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Zhou F, Bao M, Guo X, Shen Q, Chen J, Li D, Bao H, Zhang L. Heart rate patterns of captive Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus) in their natural habitat at Wild Elephant Valley, Xishuangbanna of China. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25720. [PMID: 38370206 PMCID: PMC10867636 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
There are few studies on the changes of heart rate of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), one of the largest tropical terrestrial mammals, with its self-factors and external environment. By measuring the heart rate of 35 Asian elephants, ranging in age from 4 months to 52 years, using a non-invasive electrocardiogram sensor in their natural habitat at Wild Elephant Valley, Xishuangbanna of China, we found factors that significantly influenced the HR were season, phase of the day, age, body weight, and the interaction between some of the above factors. We also observed that Asian elephants had lower resting heart rate in the morning of hot season than the cold and mild season, and the differences were significant, but the heart rate increased to similar levels in the afternoon regardless of the season. HR also decreased with age in all seasons and phases of the day. However, there was no significant effect of sex. This study reveals the adaptability of Asian elephant to tropical environment, and provides a basic reference for heart rate of Asian elephant under various natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Zhou
- Xishuangbanna Asian Elephant Rescuing and Breeding Center, Xishuangbanna Wild Elephant Valley Co., Ltd., Jinghong, 666100, China
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Mingwei Bao
- Xishuangbanna Asian Elephant Rescuing and Breeding Center, Xishuangbanna Wild Elephant Valley Co., Ltd., Jinghong, 666100, China
| | - Xianming Guo
- Institute of Scientific Research of Xishuanbanna National Nature Reserve, Jinghong, 666100, China
| | - Qingzhong Shen
- Institute of Ecotourism Management of Yunnan Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, Jinghong, 666100, China
| | - Jiming Chen
- Xishuangbanna Asian Elephant Rescuing and Breeding Center, Xishuangbanna Wild Elephant Valley Co., Ltd., Jinghong, 666100, China
| | - Duo Li
- Xishuangbanna Asian Elephant Rescuing and Breeding Center, Xishuangbanna Wild Elephant Valley Co., Ltd., Jinghong, 666100, China
| | - Hong Bao
- Xishuangbanna Asian Elephant Rescuing and Breeding Center, Xishuangbanna Wild Elephant Valley Co., Ltd., Jinghong, 666100, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is used as a marker of autonomic nervous system activity which may be related to mental and/or physical activity. HRV features can be extracted by detecting QRS complexes from an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. The difficulties in QRS complex detection are due to the artifacts and noises that may appear in the ECG signal when subjects are performing their daily life activities such as exercise, posture changes, climbing stairs, walking, running, etc. This study describes a strong computation method for real-time QRS complex detection. The detection is improved by the prediction of the position of [Formula: see text] waves by the estimation of the RR intervals lengths. The estimation is done by computing the intensity of the electromyogram noises that appear in the ECG signals and known here in this paper as ECG Trunk Muscles Signals Amplitude (ECG-TMSA). The heart rate (HR) and ECG-TMSA increases with the movement of the subject. We use this property to estimate the lengths of the RR intervals. The method was tested using famous databases, and also with signals acquired when an experiment with 17 subjects from our laboratory. The obtained results using ECG signals from the MIT-Noise Stress Test Database show a QRS complex detection error rate (ER) of 9.06%, a sensitivity of 95.18% and a positive prediction of 95.23%. This method was also tested against MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database, the result are 99.68% of sensitivity and 99.89% of positive predictivity, with ER of 0.40%. When applied to the signals obtained from the 17 subjects, the algorithm gave an interesting result of 0.00025% as ER, 99.97% as sensitivity and 99.99% as positive predictivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. BENOSMAN
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tlemcen University, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden
| | - F. BEREKSI-REGUIG
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tlemcen University, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - E. GORAN SALERUD
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden
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