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Seo JE, Le Y, Revollo J, Miranda-Colon J, Xu H, McKinzie P, Mei N, Chen T, Heflich RH, Zhou T, Robison T, Bonzo JA, Guo X. Evaluating the mutagenicity of N-nitrosodimethylamine in 2D and 3D HepaRG cell cultures using error-corrected next generation sequencing. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1919-1935. [PMID: 38584193 PMCID: PMC11106104 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Human liver-derived metabolically competent HepaRG cells have been successfully employed in both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D spheroid formats for performing the comet assay and micronucleus (MN) assay. In the present study, we have investigated expanding the genotoxicity endpoints evaluated in HepaRG cells by detecting mutagenesis using two error-corrected next generation sequencing (ecNGS) technologies, Duplex Sequencing (DS) and High-Fidelity (HiFi) Sequencing. Both HepaRG 2D cells and 3D spheroids were exposed for 72 h to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), followed by an additional incubation for the fixation of induced mutations. NDMA-induced DNA damage, chromosomal damage, and mutagenesis were determined using the comet assay, MN assay, and ecNGS, respectively. The 72-h treatment with NDMA resulted in concentration-dependent increases in cytotoxicity, DNA damage, MN formation, and mutation frequency in both 2D and 3D cultures, with greater responses observed in the 3D spheroids compared to 2D cells. The mutational spectrum analysis showed that NDMA induced predominantly A:T → G:C transitions, along with a lower frequency of G:C → A:T transitions, and exhibited a different trinucleotide signature relative to the negative control. These results demonstrate that the HepaRG 2D cells and 3D spheroid models can be used for mutagenesis assessment using both DS and HiFi Sequencing, with the caveat that severe cytotoxic concentrations should be avoided when conducting DS. With further validation, the HepaRG 2D/3D system may become a powerful human-based metabolically competent platform for genotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Seo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Yuan Le
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Javier Revollo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Jaime Miranda-Colon
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Hannah Xu
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Page McKinzie
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA
| | - Timothy Robison
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Jessica A Bonzo
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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Cordelli E, Bignami M, Pacchierotti F. Comet assay: a versatile but complex tool in genotoxicity testing. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:68-78. [PMID: 33613974 PMCID: PMC7885189 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The comet assay is a versatile method for measuring DNA strand breaks in individual cells. It can also be applied to cells isolated from treated animals. In this review, we highlight advantages and limitations of this in vivo comet assay in a regulatory context. Modified versions of the standard protocol detect oxidized DNA bases and may be used to reveal sites of DNA base loss, DNA interstrand crosslinks, and the extent of DNA damage induced indirectly by reactive oxygen species elicited by chemical-induced oxidative stress. The assay is, however, at best semi-quantitative, and we discuss possible approaches to improving DNA damage quantitation and highlight the necessity of optimizing protocol standardization to enhance the comparability of results between laboratories. As a genotoxicity test in vivo, the in vivo comet assay has the advantage over the better established micronucleus erythrocyte test that it can be applied to any organ, including those that are specific targets of chemical carcinogens or those that are the first sites of contact of ingested or inhaled mutagens. We illustrate this by examples of its use in risk assessment for the food contaminants ochratoxin and furan. We suggest that improved quantitation is required to reveal the full potential of the comet assay and enhance its role in the battery of in vivo approaches to characterize the mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenicity of chemicals and to aid the determination of safe human exposure limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cordelli
- Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability Department, Health Protection Technology Division, ENEA, CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy
| | - Margherita Bignami
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Francesca Pacchierotti
- Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability Department, Health Protection Technology Division, ENEA, CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy
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Schrenk D, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Alexander J, Dall'Asta C, Mally A, Metzler M, Binaglia M, Horváth Z, Steinkellner H, Bignami M. Risk assessment of ochratoxin A in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06113. [PMID: 37649524 PMCID: PMC10464718 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update their 2006 opinion on ochratoxin A (OTA) in food. OTA is produced by fungi of the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium and found as a contaminant in various foods. OTA causes kidney toxicity in different animal species and kidney tumours in rodents. OTA is genotoxic both in vitro and in vivo; however, the mechanisms of genotoxicity are unclear. Direct and indirect genotoxic and non-genotoxic modes of action might each contribute to tumour formation. Since recent studies have raised uncertainty regarding the mode of action for kidney carcinogenicity, it is inappropriate to establish a health-based guidance value (HBGV) and a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. For the characterisation of non-neoplastic effects, a BMDL 10 of 4.73 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day was calculated from kidney lesions observed in pigs. For characterisation of neoplastic effects, a BMDL 10 of 14.5 μg/kg bw per day was calculated from kidney tumours seen in rats. The estimation of chronic dietary exposure resulted in mean and 95th percentile levels ranging from 0.6 to 17.8 and from 2.4 to 51.7 ng/kg bw per day, respectively. Median OTA exposures in breastfed infants ranged from 1.7 to 2.6 ng/kg bw per day, 95th percentile exposures from 5.6 to 8.5 ng/kg bw per day in average/high breast milk consuming infants, respectively. Comparison of exposures with the BMDL 10 based on the non-neoplastic endpoint resulted in MOEs of more than 200 in most consumer groups, indicating a low health concern with the exception of MOEs for high consumers in the younger age groups, indicating a possible health concern. When compared with the BMDL 10 based on the neoplastic endpoint, MOEs were lower than 10,000 for almost all exposure scenarios, including breastfed infants. This would indicate a possible health concern if genotoxicity is direct. Uncertainty in this assessment is high and risk may be overestimated.
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Davolos D, Chimenti C, Ronci L, Setini A, Iannilli V, Pietrangeli B, De Matthaeis E. An integrated study on Gammarus elvirae (Crustacea, Amphipoda): perspectives for toxicology of arsenic-contaminated freshwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:15563-15570. [PMID: 26013740 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Italian region Latium is characterized by extensive quaternary volcanic systems that contribute greatly to arsenic (As) contamination of freshwater, including drinking water supplies. However, knowledge of the possible toxic effects in these aquatic environments is, despite being highly relevant to public health, still limited. In this paper, we approach this issue using Gammarus elvirae, an amphipod species that inhabits rivers and streams in central Italy, including Latium. We explored the possibility of using G. elvirae in the toxicology of freshwater by addressing the most relevant issues. First, we tested the usefulness of hemocytes from G. elvirae in determining non-specific DNA damage by means of the Comet assay after exposure (24 h and 7 days) to different river water samples in Latium; second, we provided an interpretative overview of the usefulness of hepatopancreatic epithelial cells of G. elvirae as a means of assessing toxicity after long-term exposure to As and other pollutants; third, the LC (50-240 h) value for G. elvirae was estimated for arsenate, which is usually the dominant arsenic species in surface waters. Our study sheds light on G. elvirae at different levels, providing a background for future toxicological research of freshwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Davolos
- INAIL, Research, Certification, Verification Area, Department of Technological Innovations and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements (DIT), Via Alessandria, 220/E, 00198, Rome, Italy.
- "Charles Darwin" Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 32, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio Chimenti
- "Charles Darwin" Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucilla Ronci
- "Charles Darwin" Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Setini
- "Charles Darwin" Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Iannilli
- ENEA C.R., Sustainable Management of Agricultural Ecosystems Laboratory, Casaccia, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Pietrangeli
- INAIL, Research, Certification, Verification Area, Department of Technological Innovations and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements (DIT), Via Alessandria, 220/E, 00198, Rome, Italy
| | - Elvira De Matthaeis
- "Charles Darwin" Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Kuroda K, Hibi D, Ishii Y, Yokoo Y, Takasu S, Kijima A, Matsushita K, Masumura KI, Kodama Y, Yanai T, Sakai H, Nohmi T, Ogawa K, Umemura T. Role of p53 in the progression from ochratoxin A-induced DNA damage to gene mutations in the kidneys of mice. Toxicol Sci 2015; 144:65-76. [PMID: 25636497 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenic doses of ochratoxin A (OTA) cause increases of mutant frequencies (MFs) of the red/gam gene (Spi(-)) in the kidneys of p53-deficient gpt delta mice, but not in p53-proficient mice. Here, we investigated the role of p53 in the progression from OTA-induced DNA damage to gene mutations. To this end, p53-proficient and -deficient mice were administered 5 mg/kg OTA for 3 days or 4 weeks by gavage. After 3 days of administration, comet assays were performed and there were no differences in the degrees of OTA-induced DNA damage between p53-proficient and -deficient mice. However, the frequencies of γ-H2AX-positive tubular epithelial cells in p53-deficient mice were significantly higher than those in p53-proficient mice, implying that p53 inhibited the progression from DNA damage to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Evaluation of global gene expression and relevant mRNA/protein expression levels demonstrated that OTA increased the expression of Cdkn1a, which encodes the p21 protein, in p53-proficient mice, but not in p53-deficient mice. Moreover, in p53-deficient mice, mRNA levels of cell cycle progression and DSB repair (homologous recombination repair [HR])-related genes were significantly increased. Thus, G1/S arrest due to activation of the p53/p21 pathway may contribute to the prevention of DSBs in p53-proficient mice. In addition, single base deletions/insertions/substitutions were predominant, possibly due to HR. Overall, these results suggested that OTA induced DSBs at the carcinogenic target site in mice and that p53/p21-mediated cell cycle control prevented an increase in the formation of DSBs, leading to gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kuroda
- *Division of Pathology, Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193 and Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hibi
- *Division of Pathology, Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193 and Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- *Division of Pathology, Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193 and Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yuh Yokoo
- *Division of Pathology, Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193 and Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Takasu
- *Division of Pathology, Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193 and Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Aki Kijima
- *Division of Pathology, Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193 and Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsushita
- *Division of Pathology, Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193 and Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Masumura
- *Division of Pathology, Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193 and Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yukio Kodama
- *Division of Pathology, Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193 and Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Tokuma Yanai
- *Division of Pathology, Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193 and Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- *Division of Pathology, Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193 and Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nohmi
- *Division of Pathology, Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193 and Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- *Division of Pathology, Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193 and Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Umemura
- *Division of Pathology, Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193 and Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan *Division of Pathology, Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193 and Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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