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Creegan A, Nielsen PMF, Tawhai MH. A novel two-dimensional phantom for electrical impedance tomography using 3D printing. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2115. [PMID: 38267531 PMCID: PMC10808129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an imaging method that can be used to image electrical impedance contrasts within various tissues of the body. To support development of EIT measurement systems, a phantom is required that represents the electrical characteristics of the imaging domain. No existing type of EIT phantom combines good performance in all three characteristics of resistivity resolution, spatial resolution, and stability. Here, a novel EIT phantom concept is proposed that uses 3D printed conductive material. Resistivity is controlled using the 3D printing infill percentage parameter, allowing arbitrary resistivity contrasts within the domain to be manufactured automatically. The concept of controlling resistivity through infill percentage is validated, and the manufacturing accuracy is quantified. A method for making electrical connections to the 3D printed material is developed. Finally, a prototype phantom is printed, and a sample EIT analysis is performed. The resulting phantom, printed with an Ultimaker S3, has high reported spatial resolution of 6.9 µm, 6.9 µm, and 2.5 µm for X, Y, and Z axis directions, respectively (X and Y being the horizontal axes, and Z the vertical). The number of resistivity levels that are manufacturable by varying infill percentage is 15 (calculated by dividing the available range of resistivities by two times the standard deviation of the manufacturing accuracy). This phantom construction technique will allow assessment of the performance of EIT devices under realistic physiological scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Creegan
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Poul M F Nielsen
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Merryn H Tawhai
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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Gu J, Deng S, Jiang Z, Mao F, Xue Y, Qin L, Shi J, Yang J, Li H, Yu J, Liu K, Wu K, Cao Y, Cai K. Modified Naples prognostic score for evaluating the prognosis of patients with obstructive colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:941. [PMID: 37798689 PMCID: PMC10557152 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory, immune, and nutritional status are key factors in obstructive colorectal cancer (OCRC). This study aims to investigate the value of modified Naples prognostic score (M-NPS) in evaluating OCRC prognosis. METHODS A total of 196 OCRC patients were retrospectively analyzed to construct M-NPS based on serum albumin (ALB), total cholesterol (CHOL), neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and lymphocyte:monocyte ratio (LMR), and then they were divided into three groups. The Kaplan-Meier (KM) method and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were performed for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of OCRC patients. RESULTS Patients with high M-NPS had worse OS and DFS (P = 0.0001, P = 0.0011). Multivariate COX analysis showed that M-NPS was an independent prognostic factor for OCRC patients. Patients in the M-NPS 2 group had significantly worse OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.930 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.217-10.964), P < 0.001) and DFS (HR = 3.508 (95% CI, 1.691-7.277), P < 0.001) than those in the 0 group. CONCLUSION M-NPS was an independent prognostic factor for OCRC patients; it might provide a potential reference for immunonutritional intervention in patients with obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Gu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Shenghe Deng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenxing Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Fuwei Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yifan Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Le Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Jianguo Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Huili Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Colorectal Anal Surgery, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, No. 60 Jingzhong Road, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yinghao Cao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
| | - Kailin Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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Zhang C, Dai M, Liu W, Bai X, Wu J, Xu C, Xia J, Fu F, Shi X, Dong X, Jin F, You F. Global and regional degree of obstruction determined by electrical impedance tomography in patients with obstructive ventilatory defect. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209473. [PMID: 30571739 PMCID: PMC6301672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electrical impedance tomography is a continuous imaging method capable of measuring lung volume changes. The purpose of this study was to examine whether EIT was capable of evaluating the degree of obstructive ventilatory defect (OVD) on the global and regional level. Methods 41 healthy subjects with no lung diseases and 67 subjects suffering from obstructive lung diseases were examined using EIT and spirometry during forced vital capacity (FVC) maneuver. The subjects were divided into control group (n = 41), early airway obstruction group (n = 26), mild group (n = 17), moderate group (n = 16) and severe group (n = 8) according to the degree of obstruction. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC were determined by EIT. The mode index (MI) was proposed to evaluate the degree of global and regional obstruction; the effectiveness of MI was validated by evaluating posture related change of lung emptying capacity in sitting and supine postures; the degree of regional obstruction was determined according to the cut-off values of MI obtained from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis; regional obstruction was located in the four-quadrant region of interest (ROI) and the contour-map ROI with contour lines at the cut-off values of MI. Results Significant differences were found between different groups (P<0.05) and the global MI was 0.93±0.03, 0.86±0.05, 0.81±0.09, 0.73±0.09 and 0.60±0.11 (mean ±SD), respectively. The cut-off MI value was 0.90, 0.83, 0.77, and 0.65, respectively. Conclusion The results indicated the potential of EIT to evaluate the degree of obstruction in patients with obstructive ventilatory defect on the global and regional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Medical Engineering Section, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of respiratory medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaohui Bai
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Baoji City, Baoji, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaming Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Medical Technology, Bethune Military Medical NCO Academy of PLA, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Canhua Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junying Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuetao Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiuzhen Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Faguang Jin
- Department of respiratory medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fusheng You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Yamaguchi TF, Okamoto Y. Computational method for estimating boundary of abdominal subcutaneous fat for absolute electrical impedance tomography. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 34:e2909. [PMID: 28614900 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Abdominal fat accumulation is considered an essential indicator of human health. Electrical impedance tomography has considerable potential for abdominal fat imaging because of the low specific conductivity of human body fat. In this paper, we propose a robust reconstruction method for high-fidelity conductivity imaging by abstraction of the abdominal cross section using a relatively small number of parameters. Toward this end, we assume homogeneous conductivity in the abdominal subcutaneous fat area and characterize its geometrical shape by parameters defined as the ratio of the distance from the center to boundary of subcutaneous fat to the distance from the center to outer boundary in 64 equiangular directions. To estimate the shape parameters, the sensitivity of the noninvasively measured voltages with respect to the shape parameters is formulated for numerical optimization. Numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. A 3-dimensional finite element method is used to construct a computer model of the human abdomen. The inverse problems of shape parameters and conductivities are solved concurrently by iterative forward and inverse calculations. As a result, conductivity images are reconstructed with a small systemic error of less than 1% for the estimation of the subcutaneous fat area. A novel method is devised for estimating the boundary of the abdominal subcutaneous fat. The fidelity of the overall reconstructed image to the reference image is significantly improved. The results demonstrate the possibility of realization of an abdominal fat scanner as a low-cost, radiation-free medical device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru F Yamaguchi
- Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3 Bunka,, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiwo Okamoto
- Department of Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma,, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
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Wang M, Wang Q, Karki B. Arts of electrical impedance tomographic sensing. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20150329. [PMID: 27185968 PMCID: PMC4874380 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews governing theorems in electrical impedance sensing for analysing the relationships of boundary voltages obtained from different sensing strategies. It reports that both the boundary voltage values and the associated sensitivity matrix of an alternative sensing strategy can be derived from a set of full independent measurements and sensitivity matrix obtained from other sensing strategy. A new sensing method for regional imaging with limited measurements is reported. It also proves that the sensitivity coefficient back-projection algorithm does not always work for all sensing strategies, unless the diagonal elements of the transformed matrix, A(T)A, have significant values and can be approximate to a diagonal matrix. Imaging capabilities of few sensing strategies were verified with static set-ups, which suggest the adjacent electrode pair sensing strategy displays better performance compared with the diametrically opposite protocol, with both the back-projection and multi-step image reconstruction methods. An application of electrical impedance tomography for sensing gas in water two-phase flows is demonstrated. This article is part of the themed issue 'Supersensing through industrial process tomography'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Wang
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Bishal Karki
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
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Mandija S, van Lier AL, Katscher U, Petrov PI, Neggers SF, Luijten PR, van den Berg CA. A geometrical shift results in erroneous appearance of low frequency tissue eddy current induced phase maps. Magn Reson Med 2015; 76:905-12. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mandija
- Center for Image Sciences; University Medical Center Utrecht; Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Astrid L.H.M.W. van Lier
- Department of Radiotheraphy; University Medical Center Utrecht; Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Katscher
- Philips Research Europe-Hamburg; Roentgenstr 24-26, 22335, Hamburg Germany
| | - Petar I. Petrov
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience; University Medical Center Utrecht; Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian F.W. Neggers
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience; University Medical Center Utrecht; Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Peter R. Luijten
- Center for Image Sciences; University Medical Center Utrecht; Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Imaging Division; University Medical Center Utrecht; Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A.T. van den Berg
- Center for Image Sciences; University Medical Center Utrecht; Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Radiotheraphy; University Medical Center Utrecht; Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
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Meir A, Rubinsky B. Electrical impedance tomography of electrolysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126332. [PMID: 26039686 PMCID: PMC4454594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of this study is to explore the hypothesis that changes in pH during electrolysis can be detected with Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT). The study has relevance to real time control of minimally invasive surgery with electrolytic ablation. To investigate the hypothesis, we compare EIT reconstructed images to optical images acquired using pH-sensitive dyes embedded in a physiological saline agar gel phantom treated with electrolysis. We further demonstrate the biological relevance of our work using a bacterial E.Coli model, grown on the phantom. The results demonstrate the ability of EIT to image pH changes in a physiological saline phantom and show that these changes correlate with cell death in the E.coli model. The results are promising, and invite further experimental explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Meir
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Boris Rubinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Monitoring Lung Volumes During Mechanical Ventilation. PEDIATRIC AND NEONATAL MECHANICAL VENTILATION 2015. [PMCID: PMC7193716 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01219-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) is a non-invasive method of measuring change in lung volume which is well-established as a monitor of tidal ventilation and thus respiratory patterns in sleep medicine. As RIP is leak independent, can measure end-expiratory lung volume as well as tidal volume and is applicable to both the ventilated and spontaneously breathing patient, there has been a recent interest in its use as a bedside tool in the intensive care unit.
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Zain NM, Chelliah KK. Breast Imaging Using Electrical Impedance Tomography: Correlation of Quantitative Assessment with Visual Interpretation. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:1327-31. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.3.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Yamaguchi TF, Katashima M, Wang LQ, Kuriki S. Imaging and estimation of human abdominal fat by electrical impedance tomography using multiple voltage measurement patterns. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2013; 2013:3299-302. [PMID: 24110433 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6610246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A measuring device for human abdominal fat from the conductivity image derived by electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is rarely found. This study was aimed to reconstruct precise conductivity images from multiple voltage measurements in different patterns of the combination of current and voltage electrodes. We examined two voltage measuring patterns using electrodes located at upper and lower levels around the abdomen of a subject. In the experiment, after 1024 voltage data were taken from one specified voltage measurement pattern, another 1024 data were also taken continuously using another pattern. The reconstruction of conductivity image was made using entire data. As a result, the tomography image was improved compared with the image obtained from single voltage measurement pattern. We then obtained the histogram of the conductivities and estimated the area of abdominal fat. The present method using multiple voltage measurement patterns would be effective, if the measuring time can be much reduced through future modification of the tomography device.
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Liu L, Dong W, Ji X, Chen L, Chen L, He W, Jia J. A new method of noninvasive brain-edema monitoring in stroke: cerebral electrical impedance measurement. Neurol Res 2013; 28:31-7. [PMID: 16464360 DOI: 10.1179/016164106x91843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the primary regularity of cerebral electrical impedance (CEI) change in healthy people, patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and patients with cerebral infarction (CI). METHODS CEI of 200 healthy volunteers, 78 patients with ICH and 51 patients with CI were measured by noninvasive brain-edema monitor. The results of perturbative index (PI) converted from CEI were compared with the volumes of infarction, hematoma and surrounding edema, which were calculated by image analysing system according to MRI or CT scan. RESULTS (1) In the normal groups, PI in the left and right sides of cerebral hemispheres was respectively 7.98 +/- 0.95 and 8.02 +/- 0.71, and there was no significant difference between the two sides (p>0.05). (2) In the patients with ICH, PI of the hematoma side initially was lower than the other side, but then increased and finally exceeded that of the other side. The average transitional time was 19.67 +/- 11.52 hours. Perturbative index of the hematoma side after the transitional time was much higher than before the transitional time in the same patients (7.79 +/- 0.75 versus 7.09 +/- 0.72) (p<0.001). The volumes of peri-hematoma edema were also significantly larger after the transitional time than before (24.32 +/- 12.86 versus 13.33 +/- 6.12) (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between the PI of hematoma side and the volumes of peri-hematoma edema (p<0.01). (3) In the patients with arterothrombotic cerebral infarction, PI in the infarct side was higher than that in the opposite side 3-5 days after onset (8.93 +/- 1.89 versus 8.58 +/- 1.61) (p<0.001), and PI of the infarct side had a positive correlation with the volume of infarction (p<0.001). (4) The sensitivity of PI was high when the volumes of lesions were >20 ml or the position of them were located in the basal ganglia, but was low when the volumes were <20 ml or the position near the midline. CONCLUSION CEI may be a useful parameter for noninvasively monitoring the change of brain edema and hematoma in stroke at bedside. It could be a good complement to CT and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiXu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, the Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
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Mothersill C, Smith R, Henry M, Seymour C, Wong R. Alternative medicine techniques have non-linear effects on radiation response and can alter the expression of radiation induced bystander effects. Dose Response 2013; 11:82-98. [PMID: 23550268 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.11-048.mothersill] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Many so-called "alternative medicine" techniques such as Reiki and acupuncture produce very good outcomes for intractable pain and other chronic illnesses but the efficacy is often dismissed as being psychosomatic. However a plausible mechanism does exist i.e. that the treatments alter the electromagnetic fields in living organisms and thereby prevent or reduce activity of neurons which lead to the pain. Low doses of ionising radiation have similar effects on electromagnetic fields and are known to induce signaling cascades in tissues due to ion gradients. To test this hypothesis cell cultures were exposed to Reiki - like and to acupuncture - like treatments, both performed by qualified practitioners. The cells were exposed either before or after the treatment to x-rays and were monitored for production of direct damage or bystander signals. The data suggest that the alternative techniques altered the response of cells to direct irradiation and altered bystander signal mechanisms. We conclude that alternative medicine techniques involving electromagnetic perturbations may modify the response of cells to ionizing radiation. In addition to the obvious implications for mechanistic studies of low dose effects, this could provide a novel target to exploit in radiation protection and in optimizing therapeutic gain during radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mothersill
- McMaster Institute of Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
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Pulletz S, Kott M, Elke G, Schädler D, Vogt B, Weiler N, Frerichs I. Dynamics of regional lung aeration determined by electrical impedance tomography in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Multidiscip Respir Med 2012; 7:44. [PMID: 23153321 PMCID: PMC3528404 DOI: 10.1186/2049-6958-7-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Lung tissue of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is heterogeneously damaged and prone to develop atelectasis. During inflation, atelectatic regions may exhibit alveolar recruitment accompanied by prolonged filling with air in contrast to regions with already open alveoli with a fast increase in regional aeration. During deflation, derecruitment of injured regions is possible with ongoing loss in regional aeration. The aim of our study was to assess the dynamics of regional lung aeration in mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS and its dependency on positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) using electrical impedance tomography (EIT). METHODS Twelve lung healthy and twenty ARDS patients were examined by EIT during sustained step increases in airway pressure from 0, 8 and 15 cm H2O to 35 cm H2O and during subsequent step decrease to the corresponding PEEP. Regional EIT waveforms in the ventral and dorsal lung regions were fitted to bi-exponential equations. Regional fast and slow respiratory time constants and the sizes of the fast and slow compartments were subsequently calculated. RESULTS ARDS patients exhibited significantly lower fast and slow time constants than the lung healthy patients in ventral and dorsal regions. The time constants were significantly affected by PEEP and differed between the regions. The size of the fast compartment was significantly lower in ARDS patients than in patients with healthy lung under all studied conditions. CONCLUSION These results show that regional lung mechanics can be assessed by EIT. They reflect the lower respiratory system compliance of injured lungs and imply more pronounced regional recruitment and derecruitment in ARDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Pulletz
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 1, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Vogt B, Pulletz S, Elke G, Zhao Z, Zabel P, Weiler N, Frerichs I. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of regional lung ventilation determined by electrical impedance tomography during pulmonary function testing. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:1154-61. [PMID: 22898553 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01630.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a functional imaging modality capable of tracing continuously regional pulmonary gas volume changes. The aim of our study was to determine if EIT was able to assess spatial and temporal heterogeneity of ventilation during pulmonary function testing in 14 young (37 ± 10 yr, mean age ± SD) and 12 elderly (71 ± 9 yr) subjects without lung disease and in 33 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (71 ± 9 yr). EIT and spirometry examinations were performed during tidal breathing and a forced vital capacity (FVC) maneuver preceded by full inspiration to total lung capacity. Regional inspiratory vital capacity (IVC); FVC; forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)); FEV(1)/FVC; times required to expire 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% of FVC (t(25), t(50), t(75), t(90)); and tidal volume (V(T)) were determined in 912 EIT image pixels in the chest cross section. Coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated from all pixel values of IVC, FVC, FEV(1), and V(T) to characterize the ventilation heterogeneity. The highest values were found in patients, and no differences existed between the healthy young and elderly subjects. Receiver-operating characteristics curves showed that CV of regional IVC, FVC, FEV(1), and V(T) discriminated the young and elderly subjects from the patients. Frequency distributions of pixel FEV(1)/FVC, t(25), t(50), t(75), and t(90) identified the highest ventilation heterogeneity in patients but distinguished also the healthy young from the elderly subjects. These results indicate that EIT may provide additional information during pulmonary function testing and identify pathologic and age-related spatial and temporal heterogeneity of regional lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vogt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Kiel, Germany
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Bodenstein M, Wang H, Boehme S, Vogt A, Kwiecien R, David M, Markstaller K. Influence of crystalloid and colloid fluid infusion and blood withdrawal on pulmonary bioimpedance in an animal model of mechanical ventilation. Physiol Meas 2012; 33:1225-36. [PMID: 22735353 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/33/7/1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is considered useful for monitoring regional ventilation and aeration in intensive-care patients during mechanical ventilation. Changes in their body fluid state modify the electrical properties of lung tissue and may interfere with the EIT measurements of lung aeration. The aim of our study was to assess the effects of crystalloid and colloid infusion and blood withdrawal on bioimpedance determined by EIT in a chest cross-section. Fourteen anaesthetized mechanically ventilated pigs were subjected to interventions affecting the volume state (crystalloid and colloid infusion, blood withdrawal). Six animals received additional crystalloid fluids (fluid group) whereas eight did not (no-fluid group). Global and regional relative impedance changes (RIC, dimensionless unit) were determined by backprojection at end-expiration. Regional ventilation distribution was analyzed by calculating the tidal RIC in the same regions. Colloid infusion led to a significant fall in the global end-expiratory RIC (mean differences: fluid: -91.2, p < 0.001, no-fluid: -38.9, p < 0.001), which was partially reversed after blood withdrawal (mean differences, fluid: +45.1, p = 0.047 and no-fluid: +26.2, p = 0.009). The RIC was significantly lower in the animals with additional crystalloids (mean group difference: 45.5, p < 0.001). Global and regional tidal volumes were not significantly affected by the fluid and volume states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bodenstein
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Centre, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
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16
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Değirmenci E, Eyüboğlu BM. Image reconstruction in magnetic resonance conductivity tensor imaging (MRCTI). IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2012; 31:525-532. [PMID: 21990330 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2011.2171192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Almost all magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) reconstruction algorithms proposed to date assume isotropic conductivity in order to simplify the image reconstruction. However, it is well known that most of biological tissues have anisotropic conductivity values. In this study, four novel anisotropic conductivity reconstruction algorithms are proposed to reconstruct high resolution conductivity tensor images. Performances of these four algorithms and a previously proposed algorithm are evaluated in several aspects and compared.
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Frerichs I, Pulletz S, Elke G, Gawelczyk B, Frerichs A, Weiler N. Patient examinations using electrical impedance tomography--sources of interference in the intensive care unit. Physiol Meas 2011; 32:L1-10. [PMID: 22031540 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/32/12/f01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is expected to become a valuable tool for monitoring mechanically ventilated patients due to its ability to continuously assess regional lung ventilation and aeration. Several sources of interference with EIT examinations exist in intensive care units (ICU). Our objectives are to demonstrate how some medical nursing and monitoring devices interfere with EIT measurements and modify the EIT scans and waveforms, which approaches can be applied to minimize these effects and how possible misinterpretation can be avoided. We present four cases of EIT examinations of adult ICU patients. Two of the patients were subjected to pulsation therapy using a pulsating air suspension mattress while being ventilated by high-frequency oscillatory or conventional pressure-controlled ventilation, respectively. The EIT signal modulation synchronous with the occurrence of the pulsating wave was 2.3 times larger than the periodic modulation synchronous with heart rate and high-frequency oscillations. During conventional ventilation, the pulsating mattress induced an EIT signal fluctuation with a magnitude corresponding to about 20% of the patient's tidal volume. In the third patient, interference with EIT examination was caused by continuous cardiac output monitoring. The last patient's examination was disturbed by impedance pneumography when excitation currents of similar frequency to EIT were used. In all subjects, the generation of functional EIT scans was compromised and interpretation of regional ventilation impossible. Discontinuation of pulsation therapy and of continuous cardiac output and impedance respiration monitoring immediately improved the EIT signal and scan quality. Offline processing of the disturbed data using frequency filtering enabled partial retrieval of relevant information. We conclude that thoracic EIT examinations in the ICU require cautious interpretation because of possible mechanical and electromagnetic interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inéz Frerichs
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 21, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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Reifferscheid F, Elke G, Pulletz S, Gawelczyk B, Lautenschläger I, Steinfath M, Weiler N, Frerichs I. Regional ventilation distribution determined by electrical impedance tomography: reproducibility and effects of posture and chest plane. Respirology 2011; 16:523-31. [PMID: 21261780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Reliable assessment of regional lung ventilation and good reproducibility of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) data are the prerequisites for the future application of EIT in a clinical setting. The aims of our study were to determine (i) the reproducibility of repeated EIT measurements and (ii) the effect of the studied transverse chest plane on ventilation distribution in different postures. METHODS Ten healthy adult subjects were studied in three postures on two separate days. EIT and spirometric data were obtained during tidal breathing and slow vital capacity (VC) manoeuvres. EIT data were acquired in two chest planes at 13 scans/s. Reproducibility of EIT findings was assessed by Bland-Altman analysis and Pearson correlation in 16 regions of interest in each plane. Regional ventilation distribution during tidal breathing and deep expiration was determined as fractional ventilation in four quadrants of the studied chest cross-sections. RESULTS Our study showed a good reproducibility of EIT measurements repeated after an average time interval of 8 days. Global tidal volumes and VCs determined by spirometry on separate days were not significantly different. Regional ventilation in chest quadrants assessed by EIT was also unaffected. Posture exerted a significant effect on ventilation distribution among the chest quadrants during spontaneous breathing and deep expiration in both planes. The spatial distribution patterns in the two planes were not identical. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that regional EIT ventilation findings are reproducible and recommend that the EIT examination location on the chest is carefully chosen especially during repeated measurements and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Reifferscheid
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Shini MA, Laufer S, Rubinsky B. SVM for prostate cancer using electrical impedance measurements. Physiol Meas 2011; 32:1373-87. [PMID: 21775797 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/32/9/002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Frequency-division multiplexing for electrical impedance tomography in biomedical applications. Int J Biomed Imaging 2011; 2007:54798. [PMID: 18274653 PMCID: PMC2211417 DOI: 10.1155/2007/54798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) produces an image of the electrical impedance distribution of tissues in the body, using electrodes that are placed on the periphery of the imaged area. These electrodes inject currents and measure voltages and from these data, the impedance can be computed. Traditional EIT systems usually inject current patterns in a serial manner which means that the impedance is computed from data collected at slightly different times. It is usually also a time-consuming process. In this paper, we propose a method for collecting data concurrently from all of the current patterns in biomedical applications of EIT. This is achieved by injecting current through all of the current injecting electrodes simultaneously, and measuring all of the resulting voltages at once. The signals from various current injecting electrodes are separated by injecting different frequencies through each electrode. This is called frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). At the voltage measurement electrodes, the voltage related to each current injecting electrode is isolated by using Fourier decomposition. In biomedical applications, using different frequencies has important implications due to dispersions as the tissue's electrical properties change with frequency. Another significant issue arises when we are recording data in a dynamic environment where the properties change very fast. This method allows simultaneous measurements of all the current patterns, which may be important in applications where the tissue changes occur in the same time scale as the measurement. We discuss the FDM EIT method from the biomedical point of view and show results obtained with a simple experimental system.
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Xu C, Dai M, You F, Shi X, Fu F, Liu R, Dong X. An optimized strategy for real-time hemorrhage monitoring with electrical impedance tomography. Physiol Meas 2011; 32:585-98. [PMID: 21478567 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/32/5/007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Delayed detection of an internal hemorrhage may result in serious disabilities and possibly death for a patient. Currently, there are no portable medical imaging instruments that are suitable for long-term monitoring of patients at risk of internal hemorrhage. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) has the potential to monitor patients continuously as a novel functional image modality and instantly detect the occurrence of an internal hemorrhage. However, the low spatial resolution and high sensitivity to noise of this technique have limited its application in clinics. In addition, due to the circular boundary display mode used in current EIT images, it is difficult for clinicians to identify precisely which organ is bleeding using this technique. The aim of this study was to propose an optimized strategy for EIT reconstruction to promote the use of EIT for clinical studies, which mainly includes the use of anatomically accurate boundary shapes, rapid selection of optimal regularization parameters and image fusion of EIT and computed tomography images. The method was evaluated on retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal bleeding piglet data. Both traditional backprojection images and optimized images among different boundary shapes were reconstructed and compared. The experimental results demonstrated that EIT images with precise anatomical information can be reconstructed in which the image resolution and resistance to noise can be improved effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canhua Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
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Xu CH, Wang L, Shi XT, You FS, Fu F, Liu RG, Dai M, Zhao ZW, Gao GD, Dong XZ. Real-time imaging and detection of intracranial haemorrhage by electrical impedance tomography in a piglet model. J Int Med Res 2011; 38:1596-604. [PMID: 21309473 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to use electrical impedance tomography (EIT) to detect and image acute intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) in an animal model. Blood was infused into the frontal lobe of the brains of anaesthetized piglets and impedance was measured using 16 electrodes placed in a circle on the scalp. The EIT images were constructed using a filtered back-projection algorithm. The mean of all the pixel intensities within a region of interest--the mean resistivity value (MRV)--was used to evaluate the relative impedance changes in the target region. A symmetrical index (SI), reflecting the relative impedance on both sides of the brain, was also calculated. Changes in MRV and SI were associated with the injection of blood, demonstrating that EIT can successfully detect ICH in this animal model. The unique features of EIT may be beneficial for diagnosing ICH early in patients after cranial surgery, thereby reducing the risk of complications and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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23
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Yang F, Patterson RP. A novel impedance-based tomography approach for stenotic plaque detection: A simulation study. Int J Cardiol 2010; 144:279-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yamaguchi T, Maki K, Katashima M. Practical human abdominal fat imaging utilizing electrical impedance tomography. Physiol Meas 2010; 31:963-78. [PMID: 20551507 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/31/7/007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental cause of metabolic syndrome is thought to be abdominal obesity. Accurate diagnosis of abdominal obesity can be done by an x-ray computed tomography (CT) scan. But CT is expensive, bulky and entails the risks involved with radiation. To overcome such disadvantages, we attempted to develop a measuring device that could apply electrical impedance tomography to abdominal fat imaging. The device has 32 electrodes that can be attached to a subject's abdomen by a pneumatic mechanism. That way, electrode position data can be acquired simultaneously. An applied alternating current of 1.0 mArms was used at a frequency of 500 kHz. Sensed voltage data were carefully filtered to remove noise and processed to satisfy the reciprocal theorem. The image reconstruction software was developed concurrently, applying standard finite element methods and the Marquardt method to solve the mathematical inverse problem. The results of preliminary experiments showed that abdominal subcutaneous fat and the muscle surrounding the viscera could be imaged in humans. While our imaging of visceral fat was not of sufficient quality, it was suggested that we will be able to develop a safe and practical abdominal fat scanner through future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamaguchi
- Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3 Bunka Sumida Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan.
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25
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Choi YS, Kim HB, Chung J, Kim HS, Yi JH, Park JK. Preclinical analysis of irreversible electroporation on rat liver tissues using a microfabricated electroporator. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:1245-53. [PMID: 20192718 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A microfabricated electroporator (MFE) for the irreversible electroporation (IRE) of tissues has been developed by miniaturizing a clinical electroporator with a two-needle array while keeping the same electric field strength distribution. Since IRE was brought to special attention as one of the local tissue ablation techniques to treat tumors, many preclinical studies have been conducted to investigate the efficacy of IRE on animal tissues. However, some technical difficulties have been frequently encountered due to the macroscale dimension of clinical electroporators, particularly in experiments on small animal models such as the mouse or rat. Here, the MFE was proposed to solve the associated problems, resulting in time- and cost-effective experimental procedures. With the developed MFE, the effect of IRE on rat liver tissues was analyzed with time by immunohistological stainings and electrical measurement, and the experimental results were compared with those operated with the corresponding real-scale clinical electroporator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Suk Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Sadleir RJ, Tang T, Tucker AS, Borum P, Weiss M. Detection of intraventricular blood using EIT in a neonatal piglet model. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010; 2009:3169-72. [PMID: 19964794 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5334510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a sensitive EIT protocol for detection of intraventricular bleeding. A common model of human neonates is the neonatal piglet. We used our method to test the sensitivity of our method and device to small amounts of blood-like fluid injected near the left and right ventricles of a piglet cadaver. Comparing blood-like fluid detection in open an closed piglet skulls, we found that we could detect amounts of blood less than 0.5 ml, which is smaller than that required for our target of detecting grade II intraventricular hemorrhages in human neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Sadleir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131, USA.
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27
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Ivorra A, Shini Ast M, Rubinsky B. Linear superposition electrical impedance tomography imaging with multiple electrical/biopsy probes. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2009; 56:1465-72. [PMID: 19188117 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2009.2013821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In medical diagnostics, tissue is often examined with multiple discrete biopsies taken under ultrasound placement. In a previous theoretical study, we have suggested that the linear nature of the equations used in electrical impedance tomography (EIT) can be employed with the conventional practice of biopsy sampling to produce an image of the tissue between the biopsy samplings. Specifically, the biopsy probes can be used to record EIT-type electrical data during the discrete tissue sampling. The location of the discrete biopsy needle insertions available from the ultrasound placement of the probes can be combined with the electrical measurement data and used with linear superposition to produce a complete EIT image of the tissue between the sampled sites. In this study, we explore the concept experimentally using gel phantoms to simulate tissue and heterogeneities in the tissue. The experiments are performed in 2-D and 3-D configurations, and data are taken discretely, one at a time, through single electrical probe insertions. In the 2-D configuration, we were able to produce images of reasonable quality for heterogeneities with a diameter larger than 3 mm (conductivity ratio 1:5) and with relative conductivity differences above 50% (diameter 5 mm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Ivorra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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28
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Sadleir RJ, Tang T. Electrode configurations for detection of intraventricular haemorrhage in the premature neonate. Physiol Meas 2008; 30:63-79. [PMID: 19075369 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/30/1/005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Intraventricular haemorrhage is a common cause of death in premature human infants. As preventative measures and treatments become available, a method for monitoring and detection is required. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a viable monitoring method compared to modalities such as ultrasound, MRI or CT because of its low cost and contrast sensitivity to blood. However, its sensitivity to blood may be obscured by the low conductivity skull, high conductivity cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and shape changes in the head and body. We estimated the sensitivity of three 16-electrode and impedance measurement configurations to bleeding using both idealized spherical and realistic geometry three-dimensional finite element models of the neonatal head. Sensitivity distribution responses to alterations in skull composition as well as introduction of conductivity anomalies were determined. Of the three patterns tested, a measurement scheme that employed electrodes at locations based on the 10-20 EEG layout, and impedance measurements involving current return over the anterior fontanelle produced superior distinguishabilities in regions near the lateral ventricles. This configuration also showed strongly improved sensitivities and selectivities when skull composition was varied to include the anterior fontanelle. A pattern using electrodes placed in a ring about the equator of the model had similar sensitivities but performed worse than the EEG layout in terms of selectivity. The third pattern performed worse than either the Ring or EEG-based patterns in terms of sensitivity. The overall performance of the EEG-based pattern on a spherical homogeneous model was maintained in a sensitivity matrix calculated using a homogeneous realistic geometry model.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Sadleir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA.
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29
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Radai MM, Arad M, Zlochiver S, Krief H, Engelman T, Abboud S. A Novel Telemedicine System for Monitoring Congestive Heart Failure Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 14:239-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2008.00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Sokolovsky RE, Zlochiver S, Abboud S. Stroke volume estimation in heart failure patients using bioimpedance: a realistic simulation of the forward problem. Physiol Meas 2008; 29:S139-49. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/29/6/s12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhang J, Xu G, Zhao Q, Yan W. Using polynomial curve fitting method to improve image quality in EIT. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2008; Suppl:6769-72. [PMID: 17959508 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2006.260943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Polynomial Curve Fitting Method (PCFM) is used firstly on Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) to find out the polynomial function of boundary potential distribution according to the measured data in this work. The potential values calculated from the polynomial function can be regarded as measured data. So enough data can be provided to satisfy the requirements of various algorithms. The potential distribution within the domain is obtained approximately according to the equipotential property. Without adding the electrode number and changing data collection strategy, more data can be obtained and regarded as measured data by using the PCFM. With these enough data, the quality of reconstructed image is improved obviously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhang
- Joint Province-Ministry Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130,China
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Zhang J, Yan W, Xu G, Zhao Q. A new algorithm to reconstruct EIT images: Node-Back-Projection Algorithm. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2008; 2007:4390-3. [PMID: 18002977 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2007.4353311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The approximately closed formula of voltage distribution on the boundary was resulted from those discrete data measured from electrodes by Polynomial Curve Fitting method (PCFM). In addition, an assumption of equivalent potential distribution was proposed according to equivalent potential relation between the boundary voltage and inner node. Then, the correlation between the variation of inner node impedance and that of boundary voltage, Node-Back-Projection Algorithm (NBPA) was put forward accordingly. So the variation of inner node impedance was directly obtained from the variation of boundary voltage measured and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) was reconstructed by the interpolated algorithm, the resolution of image was improved. In this algorithm, the calculation of impedance for surface and volume was not needed, neither is iterative calculation. With the features of fewer calculations and quickly imaging, the new algorithm is suitable for the reconstruction of 3D EIT. In the meantime, a simple and feasible method was put to realize the real time inspection and measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhang
- Province-Ministry Joint Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China.
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Xu G, Wang R, Zhang S, Yang S, Justin GA, Sun M, Yan W. A 128-electrode three dimensional electrical impedance tomography system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2007:4386-9. [PMID: 18002976 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2007.4353310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a new functional imaging technique. This paper presents the development of a new electrical impedance tomography system with 128 electrodes for impedance change detection and 3D imaging of the human thorax. The system consists of several modules, including multi-frequency current source, driving, measuring, data acquisition, and controlling and signal processing modules. A high speed digital signal processor (DSP) is used as the controller. The 64 driving electrodes and 64 measuring electrodes are positioned uniformly in four planes around the surface of a cylindrical phantom filled with a saline solution and objects of varying conductivities. The performance has been tested, and these preliminary experiments demonstrate the feasibility this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhi Xu
- Province-Ministry Joint Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China.
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Shini M, Rubinsky B. Multiple biopsy probe sampling enabled minimally invasive electrical impedance tomography. Physiol Meas 2008; 29:109-26. [PMID: 18175863 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/29/1/008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Biopsies are a reliable method for examining tissues and organs inside the body, in particular for detection of tumors. However, a single biopsy produces only limited information on the site from which it is taken. Therefore, tumor detection now employs multiple biopsy samplings to examine larger volumes of tissue. Nevertheless, even with multiple biopsies, the information remains discrete, while the costs of biopsy increase. Here we propose and evaluate the feasibility of using minimally invasive medical imaging as a means to overcome the limitations of discrete biopsy sampling. The minimally invasive medical imaging technique employs the biopsy probe as electrodes for measurements of electrical impedance tomography relevant data during each biopsy sampling. The data from multiple samplings are combined and used to produce an EIT image of the tissue. Two- and three-dimensional mathematical simulations confirm that the minimally invasive medical imaging technique can produce electrical impedance tomography images of the tissues between the biopsy probe insertion sites. We show that these images can detect tumors that would be missed with multiple biopsy samplings only, and that the technique may facilitate the detection of tumors with fewer biopsies, thereby reducing the cost of cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad Shini
- Center for Bioengineering, Service of Humanity and Society, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
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35
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Electrical Impedance Tomography and its Perspectives in Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/0-387-35096-9_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Zhang S, Xu G, Wu H, Geng D, Yan W. Multi-frequency EIT hardware system based on DSP. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; Suppl:6677-80. [PMID: 17959484 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2006.260919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a new functional imaging technique in the biomedical engineering. A multi-frequency hardware EIT system based on digital signal processor (DSP) has been developed, and the system also has been designed using modular structure. Some experiments in vitro tissue are done and their images are generated with the filtered back-projection algorithm using this system in real time. The results show that this system is feasible, stable, convenient and extended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China. shuai_zh
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Ma Q, He B. Investigation on magnetoacoustic signal generation with magnetic induction and its application to electrical conductivity reconstruction. Phys Med Biol 2007; 52:5085-99. [PMID: 17671355 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/52/16/025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical study on the magnetoacoustic signal generation with magnetic induction and its applications to electrical conductivity reconstruction is conducted. An object with a concentric cylindrical geometry is located in a static magnetic field and a pulsed magnetic field. Driven by Lorentz force generated by the static magnetic field, the magnetically induced eddy current produces acoustic vibration and the propagated sound wave is received by a transducer around the object to reconstruct the corresponding electrical conductivity distribution of the object. A theory on the magnetoacoustic waveform generation for a circular symmetric model is provided as a forward problem. The explicit formulae and quantitative algorithm for the electrical conductivity reconstruction are then presented as an inverse problem. Computer simulations were conducted to test the proposed theory and assess the performance of the inverse algorithms for a multi-layer cylindrical model. The present simulation results confirm the validity of the proposed theory and suggest the feasibility of reconstructing electrical conductivity distribution based on the proposed theory on the magnetoacoustic signal generation with magnetic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 312 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Abstract
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive technique that aims to reconstruct images of internal impedance values of a volume of interest, based on measurements taken on the external boundary. Since most reconstruction algorithms rely on model-based approximations, it is important to ensure numerical accuracy for the model being used. This work demonstrates and highlights the importance of accurate modelling in terms of model discretization (meshing) and shows that although the predicted boundary data from a forward model may be within an accepted error, the calculated internal field, which is often used for image reconstruction, may contain errors, based on the mesh quality that will result in image artefacts.
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Xu G, Wu Q, Yang Q, Li Y, Yan W. A reconstruction algorithm based on wavelet network in electrical impedance tomography. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2004:1435-8. [PMID: 17271964 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2004.1403444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a noninvasive technique to estimate the conductivity distribution inside the object. In EIT, driving currents are injected through the object and voltages are measured at the electrodes on the surface. Algorithms to estimate the conductivity distribution from the measured voltages are called reconstruction algorithms. Image reconstruction is a nonlinear inverse problem and typically ill-conditioned. Some algorithms for image reconstruction including equal-potential back-projection, regularization, and sensitivity matrix, modified Newton-Raphson methods have been proposed in past, all of these techniques, while giving reasonable solutions, require simplifying hypotheses about the problem. This paper presents a new reconstruction algorithm based on wavelet network, which calculates conductivity distribution directly from finite-element simulations of forward problem. To indicate the validity of this method, we have gotten the conductivity distribution for the three-concentric-shell spherical head model using this algorithm, the result show it is speed of image reconstruction, conceptual and ease of implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhi Xu
- Dept. of Electr. Eng., Hebei Univ. of Technol., Tianjin, China
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Pulletz S, van Genderingen HR, Schmitz G, Zick G, Schädler D, Scholz J, Weiler N, Frerichs I. Comparison of different methods to define regions of interest for evaluation of regional lung ventilation by EIT. Physiol Meas 2006; 27:S115-27. [PMID: 16636403 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/27/5/s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of regional lung ventilation by electrical impedance tomography (EIT) has been evaluated in many experimental studies. However, EIT is not routinely used in a clinical setting, which is attributable to the fact that a convenient concept for how to quantify the EIT data is missing. The definition of region of interest (ROI) is an essential point in the data analysis. To date, there are only limited data available on the different approaches to ROI definition to evaluate regional lung ventilation by EIT. For this survey we examined ten patients (mean age +/- SD: 60 +/- 10 years) under controlled ventilation. Regional tidal volumes were quantified as pixel values of inspiratory-to-expiratory impedance differences and four types of ROIs were subsequently applied. The definition of ROI contours was based on the calculation of the pixel values of (1) standard deviation from each pixel set of impedance data and (2) the regression coefficient from linear regression equations between the individual local (pixel) and average (whole scan) impedance signals. Additionally, arbitrary ROIs (four quadrants and four anteroposterior segments of equal height) were used. Our results indicate that both approaches to ROI definition using statistical parameters are suitable when impedance signals with high sensitivity to ventilation-related phenomena are to be analyzed. The definition of the ROI contour as 20-35% of the maximum standard deviation or regression coefficient is recommended. Simple segmental ROIs are less convenient because of the low ventilation-related signal component in the dorsal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Pulletz
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Assessment of electrical impedance endotomography for hardware specification. Biomed Imaging Interv J 2006; 2:e24. [PMID: 21614229 PMCID: PMC3097623 DOI: 10.2349/biij.2.2.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study is the quantitative assessment of Electrical Impedance Endotomography (EIE) for the specification of hardware systems. EIE is a modality of Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) where the electrodes are located on a probe placed in the middle of the region of interest. The absence of material boundary to the explored volume and the decrease in sensitivity away from the probe requires specific study. MATERIAL AND METHODS The method is the derivation of the equation linking explored medium's conductivity, the sensitivity distribution of the electrode patterns used for data collection and measuring system's noise and bandwidth. The assessment of EIE was achieved by means of simulations based on realistic data of conductivity and noise level. RESULTS The derived equation enabled the estimation of the current needed under realistic operating conditions corresponding to prostate imaging. The generalisation to other organs is straightforward. The image reconstructed from the simulated data and from bench experiments were in agreement and showed that the two selected drive patterns, fan3 and adjacent, gave images of similar quality in absence of noise and that adjacent drive requires significantly higher measurement current. CONCLUSION The study confirmed the feasibility of EIE with achievable hardware specifications. The derived equation enabled the determination of design parameters for the specification of hardware systems corresponding to any given application. The study also showed that EIE is more appropriate for tissue characterisation than for high speed imaging.
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Liu LX, Dong WW, Wang J, Wu Q, He W, Jia YJ. The role of noninvasive monitoring of cerebral electrical impedance in stroke. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2006; 95:137-40. [PMID: 16463838 DOI: 10.1007/3-211-32318-x_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the change regularity of cerebral electrical impedance (CEI) in the healthy people and patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and ischemic stroke. METHODS CEI of 100 healthy volunteers, 52 patients with ICH and 33 patients with ischemic stroke was measured by noninvasive Brain-Edema Monitor. The results of perturbative index (PI) converted from CEI were compared with the volume of infarction, hematoma and surrounding edema, which calculated by image analyzing system according to MRI or CT. RESULTS In the normal groups, PI in the left and right sides of cerebral hemispheres was respectively 7.76 +/- 0.75 and 7.79 +/- 0.58, and there was no significant difference between the two sides (P > 0.05). In the patients with ICH, PI in the hematoma side decreased and was lower than the other side, and then increased gradually, finally exceeded that of the other side. The average "cross" time was (16.25 +/- 8.96) h. It showed that the volume of hematoma was no obvious change before and after the "cross" time [(31.25 +/- 21.59) vs (37.59 +/- 27.57)] (P > 0.05). However, the volume of peri-hematoma edema was significantly larger after the "cross" time than before the "cross" time [(26.35 +/- 13.96) vs (14.68 +/- 5.30)] (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the PI of hematoma side and the volume of peri-hematoma edema (r = 0.8811, P < 0.01). In the patients with arterothrombotic cerebral infarction, PI in the infarct side had a positive correlation with the volume of infarction (r = 0.8496, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS CEI is a stable physical parameter reflecting the electrical character of human brain tissue. It is useful for monitoring edema and hematoma in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- L X Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences, Chongqing, China.
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Frerichs I, Scholz J, Weiler N. Electrical Impedance Tomography and its Perspectives in Intensive Care Medicine. YEARBOOK OF INTENSIVE CARE AND EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-33396-7_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
This study introduces a new method for minimally invasive treatment of cancer-the ablation of undesirable tissue through the use of irreversible electroporation. Electroporation is the permeabilization of the cell membrane due to an applied electric field. As a function of the field amplitude and duration, the permeabilization can be reversible or irreversible. Over the last decade, reversible electroporation has been intensively pursued as a very promising technique for the treatment of cancer. It is used in combination with cytotoxic drugs, such as bleomycin, in a technique known as electrochemotherapy. However, irreversible electroporation was completely ignored in cancer therapy. We show through mathematical analysis that irreversible electroporation can ablate substantial volumes of tissue, comparable to those achieved with other ablation techniques, without causing any detrimental thermal effects and without the need of adjuvant drugs. This study suggests that irreversible electroporation may become an important and innovative tool in the armamentarium of surgeons treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Davalos
- Microsystems and Advanced Concepts Engineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
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45
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Seo JK, Kwon O, Woo EJ. Magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT): conductivity and current density imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/12/1/014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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46
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Gao N, Zhu SA, He B. Use of 3-D magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography in detecting human cerebral stroke: a simulation study. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2005; 6:438-45. [PMID: 15822161 PMCID: PMC1389764 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2005.b0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new three dimensional (3-D) conductivity imaging approach and have used it to detect human brain conductivity changes corresponding to acute cerebral stroke. The proposed Magnetic Resonance Electrical Impedance Tomography (MREIT) approach is based on the J-Substitution algorithm and is expanded to imaging 3-D subject conductivity distribution changes. Computer simulation studies have been conducted to evaluate the present MREIT imaging approach. Simulations of both types of cerebral stroke, hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke, were performed on a four-sphere head model. Simulation results showed that the correlation coefficient (CC) and relative error (RE) between target and estimated conductivity distributions were 0.9245+/-0.0068 and 8.9997%+/-0.0084%, for hemorrhagic stroke, and 0.6748+/-0.0197 and 8.8986%+/-0.0089%, for ischemic stroke, when the SNR (signal-to-noise radio) of added GWN (Gaussian White Noise) was 40. The convergence characteristic was also evaluated according to the changes of CC and RE with different iteration numbers. The CC increases and RE decreases monotonously with the increasing number of iterations. The present simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed 3-D MREIT approach in hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke detection and suggest that the method may become a useful alternative in clinical diagnosis of acute cerebral stroke in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Gao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- †E-mail:;
| | - Shan-an Zhu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
- †E-mail:;
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Fournier-Desseux A, Jossinet J. Assessment of 1-lead and 2-lead electrode patterns in electrical impedance endotomography. Physiol Meas 2005; 26:337-49. [PMID: 15886430 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/26/4/001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance endotomography (EIE) is a modality of impedance imaging where the electrodes are located on an insulating core placed at the centre of the region of interest. The absence of a physical limit to the medium surrounding the probe enables the use of remote electrodes. The present study compares the features of 2-lead measurements, where the two pairs of electrodes are located on the probe, to 1-lead measurements, where one of the two injection electrodes and one of the two sensing electrodes are located at a distance far away from the probe. The methodology was the characterization of the sensitivity matrix under the influence of electrode pattern, reconstruction radius and mesh construction. Three mesh constructions, three values of the reconstruction radius and five electrode patterns were compared. The study was carried out in 2D using calculated data. Measurement noise was simulated by an addition of 5% Gaussian white noise. The images were reconstructed using the Tikhonov method and L-curve technique. The results show that the reconstruction mesh and the radius of the reconstruction domain have less influence on the conditioning of the sensitivity matrix than the electrode pattern. Both 1-lead and 2-lead configurations enabled the reconstruction of images of relatively similar quality. Additional selection criteria are expected from hardware considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fournier-Desseux
- Research Laboratory U556, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM, 151 Cours Albert Thomas, 69424 Lyon Cedex 03, France.
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Edd JF, Horowitz L, Rubinsky B. Temperature Dependence of Tissue Impedivity in Electrical Impedance Tomography of Cryosurgery. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2005; 52:695-701. [PMID: 15825871 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2005.844042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The temperature-dependent impedivity of rat liver, transverse abdominal muscle and full skin was determined in vitro as a function of frequency across the temperature range 5 degrees C to 37 degrees C and from 100 Hz to 10 kHz. This study was motivated by an increasing interest in using electrical impedance tomography (EIT) for imaging of cryosurgery and a lack of applicable data in the hypothermic range. Using a controlled-temperature impedance analyzer, it was found that as the temperature is reduced the resulting increase in tissue impedivity is more pronounced at low frequencies and that the beta dispersion, resulting from cell membrane polarization, shifts to lower frequencies. With these new data a simple case study of EIT of liver cryosurgery was examined, using a finite-element model incorporating the Pennes bio-heat equation, to determine the impact of this behavior on imaging accuracy. Overestimation of the ice-front position was found to occur if the EIT system ignored the effects of the low-temperature zone surrounding the frozen tissue. This error decreases with increasing blood perfusion and with higher measurement frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F Edd
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Dehghani H, Soni N, Halter R, Hartov A, Paulsen KD. Excitation patterns in three-dimensional electrical impedance tomography. Physiol Meas 2005; 26:S185-97. [PMID: 15798231 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/26/2/018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive technique that aims to reconstruct images of internal electrical properties of a domain, based on electrical measurements on the periphery. Improvements in instrumentation and numerical modeling have led to three-dimensional (3D) imaging. The availability of 3D modeling and imaging raises the question of identifying the best possible excitation patterns that will yield to data, which can be used to produce the best image reconstruction of internal properties. In this work, we describe our 3D finite element model of EIT. Through singular value decomposition as well as examples of reconstructed images, we show that for a homogenous female breast model with four layers of electrodes, a driving pattern where each excitation plane is a sinusoidal pattern out-of-phase with its neighboring plane produces better qualitative images. However, in terms of quantitative imaging an excitation pattern where all electrode layers are in phase produces better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Dehghani
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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50
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Oh SH, Lee BI, Woo EJ, Lee SY, Kim TS, Kwon O, Seo JK. Electrical conductivity images of biological tissue phantoms in MREIT. Physiol Meas 2005; 26:S279-88. [PMID: 15798241 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/26/2/026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We present cross-sectional conductivity images of two biological tissue phantoms. Each of the cylindrical phantoms with both diameter and height of 140 mm contained chunks of biological tissues such as bovine tongue and liver, porcine muscle and chicken breast within a conductive agar gelatin as the background medium. We attached four recessed electrodes on the sides of the phantom with equal spacing among them. Injecting current pulses of 480 or 120 mA ms into the phantom along two different directions, we measured the z-component Bz of the induced magnetic flux density B=(Bx, By, Bz) with a magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) system based on a 3.0 T MRI scanner. Using the harmonic Bz algorithm, we reconstructed cross-sectional conductivity images from the measured Bz data. Reconstructed images clearly distinguish different tissues in terms of both their shapes and conductivity values. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of the MREIT technique in producing conductivity images of different biological soft tissues with a high spatial resolution and accuracy when we use a sufficient amount of the injection current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Hoon Oh
- College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Korea
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