Waist circumference in determining obesity and hypertension among 18–60 years old Bengalee Hindu male slum dwellers in Eastern India

Anthropometric markers and their cut-off point for the prediction of hypertension with lifestyle as a risk factor among Chiru tribe of North East India

BACKGROUND

The increased prevalence of obesity, particularly central obesity, is closely associated with many metabolic complexions, including hypertension and diabetes.

OBJECTIVES

The present study investigates the cut-off points of some anthropometric measurements such as body mass index [BMI (kg/m2)], waist circumference [WC (cm)], waist-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-height ratio (WHtR) associated with high blood pressure. It determines the risk factors among the Chiru tribe of North East India.

METHODS

The cross-sectional study was conducted in four villages in the hilly districts of Manipur. For the present study, 416 Chiru adults (209 males and 207 females) aged 20-79 years were included. Anthropometrics and blood pressure were measured using standard procedures. Statistical methods such as chi-square, Pearson correlation, and multivariate logistic regression were employed.

RESULTS

The result indicates that the cut-off values to detect hypertension were 21.83 for BMI, 82.55 for WC, 0.92 for WHR, and 0.53 for WHtR. However, the cut-off values to detect hypertension in females were 23.92 for BMI, 86.48 for WC, 0.94 for WHR, and 0.55 for WHtR. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that hypertension was an independently associated risk factor in both males and females with an age ≥ 50 years (OR = 18.52 and 10.12), physical activity (OR = 0.10 and 0.21), salt intake (OR = 7.81 and 3.36), and smoking (OR = 2.56 and 3.23), respectively.

CONCLUSION

It has been concluded that BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR values can determine hypertension risk in the Chiru population. Age, smoking, physical activity, and salt intake were independent risk factors associated with high blood pressure.

Comparing the ability of anthropometric indicators in determining the prevalence of hypertension among Indian tribes

OBJECTIVE

We compared the ability of the selected anthropometric indicators to best predict the prevalence of hypertension among the Indian tribes.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was undertaken among 1431 adult participants (705 males and 726 females) between the ages of 20 and 60 years from six major tribes in India. Selected anthropometric indicators such as body mass index (BMI), waist-hip-ratio (WHR), waist-height-ratio (WHtR), percentage body fat (PBF), visceral fat (VF), minimum-waist-circumference (MWC) and sum-of-the-four skinfold thickness (SF4), along with the physiological parameters such as blood pressure were recorded. Discriminant analysis (DA) was performed to examine and compare the ability of the selected anthropometric indicators towards classifying hypertension among males, females and the total population.

RESULTS

Significant independent association was observed for hypertension and similar conditions within gender and selected age-group categories. The overall hypertension prevalence among the studied tribes was observed at 12.6%. Standardized function coefficients (SFCs) in discriminant analysis revealed PBF(0.89, 0.36, and 0.76 for overall, males, and females respectively) as the most powerful discriminator of hypertension. In addition, visceral fat (0.74, 1.46, and 0.58 for overall, males and females respectively) was observed to be the other significant indicator of hypertensive blood pressure. These exploratory findings for the first time indicate fat deposition, rather than body density alone, as an emerging physiological and metabolic risk among Indian tribes.

CONCLUSION

In the context of the highly prevalent chronic undernutrition, internal fat deposition is a major classifying factor of physiological and metabolic intolerance. It also indicates the increasing trend in lifestyle changes and the associated adversities among the Indian tribes.

Hubungan Usia, Stres, dan Asupan Zat Gizi Makro dengan Kejadian Obesitas Abdominal pada Ibu Rumah Tangga di Kelurahan Sidotopo, Surabaya

Background: Abdominal obesity is one of the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Obesity is caused by energy imbalance. Women have higher risk of abdominal obesity than men. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the association between age, stress level, macronutrient intake with abdominal obesity among housewives in Sidotopo, Surabaya. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted between May and July of 2018 in Kelurahan Sidotopo, Kecamatan Semampir, Kota Surabaya. The sample was 46 housewives aged between 20 and 49 years which was selected using multistage random sampling method. The association between age, stress level, and macronutrient intake with abdominal obesity was analysed using Pearson correlation and logistic regression test with a significant level of 0.05. Results:This study showed that 52.17% of housewives had abdominal obesity. Most of housewives were Javanese and Maduranes between the ages of 30-39. This study showed the significant association between age (p=0.001) and stress level (p=0.017) with abdominal obesity. Meanwhile, energy intake (p=0.062), carbohydrate intake (p=0.300), protein intake (p=0.147), fat intake (p=0.188), and dietary fiber intake (p=0.062) did not show significant association. Conclusion: Age and stress level associated with abdominal obesity among housewives in Sidotopo. The risk of abdominal obesity increased with age and stress level.ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Obesitas abdominal merupakan salah satu faktor risiko terjadinya penyakit kardiovaskuler. Obesitas terjadi akibat adanya ketidakseimbangan energi masuk dan keluar dari tubuh. Perempuan berisiko lebih tinggi mengalami obesitas abdominal dibandingkan laki-laki.Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan usia, stres, dan asupan zat gizi makro dengan kejadian obesitas abdominal pada ibu rumah tangga di Kelurahan Sidotopo, Surabaya.Metode: Penelitian cross sectional ini dilakukan di Kelurahan Sidotopo, Kecamatan Semampir, Kota Surabaya pada bulan Mei-Juli 2018. Sebesar 46 orang ibu rumah tangga usia 20-49 tahun dipilih secara acak menggunakan metode multistage random sampling. Hubungan antara usia, stres, dan asupan zat gizi makro dengan kejadian obesitas abdominal dianalisis menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson dan regresi logistik dengan tingkat signifikansi <0,05. Hasil: Sebesar 52,17% responden mengalami obesitas abdominal. Sebagian besar responden berusia 30-39 tahun dimana berasal dari etnis Jawa dan Madura. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa obesitas abdominal berhubungan signifikan dengan usia (p=0,001) dan stres (p=0,017). Sebaliknya, asupan energi (p=0,234), karbohidrat (p=0,300), protein (p=0,147), lemak (p=0,188), dan asupan serat (p=0,062) tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan dengan kejadian obesitas abdominal.Kesimpulan: Usia dan tingkat stres berhubungan dengan kejadian obesitas abdominal pada ibu rumah tangga di Kelurahan Sidotopo. Semakin tinggi usia dan tingkat stres, maka resiko terjadinya obesitas abdominal akan semakin tinggi.

Neck circumference as a screening measure of overweight/obesity among Indian adults

Neck circumference (NC) is an anthropometric measurement of differentiating body fat distributions and a marker of upper subcutaneous adiposity. The present study highlights the association and importance of NC as a suitable proxy screening measure of overweight/obesity as compared to the conventional anthropometric variables used among Indian adults. The present community based cross-sectional study was undertaken among 1169 Karbi adults (males: 625; females: 544) residing in Karbi Anglong district of Assam, Northeast India, who were selected through a multistage stratified random sampling method. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and NC were recorded using standard procedures. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated and prevalence of overweight/obesity was assessed using standard cut-offs. The prevalence of obesity using BMI (≥25.00 kg m-2) was 15.52% and 15.26% among males and females, respectively (p≥0.05).The prevalence of obesity using NC was observed to be significantly higher among males (48.80%) than females (19.12%) (p<0.01). The binary logistic regression analysis showed that NC predicted obesity over the conventional anthropometric variables with reasonable accuracy (p<0.01). The ROC-AUC analysis showed a relatively greater significant association between BMI, WC and HC and NC for obesity (p<0.01). Thus, NC appears to be a potentially simple, easyto- use screening measure for predicting obesity among adults. Further studies are required to validate its use for screening of obesity among other ethnic populations in India.

Cut-Off Values of Anthropometric Indices for the Prediction of Hypertension in a Sample of Egyptian Adults

Background: Obesity, particularly abdominal adiposity, is closely associated with premature atherosclerosis and many metabolic modifications including insulin resistance dyslipidemia hypertension and diabetes. Cut-off values for abdominal obesity predicting future cardiovascular disease are known to be population specific.Objective: To identify cut-off points of some anthropometric measurements (BMI, WC, WHR and WHtR) that associated with hypertension in a sample of Egyptian adults.Subjects and Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis. The blood pressure of 5550 Egyptian adults was measured (2670 females – 2880 males).The subjects represented different geographic localities and different social classes. Anthropometric measurements including height, weight, waist circumferences, and hip circumferences were also measured by practitioners.Results: The cut-off values to detect hypertension in females were 30.08 for BMI, 87.75 for WC , 0.81 for WHR and 0.65 for WHtR, and the corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 69.1; 60.7- 80.9; 48.6 -65.3; 53.4 and 61.4; 58.9, respectively. The cut-off values to detect hypertension in males were 27.98 for BMI, 95.75 for WC, 0.92 for WHR, and 0.57 for WHtR and the corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 62.8; 59.9 -71.9; 51.9 -64.6; 55.8 and 59.7; 55.8, respectively.Conclusion: The BMI, Waist circumference, WHR and WHtR values can predict the presence of hypertension risk in adult Egyptians.