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Yurchenko AA, Masri RA, Khrabrova NV, Sibataev AK, Fritz ML, Sharakhova MV. Genomic differentiation and intercontinental population structure of mosquito vectors Culex pipiens pipiens and Culex pipiens molestus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7504. [PMID: 32371903 PMCID: PMC7200692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the population structure and mechanisms of taxa diversification is important for organisms responsible for the transmission of human diseases. Two vectors of West Nile virus, Culex pipiens pipiens and Cx. p. molestus, exhibit epidemiologically important behavioral and physiological differences, but the whole-genome divergence between them was unexplored. The goal of this study is to better understand the level of genomic differentiation and population structures of Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. molestus from different continents. We sequenced and compared the whole genomes of 40 individual mosquitoes from two locations in Eurasia and two in North America. Principal Component, ADMIXTURE, and neighbor joining analyses of the nuclear genomes identified two major intercontinental, monophyletic clusters of Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. molestus. The level of genomic differentiation between the subspecies was uniform along chromosomes. The ADMIXTURE analysis determined signatures of admixture in Cx. p. pipens populations but not in Cx. p. molestus populations. Comparison of mitochondrial genomes among the specimens showed a paraphyletic origin of the major haplogroups between the subspecies but a monophyletic structure between the continents. Thus, our study identified that Cx. p. molestus and Cx. p. pipiens represent different evolutionary units with monophyletic origin that have undergone incipient ecological speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Yurchenko
- Department of Entomology and the Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, USA.,Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics of Insects, the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Kurchatov Genomics Center, the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Reem A Masri
- Department of Entomology and the Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Natalia V Khrabrova
- Laboratory of Ecology, Genetics, and Environment Protection, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anuarbek K Sibataev
- Laboratory of Ecology, Genetics, and Environment Protection, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Megan L Fritz
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Maria V Sharakhova
- Department of Entomology and the Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, USA. .,Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics of Insects, the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia. .,Laboratory of Ecology, Genetics, and Environment Protection, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.
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Kothera L, Mutebi JP, Kenney JL, Saxton-Shaw K, Ward MP, Savage HM. Bloodmeal, Host Selection, and Genetic Admixture Analyses of Culex pipiens Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes in Chicago, IL. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:78-87. [PMID: 31576405 PMCID: PMC11313203 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The area in and around Chicago, IL, is a hotspot of West Nile virus activity. The discovery of a Culex pipiens form molestus Forskӓl population in Chicago in 2009 added to speculation that offspring from hybridization between Cx. pipiens f. pipiens L. and f. molestus could show a preference for feeding on humans. We collected blood-fed female mosquitoes (N = 1,023) from eight residential sites and one public park site in Chicago in July and August 2012. Bloodmeal analysis using the COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) gene was performed to ascertain host choice. Almost all (99%) bloodmeals came from birds, with American Robins (Turdus migratorius L.) and House Sparrows (Passer domesticus L.) making up the largest percentage (74% combined). A forage ratio analysis comparing bird species fed upon and available bird species based on point count surveys indicated Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) and American Robins (Turdus migratorius) appeared to be over-utilized, whereas several species were under-utilized. Two human bloodmeals came from Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes. Admixture and population genetic analyses were conducted with 15 microsatellite loci on head and thorax DNA from the collected blood-fed mosquitoes. A modest amount of hybridization was detected between Cx. pipiens f. pipiens and f. molestus, as well as between f. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus Say. Several pure Cx. quinquefasciatus individuals were noted at the two Trumbull Park sites. Our data suggest that Cx. pipiens complex mosquitoes in the Chicago area are not highly introgressed with f. molestus and appear to utilize avian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kothera
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - John-Paul Mutebi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Joan L. Kenney
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Kali Saxton-Shaw
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Michael P. Ward
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Harry M. Savage
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521
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Aardema ML, vonHoldt BM, Fritz ML, Davis SR. Global evaluation of taxonomic relationships and admixture within the Culex pipiens complex of mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:8. [PMID: 31915057 PMCID: PMC6950815 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the Culex pipiens mosquito complex, there are six contemporarily recognized taxa: Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. pipiens f. pipiens, Cx. pipiens f. molestus, Cx. pipiens pallens, Cx. australicus and Cx. globocoxitus. Many phylogenetic aspects within this complex have eluded resolution, such as the relationship of the two Australian endemic taxa to the other four members, as well as the evolutionary origins and taxonomic status of Cx. pipiens pallens and Cx. pipiens f. molestus. Ultimately, insights into lineage relationships within the complex will facilitate a better understanding of differential disease transmission by these mosquitoes. To this end, we have combined publicly available data with our own sequencing efforts to examine these questions. RESULTS We found that the two Australian endemic complex members, Cx. australicus and Cx. globocoxitus, comprise a monophyletic group, are genetically distinct, and are most closely related to the cosmopolitan Cx. quinquefasciatus. Our results also show that Cx. pipiens pallens is genetically distinct, but may have arisen from past hybridization. Lastly, we observed complicated patterns of genetic differentiation within and between Cx. pipiens f. pipiens and Cx. pipiens f. molestus. CONCLUSIONS Two Australian endemic Culex taxa, Cx. australicus and Cx. globocoxitus, belong within the Cx. pipiens complex, but have a relatively older evolutionary origin. They likely diverged from Cx. quinquefasciatus after its colonization of Australia. The taxon Cx. pipiens pallens is a distinct evolutionary entity that likely arose from past hybridization between Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens f. pipiens/Cx. pipiens f. molestus. Our results do not suggest it derives from ongoing hybridization. Finally, genetic differentiation within the Cx. pipiens f. pipiens and Cx. pipiens f. molestus samples suggests that they collectively form two separate geographic clades, one in North America and one in Europe and the Mediterranean. This may indicate that the Cx. pipiens f. molestus form has two distinct origins, arising from Cx. pipiens f. pipiens in each region. However, ongoing genetic exchange within and between these taxa have obscured their evolutionary histories, and could also explain the absence of monophyly among our samples. Overall, this work suggests many avenues that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Aardema
- Department of Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ USA
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY USA
| | | | - Megan L. Fritz
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Steven R. Davis
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY USA
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Silva Martins WF, Silva Pereira BN, Vieira Alves AT, Murphy A, Silva Martins PG, Weetman D, Wilding CS, Donnelly MJ. Development and application of a tri-allelic PCR assay for screening Vgsc-L1014F kdr mutations associated with pyrethroid and organochlorine resistance in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:232. [PMID: 31088572 PMCID: PMC6518802 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culex quinquefasciatus has a widespread distribution across tropical and sub-tropical regions, and plays an important role in the transmission of vector-borne diseases of public health importance, including lymphatic filariasis (LF) and multiple arboviruses. Increased resistance to insecticides threatens the efficacy and sustainability of insecticide-based anti-vector interventions which mitigate the burden of mosquito transmitted diseases in endemic regions. In C. quinquefasciatus two non-synonymous voltage gated sodium channel (Vgsc) variants, both resulting in a leucine to phenylalanine change at codon 1014, are associated with resistance to pyrethroids and DDT. This tri-allelic variation has compromised the ability to perform high-throughput single-assay screening. To facilitate the detection and monitoring of the Vgsc-1014 locus in field-caught mosquitoes, an Engineered-Tail Allele-Specific-PCR (ETAS-PCR) diagnostic assay was developed and applied to wild mosquitoes from Brazil, Tanzania and Uganda. RESULTS This new cost-effective, single-tube assay was compared to two, well-established, genotyping approaches, pyrosequencing and TaqMan. The ETAS-PCR assay showed high specificity for discriminating the three alleles at Vgsc-L1014F, with genotyping results strongly correlated with pyrosequencing and TaqMan results (98.64% and 100% respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our results support the utility of the ETAS-PCR/Vgsc-1014 diagnostic assay, which stands as an effective alternative for genotyping tri-allelic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Fabricio Silva Martins
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia, CCBS, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Ana Thayse Vieira Alves
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia, CCBS, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil
- Departamento de Farmácia, CCBS, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil
| | - Annabel Murphy
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paulo Geovani Silva Martins
- Laboratório de Interações Insetos-Tóxicos, Departamento de Agronomia e Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Craig Stephen Wilding
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Martin James Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
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Suesdek L. Microevolution of medically important mosquitoes - A review. Acta Trop 2019; 191:162-171. [PMID: 30529448 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review intends to discuss central issues regarding the microevolution of mosquito (Culicidae) vectors of several pathogens and how this process impacts vector biology, disease transmission, and vector control attempts. On the microevolutionary context, it comparatively discusses the current knowledge on the population genetics of representatives of the genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex, and comments on insecticide resistance of culicids. It also discusses other biological aspects of culicids that are not usually addressed in microevolutionary studies, such as vectorial competence, endosymbiosis, and wing morphology. One conclusion is that mosquitoes are highly genetically variable, adaptable, fast evolving, and have versatile vectorial competence. Unveiling microevolutionary patterns is fundamental for the design and maintenance of all control programs. Sampling methods for assessing microevolution must be standardized and must follow meaningful guidelines, such as those of "landscape genetics". A good understanding of microevolution requires more than a collection of case studies on population genetics and resistance. Future research could deal not only with the microevolution sensu stricto, but also with evolutionarily meaningful issues, such as inheritable characters, epigenetics, physiological cost-free plasticity, vector immunity, symbiosis, pathogen-mosquito co-evolution and environmental variables. A genotyping panel for seeking adaptive phenotypes as part of the standardization of population genetics methods is proposed. The investigative paradigm should not only be retrospective but also prospective, despite the unpredictability of evolution. If we integrate all suggestions to tackle mosquito evolution, a global revolution to counter vector-borne diseases can be provoked.
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Cardo M, Rubio A, Junges M, Vezzani D, Carbajo A. Heterogeneous distribution of Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus and their hybrids along the urbanisation gradient. Acta Trop 2018; 178:229-235. [PMID: 29198600 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex, hereafter referred to as the Pipiens Assemblage, are vectors of arbovirus of worldwide concern including West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis. Given their distinct eco-physiology and vectorial capacity, accurate specimen identification and insight in the environmental drivers of their distribution are essential for the understanding of disease transmission patterns. Using a PCR-based identification protocol, we characterized the spatial distribution of Cx. pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus and their hybrids developing in used tyres located within the overlapping region in South America as a function of different estimators of the urbanisation gradient. Out of 84 samples collected from tyre piles of 20 sites, we identified 369 larvae which corresponded predominantly to Cx. quinquefasciatus (76.4% of immatures) all along the gradient but more frequent at the urban end. Cx. pipiens (21.4%) was more conspicuous at the low urbanised end but was also present in highly urbanised sites, whereas hybrids were collected in very low numbers (2.2%). The urbanisation estimator best associated with the heterogeneous occurrence of the Pipiens Assemblage members was the proportion of impervious surface 1km around each tyre pile, which explained 41.7% of the variability in the data, followed closely by the distance to the Capital City (38.3%). Cumulative annual precipitation, population number in a 1km radius around each pile and distance to the de la Plata River were significantly associated with the distribution of the Pipiens Assemblage at lower explanation percentages (20-23%). A thorough understanding of the ecological basis and environmental associations of the distribution of Pipiens Assemblage members will enable forecasting population trends in changing environments to develop effective control measures for mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit.
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Cardo MV, Rubio A, Junges M, Vezzani D, Carbajo AE. Distribution of the members of the Pipiens Assemblage in the sympatric area from Argentina: which is where and when? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:676-685. [PMID: 27783720 PMCID: PMC5125050 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Given their medical and veterinary relevance, the members of the Pipiens Assemblage are a worldwide target of ecological research. The distribution of Culex pipiens s.s. and Cx. quinquefasciatus converge in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where hybrids have been detected. Each member of the assemblage exhibits a distinct eco-physiological behaviour that can affect its efficiency in pathogen transmission. Our aim was to identify the environmental drivers for the spatio-temporal distribution of each member, focusing on latitudinal and urbanisation gradients. Immatures of mosquitoes were surveyed in artificial containers found within 11 public cemeteries, raised up to the adult stage and identified by their male genitalia. The distribution of each member was associated with the environment in a Generalized Linear Model. The variable accounting for most of the heterogeneity was latitude; Cx. quinquefasciatus was collected more frequently at northern cemeteries, whereas Cx. pipiens and hybrids were more likely at the southern extreme. The urbanisation gradient was also associated with the occurrence of Cx. quinquefasciatus and hybrids at the high and low end, respectively. Other relevant variables were cemetery total area, the proportion with graves and the presence of plastic flowers in the containers. The spatial distribution of the members of the Pipiens Assemblage within the sympatric region in South America is driven by environmental features. The information presented herein provides essential baseline data for surveillance programs and control activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Cardo
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Laboratorio de Ecología de
Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores (2eTV), 3iA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Rubio
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Laboratorio de Ecología de
Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores (2eTV), 3iA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Melania Junges
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Laboratorio de Ecología de
Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores (2eTV), 3iA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Darío Vezzani
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos
Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y
Desarrollo Sustentable, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Aníbal E Carbajo
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Laboratorio de Ecología de
Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores (2eTV), 3iA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos
Aires, Argentina
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Ajamma YU, Villinger J, Omondi D, Salifu D, Onchuru TO, Njoroge L, Muigai AWT, Masiga DK. Composition and Genetic Diversity of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on Islands and Mainland Shores of Kenya's Lakes Victoria and Baringo. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:1348-1363. [PMID: 27402888 PMCID: PMC5106823 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Lake Baringo and Lake Victoria regions of Kenya are associated with high seroprevalence of mosquito-transmitted arboviruses. However, molecular identification of potential mosquito vector species, including morphologically identified ones, remains scarce. To estimate the diversity, abundance, and distribution of mosquito vectors on the mainland shores and adjacent inhabited islands in these regions, we collected and morphologically identified adult and immature mosquitoes and obtained the corresponding sequence variation at cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) and internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) gene regions. A total of 63 species (including five subspecies) were collected from both study areas, 47 of which have previously been implicated as disease vectors. Fourteen species were found only on island sites, which are rarely included in mosquito diversity surveys. We collected more mosquitoes, yet with lower species composition, at Lake Baringo (40,229 mosquitoes, 32 species) than at Lake Victoria (22,393 mosquitoes, 54 species). Phylogenetic analysis of COI gene sequences revealed Culex perexiguus and Cx tenagius that could not be distinguished morphologically. Most Culex species clustered into a heterogeneous clade with closely related sequences, while Culex pipiens clustered into two distinct COI and ITS2 clades. These data suggest limitations in current morphological identification keys. This is the first DNA barcode report of Kenyan mosquitoes. To improve mosquito species identification, morphological identifications should be supported by their molecular data, while diversity surveys should target both adults and immatures. The diversity of native mosquito disease vectors identified in this study impacts disease transmission risks to humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Ukamaka Ajamma
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
- Department of Botany (Genetics), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, P. O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - David Omondi
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Egerton University, P. O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
- Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Daisy Salifu
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Thomas Ogao Onchuru
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI-CE), Hans-Knoll Str. 8, 07745-Jena, Germany
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128 Mainz, Germany, and
| | - Laban Njoroge
- Invertebrates Zoology Section, National Museums of Kenya, P. O. Box 40658-00100, Museum Hill Rd., Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne W T Muigai
- Department of Botany (Genetics), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, P. O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel K Masiga
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
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Wilke ABB, Christe RDO, Multini LC, Vidal PO, Wilk-da-Silva R, de Carvalho GC, Marrelli MT. Morphometric Wing Characters as a Tool for Mosquito Identification. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161643. [PMID: 27551777 PMCID: PMC4995034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of important infectious diseases, causing millions of deaths every year and endangering approximately 3 billion people around the world. As such, precise identification of mosquito species is crucial for an understanding of epidemiological patterns of disease transmission. Currently, the most common method of mosquito identification relies on morphological taxonomic keys, which do not always distinguish cryptic species. However, wing geometric morphometrics is a promising tool for the identification of vector mosquitoes, sibling and cryptic species included. This study therefore sought to accurately identify mosquito species from the three most epidemiologically important mosquito genera using wing morphometrics. Twelve mosquito species from three epidemiologically important genera (Aedes, Anopheles and Culex) were collected and identified by taxonomic keys. Next, the right wing of each adult female mosquito was removed and photographed, and the coordinates of eighteen digitized landmarks at the intersections of wing veins were collected. The allometric influence was assessed, and canonical variate analysis and thin-plate splines were used for species identification. Cross-validated reclassification tests were performed for each individual, and a Neighbor Joining tree was constructed to illustrate species segregation patterns. The analyses were carried out and the graphs plotted with TpsUtil 1.29, TpsRelw 1.39, MorphoJ 1.02 and Past 2.17c. Canonical variate analysis for Aedes, Anopheles and Culex genera showed three clear clusters in morphospace, correctly distinguishing the three mosquito genera, and pairwise cross-validated reclassification resulted in at least 99% accuracy; subgenera were also identified correctly with a mean accuracy of 96%, and in 88 of the 132 possible comparisons, species were identified with 100% accuracy after the data was subjected to reclassification. Our results showed that Aedes, Culex and Anopheles were correctly distinguished by wing shape. For the lower hierarchical levels (subgenera and species), wing geometric morphometrics was also efficient, resulting in high reclassification scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Barretto Bruno Wilke
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Laura Cristina Multini
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Ramon Wilk-da-Silva
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Asgharian H, Chang PL, Lysenkov S, Scobeyeva VA, Reisen WK, Nuzhdin SV. Evolutionary genomics of Culex pipiens: global and local adaptations associated with climate, life-history traits and anthropogenic factors. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.0728. [PMID: 26085592 PMCID: PMC4590483 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the first genome-wide study of recent evolution in Culex pipiens species complex focusing on the genomic extent, functional targets and likely causes of global and local adaptations. We resequenced pooled samples of six populations of C. pipiens and two populations of the outgroup Culex torrentium. We used principal component analysis to systematically study differential natural selection across populations and developed a phylogenetic scanning method to analyse admixture without haplotype data. We found evidence for the prominent role of geographical distribution in shaping population structure and specifying patterns of genomic selection. Multiple adaptive events, involving genes implicated with autogeny, diapause and insecticide resistance were limited to specific populations. We estimate that about 5–20% of the genes (including several histone genes) and almost half of the annotated pathways were undergoing selective sweeps in each population. The high occurrence of sweeps in non-genic regions and in chromatin remodelling genes indicated the adaptive importance of gene expression changes. We hypothesize that global adaptive processes in the C. pipiens complex are potentially associated with South to North range expansion, requiring adjustments in chromatin conformation. Strong local signature of adaptation and emergence of hybrid bridge vectors necessitate genomic assessment of populations before specifying control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosseinali Asgharian
- Program in Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Peter L Chang
- Program in Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sergey Lysenkov
- Program in Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Department of Evolution, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | - William K Reisen
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sergey V Nuzhdin
- Program in Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Department of Evolution, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, Sanct Petersburg, Russia
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Shaikevich EV, Vinogradova EB, Bouattour A, Gouveia de Almeida AP. Genetic diversity of Culex pipiens mosquitoes in distinct populations from Europe: contribution of Cx. quinquefasciatus in Mediterranean populations. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:47. [PMID: 26818097 PMCID: PMC4730663 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are cosmopolitan, and important vectors of neglected tropical diseases, such as arbovirosis and lymphatic filariasis. Among the complex taxa, Cx. pipiens (with two forms pipiens and molestus) and Cx. quinquefasciatus are the most ubiquitous mosquitoes in temperate and tropical regions respectively. Mosquitoes of this taxa lack of morphological differences between females, but have frank behavioral and physiological differences and have different trophic preferences that influence their vectorial status. Hybridization may change the vectorial capacity of these mosquitoes, increasing vector efficiency and medical importance of resulting hybrids. Methods Culex pipiens s.l. from 35 distinct populations were investigated by the study of mtDNA, symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis, nuclear DNA and flanking region of microsatellite CQ11 polymorphism using PCR with diagnostic primers, RFLP analysis and sequencing. Results Six different mitochondrial haplotypes were revealed by sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and three different Wolbachia (wPip) groups were identified. A strong association was observed between COI haplotypes/groups, wPip groups and taxa; haplogroup A and infection with wPipII appear to be typical for Cx. pipiens form pipiens, haplotype D and infection with wPipIV for form molestus, while haplogroup E, characteristic of Cx. quinquefasciatus, were correlated with wPipI and found in Cx. pipiens sl. from coastal regions of Southern Europe and Mediterranean region. Analysis of microsatellite locus and nuclear DNA revealed hybrids between Cx. pipiens form pipiens and form molestus, as well as between Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus, in Mediterranean populations, as opposed to Northern Europe. Phylogenetic analysis of COI sequences yielded a tree topology that supported the RFLP analysis with significant bootstrap values for haplotype D and haplogroup E. Conclusions Molecular identification provides the first evidence of the presence of hybrids between Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens as well as cytoplasmic introgression of Cx. quinquefasciatus into Cx. pipiens as a result of hybridization events in coastal regions of Southern Europe and Mediterranean region. Together with observed hybrids between pipiens and molestus forms, these findings point to the presence of hybrids in these areas, with consequent higher potential for disease transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1333-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Shaikevich
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, ul. Gubkina 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elena B Vinogradova
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, University Embankment 1, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Ali Bouattour
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Microbiologie Vétérinaire, Service d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Tunis- Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - António Paulo Gouveia de Almeida
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Medical Parasitology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Extraordinary professor at ZRU, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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