopoulos
- Callisto Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society , Mitropoleos 123 , Thessaloniki GR-54621 , Greece
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , School of Biology, Department of Zoology , GR-54124 Thessaloniki , Greece
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Grilo C, Lucas PM, Fernández‐Gil A, Seara M, Costa G, Roque S, Rio‐Maior H, Nakamura M, Álvares F, Petrucci‐Fonseca F, Revilla E. Refuge as major habitat driver for wolf presence in human‐modified landscapes. Anim Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Grilo
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC) Sevilla España
| | - P. M. Lucas
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC) Sevilla España
- Department of Wildlife Conservation Institute of Nature Conservation PAS Kraków Poland
| | - A. Fernández‐Gil
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC) Sevilla España
| | - M. Seara
- CE3C – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Lisbon Portugal
| | - G. Costa
- Grupo Lobo Departamento de Biologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Edifício C2 Campo Grande Lisbon Portugal
- Bioinsight – Environmental Services Odivelas Portugal
| | - S. Roque
- CE3C – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Lisbon Portugal
- Grupo Lobo Departamento de Biologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Edifício C2 Campo Grande Lisbon Portugal
| | - H. Rio‐Maior
- CIBIO/InBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - M. Nakamura
- CIBIO/InBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - F. Álvares
- CIBIO/InBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - F. Petrucci‐Fonseca
- CE3C – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Lisbon Portugal
- Grupo Lobo Departamento de Biologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Edifício C2 Campo Grande Lisbon Portugal
| | - E. Revilla
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC) Sevilla España
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Popp JN, Hamr J, Larkin JL, Mallory FF. Black bear (Ursus americanus) and wolf (Canis spp.) summer diet composition and ungulate prey selectivity in Ontario, Canada. MAMMAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-018-0368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lagos L, Bárcena F. Spatial variability in wolf diet and prey selection in Galicia (NW Spain). MAMMAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-018-0352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ciucci P, Artoni L, Crispino F, Tosoni E, Boitani L. Inter-pack, seasonal and annual variation in prey consumed by wolves in Pollino National Park, southern Italy. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-018-1166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lazarus M, Sekovanić A, Orct T, Reljić S, Kusak J, Jurasović J, Huber Đ. Apex predatory mammals as bioindicator species in environmental monitoring of elements in Dinaric Alps (Croatia). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:23977-23991. [PMID: 28879543 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue element investigations of apex terrestrial mammals are very scarce in Europe. We quantified 16 essential and nonessential elements in the kidney cortex, liver, and muscle tissue of 467 brown bears (Ursus arctos), 125 gray wolves (Canis lupus), one Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), and three golden jackals (Canis aureus) from Croatia by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Renal cadmium (0.6% of animals) and lead (1%) and hepatic lead (5%) were found in toxicologically relevant levels for mammals only in bears, while the other elements were within normal range. The association of age, sex, season, and region with measured tissue elements in bear and wolf was estimated by multiple regression analyses. Age-related accumulation of cadmium was observed in bears and wolves. Lead tissue content increased with the age of bears but declined in wolves. Female bears and wolves had higher arsenic, iron, and thallium than males in some tissues. Also, cadmium, mercury, copper, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, and uranium were more abundant only in female bears. Male bears had higher potassium, zinc, and magnesium, while male wolves had higher calcium in some tissues compared to female wolves. Seasonal differences were mainly observed for bears' tissues and region-specific differences only in wolves. The bear kidneys had the highest levels of cobalt, copper, molybdenum, cadmium, and lead among the four studied species. The element levels reported for bears and wolves represent baseline values for the Dinaric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Lazarus
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, P.O. Box 291, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ankica Sekovanić
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, P.O. Box 291, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Orct
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, P.O. Box 291, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slaven Reljić
- Department of Biology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josip Kusak
- Department of Biology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasna Jurasović
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, P.O. Box 291, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Đuro Huber
- Department of Biology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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González JA, Carvalho AM, Vallejo JR, Amich F. Plant-based remedies for wolf bites and rituals against wolves in the Iberian Peninsula: Therapeutic opportunities and cultural values for the conservation of biocultural diversity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 209:124-139. [PMID: 28755969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Combined approaches to local knowledge and folk plant use improve awareness and promote effective strategies for the conservation of significant biocultural patrimony. Moreover, the information reported might be the basis for further appropriate phytochemical and pharmacological research. Therefore we provide an insight into traditional herbal remedies and practices for healing bite injuries in humans and domestic animals caused by the Iberian wolf. Wolf bites are associated with inflammatory processes and rabies is a potential complication AIMS: This paper describes and summarises the medicinal-veterinary empirical and ritual uses of the Iberian flora for wolf injuries and reviews the ethnopharmacological data of specific plants that are already published. The Iberian wolf is a critically endangered subspecies of the grey wolf. Livestock attacks attributed to wolves are increasingly frequent in the Iberian Peninsula, resulting in serious social problems. Interesting strategies for Iberian wolf conservation might be related to traditional grazing practices that are deeply linked with empirical knowledge and local practices passed on by oral tradition, which are also vulnerable now. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on documentary sources from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, we systematically searched old monographs, regional documents, technical papers, project reports, as well as the international and national databases and the available scientific literature, without restrictions regarding the language of the publications consulted. RESULTS A total of 39 remedies for healing wolf bite injuries in humans and domestic animals was reported, highlighting the medicinal use of 33 species of vascular plants, mostly wild herbs, belonging to 18 botanical families. The use of wood ashes was also reported. The number of use-reports found represents a very high number considering similar European studies. Leaves were the predominant plant part mentioned. Boiling plant materials in water for topical uses was the most frequent method of preparation found. Some traditional remedies combined two or more plant species in order to potentiate their effects. Moreover, some plant-based traditional practices and rituals to ward off wolves and to prevent wolf attacks were also documented. In these practices eleven other species (belonging to seven more families) were used. CONCLUSIONS Despite the decline of the Iberian wolf over the last few decades, wolves are still in the imaginary of rural communities that perceive this large carnivore as both a diabolic creature and a mythic and benign animal. Wolf-related cultural heritage is of great interest in terms of conservation strategies. This review emphasises the importance of local knowledge and provides useful information about several potential sources of phytochemicals and their claimed therapeutic effects, aiming at contributing to the conservation and appreciation of the Iberian biocultural heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A González
- Grupo de Investigación de Recursos Etnobiológicos del Duero-Douro (GRIRED), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca E-37071, Spain.
| | - Ana Maria Carvalho
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - José Ramón Vallejo
- Área de Didáctica de Ciencias Experimentales, Equipo de Historia de la Ciencia y Antropología de la Salud,Salud, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, E-06006, Spain.
| | - Francisco Amich
- Grupo de Investigación de Recursos Etnobiológicos del Duero-Douro (GRIRED), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca E-37071, Spain.
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Torretta E, Serafini M, Imbert C, Milanesi P, Meriggi A. Wolves and wild ungulates in the Ligurian Alps (Western Italy): prey selection and spatial-temporal interactions. MAMMALIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2016-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe propose the integration of different non-invasive sampling methods to the study of predator-prey interactions. We analyzed the diet of the wolf (
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22
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Trophic overlap between wolves and free-ranging wolf×dog hybrids in the Apennine Mountains, Italy. Glob Ecol Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Duarte J, García FJ, Fa JE. Depredatory impact of free-roaming domestic dogs on Mediterranean deer in southern Spain: implications for human-wolf conflict. FOLIA ZOOLOGICA 2016. [DOI: 10.25225/fozo.v65.i2.a8.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Duarte
- Biogeography, Diversity and Conservation Research Group, Department of Animal Biology, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;,
- Ofitecma, Calle Colombia 5, 29400 Ronda (Málaga), Spain
| | - Francisco José García
- Biogeography, Diversity and Conservation Research Group, Department of Animal Biology, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;,
| | - John E. Fa
- Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
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25
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Torretta E, Serafini M, Puopolo F, Schenone L. Spatial and temporal adjustments allowing the coexistence among carnivores in Liguria (N-W Italy). Acta Ethol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-015-0231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Lagos L, Bárcena F. EU Sanitary Regulation on Livestock Disposal: Implications for the Diet of Wolves. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 56:890-902. [PMID: 26105972 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sanitary and environmental regulations may have indirect effects on the wildlife and ecosystem services beyond their regulatory scope. To illustrate such effects, this paper examines how EU sanitary measures, in conjunction with additional regulations and socio-economic changes, have caused wolf diet to shift in Galicia, northwestern Spain. Prior to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis in Europe in 2000, livestock carcasses used to be left on the field and were eaten by scavengers and carnivores. As a result of the BSE crisis, sanitary regulations regarding the disposal of livestock carcasses were introduced. These regulations affected the populations of avian scavengers. We hypothesize that wolf ecology has also been affected by the aforementioned regulations. We analysed wolf diet for the period 2003-2006 and compared the results with those of a previously published study (1974-1978). We found a shift in wolf feeding habits following the implementation of these EU regulations. A decrease in carrion consumption was registered, and wolves increased their feeding on the rising population of wild ungulates, especially on roe deer, and on wild pony. Future regulations should assess their potential indirect effects in the early stages of drafting to allow for the design of proper mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lagos
- Institute of Research and Food Analysis, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, c/Constantino Candeira s/n. Campus Sur, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain,
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Schneiderov I, Schnitzerov P, Uhlikov J, Brandl P, Zouhar J, Matejů J. Differences in alarm calls of juvenile and adult European ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus): Findings on permanently marked animals from a semi-natural enclosure. Zoo Biol 2015; 34:503-12. [PMID: 26152313 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) emits alarm calls that warn conspecifics of potential danger. Although it has been observed that inexperienced juveniles of this species emit alarm calls that sound similar to those of adults, studies focusing on juvenile alarm calls are lacking. We analyzed the acoustic structure of alarm calls emitted by six permanently marked European ground squirrels living in a semi-natural enclosure when they were juveniles and after 1 year as adults. We found that the acoustic structure of the juvenile alarm calls was significantly different from those of adults and that the alarm calls underwent nearly the same changes in all studied individuals. All juveniles emitted alarm calls consisting of one element with almost constant frequency, but their alarm calls included a second frequency-modulated element after their first hibernation as adults. Our data show that the duration of the first element is significantly shorter in adults than in juveniles. Additionally, the frequency of the first element is significantly higher in adults than in juveniles. Similar to previous findings in other Palearctic ground squirrel species, our data are inconsistent with the assumption that juvenile mammals emit vocalizations with higher fundamental frequencies than adults. However, our results do not support the previously suggested hypothesis that juvenile ground squirrels conceal information regarding their age in their alarm calls because we found significant differences in alarm calls of juveniles and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Schneiderov
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Schnitzerov
- Czech Bat Conservation Society, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Uhlikov
- Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Brandl
- Prague Zoological Garden, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zouhar
- Department of Econometrics, Faculty of Informatics and Statistics, University of Economics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Matejů
- Museum Karlovy Vary, Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic
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Torres RT, Silva N, Brotas G, Fonseca C. To Eat or Not To Eat? The Diet of the Endangered Iberian Wolf (Canis lupus signatus) in a Human-Dominated Landscape in Central Portugal. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129379. [PMID: 26030294 PMCID: PMC4452520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock predation by large carnivores and their persecution by local communities are major conservation concerns. In order to prevent speculations and reduce conflicts, it is crucial to get detailed and accurate data on predators’ dietary ecology, which is particularly important in human dominated landscapes where livestock densities are high. This is the case of the endangered Iberian wolf in Portugal, an endemic subspecies of the Iberian Peninsula, which has seen its population distribution and abundance decline throughout the 20th century. Accordingly, the diet of the Iberian wolf was analyzed, using scat analysis, in a humanized landscape in central Portugal. From 2011 to 2014, a total of 295 wolf scats were collected from transects distributed throughout the study area, prospected on a monthly basis. Scat analysis indicated a high dependence of Iberian wolf on livestock. Domestic goat predominated the diet (62% of the scats), followed by cow (20%) and sheep (13%); the only wild ungulate present in the scat analysis was the wild boar (4% of the scats). Our results show that even though livestock constitute most part of wolves diet, different livestock species may represent different predation opportunities. We conclude that the high levels of livestock consumption may be a result of low diversity and density of wild ungulates that settles livestock as the only abundant prey for wolves. Our findings help on the understanding of the Iberian wolf feeding ecology and have implications for conflict management strategies. Finally, management implications are discussed and solutions are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Tinoco Torres
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicole Silva
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Brotas
- Associação de Conservação do Habitat do Lobo Ibérico, Rua 25 de Abril, Esposende, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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Horcajada-Sánchez F, Barja I. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Two Distance-Sampling Techniques for Monitoring Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) Densities. ANN ZOOL FENN 2015. [DOI: 10.5735/086.052.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Considering sampling approaches when determining carnivore diets: the importance of where, how, and when scats are collected. MAMMAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-015-0222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Meriggi A, Dagradi V, Dondina O, Perversi M, Milanesi P, Lombardini M, Raviglione S, Repossi A. Short-term responses of wolf feeding habits to changes of wild and domestic ungulate abundance in Northern Italy. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2014.986768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lombardini M, Rosin AV, Murru M, Cinerari CE, Meriggi A. Reproductive and demographic parameters in Sardinian wild boar,Sus scrofa meridionalis. FOLIA ZOOLOGICA 2014. [DOI: 10.25225/fozo.v63.i4.a10.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lombardini
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 271 00 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Vidus Rosin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 271 00 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Murru
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 271 00 Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia E. Cinerari
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 271 00 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Meriggi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 271 00 Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
Domestic dogs diverged from grey wolves between 13 000 and 17 000 years ago when food waste from human settlements provided a new niche. Compared to the carnivorous cat, modern-day dogs differ in several digestive and metabolic traits that appear to be more associated with omnivorous such as man, pigs and rats. This has led to the classification of dogs as omnivores, but the origin of these ‘omnivorous’ traits has, hitherto, been left unexplained. We discuss the foraging ecology of wild wolves and calculate the nutrient profiles of fifty diets reported in the literature. Data on the feeding ecology of wolves indicate that wolves are true carnivores consuming a negligible amount of vegetal matter. Wolves can experience prolonged times of famine during low prey availability while, after a successful hunt, the intake of foods and nutrients can be excessive. As a result of a ‘feast and famine’ lifestyle, wolves need to cope with a highly variable nutrient intake requiring an adaptable metabolism, which is still functional in our modern-day dogs. The nutritive characteristics of commercial foods differ in several aspects from the dog's closest free-living ancestor in terms of dietary nutrient profile and this may pose physiological and metabolic challenges. The present study provides new insights into dog nutrition and contributes to the ongoing optimisation of foods for pet dogs.
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Pilot M, Greco C, vonHoldt BM, Jędrzejewska B, Randi E, Jędrzejewski W, Sidorovich VE, Ostrander EA, Wayne RK. Genome-wide signatures of population bottlenecks and diversifying selection in European wolves. Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 112:428-42. [PMID: 24346500 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2013.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic resources developed for domesticated species provide powerful tools for studying the evolutionary history of their wild relatives. Here we use 61K single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) evenly spaced throughout the canine nuclear genome to analyse evolutionary relationships among the three largest European populations of grey wolves in comparison with other populations worldwide, and investigate genome-wide effects of demographic bottlenecks and signatures of selection. European wolves have a discontinuous range, with large and connected populations in Eastern Europe and relatively smaller, isolated populations in Italy and the Iberian Peninsula. Our results suggest a continuous decline in wolf numbers in Europe since the Late Pleistocene, and long-term isolation and bottlenecks in the Italian and Iberian populations following their divergence from the Eastern European population. The Italian and Iberian populations have low genetic variability and high linkage disequilibrium, but relatively few autozygous segments across the genome. This last characteristic clearly distinguishes them from populations that underwent recent drastic demographic declines or founder events, and implies long-term bottlenecks in these two populations. Although genetic drift due to spatial isolation and bottlenecks seems to be a major evolutionary force diversifying the European populations, we detected 35 loci that are putatively under diversifying selection. Two of these loci flank the canine platelet-derived growth factor gene, which affects bone growth and may influence differences in body size between wolf populations. This study demonstrates the power of population genomics for identifying genetic signals of demographic bottlenecks and detecting signatures of directional selection in bottlenecked populations, despite their low background variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilot
- 1] School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK [2] Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - C Greco
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Rome and Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - B M vonHoldt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - B Jędrzejewska
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland
| | - E Randi
- 1] Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Rome and Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy [2] Aalborg University, Department 18, Section of Environmental Engineering, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - W Jędrzejewski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland
| | - V E Sidorovich
- Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - E A Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R K Wayne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Herrero-Medrano JM, Megens HJ, Groenen MAM, Ramis G, Bosse M, Pérez-Enciso M, Crooijmans RPMA. Conservation genomic analysis of domestic and wild pig populations from the Iberian Peninsula. BMC Genet 2013; 14:106. [PMID: 24172017 PMCID: PMC3840735 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inbreeding is among the major concerns in management of local livestock populations. The effective population size of these populations tends to be small, which enhances the risk of fitness reduction and extinction. High-density SNP data make it possible to undertake novel approaches in conservation genetics of endangered breeds and wild populations.A total of 97 representative samples of domestic and wild pig populations from the Iberian Peninsula, subjected to different levels of threat with extinction, were genotyped with a 60 K SNP panel. Data analyses based on: (i) allele frequency differences; (ii) linkage disequilibrium and (iii) runs of homozygosity were integrated to study population relationships, inbreeding and demographic history. RESULTS The domestic pigs analyzed belonged to local Spanish and Portuguese breeds: Iberian ─ including the variants Retinto Iberian, Negro Iberian and Manchado de Jabugo ─, Bisaro and Chato Murciano. The population structure and persistence of phase analysis suggested high genetic relations between Iberian variants, with recent crossbreeding of Manchado de Jabugo with other pig populations. Chato Murciano showed a high frequency of long runs of homozygosity indicating recent inbreeding and reflecting the recent bottleneck reported by historical records. The Chato Murciano and the Manchado de Jabugo breeds presented the lowest effective population sizes in accordance with their status of highly inbred breeds. The Iberian wild boar presented a high frequency of short runs of homozygosity indicating past small population size but no signs of recent inbreeding. The Iberian breed showed higher genetic similarities with Iberian wild boar than the other domestic breeds. CONCLUSIONS High-density SNP data provided a consistent overview of population structure, demographic history and inbreeding of minority breeds and wild pig populations from the Iberian Peninsula. Despite the very different background of the populations used, we found a good agreement between the different analyses. Our results are also in agreement with historical reports and provide insight in the events that shaped the current genetic variation of pig populations from the Iberian Peninsula. The results exposed will aid to design and implement strategies for the future management of endangered minority pig breeds and wild populations.
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Genetic epidemiology of Sarcoptes scabiei in the Iberian wolf in Asturias, Spain. Vet Parasitol 2013; 196:453-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hosseini-Zavarei F, Farhadinia MS, Beheshti-Zavareh M, Abdoli A. Predation by grey wolf on wild ungulates and livestock in central Iran. J Zool (1987) 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A. Abdoli
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management; Environmental Sciences Research Institute; Shahid Beheshti University (SBU); Tehran Iran
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Prey selection by an apex predator: the importance of sampling uncertainty. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47894. [PMID: 23110122 PMCID: PMC3482236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of predation on prey populations has long been a focus of ecologists, but a firm understanding of the factors influencing prey selection, a key predictor of that impact, remains elusive. High levels of variability observed in prey selection may reflect true differences in the ecology of different communities but might also reflect a failure to deal adequately with uncertainties in the underlying data. Indeed, our review showed that less than 10% of studies of European wolf predation accounted for sampling uncertainty. Here, we relate annual variability in wolf diet to prey availability and examine temporal patterns in prey selection; in particular, we identify how considering uncertainty alters conclusions regarding prey selection. Over nine years, we collected 1,974 wolf scats and conducted drive censuses of ungulates in Alpe di Catenaia, Italy. We bootstrapped scat and census data within years to construct confidence intervals around estimates of prey use, availability and selection. Wolf diet was dominated by boar (61.5±3.90 [SE] % of biomass eaten) and roe deer (33.7±3.61%). Temporal patterns of prey densities revealed that the proportion of roe deer in wolf diet peaked when boar densities were low, not when roe deer densities were highest. Considering only the two dominant prey types, Manly's standardized selection index using all data across years indicated selection for boar (mean = 0.73±0.023). However, sampling error resulted in wide confidence intervals around estimates of prey selection. Thus, despite considerable variation in yearly estimates, confidence intervals for all years overlapped. Failing to consider such uncertainty could lead erroneously to the assumption of differences in prey selection among years. This study highlights the importance of considering temporal variation in relative prey availability and accounting for sampling uncertainty when interpreting the results of dietary studies.
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Boadella M, Gortázar C, Vicente J, Ruiz-Fons F. Wild boar: an increasing concern for Aujeszky's disease control in pigs? BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:7. [PMID: 22251441 PMCID: PMC3274458 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was describing the temporal evolution of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) contact prevalence among Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations under different management regimes and contact likelihoods with domestic pigs. Given the recent increase in wild boar abundance throughout Europe, we hypothesized that wild boar contact with ADV would remain stable in time even after significant reduction of ADV prevalence in domestic pigs. RESULTS Sera from 1659 wild boar were collected from 2000 to 2010 within 6 areas of the Iberian Peninsula and tested for the presence of antibodies against ADV by ELISA. According to sampling date, wild boar were grouped into three time periods. ADV prevalence was compared through period both globally and by geographic area. Overall seroprevalence for the ten-year study period was 49.6 ± 2.4%. The highest seroprevalence was recorded in areas with intense wild boar management. The annual proportion of positive wild boar sampling sites remained stable through the study period, while the percentage of domestic pig AD positive counties decreased from 70% in 2003 to 1.7% in 2010. CONCLUSIONS Results presented herein confirmed our hypothesis that ADV would remain almost stable in wild boar populations. This evidences the increasing risk wild boar pose in the final stages of ADV eradication in pigs and for wildlife conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joaquín Vicente
- IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Milanesi P, Meriggi A, Merli E. Selection of wild ungulates by wolvesCanis lupus(L. 1758) in an area of the Northern Apennines (North Italy). ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2011.592220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Llaneza L, López-Bao JV, Sazatornil V. Insights into wolf presence in human-dominated landscapes: the relative role of food availability, humans and landscape attributes. DIVERS DISTRIB 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Sobrino R, Aurtenetxe O, Carta T, Mamian L, Gerrikagoitia X, Balseiro A, Oleaga A, Sevilla IA, Barral M, Garrido JM, Gortazar C. Lack of evidence of paratuberculosis in wild canids from Southwestern Europe. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2011; 57:683-688. [PMID: 32214939 PMCID: PMC7088163 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-010-0490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Wild carnivores are at the top of the trophic chain. They are predators and carrion consumers, and thus, prone to come in contact with disease agents contaminating the environment or infecting live or dead animals. We hypothesized that wild canids could be used as sentinels for the detection of regions with higher Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) prevalence in wild and domestic animals. To test this hypothesis, we set up an ELISA to test 262 wolf (Canis lupus) and fox (Vulpes vulpes) sera for MAP-specific antibodies and processed a subset of samples for culture (n = 61), MAP-specific PCR (15) and histopathology (14). In wolves, the optical density (OD) values in the ELISA were continuously distributed. Ten fox sera (4%) had OD readings of over twice the mean, suggesting contact with mycobacteria. However, all samples tested by PCR were negative for both IS900 and ISMAP02 sequences, and samples cultured for MAP yielded no growth. No visible paratuberculosis or tuberculosis-compatible lesions were recorded. On histopathological examination, no lesions compatible with mycobacterial diseases were observed. These results suggest that wild canids show little or no evidence of paratuberculosis and are unlikely to be useful sentinels for the detection of MAP in Southwestern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sobrino
- 1Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.,3Department of Animal Production, Epidemiology & Ecology, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - O Aurtenetxe
- 2Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Tecnalia, 48160 Derio Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Tania Carta
- 1Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - L Mamian
- 1Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - X Gerrikagoitia
- 2Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Tecnalia, 48160 Derio Bizkaia, Spain
| | - A Balseiro
- 4SERIDA, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, 33394 Deva-Gijón (Asturias), Spain
| | - A Oleaga
- 1Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.,4SERIDA, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, 33394 Deva-Gijón (Asturias), Spain
| | - I A Sevilla
- 2Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Tecnalia, 48160 Derio Bizkaia, Spain
| | - M Barral
- 2Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Tecnalia, 48160 Derio Bizkaia, Spain
| | - J M Garrido
- 2Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Tecnalia, 48160 Derio Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Christian Gortazar
- 1Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Problems with studying wolf predation on small prey in summer via global positioning system collars. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-010-0408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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