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Vavřínová A, Behuliak M, Vodička M, Bencze M, Ergang P, Vaněčková I, Zicha J. More efficient adaptation of cardiovascular response to repeated restraint in spontaneously hypertensive rats: the role of autonomic nervous system. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:2377-2392. [PMID: 38956283 PMCID: PMC11374672 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-024-01765-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
We hypothesized that sympathetic hyperactivity and parasympathetic insuficiency in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) underlie their exaggerated cardiovascular response to acute stress and impaired adaptation to repeated restraint stress exposure compared to Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Cardiovascular responses to single (120 min) or repeated (daily 120 min for 1 week) restraint were measured by radiotelemetry and autonomic balance was evaluated by power spectral analysis of systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV) and heart rate variability (HRV). Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was measured by the pharmacological Oxford technique. Stress-induced pressor response and vascular sympathetic activity (low-frequency component of SBPV) were enhanced in SHR subjected to single restraint compared to WKY, whereas stress-induced tachycardia was similar in both strains. SHR exhibited attenuated cardiac parasympathetic activity (high-frequency component of HRV) and blunted BRS compared to WKY. Repeated restraint did not affect the stress-induced increase in blood pressure. However, cardiovascular response during the post-stress recovery period of the 7th restraint was reduced in both strains. The repeatedly restrained SHR showed lower basal heart rate during the dark (active) phase and slightly decreased basal blood pressure during the light phase compared to stress-naive SHR. SHR subjected to repeated restraint also exhibited attenuated stress-induced tachycardia, augmented cardiac parasympathetic activity, attenuated vascular sympathetic activity and improved BRS during the last seventh restraint compared to single-stressed SHR. Thus, SHR exhibited enhanced cardiovascular and sympathetic responsiveness to novel stressor exposure (single restraint) compared to WKY. Unexpectedly, the adaptation of cardiovascular and autonomic responses to repeated restraint was more effective in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vavřínová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michal Behuliak
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Vodička
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michal Bencze
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Peter Ergang
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ivana Vaněčková
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Josef Zicha
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.
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Neonatal corticosterone administration increases p27-positive Sertoli cell number and decreases Sertoli cell number in the testes of mice at prepuberty. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19402. [PMID: 36371473 PMCID: PMC9653474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisol and corticosterone (CORT) are steroid, antistress hormones and one of the glucocorticoids in humans and animals, respectively. This study evaluated the effects of CORT administration on the male reproductive system in early life stages. CORT was subcutaneously injected at 0.36 (low-), 3.6 (middle-), and 36 (high-dosed) mg/kg body weight from postnatal day (PND) 1 to 10 in ICR mice. We observed a dose-dependent increase in serum CORT levels on PND 10, and serum testosterone levels were significantly increased only in high-dosed-CORT mice. Triiodothyronine levels were significantly higher in the low-dosed mice but lower in the middle- and high-dosed mice. However, testicular weights did not change significantly among the mice. Sertoli cell numbers were significantly reduced in low- and middle-dosed mice, whereas p27-positive Sertoli cell numbers increased in low- and middle-dosed mice. On PND 16, significant increases in testicular and relative testicular weights were observed in all-dosed-CORT mice. On PND 70, a significant decrease in testicular weight, Sertoli cell number, and spermatozoa count was observed. These results revealed that increased serum CORT levels in early life stages could induce p27 expression in Sertoli cells and terminate Sertoli cell proliferation, leading to decreased Sertoli cell number in mouse testes.
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Verma H, Bhattacharjee A, Shivavedi N, Nayak PK. Evaluation of rosmarinic acid against myocardial infarction in maternally separated rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 395:1189-1207. [PMID: 35876905 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Depression and coronary heart diseases are the common comorbid disorder affecting humans globally. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of rosmarinic acid (RA) against myocardial infarction (MI) in comorbid depression induced by maternal separation in rats. Maternal stress is one of the childhood crises that may be a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease in later part of life. As per protocol, 70-80% of pups were separated daily for 3 h between postnatal day 1 (PND1) and postnatal day 21 (PND21). Forced-swim test, sucrose preference test, and electrocardiography were performed during the experiment. Body weight was measured on PND0, PND35, and PND55. Orally rosmarinic acid (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) was done from PND35 to PND55. On PND53 and PND54, isoproterenol (100 mg/kg, subcutaneously) was administered to induce myocardial infarction. On PND55, blood was collected and animals sacrificed, and plasma corticosterone, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cardiac biomarkers, interleukine-10, and anti-oxidant parameters were measured. Rosmarinic acid and fluoxetine ameliorated the maternal separation-induced increase in immobility period, anhedonia, body weight, ST elevation, corticosterone, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). At the same time, both drugs elevated the tissue levels of BDNF, IL-10, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase activity. This study provides the first experimental evidence that maternal stress is an independent risk factor of cardiac abnormalities in rats. Moreover, maternal stress synergistically increases the severity of cardiac abnormalities induced by isoproterenol. Interestingly, fluoxetine and rosmarinic acid effectively ameliorated behavioral anomalies and myocardial infarction in maternally separated rats. Schematic representation of possible molecular mechanism of action of rosmarinic acid against MS-induced myocardial infarction. RA, rosmarinic acid; MS, maternal separation; PND, postnatal days; ISO, isoproterenol; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GSH, glutathione; SOD, superoxide dismutase; IL-10, interleukin-10; MI, myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anindita Bhattacharjee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Naveen Shivavedi
- Shri Ram Group of Institutions, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Bangsumruaj J, Kijtawornrat A, Kalandakanond-Thongsong S. Effects of Chronic Mild Stress on Cardiac Autonomic Activity, Cardiac Structure and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Male Rats. Vet Sci 2022; 9:539. [PMID: 36288152 PMCID: PMC9611573 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress is associated with cardiovascular disease. One accepted mechanism is autonomic imbalance. In this study, we investigated the effects of chronic mild stress (CMS) on cardiac autonomic control, cardiac structure and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity in adult male Sprague Dawley rats. The CMS model provides a more realistic simulation of daily stress. The animals were divided into control and CMS, and were exposed to 4-week mild stressors. The electrocardiogram recording, sucrose intake and parameters related to stress, cardiac alterations and RAAS were determined. The results showed that CMS had lower body weight and higher sucrose intake. The heart rate variability (HRV) revealed that CMS increased autonomic activity without affecting its balance. The increased RAAS activity with upregulated angiotensin type 1 receptor mRNA expression was shown in CMS. The increased sympathetic activity or RAAS was correlated with stress. Moreover, the altered cardiac structure (i.e., heart weight and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area) were correlated with stress-, sympathetic- and RAAS-related parameters. These indicated that CMS-induced cardiac hypertrophy was the result of both sympathetic and RAAS activation. Therefore, it could be concluded that 4-week CMS in male rats induced negative emotion as shown by increased sucrose intake, and increased cardiac autonomic and RAAS activities, which may be responsible for mild cardiac hypertrophy. The cardiac hypertrophy herein was possibly in an adaptive, not pathological, stage, and the cardiac autonomic function was preserved as the autonomic activities were in balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janpen Bangsumruaj
- Interdisciplinary Program in Physiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anusak Kijtawornrat
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Bangsumruaj J, Kijtawornrat A, Kalandakanond-Thongsong S. Effects of chronic mild stress on GABAergic system in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus associated with cardiac autonomic activity. Behav Brain Res 2022; 432:113985. [PMID: 35787398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stress is associated with cardiovascular diseases. One possible mechanism is the reduction in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic transmission at the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which contributes to the disinhibition of sympathoexcitatory circuits and activates sympathetic outflow. At present, the mechanism of chronic mild stress (CMS) on GABAergic transmission at the PVN and cardiac autonomic activity is not yet fully clarified. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of CMS on the GABAergic system at the PVN and on the cardiac autonomic activity. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control (left undisturbed in their home cage) or CMS (subjected to various mild stressors for 4 weeks). Cardiac autonomic activities were determined by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, and GABAergic alterations at the PVN were determined from GABA levels and mRNA expression of GABA-related activities. Results showed that the CMS group had decreased HRV as determined by the standard deviation of all R-R intervals (SDNN). The low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) powers of the CMS group were higher than those of the control. Hence, the LF/HF ratio was consequently unaffected. These findings indicated that despite the increase in sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, the autonomic balance was preserved at 4 weeks post CMS. For the GABAergic-related parameters, the CMS group had decreased mRNA expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD-65), the GABA-synthesizing enzyme, and increased mRNA expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter-1 (GAT-1). Moreover, the GAD-65 mRNA expression was negatively correlated with LF. In conclusion, 4-week CMS exposure in male rats could attenuate GABAergic transmission at the PVN and alter cardiac autonomic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janpen Bangsumruaj
- Interdisciplinary Program in Physiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Anusak Kijtawornrat
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Dalmasso C, Leachman JR, Ghuneim S, Ahmed N, Schneider ER, Thibault O, Osborn JL, Loria AS. Epididymal Fat-Derived Sympathoexcitatory Signals Exacerbate Neurogenic Hypertension in Obese Male Mice Exposed to Early Life Stress. Hypertension 2021; 78:1434-1449. [PMID: 34601958 PMCID: PMC8516729 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Dalmasso
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Jacqueline R. Leachman
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Sundus Ghuneim
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Nermin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Eve R. Schneider
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences (E.R.S., J.L.O.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Olivier Thibault
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Jeffrey L. Osborn
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences (E.R.S., J.L.O.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Analia S. Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
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Thornton JL, Everett NA, Webb P, Turner AJ, Cornish JL, Baracz SJ. Adolescent oxytocin administration reduces depression-like behaviour induced by early life stress in adult male and female rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 110:110279. [PMID: 33567331 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) exposure alters brain development, increasing vulnerability for mental illness in adulthood, including depression. Despite this association, there are no approved pharmacotherapies to protect against the emergence of mental illness resulting from ELS. Recent preclinical work showed that oxytocin (OT) administration in adulthood reduced depressive-like behaviour in male rats with a history of ELS. However, the ability of an OT treatment regime in adolescence, a critical developmental window for the OT system, to prevent the expression of depressive-like behaviours following ELS has not been investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether chronic OT administration can ameliorate the enduring effects of ELS on depressive-like behaviours in both male and female rats. Following birth, Long Evans rat pups (N = 107) underwent maternal separation (MS) for either 15 min (MS15) or 6 h (MS360) on postnatal days (PND) 1-21. During adolescence (PND 28-42), rats received a daily injection of either OT (1 mg/kg) or saline. During adulthood (PND 57 onwards), effort-related motivation was measured using a model of effortful choice (EC), while behavioural despair was measured using the forced swim test (FST). Lastly, body and organ weights were measured to examine the physiological impacts of ELS and chronic OT administration. Overall, in both sexes, MS360 increased behavioural despair yet had no impact on effort-related motivation. Importantly, adolescent OT administration prevented the MS360-induced increase in behavioural despair in both males and females. Additionally, MS360 resulted in persistent reductions in body weight in both sexes post-weaning and increased spleen weight in males and adrenal weight in females. OT treatment had no impact on body weight in either sex, but prevented the MS-induced increase in adrenal gland weight in females. Overall, these findings have important implications for using oxytocin as a preventative pharmacotherapy after ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade L Thornton
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Everett
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Paige Webb
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Anita J Turner
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Cornish
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Sarah J Baracz
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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8
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Miyaso H, Takano K, Nagahori K, Kawata S, Li ZL, Kuramasu M, Wu X, Ogawa Y, Itoh M. Neonatal maternal separation increases the number of p27-positive Sertoli cells in prepuberty. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 102:56-66. [PMID: 33845160 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal maternal separation (NMS) is an experimental model for early life stress, which affects the growth and development of various organs, resulting in adverse health effects in humans and animals. In our previous study, we demonstrated that NMS [(0.5-, 1-, 2-h/day NMS, from postnatal day (PND) 1-10] induced morphological changes to the male reproductive system, including decreased Sertoli cell numbers in mouse testes at PND 70. To clarify the mechanism by which NMS decreases Sertoli cell numbers, we evaluated the effects of NMS on mouse testes at PNDs 10 and 16. At PND 10, the Sertoli cell number was not significantly different among experimental groups; however, it decreased in 0.5- and 2-h/day NMS mice at PND 16. The termination of Sertoli cell proliferation in prepuberty can be induced by p27, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. At PND 10, we observed an increase in the number of p27-positive Sertoli cells in 2-h/day NMS mice. The seminiferous tubule diameters decreased significantly in 1- and 2-h/day NMS mice, and the relative interstitial area increased in 2-h/day NMS mice. Serum corticosterone level significantly increased, and serum testosterone level significantly decreased in the 2-h/day NMS mice. At PND 16, the tubule diameters and height of seminiferous epithelium were significantly higher in 0.5- and 2-h/day NMS mice. Our results suggest that NMS disturbs serum corticosterone and testosterone levels and increases the number of p27-positive Sertoli cells at PND 10, resulting in a decrease in the number of Sertoli cells at PND 16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Miyaso
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Kaiya Takano
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Kenta Nagahori
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kawata
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Zhong-Lian Li
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kuramasu
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Yuki Ogawa
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Masahiro Itoh
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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Miyaso H, Nagahori K, Takano K, Omotehara T, Kawata S, Li ZL, Kuramasu M, Wu X, Ogawa Y, Itoh M. Neonatal maternal separation causes decreased numbers of sertoli cell, spermatogenic cells, and sperm in mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 31:116-125. [PMID: 33100103 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1841865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal maternal separation is an experimental model used to evaluate the effects of toxic stress in neonates, or early life stress. Although various physiological and psychological stresses during childhood have been reported, the effects of neonatal maternal separation on the male reproductive system remain unclear. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effects of neonatal maternal separation on the male reproductive system. In neonatal male ICR mice, maternal separation was performed for 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 hours/day, from postnatal day 1 to 10. At 10 weeks of age, the neonatal maternal separation mice exhibited decreases in both testicular weight and epididymal sperm number, along with various testicular morphological changes involving germ cells, Sertoli cells, and interstitial cells. Notably, neonatal maternal separation mice showed decreased numbers of Sertoli cells. Animals subjected to 0.5-, 1-, and 2-h/day neonatal maternal separation exhibited decreases in serum levels of testosterone but not in those of gonadotropin (luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone). Together, these data showed that neonatal maternal separation in male mice causes decreased Sertoli cell numbers following puberty, resulting in subsequent decreased spermatogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Miyaso
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Nagahori
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaiya Takano
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shinichi Kawata
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhong-Lian Li
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kuramasu
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ogawa
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Itoh
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Dalmasso C, Chade AR, Mendez M, Giani JF, Bix GJ, Chen KC, Loria AS. Intrarenal Renin Angiotensin System Imbalance During Postnatal Life Is Associated With Increased Microvascular Density in the Mature Kidney. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1046. [PMID: 32982785 PMCID: PMC7491414 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress during early life is an important factor that affects the postnatal renal development. We have previously shown that male rats exposed to maternal separation (MatSep), a model of early life stress, are normotensive but display a sex-specific reduced renal function and exacerbated angiotensin II (AngII)-mediated vascular responses as adults. Since optimal AngII levels during postnatal life are required for normal maturation of the kidney, this study was designed to investigate both short- and long-term effect of MatSep on (1) the renal vascular architecture and function, (2) the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components status, and (3) the genome-wide expression of genes in isolated renal vasculature. Renal tissue and plasma were collected from male rats at different postnatal days (P) for intrarenal RAS components mRNA and protein expression measurements at P2, 6, 10, 14, 21, and 90 and microCT analysis at P21 and 90. Although with similar body weight and renal mass trajectories from P2 to P90, MatSep rats displayed decreased renal filtration capacity at P90, while increased microvascular density at both P21 and P90 (p < 0.05). MatSep increased renal expression of renin, and angiotensin type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptors (p < 0.05), but reduced ACE2 mRNA expression and activity from P2-14 compared to controls. However, intrarenal levels of AngII peptide were reduced (p < 0.05) possible due to the increased degradation to AngIII by aminopeptidase A. In isolated renal vasculature from neonates, Enriched Biological Pathways functional clusters (EBPfc) from genes changed by MatSep reported to modulate extracellular structure organization, inflammation, and pro-angiogenic transcription factors. Our data suggest that male neonates exposed to MatSep could display permanent changes in the renal microvascular architecture in response to intrarenal RAS imbalance in the context of the atypical upregulation of angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Dalmasso
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Alejandro R. Chade
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medicine, and Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Mariela Mendez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jorge F. Giani
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gregory J. Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Kuey C. Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Analia S. Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Maternal Separation Induces Long-Term Alterations in the Cardiac Oxytocin Receptor and Cystathionine γ-Lyase Expression in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4309605. [PMID: 32082478 PMCID: PMC7007946 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4309605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that blunt chest trauma reduced the expression of the myocardial oxytocin receptor (Oxtr), which was further aggravated by genetic deletion of the H2S-producing enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE). Exogenous H2S supplementation restored myocardial Oxtr expression under these conditions. Early life stress (ELS) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease by affecting vascular and heart structures. Therefore, we tested the hypotheses that (i) ELS affects cardiac Oxtr and CSE expressions and (ii) Oxtr and CSE expression patterns depend on the duration of stress exposure. Thus, two stress paradigms were compared: long- and short-term separation stress (LTSS and STSS, respectively). Cardiac Oxtr expression was differentially affected by the two stress paradigms with a significant reduction after LTSS and a significant increase after STSS. CSE expression, which was significantly reduced in Oxtr−/− knockout hearts, was downregulated and directly related to Oxtr expression in LTSS hearts (r = 0.657, p = 0.012). In contrast, CSE expression was not related to Oxtr upregulation in STSS. Plasma Oxt levels were not affected by either ELS paradigm. The coincidence of LTSS-induced reduction of cardiac Oxtr and reduced CSE expression may suggest a novel pathophysiological link between early life adversities and increased risk for the development of cardiovascular disorders in adulthood.
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Early postnatal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and reduced insulin sensitivity in adult rats. Endocr Regul 2019; 53:213-220. [PMID: 31734655 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2019-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early life stress influences the development of metabolic disorders, including functional changes in the developing of pancreas mediated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In the present study, the role of an early postnatal stress on corticosterone, glucose, and insulin levels was investigated during young adulthood. METHODS Two groups of pups were studied, including control group (pups not receiving foot shock by communication box), and early stress group (pups receiving foot shock by communication box 2 times/day for 5 consecutive days). In rats, concentration of plasma corticosterone, glucose, and insulin was detected before and after placing them into the communication box at 2 weeks of age. At 8-10 weeks of age, concentrations of plasma corticosterone, glucose, and insulin and glucose tolerance were measured in young adult rats. RESULTS Our results showed that early postnatal foot shock stress increased the corticosterone, insulin, and glucose levels in the postnatal age (p<0.01) that did not last until young adult age, but it caused a significant increase in plasma glucose and insulin levels (p<0.05) following the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in young adult rats. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that impaired IPGTT in young adult rats who experienced early postnatal stress can indicate insulin resistance or reduced insulin sensitivity that make it at risk of the type 2 diabetes later in life.
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Involvement of Hepatic SHIP2 and PI3K/Akt Signalling in the Regulation of Plasma Insulin by Xiaoyaosan in Chronic Immobilization-Stressed Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030480. [PMID: 30699999 PMCID: PMC6384677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Long-term exposure to chronic stress is thought to be a factor closely correlated with the development of metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Xiaoyaosan, a Chinese herbal formula, has been described in many previous studies to exert anxiolytic-like or antidepressant effects in chronically stressed rats. However, few studies have observed the effects of Xiaoyaosan on the metabolic disorders induced by chronic stress. Objective: We sought to investigate the effective regulation of Xiaoyaosan on 21-day chronic immobility stress (CIS, which is 3 h of restraint immobilization every day)-induced behavioural performance and metabolic responses and to further explore whether the effects of Xiaoyaosan were related to SHIP2 expression in the liver. Methods: Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group, a CIS group, a Xiaoyaosan group and a rosiglitazone group. The latter three groups were subjected to 21 days of CIS to generate the stress model. After 21 days of CIS, the effects of Xiaoyaosan on body weight, food intake, and behaviour in the open field test, the sucrose preference test and the forced swimming test were observed following chronic stress. Plasma insulin, cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) concentrations and blood glucose were examined, and the protein and mRNA expression levels of SHIP2, p85 and Akt in the liver were measured using RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical staining. Results: Rats exposed to CIS exhibited depression-like behaviours, decreased levels of plasma insulin, CHOL, LDL-C, TG and HDL-C, and increased blood glucose. Increased SHIP2 expression and reduced Akt, p-Akt and p85 expression were also observed in the liver. Xiaoyaosan exerted antidepressant effects and effectively reversed the changes caused by CIS. Conclusions: These results suggest that Xiaoyaosan attenuates depression-like behaviours and ameliorates stress-induced abnormal levels of insulin, blood glucose, CHOL, LDL-C and HDL-C in the plasma of stressed rats, which may be associated with the regulation of SHIP2 expression to enhance PI3K/Akt signalling activity in the liver.
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Loria AS, Spradley FT, Obi IE, Becker BK, De Miguel C, Speed JS, Pollock DM, Pollock JS. Maternal separation enhances anticontractile perivascular adipose tissue function in male rats on a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R1085-R1095. [PMID: 30256681 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00197.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that obesity negatively impacts large arteries' function. We reported that rats exposed to maternal separation (MatSep), a model of early life stress, display enhanced angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced vasoconstriction in aortic rings cleaned of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) under normal diet (ND) conditions. We hypothesized that exposure to MatSep promotes a greater loss of PVAT-mediated protective effects on vascular function and loss of blood pressure (BP) rhythm in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) when compared with controls. MatSep was performed in male Wistar-Kyoto rats from days 2 to 14 of life. Normally reared littermates served as controls. On ND, aortic rings from MatSep rats with PVAT removed showed increased ANG II-mediated vasoconstriction versus controls; however, rings from MatSep rats with intact PVAT displayed blunted constriction. This effect was exacerbated by an HFD in both groups; however, the anticontractile effect of PVAT was greater in MatSep rats. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation was similar in MatSep and control rats fed an ND, regardless of the presence of PVAT. HFD impaired aortic relaxation in rings without PVAT from MatSep rats, whereas the presence of PVAT improved relaxation in both groups. On an HFD, immunolocalization of vascular smooth muscle-derived ANG-(1-7) and PVAT-derived adiponectin abundances were increased in MatSep. In rats fed an HFD, 24-h BP and BP rhythms were similar between groups. In summary, MatSep enhanced the ability of PVAT to blunt the heightened ANG II-induced vasoconstriction and endothelial dysfunction in rats fed an HFD. This protective effect may be mediated via the upregulation of vasoprotective factors within the adipovascular axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analia S Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Frank T Spradley
- Department of Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Ijeoma E Obi
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Bryan K Becker
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Carmen De Miguel
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Joshua S Speed
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David M Pollock
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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15
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Murphy MO, Loria AS. Sex-specific effects of stress on metabolic and cardiovascular disease: are women at higher risk? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R1-R9. [PMID: 28468942 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00185.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has traditionally been viewed as a male disease; however, the relative risk for obesity and hypertension morbidity and mortality, major risk factors for CVD, is higher for women in the United States. Emerging epidemiological data strongly support stressful experiences as a modifiable risk factor for obesity, insulin resistance, and heart disease in women at all ages. Therefore, primary prevention of these diseases may be associated with both identifying and increasing the knowledge regarding the sex differences in emotional functioning associated with physiological responses to stress. The purpose of this review is to highlight the growing body of clinical and experimental studies showing that stress, obesity-associated metabolic disturbances, and CVD comorbidities are more prevalent in females. Overall, this review reveals the need for investigations to decipher the early origins of these comorbidities. Targeting the sources of behavioral/emotional stress through the trajectory of life has the potential to reduce the alarming projected rates for chronic disease in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret O Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Analia S Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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16
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Carnevali L, Montano N, Statello R, Sgoifo A. Rodent models of depression-cardiovascular comorbidity: Bridging the known to the new. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:144-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Loria AS, Osborn JL. Maternal separation diminishes α-adrenergic receptor density and function in renal vasculature from male Wistar-Kyoto rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F47-F54. [PMID: 28331064 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00591.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult rats exposed to maternal separation (MatSep) are normotensive but display lower glomerular filtration rate and increased renal neuroadrenergic drive. The aim of this study was to determine the renal α-adrenergic receptor density and the renal vascular responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation in male rats exposed to MatSep. In addition, baroreflex sensitivity was assessed to determine a component of neural control of the vasculature. Using tissue collected from 4-mo-old MatSep and control rats, α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ARs) were measured in renal cortex and isolated renal vasculature using receptor binding assay, and the α-AR subtype gene expression was determined by RT-PCR. Renal cortical α1-AR density was similar between MatSep and control tissues (Bmax = 44 ± 1 vs. 42 ± 2 fmol/mg protein, respectively); however, MatSep reduced α1-AR density in renal vasculature (Bmax = 47 ± 4 vs. 62 ± 4 fmol/mg protein, P < 0.05, respectively). In a separate group of rats, the pressor, bradycardic, and renal vascular constrictor responses to acute norepinephrine injection (NE, 0.03-0.25 μg/μl) were determined under anesthesia. Attenuated NE-induced renal vasoconstriction was observed in rats exposed to MatSep compared with control (P < 0.05). A third group of rats was infused at steady state with the α1 agonist phenylephrine (10 μg/min iv) and vasodilator sodium nitroprusside (5 μg/min iv). The difference between the change in heart rate/mean arterial pressure slopes was indicative of reduced baroreflex sensitivity in MatSep vs. control rats (-0.45 ± 0.04 vs. -0.95 ± 0.07 beats·min-1·mmHg-1, P < 0.05). These data support the notion that reduced α-adrenergic receptor expression and function in the renal vasculature could develop secondary to MatSep-induced overactivation of the renal neuroadrenergic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analia S Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
| | - Jeffrey L Osborn
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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18
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Murphy MO, Cohn DM, Loria AS. Developmental origins of cardiovascular disease: Impact of early life stress in humans and rodents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:453-465. [PMID: 27450581 PMCID: PMC5250589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesizes that environmental insults during childhood programs the individual to develop chronic disease in adulthood. Emerging epidemiological data strongly supports that early life stress (ELS) given by the exposure to adverse childhood experiences is regarded as an independent risk factor capable of predicting future risk of cardiovascular disease. Experimental animal models utilizing chronic behavioral stress during postnatal life, specifically maternal separation (MatSep) provides a suitable tool to elucidate molecular mechanisms by which ELS increases the risk to develop cardiovascular disease, including hypertension. The purpose of this review is to highlight current epidemiological studies linking ELS to the development of cardiovascular disease and to discuss the potential molecular mechanisms identified from animal studies. Overall, this review reveals the need for future investigations to further clarify the molecular mechanisms of ELS in order to develop more personalized therapeutics to mitigate the long-term consequences of chronic behavioral stress including cardiovascular and heart disease in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - D M Cohn
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - A S Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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19
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Rana S, Pugh PC, Katz E, Stringfellow SA, Lin CP, Wyss JM, Stauss HM, White CR, Clinton SM, Kerman IA. Independent effects of early-life experience and trait aggression on cardiovascular function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R272-86. [PMID: 27280432 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00505.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Early-life experience (ELE) can significantly affect life-long health and disease, including cardiovascular function. Specific dimensions of emotionality also modify risk of disease, and aggressive traits along with social inhibition have been established as independent vulnerability factors for the progression of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the biological mechanisms mediating these associations remain poorly understood. The present study utilized the inherently stress-susceptible and socially inhibited Wistar-Kyoto rats to determine the potential influences of ELE and trait aggression (TA) on cardiovascular parameters throughout the lifespan. Pups were exposed to maternal separation (MS), consisting of daily 3-h separations of the entire litter from postnatal day (P)1 to P14. The rats were weaned at P21, and as adults were instrumented for chronic radiotelemetry recordings of blood pressure and heart rate (HR). Adult aggressive behavior was assessed using the resident-intruder test, which demonstrated that TA was independent of MS exposure. MS-exposed animals (irrespective of TA) had significantly lower resting HR accompanied by increases in HR variability. No effects of MS on resting blood pressure were detected. In contrast, TA correlated with increased resting mean, systolic, and diastolic arterial pressures but had no effect on HR. TA rats (relative to nonaggressive animals) also manifested increased wall-to-lumen ratio in the thoracic aorta, increased sensitivity to phenylephrine-induced vascular contractility, and increased norepinephrine content in the heart. Together these data suggest that ELE and TA are independent factors that impact baseline cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Rana
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Graduate Biomedical Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Phyllis C Pugh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Erin Katz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sara A Stringfellow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chee Paul Lin
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - J Michael Wyss
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Harald M Stauss
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - C Roger White
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sarah M Clinton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; and
| | - Ilan A Kerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
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20
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Sévoz-Couche C, Brouillard C. Key role of 5-HT 3 receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarii in cardiovagal stress reactivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 74:423-432. [PMID: 27131969 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin plays a modulatory role in central control of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) in the medulla is an area of viscerosomatic integration innervated by both central and peripheral serotonergic fibers. Influences from different origins therefore trigger the release of serotonin into the NTS and exert multiple influences on the ANS. This major influence on the ANS is also mediated by activation of several receptors in the NTS. In particular, the NTS is the central zone with the highest density of serotonin3 (5-HT3) receptors. In this review, we present evidence that 5-HT3 receptors in the NTS play a key role in one of the crucial homeostatic responses to acute and chronic stress: inhibitory modulation of the parasympathetic component of the ANS. The possible functional interactions of 5-HT3 receptors with GABAA and NK1 receptors in the NTS are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Sévoz-Couche
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France.
| | - Charly Brouillard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France
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21
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Sadeghimahalli F, Karbaschi R, Zardooz H, Khodagholi F, Rostamkhani F. Effect of early life stress on pancreatic isolated islets' insulin secretion in young adult male rats subjected to chronic stress. Endocrine 2015; 48:493-503. [PMID: 25030548 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Early stressful experiences may predispose organisms to certain disorders, including those of metabolic defects. This study aimed to explore the effects of early life stress on pancreatic insulin secretion and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) protein levels in stressed young adult male rats. Foot shock stress was induced in early life (at 2 weeks of age) and/or in young adulthood (at 8-10 weeks of age) for five consecutive days. Blood samples were taken before and after stress exposure in young adult rats. At the end of the experiment, glucose tolerance, isolated islets' insulin secretion, and pancreatic amounts of GLUT2 protein were measured. Our results show that early life stress has no effect on basal plasma corticosterone levels and adrenal weight, either alone or combined with young adulthood stress, but that early life + young adulthood stress could prevent weight gain, and cause an increase in basal plasma glucose and insulin. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index did not increase, when the rats were subjected to early life stress alone, but increased when combined with young adulthood stress. Moreover, glucose tolerance was impaired by the combination of early life + young adult stress. There was a decrease in islet's insulin secretion in rats subjected to early life stress in response to 5.6 mM glucose concentration, but an increase with a concentration of 16.7 mM glucose. However, in rats subjected to early life + young adulthood stress, islet's insulin secretion increased in response to both the levels of glucose concentrations. GLUT2 protein levels decreased in response to early life stress and early life + young adulthood stress, but there was a greater decrease in the early life stress group. In conclusion, perhaps early life stress sensitizes the body to stressors later in life, making it more susceptible to metabolic syndrome only when the two are in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Sadeghimahalli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Carnevali L, Graiani G, Rossi S, Al Banchaabouchi M, Macchi E, Quaini F, Rosenthal N, Sgoifo A. Signs of cardiac autonomic imbalance and proarrhythmic remodeling in FTO deficient mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95499. [PMID: 24743632 PMCID: PMC3990670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, variants of the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene have recently been associated with obesity. However, the physiological function of FTO is not well defined. Previous investigations in mice have linked FTO deficiency to growth retardation, loss of white adipose tissue, increased energy metabolism and enhanced systemic sympathetic activation. In this study we investigated for the first time the effects of global knockout of the mouse FTO gene on cardiac function and its autonomic neural regulation. ECG recordings were acquired via radiotelemetry in homozygous knockout (n = 12) and wild-type (n = 8) mice during resting and stress conditions, and analyzed by means of time- and frequency-domain indexes of heart rate variability. In the same animals, cardiac electrophysiological properties (assessed by epicardial mapping) and structural characteristics were investigated. Our data indicate that FTO knockout mice were characterized by (i) higher heart rate values during resting and stress conditions, (ii) heart rate variability changes (increased LF to HF ratio), (iii) larger vulnerability to stress-induced tachyarrhythmias, (iv) altered ventricular repolarization, and (v) cardiac hypertrophy compared to wild-type counterparts. We conclude that FTO deficiency in mice leads to an imbalance of the autonomic neural modulation of cardiac function in the sympathetic direction and to a potentially proarrhythmic remodeling of electrical and structural properties of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carnevali
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gallia Graiani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mumna Al Banchaabouchi
- Preclinical Phenotyping Facility, CSF-Campus Science Support Facilities GmbH, Vienna, Austria
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Mouse Biology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Emilio Macchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Federico Quaini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nadia Rosenthal
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute/EMBL Australia, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Mouse Biology Unit, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Andrea Sgoifo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Carnevali L, Sgoifo A. Vagal modulation of resting heart rate in rats: the role of stress, psychosocial factors, and physical exercise. Front Physiol 2014; 5:118. [PMID: 24715877 PMCID: PMC3970013 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, there are large individual differences in the levels of vagal modulation of resting heart rate (HR). High levels are a recognized index of cardiac health, whereas low levels are considered an important risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Several factors are thought to contribute significantly to this inter-individual variability. While regular physical exercise seems to induce an increase in resting vagal tone, chronic life stress, and psychosocial factors such as negative moods and personality traits appear associated with vagal withdrawal. Preclinical research has been attempting to clarify such relationships and to provide insights into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying vagal tone impairment/enhancement. This paper focuses on rat studies that have explored the effects of stress, psychosocial factors and physical exercise on vagal modulation of resting HR. Results are discussed with regard to: (i) individual differences in resting vagal tone, cardiac stress reactivity and arrhythmia vulnerability; (ii) elucidation of the neurobiological determinants of resting vagal tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carnevali
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Sgoifo
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma Parma, Italy
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24
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Carnevali L, Trombini M, Graiani G, Madeddu D, Quaini F, Landgraf R, Neumann ID, Nalivaiko E, Sgoifo A. Low vagally-mediated heart rate variability and increased susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias in rats bred for high anxiety. Physiol Behav 2014; 128:16-25. [PMID: 24518868 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In humans, there is a documented association between anxiety disorders and cardiovascular disease. Putative underlying mechanisms may include an impairment of the autonomic nervous system control of cardiac function. The primary objective of the present study was to characterize cardiac autonomic modulation and susceptibility to arrhythmias in genetic lines of rats that differ largely in their anxiety level. To reach this goal, electrocardiographic recordings were performed in high-anxiety behavior (HAB, n=10) and low-anxiety behavior (LAB, n=10) rats at rest, during stressful stimuli and under autonomic pharmacological manipulations, and analyzed by means of time- and frequency-domain indexes of heart rate variability. During resting conditions, HAB rats displayed a reduced heart rate variability, mostly in terms of lower parasympathetic (vagal) modulation compared to LAB rats. In HAB rats, this relatively low cardiac vagal control was associated with smaller heart rate responsiveness to acute stressors compared to LAB counterparts. In addition, beta-adrenergic pharmacological stimulation induced a larger incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in HABs compared to LABs. At sacrifice, a moderate increase in heart-body weight ratio was observed in HAB rats. We conclude that high levels of anxiety-related behavior in rats are associated with signs of i) impaired autonomic modulation of heart rate (low vagally-mediated heart rate variability), ii) poor adaptive heart rate responsiveness to stressful stimuli, iii) increased arrhythmia susceptibility, and iv) cardiac hypertrophy. These results highlight the utility of the HAB/LAB model for investigating the mechanistic basis of the comorbidity between anxiety disorders and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gallia Graiani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Denise Madeddu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Federico Quaini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Italy
| | | | - Inga D Neumann
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eugene Nalivaiko
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrea Sgoifo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Italy
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25
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Loria AS, Ho DH, Pollock JS. A mechanistic look at the effects of adversity early in life on cardiovascular disease risk during adulthood. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:277-87. [PMID: 24330084 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Early origins of adult disease may be defined as adversity or challenges during early life that alter physiological responses and prime the organism to chronic disease in adult life. Adverse childhood experiences or early life stress (ELS) may be considered a silent independent risk factor capable of predicting future cardiovascular disease risk. Maternal separation (MatSep) provides a suitable model to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms by which ELS increases the risk to develop cardiovascular disease in adulthood. The aim of this review is to describe the links between behavioural stress early in life and chronic cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood. We will discuss the following: (i) adult cardiovascular outcomes in humans subjected to ELS, (ii) MatSep as an animal model of ELS as well as the limitations and advantages of this model in rodents and (iii) possible ELS-induced mechanisms that predispose individuals to greater cardiovascular risk. Overall, exposure to a behavioural stressor early in life sensitizes the response to a second stressor later in life, thus unmasking an exaggerated cardiovascular dysfunction that may influence quality of life and life expectancy in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Loria
- Section of Experimental Medicine; Department of Medicine; Georgia Regents University; Augusta GA USA
| | - D. H. Ho
- Section of Experimental Medicine; Department of Medicine; Georgia Regents University; Augusta GA USA
| | - J. S. Pollock
- Section of Experimental Medicine; Department of Medicine; Georgia Regents University; Augusta GA USA
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Mrdalj J, Lundegaard Mattson Å, Murison R, Konow Jellestad F, Milde AM, Pallesen S, Ursin R, Bjorvatn B, Grønli J. Hypothermia after chronic mild stress exposure in rats with a history of postnatal maternal separations. Chronobiol Int 2013; 31:252-64. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2013.846351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Carnevali L, Trombini M, Porta A, Montano N, de Boer SF, Sgoifo A. Vagal withdrawal and susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias in rats with high trait aggressiveness. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68316. [PMID: 23861886 PMCID: PMC3701673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality characteristics, e.g. aggressiveness, have long been associated with an increased risk of cardiac disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study we used a rodent model for characterizing cardiac autonomic modulation in rats that differ widely in their level of aggressive behavior. To reach this goal, high-aggressive (HA, n = 10) and non-aggressive (NA, n = 10) rats were selected from a population (n = 121) of adult male Wild-type Groningen rats on the basis of their latency time to attack (ALT, s) a male intruder in a resident-intruder test lasting 600 s. In order to obtain information on their cardiac autonomic modulation, ECG recordings were subsequently obtained via radiotelemetry at rest, during stressful stimuli and under autonomic pharmacological manipulations, and analyzed by means of time- and frequency-domain indexes of heart rate variability. During resting conditions, HA rats (ALT<90 s) displayed reduced heart rate variability, mostly in terms of lower vagal modulation compared to NA rats (ALT>600 s). Exposure to stressful stimuli (i.e. restraint and psychosocial stress) provoked similar tachycardic responses between the two groups. However, under stress conditions HA rats displayed a reduced vagal antagonism and an increased incidence of tachyarrhythmias compared to NA rats. In addition, beta-adrenergic pharmacological stimulation induced a much larger incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in HA rats compared to NA counterparts. These findings are consistent with the view that high levels of aggressive behavior in rats are associated to signs of cardiac autonomic impairment and increased arrhythmogenic susceptibility that may predict vulnerability to cardiac morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carnevali
- Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mimosa Trombini
- Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Porta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Montano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- ICRC-Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sietse F. de Boer
- Department of Behavioural Physiology, Center for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Sgoifo
- Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- * E-mail:
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