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Abstract
Zoonoses are diseases and infections naturally transmitted between humans and vertebrate animals. Over the years, zoonoses have become increasingly significant threats to global health. They form the dominant group of diseases among the emerging infectious diseases (EID) and currently account for 73% of EID. Approximately 25% of zoonoses originate in domestic animals. The etiological agents of zoonoses include different pathogens, with viruses accounting for approximately 30% of all zoonotic infections. Zoonotic diseases can be transmitted directly or indirectly, by contact, via aerosols, through a vector, or vertically in utero. Zoonotic diseases are found in every continent except Antarctica. Numerous factors associated with the pathogen, human activities, and the environment play significant roles in the transmission and emergence of zoonotic diseases. Effective response and control of zoonotic diseases call for multiple-sector involvement and collaboration according to the One Health concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyewale Tomori
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria; ,
| | - Daniel O Oluwayelu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; ,
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Sames WJ, Dacko NM, Bolling BG, Bosworth AB, Swiger SL, Duhrkopf RE, Burton RG. Distribution of Culex coronator in Texas. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2019; 35:55-64. [PMID: 31442181 DOI: 10.2987/18-6806.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of Culex coronator Dyar and Knab by county in Texas was updated by combining data from peer-reviewed literature, military and government reports, and university and private collections, and by collecting specimens from counties where data had not been reported. With 254 counties in Texas, the initial collection effort was focused on counties east of US Highway 277, which runs from Val Verde County on the US and Mexico border to Wichita County on the Texas and Oklahoma border. The study resulted in 127 counties with Cx. coronator presence data. The remaining 127 counties need to be surveyed for this species.
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Ramírez AL, van den Hurk AF, Meyer DB, Ritchie SA. Searching for the proverbial needle in a haystack: advances in mosquito-borne arbovirus surveillance. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:320. [PMID: 29843778 PMCID: PMC5975710 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance is critical for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne arboviruses. Detection of elevated or emergent virus activity serves as a warning system to implement appropriate actions to reduce outbreaks. Traditionally, surveillance of arboviruses has relied on the detection of specific antibodies in sentinel animals and/or detection of viruses in pools of mosquitoes collected using a variety of sampling methods. These methods, although immensely useful, have limitations, including the need for a cold chain for sample transport, cross-reactivity between related viruses in serological assays, the requirement for specialized equipment or infrastructure, and overall expense. Advances have recently been made on developing new strategies for arbovirus surveillance. These strategies include sugar-based surveillance, whereby mosquitoes are collected in purpose-built traps and allowed to expectorate on nucleic acid preservation cards which are submitted for virus detection. New diagnostic approaches, such as next-generation sequencing, have the potential to expand the genetic information obtained from samples and aid in virus discovery. Here, we review the advancement of arbovirus surveillance systems over the past decade. Some of the novel approaches presented here have already been validated and are currently being integrated into surveillance programs. Other strategies are still at the experimental stage, and their feasibility in the field is yet to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Ramírez
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.
| | - Andrew F van den Hurk
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Dagmar B Meyer
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.,Astralian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
| | - Scott A Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.,Astralian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
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Cotar AI, Falcuta E, Prioteasa LF, Dinu S, Ceianu CS, Paz S. Transmission Dynamics of the West Nile Virus in Mosquito Vector Populations under the Influence of Weather Factors in the Danube Delta, Romania. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:796-807. [PMID: 27709311 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes were collected in the Danube Delta during the active seasons of 2011-2013. For Culex spp. mosquitoes, the abundance was calculated. Culex pipiens (sensu lato), (s.l.) and Culex modestus pools were tested for the presence of West Nile virus (WNV) genome, and the maximum likelihood of the infection rate was established. Mean daily temperatures and precipitation were obtained for the closest meteorological station. A negative binominal model was used to evaluate linkages between the temperature/precipitation and mosquito population size. A zero-inflated negative binomial model was used to test the relationship between the temperature and the infection rate. A single complex model for infection rate prediction was also used. The linkages were calculated for lag 0 and for 10 days earlier (lag 1), 20 days earlier (lag 2), and 30 days earlier (lag 3). Significant positive linkages (P < 0.001) were detected between temperature and mosquito population size for lag 1, lag 2, and lag 3. The linkages between temperature and infection rates were positive and significant for lag 2 and lag 3. Negative significant (P < 0.001) results were detected between precipitation and infection rates for lags 1, 2, and 3. The complex model showed that the best predictors for infection rate are the temperature, 20 days earlier (positive linkage) and the precipitation, 30 days earlier (negative linkage). Positive temperature anomalies in spring and summer and rainfall decrease contributed to the increase in the Culex spp. abundance and accelerated the WNV amplification in mosquito vector populations in the following weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Ioana Cotar
- Cantacuzino National Institute of Research, Bucharest, Romania
- The European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Falcuta
- Cantacuzino National Institute of Research, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Sorin Dinu
- Cantacuzino National Institute of Research, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Shlomit Paz
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Haifa, Abba Hushi road 199, Mt. Carmel, 3498838, Haifa, Israel.
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Healy JM, Reisen WK, Kramer VL, Fischer M, Lindsey NP, Nasci RS, Macedo PA, White G, Takahashi R, Khang L, Barker CM. Comparison of the efficiency and cost of West Nile virus surveillance methods in California. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 15:147-55. [PMID: 25700046 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance systems for West Nile virus (WNV) combine several methods to determine the location and timing of viral amplification. The value of each surveillance method must be measured against its efficiency and costs to optimize integrated vector management and suppress WNV transmission to the human population. Here we extend previous comparisons of WNV surveillance methods by equitably comparing the most common methods after standardization on the basis of spatial sampling density and costs, and by estimating optimal levels of sampling effort for mosquito traps and sentinel chicken flocks. In general, testing for evidence of viral RNA in mosquitoes and public-reported dead birds resulted in detection of WNV approximately 2-5 weeks earlier than serological monitoring of sentinel chickens at equal spatial sampling density. For a fixed cost, testing of dead birds reported by the public was found to be the most cost effective of the methods, yielding the highest number of positive results per $1000. Increased spatial density of mosquito trapping was associated with more precise estimates of WNV infection prevalence in mosquitoes. Our findings also suggested that the most common chicken flock size of 10 birds could be reduced to six to seven without substantial reductions in timeliness or sensitivity. We conclude that a surveillance system that uses the testing of dead birds reported by the public complemented by strategically timed mosquito and chicken sampling as agency resources allow would detect viral activity efficiently in terms of effort and costs, so long as susceptible bird species that experience a high mortality rate from infection with WNV, such as corvids, are present in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Healy
- 1 Center for Vectorborne Diseases, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California , Davis, California
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Comparative study on the effectiveness of different mosquito traps in arbovirus surveillance with a focus on WNV detection. Acta Trop 2016; 153:93-100. [PMID: 26466982 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The selection of the ideal trap for arbovirus surveillance is an issue of primary importance to increase the sensitivity of virus detection and the cost-effectiveness of the entomological surveillance. During the summer 2011, the effectiveness of five types of mosquito traps (CDC gravid trap, CO2(-)baited trap, BG-Sentinel™ and two experimental prototypes) to attract females potentially infected with West Nile virus were assessed. The study was carried out in three natural wetland sites located in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Northern Italy), using a Latin square scheme. Single night collections of adult females were performed and determination of species and physiological state (gravid, nulliparous or parous) was made upon return to the laboratory. The species most frequently collected in the gravid trap was Culex pipiens sl. L., being gravid females the large majority of the individuals. Species diversity was much higher in CO2(-)baited traps, which may therefore enable a more comprehensive description of the vector species composition and their role in arboviruses circulation. Our findings indicate that gravid traps can be a valid tool and should be integrated in the West Nile virus surveillance system in the Emilia-Romagna region, mainly based on collections made with CO2-baited traps.
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Chaintoutis SC, Dovas CI, Danis K, Gewehr S, Mourelatos S, Hadjichristodoulou C, Papanastassopoulou M. Surveillance and Early Warning of West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Using Backyard Chickens and Correlation to Human Neuroinvasive Cases. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:344-55. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. C. Chaintoutis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; School of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - C. I. Dovas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; School of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - K. Danis
- Department of Surveillance and Intervention; Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention; Athens Greece
| | - S. Gewehr
- Ecodevelopment S.A. - Environmental Applications; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - S. Mourelatos
- Ecodevelopment S.A. - Environmental Applications; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - C. Hadjichristodoulou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology; School of Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Thessaly; Larissa Greece
| | - M. Papanastassopoulou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; School of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
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Chaskopoulou A, Dovas CI, Chaintoutis SC, Kashefi J, Koehler P, Papanastassopoulou M. Detection and Early Warning of West Nile Virus Circulation in Central Macedonia, Greece, Using Sentinel Chickens and Mosquitoes. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13:723-32. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Chaskopoulou
- USDA-ARS European Biological Control Laboratory, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Chrysostomos I. Dovas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Serafeim C. Chaintoutis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Javid Kashefi
- USDA-ARS European Biological Control Laboratory, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Philip Koehler
- Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Maria Papanastassopoulou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Completeness of West Nile virus testing in patients with meningitis and encephalitis during an outbreak in Arizona, USA. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 140:1632-6. [PMID: 22123531 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268811002494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate data on West Nile virus (WNV) cases help guide public health education and control activities, and impact regional WNV blood product screening procedures. During an outbreak of WNV disease in Arizona, records from patients with meningitis or encephalitis were reviewed to determine the proportion tested for WNV. Of 60 patients identified with meningitis or encephalitis, 24 (40%) were tested for WNV. Only 12 (28%) of 43 patients aged <50 years were tested for WNV compared to 12 (71%) of 17 patients aged ≥50 years (P<0·01). Patients with clinical signs of weakness or paralysis, elevated CSF protein, admitted to an inpatient facility, or discharged to a rehabilitation facility were also more likely to have WNV testing performed. The lack of testing in younger age groups and in those with less severe disease probably resulted in substantial underestimates of WNV neuroinvasive disease burden.
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Chevalier V, Lecollinet S, Durand B. West Nile Virus in Europe: A Comparison of Surveillance System Designs in a Changing Epidemiological Context. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:1085-91. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Chevalier
- International Centre of Research in Agronomy for Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Virology Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Wick JY, Zanni GR. Health buzzwords: speaking a new language. THE CONSULTANT PHARMACIST : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CONSULTANT PHARMACISTS 2011; 26:498-504. [PMID: 21729851 DOI: 10.4140/tcp.n.2011.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Y Wick
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Kwan JL, Kluh S, Madon MB, Nguyen DV, Barker CM, Reisen WK. Sentinel chicken seroconversions track tangential transmission of West Nile virus to humans in the greater Los Angeles area of California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 83:1137-45. [PMID: 21036853 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In Los Angeles, California, West Nile virus (WNV) has followed a pattern of emergence, amplification, subsidence, and resurgence. A time series cross-correlation analysis of human case counts and sentinel chicken seroconversions revealed temporal concordance indicating that chicken seroconversions tracked tangential transmission of WNV from the basic passeriform-Culex amplification cycle to humans rather than antecedent enzootic amplification. Sentinel seroconversions provided the location and time of transmission as opposed to human cases, which frequently were reported late and were assumed to be acquired 2-14 days before disease onset at their residence. Cox models revealed that warming degree-days were associated with the increased risk of seroconversion, whereas elevated herd immunity in peridomestic birds dampened seroconversion risk. Spatially, surveillance data collected within a 5 km radius of flock locations 15-28 days before the bleed date were most predictive of a seroconversion. In urban Los Angeles, sentinel chicken seroconversions could be used as an outcome measure in decision support for emergency intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Kwan
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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