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Bipul MRS, Rahman MA, Hossain MF. Study on different brain activation rearrangement during cognitive workload from ERD/ERS and coherence analysis. Cogn Neurodyn 2024; 18:1709-1732. [PMID: 39104686 PMCID: PMC11297888 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-023-10032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The functional activities of the brain during any task like imaginary, motor, or cognitive are different in pattern as well as their area of activation in the brain is also different. This variation in pattern is also found in the brain's electrical variations that can be measured from the scalp of the brain using an electroencephalogram (EEG). This work exclusively studied a group of subjects' EEG data (available at: https://archive.physionet.org/physiobank/database/eegmat/) to unravel the activation pattern of the human brain during a mental arithmetic task. Since any cognitive task creates variations in EEG signal pattern, the relative changes in the signal power also occur which is also known as event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS). In this work, ERD/ERS have calculated the band-wise power spectral density (PSD) using Welch's method from the EEG signals. Besides, the coherence analysis was also performed to verify the results of ERD/ERS analysis from several randomly chosen subjects' EEG data. Here, subjects performing mental arithmetic tasks were grouped based on their performances: good (subtraction solved > 10 on average) and bad (subtraction solved ≤ 10 on average) to conduct group-specific ERD/ERS analysis regarding their performance in cognitive tasks. It was found that when the brain is on count condition, the variations found in the band power of theta and beta. The amounts of ERS in the left hemisphere are increased. When the task complexity increases, it contributes to an increase in relative ERD/ERS amounts and durations. The left and right hemispheres were asymmetrically distributed by both the pre-stimulus stages of the corresponding band power and relative ERD/ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Rayahan Sarker Bipul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Khulna, 9203 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Asadur Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka, 1216 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Foisal Hossain
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Khulna, 9203 Bangladesh
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Polo EM, Farabbi A, Mollura M, Mainardi L, Barbieri R. Understanding the role of emotion in decision making process: using machine learning to analyze physiological responses to visual, auditory, and combined stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 17:1286621. [PMID: 38259333 PMCID: PMC10800655 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1286621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Emotions significantly shape decision-making, and targeted emotional elicitations represent an important factor in neuromarketing, where they impact advertising effectiveness by capturing potential customers' attention intricately associated with emotional triggers. Analyzing biometric parameters after stimulus exposure may help in understanding emotional states. This study investigates autonomic and central nervous system responses to emotional stimuli, including images, auditory cues, and their combination while recording physiological signals, namely the electrocardiogram, blood volume pulse, galvanic skin response, pupillometry, respiration, and the electroencephalogram. The primary goal of the proposed analysis is to compare emotional stimulation methods and to identify the most effective approach for distinct physiological patterns. A novel feature selection technique is applied to further optimize the separation of four emotional states. Basic machine learning approaches are used in order to discern emotions as elicited by different kinds of stimulation. Electroencephalographic signals, Galvanic skin response and cardio-respiratory coupling-derived features provided the most significant features in distinguishing the four emotional states. Further findings highlight how auditory stimuli play a crucial role in creating distinct physiological patterns that enhance classification within a four-class problem. When combining all three types of stimulation, a validation accuracy of 49% was achieved. The sound-only and the image-only phases resulted in 52% and 44% accuracy respectively, whereas the combined stimulation of images and sounds led to 51% accuracy. Isolated visual stimuli yield less distinct patterns, necessitating more signals for relatively inferior performance compared to other types of stimuli. This surprising significance arises from limited auditory exploration in emotional recognition literature, particularly contrasted with the pleathora of studies performed using visual stimulation. In marketing, auditory components might hold a more relevant potential to significantly influence consumer choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Maria Polo
- SpinLabs, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Huang JY, Xue XJ, Wang ZX, Li ZF, Rui-Su, Wang NN, Huang XY, Li H, Ma HL, Liu M, Zhang DL. The relationship between attention networks and individual differences in visual mental imagery vividness - An EEG study. Neuropsychologia 2023; 191:108736. [PMID: 37995903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has established a strong link between attention and visual mental imagery, but it's remained uncertain whether attention networks influence individual differences in the vividness of visual mental imagery. In our study, we examined 140 participants, assessing the vividness of imagery using the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire in both eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. We employed the Attention Network Test, coupled with EEG recording, to characterize three attention sub-networks: alerting, orienting, and executive control. To pinpoint the specific attentional networks associated with the vividness of visual mental imagery, we utilized latent profile analysis to categorize participants into distinct subgroups. Additionally, we constructed a regression mixture model to explore how attention networks predict different latent categories of visual imagery vividness. Our findings revealed that the efficiency of the alerting network, as indicated by the N1 component, demonstrated a positive correlation with the vividness of visual imagery. This electrophysiological evidence underscores the role of the alerting network in shaping individual differences in the vividness of visual mental imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ya Huang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Wang
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa 850000, Guangzhou, 510631, China; Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ze-Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Rui-Su
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa 850000, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Nian-Nian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, China; Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa 850000, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Hao Li
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa 850000, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Hai-Lin Ma
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa 850000, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, China; Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa 850000, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - De-Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, China; Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University/South China Normal University, Lhasa 850000, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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4
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Mathôt S, Berberyan H, Büchel P, Ruuskanen V, Vilotijević A, Kruijne W. Effects of pupil size as manipulated through ipRGC activation on visual processing. Neuroimage 2023; 283:120420. [PMID: 37871758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The size of the eyes' pupils determines how much light enters the eye and also how well this light is focused. Through this route, pupil size shapes the earliest stages of visual processing. Yet causal effects of pupil size on vision are poorly understood and rarely studied. Here we introduce a new way to manipulate pupil size, which relies on activation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) to induce sustained pupil constriction. We report the effects of both experimentally induced and spontaneous changes in pupil size on visual processing as measured through EEG. We compare these to the effects of stimulus intensity and covert visual attention, because previous studies have shown that these factors all have comparable effects on some common measures of early visual processing, such as detection performance and steady-state visual evoked potentials; yet it is still unclear whether these are superficial similarities, or rather whether they reflect similar underlying processes. Using a mix of neural-network decoding, ERP analyses, and time-frequency analyses, we find that induced pupil size, spontaneous pupil size, stimulus intensity, and covert visual attention all affect EEG responses, mainly over occipital and parietal electrodes, but-crucially-that they do so in qualitatively different ways. Induced and spontaneous pupil-size changes mainly modulate activity patterns (but not overall power or intertrial coherence) in the high-frequency beta range; this may reflect an effect of pupil size on oculomotor activity and/ or visual processing. In addition, spontaneous (but not induced) pupil size tends to correlate positively with intertrial coherence in the alpha band; this may reflect a non-causal relationship, mediated by arousal. Taken together, our findings suggest that pupil size has qualitatively different effects on visual processing from stimulus intensity and covert visual attention. This shows that pupil size as manipulated through ipRGC activation strongly affects visual processing, and provides concrete starting points for further study of this important yet understudied earliest stage of visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Mathôt
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, Groningen 9712TS, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Philipp Büchel
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, Groningen 9712TS, the Netherlands
| | - Veera Ruuskanen
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, Groningen 9712TS, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Vilotijević
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, Groningen 9712TS, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Kruijne
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, Groningen 9712TS, the Netherlands
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Polo EM, Farabbi A, Mollura M, Paglialonga A, Mainardi L, Barbieri R. Comparative Assessment of Physiological Responses to Emotional Elicitation by Auditory and Visual Stimuli. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE 2023; 12:171-181. [PMID: 38088996 PMCID: PMC10712661 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2023.3324249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The study of emotions through the analysis of the induced physiological responses gained increasing interest in the past decades. Emotion-related studies usually employ films or video clips, but these stimuli do not give the possibility to properly separate and assess the emotional content provided by sight or hearing in terms of physiological responses. In this study we have devised an experimental protocol to elicit emotions by using, separately and jointly, pictures and sounds from the widely used International Affective Pictures System and International Affective Digital Sounds databases. We processed galvanic skin response, electrocardiogram, blood volume pulse, pupillary signal and electroencephalogram from 21 subjects to extract both autonomic and central nervous system indices to assess physiological responses in relation to three types of stimulation: auditory, visual, and auditory/visual. Results show a higher galvanic skin response to sounds compared to images. Electrocardiogram and blood volume pulse show different trends between auditory and visual stimuli. The electroencephalographic signal reveals a greater attention paid by the subjects when listening to sounds compared to watching images. In conclusion, these results suggest that emotional responses increase during auditory stimulation at both central and peripheral levels, demonstrating the importance of sounds for emotion recognition experiments and also opening the possibility toward the extension of auditory stimuli in other fields of psychophysiology. Clinical and Translational Impact Statement- These findings corroborate auditory stimuli's importance in eliciting emotions, supporting their use in studying affective responses, e.g., mood disorder diagnosis, human-machine interaction, and emotional perception in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo M. Polo
- DEIBPolitecnico di Milano20133MilanItaly
- DIAGSapienza University of Rome00185RomeItaly
| | | | | | - Alessia Paglialonga
- Cnr-Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (CNR-IEIIT)20133MilanItaly
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6
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Sekiya T, Sugimoto K, Kubota A, Tsuchihashi N, Oishi A, Yoshida N. Assessment of psychological changes in young children during dental treatment: Analysis of the autonomic nervous activity and electroencephalogram. Int J Paediatr Dent 2022; 32:418-427. [PMID: 34558749 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the emotional changes in children during dental treatment is necessary for providing stress-free care. AIM To objectively assess the stress associated with dental treatment in children, based on the autonomic nervous activity and the electroencephalogram (EEG). DESIGN Twenty-two children aged 4-9 years were recruited from outpatients of a paediatric clinic. Electrocardiogram and EEG were recorded throughout the treatment to analyze the autonomic nervous activities and the powers of brain waves, respectively. Changes in these measurements during each treatment process were evaluated in two age groups: 4-6 years and 6-9 years. RESULTS Elevations in sympathetic activities accompanied by decreased parasympathetic activities induced by stress were observed during rubber dam setting (RD) in the age group of 4-6 years and during infiltration anesthesia (IA), RD, and cavity preparation with a dental turbine (CP-T) in the age group of 6-9 years. Stress-related beta wave increments in EEG were observed during IA and CP-T in the age group of 6-9 years but not in the age group of 4-6 years. CONCLUSION Monitoring the autonomic nervous activities during treatments is useful in assessing stresses in a wide age of young children, whereas EEG monitoring is applicable only to children older than 6 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taki Sekiya
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry/Special Needs Dentistry, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sugimoto
- Department of Oral Health Care Education, Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Kubota
- Department of Oral Health Care Education, Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Tsuchihashi
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry/Special Needs Dentistry, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Oishi
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry/Special Needs Dentistry, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Yoshida
- Department of Oral Health Care Education, Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Altered phase and nonphase EEG activity expose impaired maintenance of a spatial-object attentional focus in multiple sclerosis patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20721. [PMID: 33244155 PMCID: PMC7691340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the anatomical and functional basis of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) currently remains unknown. In particular, there is scarce knowledge about modulations in induced EEG (nonphase activity) for diverse frequency bands related to attentional deficits in this pathology. The present study analyzes phase and nonphase alpha and gamma modulations in 26 remitting-relapsing multiple sclerosis patients during their participation in the attention network test compared with twenty-six healthy controls (HCs) matched in sociodemographic variables. Behavioral results showed that the MS group exhibited general slowing, suggesting impairment in alerting and orienting networks, as has been previously described in other studies. Time–frequency analysis of EEG revealed that the gamma band was related to the spatial translation of the attentional focus, and the alpha band seemed to be related to the expectancy mechanisms and cognitive processing of the target. Moreover, phase and nonphase modulations differed in their psychophysiological roles and were affected differently in the MS and HC groups. In summary, nonphase modulations can unveil hidden cognitive mechanisms for phase analysis and complete our knowledge of the neural basis of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis pathology.
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Seleznov I, Zyma I, Kiyono K, Tukaev S, Popov A, Chernykh M, Shpenkov O. Detrended Fluctuation, Coherence, and Spectral Power Analysis of Activation Rearrangement in EEG Dynamics During Cognitive Workload. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:270. [PMID: 31440151 PMCID: PMC6694837 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the study of human cognitive activity using electroencephalogram (EEG), the brain dynamics parameters and characteristics play a crucial role. They allow to investigate the changes in functionality depending on the environment and task performance process, and also to access the intensity of the brain activity in various locations of the cortex and its dependencies. Usually, the dynamics of activation of different brain areas during the cognitive tasks are being studied by spectral analysis based on power spectral density (PSD) estimation, and coherence analysis, which are de facto standard tools in quantitative characterization of brain activity. PSD and coherence reflect the strength of oscillations and similarity of the emergence of these oscillations in the brain, respectively, while the concept of stability of brain activity over time is not well defined and less formalized. We propose to employ the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) as a measure of the EEG persistence over time, and use the DFA scaling exponent as its quantitative characteristics. We applied DFA to the study of the changes in activation in brain dynamics during mental calculations and united it with PSD and coherence estimation. In the experiment, EEGs during resting state and mental serial subtraction from 36 subjects were recorded and analyzed in four frequency ranges: θ1 (4.1-5.8 Hz), θ2 (5.9-7.4 Hz), β1 (13-19.9 Hz), and β2 (20-25 Hz). PSD maps to access the intensity of cortex activation and coherence to quantify the connections between different brain areas were calculated, the distribution of DFA scaling exponent over the head surface was exploited to measure the time characteristics of the dynamics of brain activity. Obtained arrangements of DFA scaling exponent suggest that normal functioning of the brain is characterized by long-term temporal correlations in the cortex. Topographical distribution of the DFA scaling exponent was comparable for θ and β frequency bands, demonstrating the largest values of DFA scaling exponent during cognitive activation. The study shows that the long-term temporal correlations evaluated by DFA can be of great interest for diagnosis of the variety of brain dysfunctions of different etiology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Seleznov
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Igor Zyma
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Educational and Scientific Center “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ken Kiyono
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sergii Tukaev
- Department of Physiology of Brain and Psychophysiology, Educational and Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Social Communication, Institute of Journalism, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Laboratory on Theory and Methodic of Sport Preparation and Reserve Capabilities of Athletes, Scientific Research Institute, National University of Physical Education and Sports of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anton Popov
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine
- R&D Engineering, Ciklum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariia Chernykh
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Informatics, Educational and Scientific Center “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksii Shpenkov
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Educational and Scientific Center “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Keshmiri S, Sumioka H, Nakanishi J, Ishiguro H. Bodily-Contact Communication Medium Induces Relaxed Mode of Brain Activity While Increasing Its Dynamical Complexity: A Pilot Study. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1192. [PMID: 30050488 PMCID: PMC6052895 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the results of the analysis of the effect of a bodily-contact communication medium on the brain activity of the individuals during verbal communication. Our results suggest that the communicated content that is mediated through such a device induces a significant effect on electroencephalogram (EEG) time series of human subjects. Precisely, we find a significant reduction of overall power of the EEG signals of the individuals. This observation that is supported by the analysis of the permutation entropy (PE) of the EEG time series of brain activity of the participants suggests the positive effect of such a medium on the stress relief and the induced sense of relaxation. Additionally, multiscale entropy (MSE) analysis of our data implies that such a medium increases the level of complexity that is exhibited by EEG time series of our participants, thereby suggesting their sustained sense of involvement in their course of communication. These findings that are in accord with the results reported by cognitive neuroscience research suggests that the use of such a medium can be beneficial as a complementary step in treatment of developmental disorders, attentiveness of schoolchildren and early child development, as well as scenarios where intimate physical interaction over distance is desirable (e.g., distance-parenting).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Keshmiri
- Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Sumioka
- Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junya Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishiguro
- Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Kono Y, Kubota A, Taira M, Katsuyama N, Sugimoto K. Effects of oral stimulation with capsaicin on salivary secretion and neural activities in the autonomic system and the brain. J Dent Sci 2018; 13:116-123. [PMID: 30895106 PMCID: PMC6388832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Although it has been reported that capsaicin ingestion has effects of protecting stomach mucosa and promoting energy consumption, physiological responses to oral stimulation with capsaicin has not been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the effect of oral capsaicin stimulation on oral health and mental conditions by measuring changes in salivation, autonomic nervous activity and electroencephalogram (EEG). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen healthy adults participated in this study. The stimulus concentrations of capsaicin and five basic taste solutions were determined based on the measured threshold of each stimulus in each subject. The weight of secreted saliva and the changes in concentrations of salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) induced by capsaicin and taste stimuli were measured. Salivary α-amylase activity and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured as indicators of autonomic nervous activity. From EEG, psychological condition was analyzed by measuring the powers of theta, alpha, and beta bands. RESULTS The salivary secretion rate was significantly increased by stimulation with capsaicin, NaCl, and citric acid compared with deionized water, and capsaicin demonstrated the most potent effect among tested stimuli. The secreted amount of SIgA per minute was elevated by capsaicin stimulation. Salivary α-amylase activity and HRV analysis demonstrated an elevation of sympathetic nervous activity induced by capsaicin. EEG analysis showed a significant increase in beta band power. CONCLUSION These results suggest that oral stimulation with capsaicin may be effective in improving oral conditions by increasing salivary flow and SIgA secretion, and in enhancing physical and mental conditions as indicated by sympathetic nerve and EEG changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kono
- Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Kubota
- Department of Behavioral Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Taira
- Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narumi Katsuyama
- Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sugimoto
- Course for Oral Health Engineering, School of Oral Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Takamura Y, Imanishi M, Osaka M, Ohmatsu S, Tominaga T, Yamanaka K, Morioka S, Kawashima N. Intentional gaze shift to neglected space: a compensatory strategy during recovery after unilateral spatial neglect. Brain 2016; 139:2970-2982. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Wu YJ, Zhang H, Guo T. Does Speaking Two Dialects in Daily Life Affect Executive Functions? An Event-Related Potential Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150492. [PMID: 26991456 PMCID: PMC4798723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether using two languages enhances executive functions is a matter of debate. Here, we take a novel perspective to examine the bilingual advantage hypothesis by comparing bi-dialect with mono-dialect speakers' performance on a non-linguistic task that requires executive control. Two groups of native Chinese speakers, one speaking only the standard Chinese Mandarin and the other also speaking the Southern-Min dialect, which differs from the standard Chinese Mandarin primarily in phonology, performed a classic Flanker task. Behavioural results showed no difference between the two groups, but event-related potentials recorded simultaneously revealed a number of differences, including an earlier P2 effect in the bi-dialect as compared to the mono-dialect group, suggesting that the two groups engage different underlying neural processes. Despite differences in the early ERP component, no between-group differences in the magnitude of the Flanker effects, which is an index of conflict resolution, were observed in the N2 component. Therefore, these findings suggest that speaking two dialects of one language does not enhance executive functions. Implications of the current findings for the bilingual advantage hypothesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jing Wu
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Haoyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States of America
| | - Taomei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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13
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Christie S, Werthner P. Prestart Psychophysiological Profile of a 200-m Canoe Athlete: A Comparison of Best and Worst Reaction Times. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5298/1081-5937-43.2.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The difference between success and failure in 200-m canoe and kayak events is measured in milliseconds. The gold medal for the 200-m kayak in the Summer 2012 Olympic Games in London was won by a margin of 294 milliseconds, and the difference between winning a bronze medal and not reaching the podium was merely 31 milliseconds. In addition to physical fitness, strength, and technique, the ability to focus effectively and manage arousal is crucial to the ability to react quickly off the start. Conversely, the inability to manage arousal and focus has been shown to reduce reaction time (RT) and, in extreme cases, lead to “choking.” Research in sport psychology and psychophysiology has identified multiple psychological, physiological, and neurological characteristics that underlie peak performance. Although many of the skills and characteristics identified in the research are common to most peak performers, it is also well known that each athlete's optimal performance zone for competition is unique. For athletes, identifying these individual zones of optimal physical, psychological, physiological, and neurological functioning can be elusive and difficult to quantify. Existing technology in bio- and neurofeedback presents a unique opportunity for athletes and researchers to explore what individual peak performance looks like both physiologically and neurologically. Thus, the purpose of this case analysis was to explore the psychophysiological differences of a 200-m canoe athlete between his best and worst reaction times.
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14
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Wright D, Makin ADJ, Bertamini M. Right-lateralized alpha desynchronization during regularity discrimination: hemispheric specialization or directed spatial attention? Psychophysiology 2014; 52:638-47. [PMID: 25532558 PMCID: PMC4681321 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
When actively classifying abstract patterns according to their regularity, alpha desynchronization (ERD) becomes right lateralized over posterior brain areas. This could reflect temporary enhancement of contralateral visual inputs and specifically a shift of attention to the left, or right hemisphere specialization for regularity discrimination. This study tested these competing hypotheses. Twenty-four participants discriminated between dot patterns containing a reflection or a translation. The direction of the transformation, which matched one half onto the other half, was either vertical or horizontal. The strategy of shifting attention to one side of the patterns would not produce lateralized ERD in the horizontal condition. However, right-lateralized ERD was found in all conditions, regardless of orientation. We conclude that right hemisphere networks that incorporate the early posterior regions are specialized for regularity discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Wright
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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15
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Chang YC, Huang SL. The influence of attention levels on psychophysiological responses. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 86:39-47. [PMID: 22960315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine which brain oscillatory activities and peripheral physiological measures were influenced by attention levels. A new experimental procedure was designed. Participants were asked to count the number of target events while viewing eight moving white circles. An event occurred when two of the circles changed from white to red or blue. In the low-attention task, similar to a feature search, the target events were defined by color only. In the high-attention task, similar to a conjunction search, the target events were defined by both color and size. In the control task, participants were asked to passively watch the series of events while remembering a number. Based on Feature Integration Theory, our high-attention task would demand more attentional investment than the low-attention task. Given the identical visual stimuli and requirement of keeping a number in working memory for all three tasks, the changes in brain oscillatory activities can be attributed to attention level rather than to perceptual content or memory processes. Peripheral measures such as heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), respiration rate, eye blinks, and skin conductance level were also evaluated. In comparing the high-attention task with the low-attention task, theta synchronization at the Fz, Cz, and Pz electrodes as a group, alpha2 desynchronization at the Fz, Cz, Pz, and Oz electrodes as a group, and a decrease in the low-frequency component and ratio measure of HRV were evident. These measures are considered to be promising indices for discriminating between attention levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Chang
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taiwan
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16
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Attentional orienting towards emotion: P2 and N400 ERP effects. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:3121-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Tammela LI, Pääkkönen A, Karhunen LJ, Karhu J, Uusitupa MIJ, Kuikka JT. Brain electrical activity during food presentation in obese binge-eating women. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2010; 30:135-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2009.00916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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18
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Wavelet analysis of the EEG during the neurocognitive evaluation of invalidly cued targets. Brain Res 2008; 1234:94-103. [PMID: 18708032 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a spatial central cueing paradigm, positions in the horizontal meridian were cued to evaluate the neurocognitive processing of validly (V) and invalidly cued (I) targets. ERPs were obtained from 20 EEG channel recordings. Complex Morlet wavelets were applied for computing event-related spectral power (ERSP) modulations and inter-trial phase coherence (ITC). P3a and P3b responses were increased in a statistically significant manner in I targets with regard to V targets. This increase seems to be generated only by phase resetting without enhancement of spectral power. Comparing ERSP modulations between I and V target trials we found a major effect centred in the alpha range. The following results were obtained for invalid condition in relation to valid condition: 6-12Hz ERSP decrease topographically widespread over the scalp, starting around 450 ms and peaking around 650 ms; 10-14Hz ERSP increase peaking around 200 ms at fronto-central electrodes; and 10-14Hz ERSP decrease occurring from 400 to 600 ms at posterior electrodes. Therefore, the invalidity effect indeed produces salient changes in the stimulus related and ongoing neuronal activity leading to a brain state of comparative higher activity both excitatory and inhibitory with respect to the validly cued target processing.
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López MÁ, Pomares H, Damas M, Madrid E, Prieto A, Pelayo F, de la Plaza Hernández EM. Use of ANNs as Classifiers for Selective Attention Brain-Computer Interfaces. COMPUTATIONAL AND AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-73007-1_115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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20
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Use of Kohonen Maps as Feature Selector for Selective Attention Brain-Computer Interfaces. BIO-INSPIRED MODELING OF COGNITIVE TASKS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-73053-8_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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21
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Gómez CM, Marco-Pallarés J, Grau C. Location of brain rhythms and their modulation by preparatory attention estimated by current density. Brain Res 2006; 1107:151-60. [PMID: 16875680 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that there is a functional modulation of conventional EEG bands associated with preparatory attention, putative changes in the spontaneous brain rhythms and their associated cerebral sources were addressed. The goals of the present report were, first, to find the brain areas with maximal rhythmic activity before warning and imperative stimuli in a classic contingent negative variation (CNV) paradigm, and, second, to study the modulation of the EEG rhythms of these areas during the preparatory attention interval which precedes the S2 (imperative) stimulus. Trial by trial LORETA analysis found similar brain rhythm generators during both pre-S1 and pre-S2 intervals. Each theta, alpha and beta traditional EEG rhythm originates in several anatomically distinct brain structures. Preparatory attention is associated with a decrease in power in alpha (right and left occipital and temporal areas) and low-beta (left frontal, bilateral occipital and middle frontal areas) EEG bands. In these structures power changes associated with preparatory attention modulated either a dominant or a non-dominant oscillatory band, suggesting that non-dominant rhythms of a cerebral area have some functional relevance. Our results imply distributed regional sources for brain rhythms and support the view that during preparatory attention there is a modulation of the brain sources generating alpha and beta brain rhythms. Moreover, the proposed combined approach makes it possible to explore the definition of a given brain area not only anatomically, but also by the frequency content and the functional reactivity of the electrical rhythms that it generates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gómez
- Psychobiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Sevilla, Spain
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22
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Martins A, Klistorner A, Graham S, Billson F. Effect of fixation tasks on multifocal visual evoked potentials. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005; 33:499-504. [PMID: 16181276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2005.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of cognitive influence on the multifocal visual evoked potential (mVEP) at different levels of eccentricity. Three different foveal fixation conditions were utilized involving varying levels of task complexity. A more complex visual fixation task has been known to suppress peripheral signals in subjective testing. METHODS Twenty normal subjects had monocular mVEPs recorded using the AccuMap objective perimeter. This allowed simultaneous stimulation of 58 segments of the visual field to an eccentricity of 24 degrees. The mVEP was recorded using three different fixation conditions in random order. During task 1 the subject passively viewed the central fixation area. For task 2 alternating numbers were displayed within the fixation area; the subject on viewing the number '3' in the central fixation area indicated recognition by pressing a button. Throughout task 3, numbers were displayed as in task 2. The subject had the cognitive task of summating all the numbers. RESULTS Analysis revealed that the increased attention and concentration demanded by tasks 2 and 3 in comparison with task 1 resulted in significantly enhanced central amplitudes of 9.41% (Mann-Whitney P = 0.0002) and 13.45% (P = 0.0002), respectively. These amplitudes became reduced in the periphery and approached those of task 1, resulting in no significant difference between the three tasks. Latencies demonstrated no significant difference between each task nor at any eccentricity (P > 0.05). As the complexity of each task increased the amount of alpha rhythm was significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that task 1 required a minimal demand of cognition and was associated with the greatest amount of alpha rhythm. It was also the most difficult to perform because of loss of interest. The other two tasks required a greater demand of higher order cognitive skills resulting in significantly enhanced amplitudes centrally and the attenuation of alpha rhythm. Therefore, amplitudes are increased around the area of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Martins
- Save Sight Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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23
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Vaquero E, Cardoso MJ, Vázquez M, Gómez CM. Gender differences in event-related potentials during visual-spatial attention. Int J Neurosci 2004; 114:541-57. [PMID: 15195357 DOI: 10.1080/00207450490422056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of present work is to test possible gender differences in the ERPs to the standards during the performance of a visual-spatial attention task. The sample: 20 subjects (10 women) aged 18-24. Electrodes: F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, T5, T6, O1, O2. ANOVA tests were computed with the following factors: attention, gender, visual field, hemisphere, and electrodes. Results showed that men presented higher amplitudes in P1 and in P3b than did women, and women presented higher amplitudes in the temporal N1 than did men. For the P3, the amplitude in frontal-central regions for the attended condition was higher in men than in women, and men presented a gender-specific right frontal functional asymmetry that was not present in women. Since these components are related with the modulation of visual processing by the effect of spatial attention, the intra- and inter-gender differences obtained suggest possible differences in the processing of visual information in both genders. However, the fact that the brain generators could have a different orientation is also a possible explanation for the differences obtained in the ERPs in both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vaquero
- University de Sevilla, Department of Experimental Psychobiology, Laboratory of Physiology, Sevilla, Spain
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24
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Neurofeedback as a Treatment for ADHD: A Methodological Review with Implications for Future Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1300/j184v08n02_04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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McMillen D, Kopell N. Noise-stabilized long-distance synchronization in populations of model neurons. J Comput Neurosci 2003; 15:143-57. [PMID: 14512745 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025860724292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Rhythmic, synchronous firing of groups of neurons is associated with behaviorally relevant states, and it is thus of interest to understand the mechanisms by which synchronization may be achieved. In hippocampal slice preparations, networks of excitatory and inhibitory neurons have been seen to synchronize when strong stimulation is applied at separated sites between which any coupling must be subject to a significant axonal delay. We extend previous work on synchronization in a model system based on the network architecture of these hippocampal slices. Our new analysis addresses the effects of heterogeneous populations and noisy inputs on the stability of synchronous solutions in the system. We find that, with experimentally motivated constraints on the coupling strength, sufficiently large heterogeneity in the input currents renders synchrony unstable. The addition of noise, however, restores stable near-synchrony. We analytically reduce the high-dimensional biophysical equations for the full population to a simple three-dimensional map, and show that the map's stability properties correctly predict both the loss of stability and the restabilizing effect of the noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McMillen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.
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26
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Loo SK, Specter E, Smolen A, Hopfer C, Teale PD, Reite ML. Functional effects of the DAT1 polymorphism on EEG measures in ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003; 42:986-93. [PMID: 12874502 DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000046890.27264.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper examines whether dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) allele status mediates medication-related change in cognitive and neurophysiological measures among children with attention-deficiency/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD A single 10-mg dose of methylphenidate was given in a double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion to children with ADHD who were seen for cognitive testing and EEG recording. Buccal samples were obtained and genotyped for the DAT1 polymorphism. RESULTS DAT1 allele status was associated with performance on a sustained attention task and medication-related EEG changes. Compared with those with one or more copies of the DAT1 9-repeat allele (9R), children with two copies of the 10-repeat allele (10R) exhibited poorer performance on the vigilance task. In addition, children with 10R exhibited medication-related EEG changes of increased central and parietal beta power, decreased right frontal theta power, and lower theta/beta ratios; 9R carriers showed the opposite pattern. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that the DAT1 polymorphism mediates medication-related changes in cortical activity among children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Loo
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA-NPI, Los Angeles, USA.
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27
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Olufsen MS, Whittington MA, Camperi M, Kopell N. New roles for the gamma rhythm: population tuning and preprocessing for the Beta rhythm. J Comput Neurosci 2003; 14:33-54. [PMID: 12435923 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021124317706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gamma (30-80 Hz) and beta (12-30 Hz) oscillations such as those displayed by in vitro hippocampal (CA1) slice preparations and by in vivo neocortical EEGs often occur successively, with a spontaneous transition between them. In the gamma rhythm, pyramidal cells fire together with the interneurons, while in the beta rhythm, pyramidal cells fire on a subset of cycles of the interneurons. It is shown that gamma and beta rhythms have different properties with respect to creation of cell assemblies. In the presence of heterogeneous inputs to the pyramidal cells, the gamma rhythm creates an assembly of firing pyramidal cells from cells whose drive exceeds a threshold. During the gamma to beta transition, a slow outward potassium current is activated, and as a result the cell assembly vanishes. The slow currents make each of the pyramidal cells fire with a beta rhythm, but the field potential of the network still displays a gamma rhythm. Hebbian changes of connections among the pyramidal cells give rise to a beta rhythm, and the cell assemblies are recovered with a temporal separation between cells firing in different cycles. We present experimental evidence showing that such a separation can occur in hippocampal slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette S Olufsen
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27659-8205, USA
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28
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Vázquez Marrufo M, Vaquero E, Cardoso MJ, Gómez CM. Temporal evolution of alpha and beta bands during visual spatial attention. BRAIN RESEARCH. COGNITIVE BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 12:315-20. [PMID: 11587900 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-6410(01)00025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) are an electrophysiological index of various cognitive processes such as attention. However, this kind of analysis does not allow observation of differences in the spectral content taking place during a sensory, cognitive or motor task. The goal of the present work was to compute the temporal dynamics of EEG oscillations using a technique called temporal spectral evolution (TSE). The electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during the presentation of flashed stimuli that were randomly presented to the left or right visual field. Subjects were asked to pay attention, alternately in different blocks of trials, to the left or to the right to detect an infrequent target. The results showed a decrease in the alpha band in a time window of 375-500 ms and an increase in the beta band at 500-875 ms after stimulus onset, for both attended and unattended stimuli. Statistical analysis showed that the decrease in alpha and the increase in beta were more marked during the attentional condition. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the decrease in alpha band and the increase in beta band are electrophysiological markers of visual spatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vázquez Marrufo
- Laboratorio Psicobiología, Departamento Psicología Experimental, Facultad de Psicología, Avenida San Francisco Javier s/n, 41005, Sevilla, Spain.
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