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Obarorakpor N, Patel D, Boyarov R, Amarsaikhan N, Cepeda JR, Eastes D, Robertson S, Johnson T, Yang K, Tang Q, Zhang L. Regulatory T cells targeting a pathogenic MHC class II: Insulin peptide epitope postpone spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1207108. [PMID: 37593744 PMCID: PMC10428008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1207108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In spontaneous type 1 diabetes (T1D) non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, the insulin B chain peptide 9-23 (B:9-23) can bind to the MHC class II molecule (IAg7) in register 3 (R3), creating a bimolecular IAg7/InsulinB:9-23 register 3 conformational epitope (InsB:R3). Previously, we showed that the InsB:R3-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), constructed using an InsB:R3-monoclonal antibody, could guide CAR-expressing CD8 T cells to migrate to the islets and pancreatic lymph nodes. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) specific for an islet antigen can broadly suppress various pathogenic immune cells in the islets and effectively halt the progression of islet destruction. Therefore, we hypothesized that InsB:R3 specific Tregs would suppress autoimmune reactivity in islets and efficiently protect against T1D. Methods To test our hypothesis, we produced InsB:R3-Tregs and tested their disease-protective effects in spontaneous T1D NOD.CD28-/- mice. Results InsB:R3-CAR expressing Tregs secrete IL-10 dominated cytokines upon engagement with InsB:R3 antigens. A single infusion of InsB:R3 Tregs delayed the onset of T1D in 95% of treated mice, with 35% maintaining euglycemia for two healthy lifespans, readily home to the relevant target whereas control Tregs did not. Our data demonstrate that Tregs specific for MHC class II: Insulin peptide epitope (MHCII/Insulin) protect mice against T1D more efficiently than polyclonal Tregs lacking islet antigen specificity, suggesting that the MHC II/insulin-specific Treg approach is a promising immune therapy for safely preventing T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyerhovwo Obarorakpor
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Deep Patel
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Reni Boyarov
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Nansalmaa Amarsaikhan
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Joseph Ray Cepeda
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Doreen Eastes
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sylvia Robertson
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Travis Johnson
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Experimental and Developmental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kai Yang
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research and Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- School of Medicine, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Gladstone Institute of Genomic Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Haghighi M, Johnson SB, Qian X, Lynch KF, Vehik K, Huang S. A Comparison of Rule-based Analysis with Regression Methods in Understanding the Risk Factors for Study Withdrawal in a Pediatric Study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30828. [PMID: 27561809 PMCID: PMC5000469 DOI: 10.1038/srep30828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Regression models are extensively used in many epidemiological studies to understand the linkage between specific outcomes of interest and their risk factors. However, regression models in general examine the average effects of the risk factors and ignore subgroups with different risk profiles. As a result, interventions are often geared towards the average member of the population, without consideration of the special health needs of different subgroups within the population. This paper demonstrates the value of using rule-based analysis methods that can identify subgroups with heterogeneous risk profiles in a population without imposing assumptions on the subgroups or method. The rules define the risk pattern of subsets of individuals by not only considering the interactions between the risk factors but also their ranges. We compared the rule-based analysis results with the results from a logistic regression model in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. Both methods detected a similar suite of risk factors, but the rule-based analysis was superior at detecting multiple interactions between the risk factors that characterize the subgroups. A further investigation of the particular characteristics of each subgroup may detect the special health needs of the subgroup and lead to tailored interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Haghighi
- Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Suzanne Bennett Johnson
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Xiaoning Qian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Kristian F. Lynch
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kendra Vehik
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Yip L, Fuhlbrigge R, Taylor C, Creusot RJ, Nishikawa-Matsumura T, Whiting CC, Schartner JM, Akter R, von Herrath M, Fathman CG. Inflammation and hyperglycemia mediate Deaf1 splicing in the pancreatic lymph nodes via distinct pathways during type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64:604-17. [PMID: 25187368 PMCID: PMC4303971 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance is partially controlled by the expression of peripheral tissue antigens (PTAs) in lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs). We previously identified a transcriptional regulator, deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor 1 (Deaf1), that can regulate PTA expression in LNSCs of the pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs). During the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D), Deaf1 is spliced to form the dominant-negative isoform Deaf1-Var1. Here we show that Deaf1-Var1 expression correlates with the severity of disease in NOD mice and is reduced in the PLNs of mice that do not develop hyperglycemia. Inflammation and hyperglycemia independently drive Deaf1 splicing through activation of the splicing factors Srsf10 and Ptbp2, respectively. Inflammation induced by injection of activated splenocytes increased Deaf1-Var1 and Srsf10, but not Ptbp2, in the PLNs of NOD.SCID mice. Hyperglycemia induced by treatment with the insulin receptor agonist S961 increased Deaf1-Var1 and Ptbp2, but not Srsf10, in the PLNs of NOD.B10 and NOD mice. Overexpression of PTBP2 and/or SRSF10 also increased human DEAF1-VAR1 and reduced PTA expression in HEK293T cells. These data suggest that during the progression of T1D, inflammation and hyperglycemia mediate the splicing of DEAF1 and loss of PTA expression in LNSCs by regulating the expression of SRSF10 and PTBP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Yip
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Rebecca Fuhlbrigge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Cariel Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Remi J Creusot
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Chan C Whiting
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Jill M Schartner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Rahima Akter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Matthias von Herrath
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - C Garrison Fathman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Coppieters KT, Roep BO, von Herrath MG. Beta cells under attack: toward a better understanding of type 1 diabetes immunopathology. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 33:1-7. [PMID: 21170533 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken T Coppieters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Coulaud J, Durant S, Homo-Delarche F. Glucose homeostasis in pre-diabetic NOD and lymphocyte-deficient NOD/SCID mice during gestation. Rev Diabet Stud 2010; 7:36-46. [PMID: 20703437 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2010.7.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike other strains, spontaneously type 1 non-obese diabetic (NOD) experience transient hyperinsulinemia after weaning. The same applies for NOD/SCID mice, which lack functional lymphocytes, and unlike NOD mice, do not develop insulitis and diabetes like NOD mice. AIMS Given that beta-cell stimulation is a natural feature of gestation, we hypothesized that glucose homeostasis is disturbed in gestate pre-diabetic NOD and non-diabetic NOD/SCID mice, which may accelerate the onset of diabetes and increase diabetes prevalence. METHODS During gestation and postpartum, mice were analyzed under basal feed conditions followed by glucose injection (1 g/kg, i.p.) after overnight fast, using glucose tolerance test (GTT). Glycemia, corticosteronemia, blood and pancreatic insulin, glucagon levels, islet size, and islet morphology were evaluated. Glycemia and mortality were assessed after successive gestations in NOD mice mated for the first time at 2 different ages. RESULTS 1. Basal glucagonemia rose markedly in first-gestation fed NOD mice. 2. beta-cell hyperactivity was present earlier in first-gestation non-diabetic fasted NOD and NOD/SCID mice than in age-matched C57BL/6 mice, assessed by increased insulin/glucose ratio after GTT. 3. Overnight fasting increased corticosteronemia rapidly and sharply in pre-diabetic gestate NOD and NOD/SCID mice. 4. Islet size increased in non-diabetic gestate NOD mice compared with C57BL/6 mice. 5. Successive gestations accelerated diabetes onset, and contributed to increased mortality in NOD mice. CONCLUSIONS First-gestation pre-diabetic NOD and non-diabetic NOD/SCID mice exhibited beta-cell hyperactivity and deregulation of glucagon and/or corticosterone secretion. This amplified normally occurring insulin resistance, further exhausted maternal beta-cells, and accelerated diabetes in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Coulaud
- Laboratoire Biologie and Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative-EAC CNRS 4413, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
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Vosters JL, Yin H, Roescher N, Kok MR, Tak PP, Chiorini JA. Local expression of tumor necrosis factor-receptor 1:immunoglobulin G can induce salivary gland dysfunction in a murine model of Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R189. [PMID: 20003451 PMCID: PMC3003528 DOI: 10.1186/ar2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tumor necrosis factor is a pleiotropic cytokine with potent immune regulatory functions. Although tumor necrosis factor inhibitors have demonstrated great utility in treating other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, there are conflicting results in Sjögren's syndrome. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a locally expressed tumor necrosis factor inhibitor on the salivary gland function and histopathology in an animal model of Sjögren's syndrome. Methods Using in vivo adeno associated viral gene transfer, we have stably expressed soluble tumor necrosis factor-receptor 1-Fc fusion protein locally in the salivary glands in the Non Obese Diabetic model of Sjögren's syndrome. Pilocarpine stimulated saliva flow was measured to address the salivary gland function and salivary glands were analyzed for focus score and cytokine profiles. Additionally, cytokines and autoantibody levels were measured in plasma. Results Local expression of tumor necrosis factor-receptor 1:immunoglobulin G fusion protein resulted in decreased saliva flow over time. While no change in lymphocytic infiltrates or autoantibody levels was detected, statistically significant increased levels of tumor growth factor-β1 and decreased levels of interleukin-5, interleukin-12p70 and interleukin -17 were detected in the salivary glands. In contrast, plasma levels showed significantly decreased levels of tumor growth factor-β1 and increased levels of interleukin-4, interferon-γ, interleukin-10 and interleukin-12p70. Conclusions Our findings suggest that expression of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in the salivary gland can have a negative effect on salivary gland function and that other cytokines should be explored as points for therapeutic intervention in Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle L Vosters
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Classen JB. Evidence childhood epidemics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are opposite extremes of an immune spectrum disorder induced by immune stimulants. Role of race and associated cortisol activity as a major determining factor of the type of diabetes. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Becker DJ. Does emotional stress play a role in the initiation of autoimmune diabetes in infancy? NATURE CLINICAL PRACTICE. ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM 2006; 2:312-3. [PMID: 16932306 DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy J Becker
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 3705 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA.
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Beauquis J, Roig P, Homo-Delarche F, De Nicola A, Saravia F. Reduced hippocampal neurogenesis and number of hilar neurones in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice: reversion by antidepressant treatment. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:1539-46. [PMID: 16553617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral dysfunctions, including a high incidence of depression, are common findings in human type 1 diabetes mellitus. An association between depression and defective hippocampal neurogenesis has been proposed and, in rodents, antidepressant therapy restores neuronal proliferation in the dentate gyrus. Hippocampal neurogenesis is also deficient in diabetic mice, which led us to study whether the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine influences cell proliferation in streptozotocin-diabetic animals. Diabetic and control C57BL/6 mice received fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day, i.p., 10 days) and dentate gyrus cell proliferation was measured after a single injection of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Diabetic mice showed reduced cell proliferation. Fluoxetine treatment, although having no effect in controls, corrected this parameter in diabetic mice. The phenotype of newly generated cells was analysed by confocal microscopy after seven daily BrdU injections, using Tuj-1/beta-III tubulin as a marker for immature neurones and glial fibrillary acidic protein for astrocytes. In controls, the proportion of Tuj-1-BrdU-positive cells over total BrdU cells was approximately 70%. In vehicle-treated diabetic mice, immature neurones decreased to 56% and fluoxetine brought this proportion back to control values without affecting astrocytes. Therefore, fluoxetine preferentially increased the proliferation of cells with a neuronal phenotype. In addition, neurones were counted in the hilus of the dentate gyrus; a 30% decrease was found in diabetic mice compared with controls, whereas this neuronal loss was prevented by fluoxetine. In conclusion, fluoxetine treatment restored neuroplasticity-related hippocampal alterations of diabetic mice. These findings may be potentially important to counteract diabetes-associated depression in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Beauquis
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine, National Research Council Argentina, Obligado 2490 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Throsby M, Coulaud J, Durant S, Homo-Delarche F. Increased transcriptional preproinsulin II beta-cell activity in neonatal nonobese diabetic mice: in situ hybridization analysis. Rev Diabet Stud 2005; 2:75-83. [PMID: 17491682 PMCID: PMC1783555 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2005.2.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the prediabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, a spontaneous model of type 1 diabetes, we previously reported transient postweaning hyperinsulinemia followed by progressive islet hyperplasia. A modified in situ hybridization technique was used to determine whether these effects were accompanied by changes in insulin transcriptional activity as a function of age. We found that NOD neonates express higher levels of preproinsulin II primary transcripts than age-matched C57BL/6 mice, but this difference disappeared within the first wk of age. To manipulate insulin transcriptional activity in NOD neonates, NOD mothers were treated with insulin during the last two wk of gestation. A down-regulation of beta-cell hyperactivity was observed in female NOD neonates but not in male neonates. By contrast, the same insulin treatment applied to NODscid (severe combined immunodeficiency) mothers, devoid of functional lymphocytes but showing like NOD mice postweaning hyperinsulinemia, increased transcriptional beta-cell activity in both sexes of neonates. In conclusion, NOD mice exhibit successive and transient signs of beta-cell hyperactivity, reflected as early as birth by high transcriptional preproinsulin II activity and later, from weaning to around 10 wk of age, by hyperinsulinemia. Of note, when thinking in terms of in utero disease programming, the NOD neonatal transcriptional beta-cell hyperactivity could be modulated by environmental (maternal and/or fetal) factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Throsby
- Crucell Holland B.V., Leiden 2301 CA, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvie Durant
- INSERM U530, Centre Universitaire-UFR Biomédicale, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Francoise Homo-Delarche
- CNRS UMR 7059, Paris 7 University, 75005 Paris, France
- Address correspondence to: Francoise Homo-Delarche, e-mail:
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Homo-Delarche F. Neuroendocrine Immuno-ontogeny of the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diabetes in the Nonobese Diabetic (NOD) Mouse. ILAR J 2004; 45:237-58. [PMID: 15229372 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.45.3.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease in which insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans are destroyed. The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is one of the rare spontaneous models that enable the study of prediabetic pancreatic events. The etiology of the autoimmune attack in human and animal T1D is still unknown, but genetic and environmental factors are involved in both cases. Although several autoantigens have been identified and defective immune-system regulation is implicated, this information does not satisfactorily explain the generally accepted beta-cell specificity of the disease or how so many and diverse environmental factors intervene in its pathogenesis. Based on data obtained from evaluating glucose homeostasis in a variety of situations, particularly stress and cytokine administration, in young prediabetic NOD mice, the author hypothesizes that the islet of Langerhans is a major actor, and its altered regulation through environmentally induced insulin resistance might reveal latent T1D. It is also postulated that T1D pathogenesis might be linked to abnormal pancreas development, probably due to disturbances of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)+ innervation phagocytosis by defective macrophages during the early postnatal period. Also discussed is the role of defective presentation of pancreatic hormones and GAD in the thymus, and its potential repercussion on T-cell tolerance. Observations have demonstrated that the diabetogenic process in the NOD mouse is extremely complex, involving neuroendocrine immune interaction from fetal life onward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Homo-Delarche
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 7/D.Diderot, Paris, France
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Shiloah E, Witz S, Abramovitch Y, Cohen O, Buchs A, Ramot Y, Weiss M, Unger A, Rapoport MJ. Effect of acute psychotic stress in nondiabetic subjects on beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:1462-7. [PMID: 12716805 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.5.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of acute psychotic stress on glucose homeostasis in nondiabetic subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity were determined by the homeostasis model assessment in 39 nondiabetic patients with acute psychotic stress reaction admitted to a psychiatric ward. The clinical global impression (CGI) score was used to evaluate the level of psychological stress. Patients were assessed on admission, after 2 weeks, before discharge, and 6 months after discharge. RESULTS The mean CGI score decreased significantly with time: 5.3 +/- 0.8 and 1.6 +/- 0.7 on admission and predischarge, respectively (P < 0.001). This was associated with a significant reciprocal increase of mean beta-cell function from 96.8 +/- 33.2 to 134.4 +/- 60% at admission and postdischarge, respectively (P < 0.003), and a decrease of mean insulin sensitivity from 101.7 +/- 36 to 77.1 +/- 34.8% (P < 0.001). In contrast, mean glucose and HbA(1c) levels did not change significantly. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that patients with the highest stress score on admission (> or =6) had significantly higher glucose (P = 0.01) and insulin levels (P = 0.04) than patients with lower score (<6). Furthermore, insulin sensitivity and CGI score on admission were inversely correlated (r = -0.38, P < 0.02). In these patients, no correlation was found between beta-cell function or insulin sensitivity and BMI. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity are inversely correlated with acute psychotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Shiloah
- Department of Internal Medicine C, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
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Saravia FE, Revsin Y, Gonzalez Deniselle MC, Gonzalez SL, Roig P, Lima A, Homo-Delarche F, De Nicola AF. Increased astrocyte reactivity in the hippocampus of murine models of type 1 diabetes: the nonobese diabetic (NOD) and streptozotocin-treated mice. Brain Res 2002; 957:345-53. [PMID: 12445977 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes can be associated with cerebral dysfunction in humans and animal models of the disease. Moreover, brain anomalies and alterations of the neuroendocrine system are present in type 1 diabetes (T1D) animals, such as the spontaneous nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model and/or the pharmacological streptozotocin (STZ)-induced model. Because of the prevalent role of astrocytes in cerebral glucose metabolism and their intimate connection with neurones, we investigated hippocampal astrocyte alterations in prediabetic and diabetic NOD mice and STZ-treated diabetic mice. The number and cell area related to the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive astrocytes were quantified in the stratum radiatum region of the hippocampus by computerized image analysis in prediabetic (2, 4 and 8 weeks of age) and diabetic (16-week-old) NOD female mice, age and sex-matched lymphocyte-deficient NODscid and C57BL/6 control mice and, finally, STZ-induced diabetic and vehicle-treated nondiabetic 16-week-old C57BL/6 female mice. Astrocyte number was higher early in life in prediabetic NOD and NODscid mice than in controls, when transient hyperinsulinemia and low glycemia were found in these strains. The number and cell area of GFAP(+) cells further increased after the onset of diabetes in NOD mice. Similarly, in STZ-treated diabetic mice, the number of GFAP(+) cells and cell area were higher than in vehicle-treated mice. In conclusion, astrocyte changes present in genetic and pharmacological models of T1D appear to reflect an adaptive process to alterations of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia E Saravia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologa y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
Early life environmental factors have been associated with altered predisposition to a variety of pathologies. A considerable literature examines pre- and postnatal factors associated with increased risk of cardiovascular, metabolic (i.e. insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia) and psychiatric disease, and the importance of hormonal programming. The brain is exquisitely sensitive to environmental inputs during development and the stress responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been shown to be both up- and down-regulated by early life exposure to limited nutrition, stress, altered maternal behaviors, synthetic steroids and inflammation. It has been suggested that peri-natal programming of HPA axis regulation might therefore contribute to metabolic and psychiatric disease etiology. In addition, glucocorticoids play modulatory roles regulating many aspects of immune function, notably controlling both acute and chronic inflammatory responses. Neuroendocrine-immune communication is bidirectional, and therefore it is expected that environmental factors altering HPA regulation have implications for stress effects on immune function and predisposition to inflammation. The impact of pre- and postnatal factors altering immune function, stress responsivity and predisposition to inflammatory disease are reviewed. It is also examined whether the early 'immune environment' might similarly influence predisposition to disease and alter neuroendocrine function. Evidence indicating a role for early life inflammation and infection as an important factor programming the neuroendocrine-immune axis and altering predisposition to disease is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nola Shanks
- 1University Research Center for Neuroendocrinology, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkins Laboratories, Bristol,UK
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Shanks N, Lightman SL. The maternal-neonatal neuro-immune interface: are there long-term implications for inflammatory or stress-related disease? J Clin Invest 2001; 108:1567-73. [PMID: 11733549 PMCID: PMC200999 DOI: 10.1172/jci14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N Shanks
- University Research Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkins-Crowfoot Laboratories, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Shanks N, Lightman SL. The maternal-neonatal neuro-immune interface: Are there long-term implications for inflammatory or stress-related disease? J Clin Invest 2001. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200114592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Lund T, Strid J. Is Lack of Peripheral Tolerance Induction a Cause for Diabetes in the Non-Obese Diabetic Mouse? Autoimmunity 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0981-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Martins TC, Aguas AP. NOD mice are resistant to depletion of thymic cells caused by acute stress or infection. Autoimmunity 1999; 29:273-80. [PMID: 10433083 DOI: 10.3109/08916939908994747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
NOD mice spontaneously develop autoimmune diabetes; disease onset in females of our colony of NOD mice usually takes place around the 4th month of age. Diabetes of NOD mice can be modulated by different stress protocols, even though these animals were shown to be resistant to the effects of glucocorticoids on their lymphocytes. We have recently found that the early host inflammatory response to mycobacteria can be strongly modified by stress, the autoimmunity-prone NOD and NZB/W mice being particularly affected. These mice show reduced numbers of granulocytes in the inflammatory cavity after exposure to stress. Mycobacterium avium is an opportunistic agent that is responsible for disseminated infections seen in AIDS patients. Here, we investigated whether the early immune response to M. avium was altered by stress in NOD mice and we compared the stress response of these mice with a non-autoimmune strain, BALB/c mice. The effects of stress on infected BALB/c mice, which like AIDS patients are susceptible to M. avium infection, offers experimental evidence that M. avium infection, if coupled with stress of the host, may accelerate loss of T helper cells. In contrast, in NOD mice, stress or infection significantly increased the number of cells of the thymuses of the animals. Data obtained with NOD mice support the previously reported resistance of NOD mice lymphocytes to glucocorticoids and suggest that there are two distinct signalling pathways involved in the response of NOD lymphocytes to these stress hormones: one leading to apoptosis and the other mediating glucocorticoid inhibition of activation-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Martins
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Portugal.
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Durant S, Christeff N, Coulaud J, Nunez EA, Dardenne M, Homo-Delarche F. Basal concentrations of various steroids in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse and effect of immobilization stress. Autoimmunity 1999; 28:249-58. [PMID: 9892507 DOI: 10.3109/08916939808995373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The progression of type I diabetes in the NOD mouse is modulated by, among other things, stressful events and steroids. We measured in 2-month-old prediabetic NOD mice various circulating steroids (progesterone, corticosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, delta4-androstenedione, testosterone, estrone and estradiol) under basal and stressful conditions (1.5h immobilization). Basal progesterone concentrations were low but measurable in randomized cycling NOD females and under the detection limit in NOD males. Immobilization increased progesterone concentrations in both sexes. Serum corticosterone concentrations also increased after immobilization but with the sexual dimorphism normally observed in rodents. Dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations were similar in both sexes and remained unaffected by stress. Testosterone and delta4-androstenedione were drastically reduced after immobilization in NOD males. Serum estrone and estradiol were not found to be statistically different in NOD females and males, but slightly higher to that described in the literature, and immobilization increased estrone concentrations in NOD males. In conclusion, while nonspecific to the NOD mouse, the modulation of circulating corticosteroids, estrogens and androgens induced by environmental factors may be part of the mechanism(s) by which these factors modulate the progression of type I diabetes. The hormonal changes may act in a complex manner at different levels: the immune system, the islet of Langerhans and the other structures involved in glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Durant
- CNRS URA 1461 and Université Paris V, Hôpital Necker, France
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Peterson CM, Ahkavan M, Fernandez-Soto ML, Rowell C, Scott BK, Peterson KP. Dapsone at onset of diabetes lowers glycated hemoglobin and delays death in NOD mice. Autoimmunity 1998; 28:157-61. [PMID: 9867128 DOI: 10.3109/08916939808996284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dapsone (4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone) is a compound that has a large clinical experience due to its antimicrobial effects against mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy. It is increasingly used in a number of clinical situations where inflammation may play an ancillary role. An inhibitory effect of the drug or lack thereof in the cumulative incidence or propagation of diabetes mellitus in the NOD mouse has mechanistic as well as therapeutic implications. We previously showed that dapsone administered continuously as a percentage of food to NOD mice inhibits the cumulative incidence of diabetes in a dose dependent fashion. In the present experiment, female NOD litter mates were randomized to receive dapsone (0.001% w/w as a percentage of food) at onset of diabetes. There were no differences in weight, blood glucose, or glycated hemoglobin at 10 weeks of age among the animals that were ultimately to receive dapsone (n = 10), mouse chow alone (n = 9), or those who did not develop diabetes (n = 3). The mean time to onset of diabetes, mean blood glucose at onset, and mean glycated hemoglobin at onset did not differ between animals who did or did not receive dapsone. Animals receiving dapsone had significantly (p < or = 0.03) lower glycated hemoglobin at weeks 2, 3, and 4 following the onset of diabetes and lived significantly longer following diagnosis of diabetes (7 vs. 4 weeks, p < 0.05). In conclusion, dapsone modulates the progression of autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse even when administered after the initiation of hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Peterson
- Sansum Medical Research Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
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