1
|
Soltani M, Farhadi A, Rajabi S, Homayouni-Tabrizi M, Hussein FS, Mohammadian N. Folic acid-modified nanocrystalline cellulose for enhanced delivery and anti-cancer effects of crocin. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13985. [PMID: 38886450 PMCID: PMC11183259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Crocin is a carotenoid compound in saffron with anti-cancer properties. However, its therapeutic application is limited by its low absorption, bioavailability, and stability, which can be overcome through nanocarrier delivery systems. This study used surface-modified Nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC) to deliver crocin to cancer cells. NCC modified with CTAB were loaded with crocin and then conjugated with folic acid (NCF-CR-NPs). The synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using FTIR, XRD, DLS, and FESEM. The crystallinity index of NCC was 66.64%, higher than microcrystalline cellulose (61.4%). The crocin loading and encapsulation efficiency in NCF-CR-NPs were evaluated. Toxicity testing by MTT assay showed that NCF-CR-NPs had higher toxicity against various cancer cell lines, including colon cancer HT-29 cells (IC50 ~ 11.6 μg/ml), compared to free crocin. Fluorescent staining, flow cytometry, and molecular analysis confirmed that NCF-CR-NPs induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells by increasing p53 and caspase 8 expression. The antioxidant capacity of NCF-CR-NPs was also evaluated using ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays. NCF-CR-NPs exhibited high free radical scavenging ability, with an IC50 of ~ 46.5 μg/ml for ABTS. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of NCF-CR-NPs to deliver crocin to cancer cells effectively. The NPs exhibited enhanced anti-cancer and antioxidant activities compared to free crocin, making them a promising nanocarrier system for crocin-based cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Soltani
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amin Farhadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarah Rajabi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Navid Mohammadian
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Matraszek-Gawron R, Chwil M, Terlecki K, Skoczylas MM. Current Knowledge of the Antidepressant Activity of Chemical Compounds from Crocus sativus L. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:58. [PMID: 36678554 PMCID: PMC9860663 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychotropic effect of Crocus sativus L. (family Iridaceae) biologically active chemical compounds are quite well documented and they can therefore be used in addition to the conventional pharmacological treatment of depression. This systematic review on antidepressant compounds in saffron crocus and their mechanisms of action and side effects is based on publications released between 1995−2022 and data indexed in 15 databases under the following search terms: antidepressant effect, central nervous system, Crocus sativus, cognitive impairement, crocin, crocetin, depression, dopamine, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, picrocrocin, phytotherapy, neurotransmitters, safranal, saffron, serotonin, and biologically active compounds. The comparative analysis of the publications was based on 414 original research papers. The investigated literature indicates the effectiveness and safety of aqueous and alcoholic extracts and biologically active chemical compounds (alkaloids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoid, phenolic, saponins, and terpenoids) isolated from various organs (corms, leaves, flower petal, and stigmas) in adjuvant treatment of depression and anxiety. Monoamine reuptake inhibition, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-α agonism are the main proposed mechanism of the antidepressant action. The antidepressant and neuroprotective effect of extract components is associated with their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The mechanism of their action, interactions with conventional drugs and other herbal preparations and the safety of use are not fully understood; therefore, further detailed research in this field is necessary. The presented results regarding the application of C. sativus in phytotherapy are promising in terms of the use of herbal preparations to support the treatment of depression. This is particularly important given the steady increase in the incidence of this disease worldwide and social effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Matraszek-Gawron
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15 Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mirosława Chwil
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15 Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Karol Terlecki
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, Medical University of Lublin, Racławickie 1 Street, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Marian Skoczylas
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1 Street, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tarone L, Mareschi K, Tirtei E, Giacobino D, Camerino M, Buracco P, Morello E, Cavallo F, Riccardo F. Improving Osteosarcoma Treatment: Comparative Oncology in Action. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122099. [PMID: 36556464 PMCID: PMC9783386 DOI: 10.3390/life12122099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common pediatric malignant bone tumor. Although surgery together with neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy has improved survival for localized OSA, most patients develop recurrent/metastatic disease with a dismally poor outcome. Therapeutic options have not improved for these OSA patients in recent decades. As OSA is a rare and "orphan" tumor, with no distinct targetable driver antigens, the development of new efficient therapies is still an unmet and challenging clinical need. Appropriate animal models are therefore critical for advancement in the field. Despite the undoubted relevance of pre-clinical mouse models in cancer research, they present some intrinsic limitations that may be responsible for the low translational success of novel therapies from the pre-clinical setting to the clinic. From this context emerges the concept of comparative oncology, which has spurred the study of pet dogs as a uniquely valuable model of spontaneous OSA that develops in an immune-competent system with high biological and clinical similarities to corresponding human tumors, including in its metastatic behavior and resistance to conventional therapies. For these reasons, the translational power of studies conducted on OSA-bearing dogs has seen increasing recognition. The most recent and relevant veterinary investigations of novel combinatorial approaches, with a focus on immune-based strategies, that can most likely benefit both canine and human OSA patients have been summarized in this commentary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Tarone
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Katia Mareschi
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Paediatric Onco-Haematology Department, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, City of Health and Science of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Tirtei
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Paediatric Onco-Haematology Department, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, City of Health and Science of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Camerino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Morello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Federica Riccardo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (F.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ashrafian S, Zarrineh M, Jensen P, Nawrocki A, Rezadoost H, Ansari AM, Farahmand L, Ghassempour A, Larsen MR. Quantitative Phosphoproteomics and Acetylomics of Safranal Anticancer Effects in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2566-2585. [PMID: 36173113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Safranal, as an aroma in saffron, is one of the cytotoxic compounds in saffron that causes cell death in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Our recent research reported the anti-cancer effects of safranal, which further demonstrated its impact on protein translation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA fragmentation. To better understand the underlying mechanisms, we identified acetylated and phosphorylated peptides in safranal-treated cancer cells. We conducted a comprehensive phosphoproteomics and acetylomics analysis of safranal-treated MDA-MB-231 cells by using a combination of TMT labeling and enrichment methods including titanium dioxide and immunoprecipitation. We provide a wide range of phosphoproteome regulation in different signaling pathways that are disrupted by safranal treatment. Safranal influences the phosphorylation level on proteins involved in DNA replication and repair, translation, and EGFR activation/accumulation, which can lead the cells into apoptosis. Safranal causes DNA damage which is followed by the activation of cell cycle checkpoints for DNA repair. Over time, checkpoints and DNA repair are inhibited and cells are under a mitotic catastrophe. Moreover, safranal prevents repair by the hypo-acetylation of H4 and facilitates the transcription of proapoptotic genes by hyper-acetylation of H3, which push the cells to the brink of death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahrbanou Ashrafian
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Mahshid Zarrineh
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983963113, Iran.,Department of Oncology and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Solna SE17165, Sweden
| | - Pia Jensen
- Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Arkadiusz Nawrocki
- Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Hassan Rezadoost
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Alireza Madjid Ansari
- Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Moatamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Moatamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghassempour
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
López-Jiménez AJ, Morote L, Niza E, Mondéjar M, Rubio-Moraga Á, Diretto G, Ahrazem O, Gómez-Gómez L. Subfunctionalization of D27 Isomerase Genes in Saffron. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810543. [PMID: 36142456 PMCID: PMC9504799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromoplasts and chloroplasts contain carotenoid pigments as all-trans- and cis-isomers, which function as accessory light-harvesting pigments, antioxidant and photoprotective agents, and precursors of signaling molecules and plant hormones. The carotenoid pathway involves the participation of different carotenoid isomerases. Among them, D27 is a β-carotene isomerase showing high specificity for the C9-C10 double bond catalyzing the interconversion of all-trans- into 9-cis-β-carotene, the precursor of strigolactones. We have identified one D27 (CsD27-1) and two D27-like (CsD27-2 and CsD27-3) genes in saffron, with CsD27-1 and CsD27-3, clearly differing in their expression patterns; specifically, CsD27-1 was mainly expressed in the undeveloped stigma and roots, where it is induced by Rhizobium colonization. On the contrary, CsD27-2 and CsD27-3 were mainly expressed in leaves, with a preferential expression of CsD27-3 in this tissue. In vivo assays show that CsD27-1 catalyzes the isomerization of all-trans- to 9-cis-β-carotene, and could be involved in the isomerization of zeaxanthin, while CsD27-3 catalyzes the isomerization of all-trans- to cis-ζ-carotene and all-trans- to cis-neurosporene. Our data show that CsD27-1 and CsD27-3 enzymes are both involved in carotenoid isomerization, with CsD27-1 being specific to chromoplast/amyloplast-containing tissue, and CsD27-3 more specific to chloroplast-containing tissues. Additionally, we show that CsD27-1 is co-expressed with CCD7 and CCD8 mycorrhized roots, whereas CsD27-3 is expressed at higher levels than CRTISO and Z-ISO and showed circadian regulation in leaves. Overall, our data extend the knowledge about carotenoid isomerization and their implications in several physiological and ecological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto José López-Jiménez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Grado de Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Lucía Morote
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Enrique Niza
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - María Mondéjar
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Ángela Rubio-Moraga
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Grado de Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Grado de Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mahmod AI, Haif SK, Kamal A, Al-Ataby IA, Talib WH. Chemoprevention effect of the Mediterranean diet on colorectal cancer: Current studies and future prospects. Front Nutr 2022; 9:924192. [PMID: 35990343 PMCID: PMC9386380 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.924192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second most deadly cancer worldwide. Nevertheless, more than 70% of CRC cases are resulted from sporadic tumorigenesis and are not inherited. Since adenoma-carcinoma development is a slow process and may take up to 20 years, diet-based chemoprevention could be an effective approach in sporadic CRC. The Mediterranean diet is an example of a healthy diet pattern that consists of a combination of nutraceuticals that prevent several chronic diseases and cancer. Many epidemiological studies have shown the correlation between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and low incidence of CRC. The goal of this review is to shed the light on the anti-inflammatory and anti-colorectal cancer potentials of the natural bioactive compounds derived from the main foods in the Mediterranean diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ismail Mahmod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Shatha Khaled Haif
- Department of Pharmacy, Princess Sarvath Community College, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ayah Kamal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Israa A Al-Ataby
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Wamidh H Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shakeri R, Savari B, Sheikholeslami MN, Radjabian T, Khorshidi J, Safavi M. Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of Crocus cancellatus subsp. damascenus (Herb.) B. Mathew Stigmas and Their Anticarcinogenic Effect on Breast Cancer Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:3861783. [PMID: 36016682 PMCID: PMC9398734 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3861783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Safranal, crocin, crocetin, and picrocrocin are major known compounds in the stigma extract of Crocus sativus with various medicinal properties. Crocus cancellatus is another Crocus species that grows extensively in Iran's various regions, such as the Kurdistan province. The predominant metabolites and biological properties of C. cancellatus have not yet been investigated. The ingredients of the stigma ethanol extract of C. cancellatus were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The ROIMCR approach was performed to analyze the LC-MS full scan data sets. This method searches the MS regions of interest (ROI) data in the m/z domain and analyses the results using the multivariate curve-resolution alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) chemometrics technique for simultaneous resolution of two extracts. Also, the antiproliferative properties of C. cancellatus against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cancer cells were examined by MTT, dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide test, Annexin V-FITC/PI, and zymography. The GC-MS and LC-MS untargeted metabolomics data analysis of the extract indicated the presence of cytotoxic agents including safranal, crocin, picrocrocin, and crocetin in the stigma ethanol extract of C. cancellatus. Biological tests showed that the viability of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cancer cells is decreased following C. cancellatus treatment in a time- and dose-dependent way in both monolayer and 3D cell cultures. The MCF-7 cell spheroids had greater resistance to the cytotoxic activity of the extract in 3D cell culture than the MDA-MB-231 cell spheroids. The morphological changes of the cells treated with C. cancellatus stigmas extract were indicative of apoptosis. Zymography analysis revealed a similar trend of matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) activity in the treated cells with C. cancellatus extract in comparison with doxorubicin treatment as a positive control. The findings of this research indicate that the ethanolic extract of C. cancellatus stigmas was a good source of bioactive metabolites with anticancer activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Shakeri
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Bahram Savari
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mahsa N. Sheikholeslami
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417614418, Iran
| | | | - Jalal Khorshidi
- Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Research Center of Medicinal Plants Breeding and Development, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Maliheh Safavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran 13353-5111, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
An In Vitro Study of Saffron Carotenoids: The Effect of Crocin Extracts and Dimethylcrocetin on Cancer Cell Lines. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061074. [PMID: 35739971 PMCID: PMC9220052 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocus sativus L. has various pharmacological properties, known for over 3600 years. These properties are attributed mainly to biologically active substances, which belong to the terpenoid group and include crocins, picrocrocin and safranal. The aim of the current work was to examine the effects of crocins (CRCs) and their methyl ester derivate dimethylcrocetin (DMCRT) on glioblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, in terms of cytotoxicity and gene expression, implicated in proapoptotic and cell survival pathways. Cell cytotoxicity was assessed with Alamar Blue fluorescence assay after treatment with saffron carotenoids for 24, 48 and 72 h and concentrations ranging from 22.85 to 0.18 mg/mL for CRCs and 11.43 to 0.09 mg/mL for DMCRT. In addition, BAX, BID, BCL2, MYCN, SOD1, and GSTM1 gene expression was studied by qRT-PCR analysis. Both compounds demonstrated cytotoxic effects against glioblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. They induced apoptosis, via BAX and BID upregulation, MYCN and BCL-2, SOD1, GSTM1 downregulation. The current research denotes the possible anticancer properties of saffron carotenoids, which are considered safe phytochemicals, already tested in clinical trials for their health promoting properties.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chavda VP, Patel AB, Mistry KJ, Suthar SF, Wu ZX, Chen ZS, Hou K. Nano-Drug Delivery Systems Entrapping Natural Bioactive Compounds for Cancer: Recent Progress and Future Challenges. Front Oncol 2022; 12:867655. [PMID: 35425710 PMCID: PMC9004605 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.867655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a prominent cause of mortality globally, and it becomes fatal and incurable if it is delayed in diagnosis. Chemotherapy is a type of treatment that is used to eliminate, diminish, or restrict tumor progression. Chemotherapeutic medicines are available in various formulations. Some tumors require just one type of chemotherapy medication, while others may require a combination of surgery and/or radiotherapy. Treatments might last from a few minutes to many hours to several days. Each medication has potential adverse effects associated with it. Researchers have recently become interested in the use of natural bioactive compounds in anticancer therapy. Some phytochemicals have effects on cellular processes and signaling pathways with potential antitumor properties. Beneficial anticancer effects of phytochemicals were observed in both in vivo and in vitro investigations. Encapsulating natural bioactive compounds in different drug delivery methods may improve their anticancer efficacy. Greater in vivo stability and bioavailability, as well as a reduction in undesirable effects and an enhancement in target-specific activity, will increase the effectiveness of bioactive compounds. This review work focuses on a novel drug delivery system that entraps natural bioactive substances. It also provides an idea of the bioavailability of phytochemicals, challenges and limitations of standard cancer therapy. It also encompasses recent patents on nanoparticle formulations containing a natural anti-cancer molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Kavya J. Mistry
- Pharmacy Section, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Zhuo-Xun Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kaijian Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine,Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Longhu Hospital, The First Afliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Electroacupuncture Reverses CUMS-Induced Depression-Like Behaviors and LTP Impairment in Hippocampus by Downregulating NR2B and CaMK II Expression. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9639131. [PMID: 34804187 PMCID: PMC8604574 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9639131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Depression is a global mental health problem with high disability rate, which brings a huge disease burden to the world. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been shown to be an effective method for the treatment of depression. However, the mechanism underling the antidepressant effect of EA has not been clearly clarified. The change of synaptic plasticity is the focus in the study of antidepressant mechanism. This study will observe the effect of EA on LTP of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and explore its possible mechanism. Methods The depression-like behavior rat model was established by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). EA stimulation (Hegu and Taichong) was used to treat the depressed rats. The depression-like behavior of rats was tested by weight measurement, open field test, depression preference test, and novelty suppressed feeding test. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was recorded at CA1 synapses in hippocampal slices by electrophysiological method. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II) protein levels were examined by using western blot. Results After the establishment of CUMS-induced depression model, the weight gain rate, sucrose preference rate, line crossing number, and rearing times of rats decreased, and feeding time increased. At the same time, the LTP in hippocampus was impaired, and the expressions of NR2B and CaMK II were upregulated. After EA treatment, the depression-like behavior of rats was improved, the impairment of LTP was reversed, and the expression levels of NR2B and CaMK II protein were downregulated. Conclusion EA can ameliorate depression-like behaviors by restoring LTP induction, downregulating NR2B and CaMK II expression in CUMS model rats, which might be part of the mechanism of EA antidepressant.
Collapse
|
11
|
Roshanravan N, Ghaffari S. The therapeutic potential of Crocus sativus Linn.: A comprehensive narrative review of clinical trials. Phytother Res 2021; 36:98-111. [PMID: 34532906 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Crocus sativus Linn. (Saffron) is valued worldwide for its potential use in the management of various degenerative disorders, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes, cancer, metabolic syndrome (MetS), neurodegenerative diseases, immune disorders, and sexual dysfunction. Previous reports, based on clinical trials, suggest that crocetin, crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal are the main bioactive components of saffron with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. In this comprehensive narrative review, we studied the recent clinical trials, investigating the medicinal applications of saffron and/or its components. The present results can provide important insights into the potential of saffron in preventing and treating different disorders, with a special focus on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. However, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of saffron in treating some degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Roshanravan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samad Ghaffari
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rahaman A, Kumari A, Farooq MA, Zeng XA, Hassan S, Khalifa I, Aadil RM, Jahangir Chughtai MF, Khaliq A, Ahmad N, Wajid MA. Novel Extraction Techniques: An Effective Way to Retrieve the Bioactive Compounds from Saffron (Crocus Sativus). FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1967377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rahaman
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Centre for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Centre), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ankita Kumari
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Adil Farooq
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Khwaja Fareed University Engineering and Information Technology, Rahimyar, Pakistan
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Centre for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Centre), Guangzhou, China
| | - Sadia Hassan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim Khalifa
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Egypt
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farhan Jahangir Chughtai
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Khwaja Fareed University Engineering and Information Technology, Rahimyar, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Khaliq
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Khwaja Fareed University Engineering and Information Technology, Rahimyar, Pakistan
| | - Nabeel Ahmad
- School of Biotechnology, Iftm University, Moradabad, India
| | - Mohd Anas Wajid
- Department of Computer Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bhat ZY, Mohiuddin T, Kumar A, López-Jiménez AJ, Ashraf N. Crocus transcription factors CstMYB1 and CstMYB1R2 modulate apocarotenoid metabolism by regulating carotenogenic genes. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:49-62. [PMID: 34417937 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two MYB genes have been identified which regulate apocarotenoid metabolism in Crocus sativus. Apocarotenoids like crocin, picrocrocin and safranal are restricted to genus Crocus and are synthesized by oxidative cleavage of zeaxanthin followed by glycosylation reactions. In Crocus sativus, these apocarotenoids are synthesized in stigma part of the flower in developmentally regulated manner. Most of the genes of apocarotenoid pathway are known, however, the mechanism that regulates its tissue and stage specific biosynthesis remains elusive. MYB family was identified as the largest transcription factor family from Crocus transciptome which indicated its possible role in apocarotenoid regulation besides regulating other metabolic pathways. Towards this, we started with identification of 150 MYB genes from Crocus transcriptome databases. The phylogenetic analysis of Crocus MYB genes divided them into 27 clusters. Domain analysis resulted in identification of four groups of MYBs depending upon the number of R repeats present. Expression profiling indicated that 12 MYBs are upregulated in stigma out of which expression of four genes CstMYB1, CstMYB14, CstMYB16 and CstMYB1R2 correlated with crocin accumulation. Transient overexpression of two nuclear localized MYB genes (CstMYB1 and CstMYB1R2) in Crocus confirmed their role in regulating carotenoid metabolism. Yeast-one-hybrid confirmed that CstMYB1 binds to carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2 (CCD2) promoter while CstMYB1R2 binds to phytoene synthase (PSY) and CCD2 promoters. Overall, our study established that CstMYB1 and CstMYB1R2 regulate apocarotenoid biosynthesis by directly binding to promoters of pathway genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Yaqoob Bhat
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
| | - Tabasum Mohiuddin
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Instrumentation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India
| | - Alberto José López-Jiménez
- Department of Science and Agroforestal Technology and Genetics, University of Castilla, La Mancha, Spain
| | - Nasheeman Ashraf
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190005, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effect of Saffron Extract on the Hepatotoxicity Induced by Copper Nanoparticles in Male Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26103045. [PMID: 34065267 PMCID: PMC8161208 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nanotechnology application has widespread use in many products. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) are widely used in industrial applications. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the ethanolic saffron extract (ESE) as a natural antioxidant on the hepatotoxicity induced by CuNPs in male mice. Methods: The characterization of CuNPs was determined using ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, particle size analysis, zeta potential, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and electron microscope. The effect of saffron on the hepatotoxicity induced by CuNPs in mice was evaluated by evaluating the survival rate of the mice, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, DNA evaluation, as well as its effect on the histology and transmission electron microscope of the liver. Results: The results revealed that all parameters were affected in a dose-dependent manner by CuNPs. These effects have been improved when the treatment of CuNPs is combined with ethanolic saffron extract. Conclusions: We can conclude that saffron and its bioactive crocin portion can prevent CuNP-induced oxidative liver damage. This substance should be useful as a new pharmacological tool for oxidative stress prevention.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ahmad R, Khan MA, Srivastava A, Gupta A, Srivastava A, Jafri TR, Siddiqui Z, Chaubey S, Khan T, Srivastava AK. Anticancer Potential of Dietary Natural Products: A Comprehensive Review. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:122-236. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666191015103712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nature is a rich source of natural drug-like compounds with minimal side effects. Phytochemicals
better known as “Natural Products” are found abundantly in a number of plants. Since time immemorial, spices
have been widely used in Indian cuisine as flavoring and coloring agents. Most of these spices and condiments
are derived from various biodiversity hotspots in India (which contribute 75% of global spice production) and
form the crux of India’s multidiverse and multicultural cuisine. Apart from their aroma, flavor and taste, these
spices and condiments are known to possess several medicinal properties also. Most of these spices are mentioned
in the Ayurveda, the indigenous system of medicine. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiproliferative,
antihypertensive and antidiabetic properties of several of these natural products are well documented in
Ayurveda. These phytoconstituemts are known to act as functional immunoboosters, immunomodulators as well
as anti-inflammatory agents. As anticancer agents, their mechanistic action involves cancer cell death via induction
of apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. The present review provides a comprehensive and collective update
on the potential of 66 commonly used spices as well as their bioactive constituents as anticancer agents. The
review also provides an in-depth update of all major in vitro, in vivo, clinical and pharmacological studies done
on these spices with special emphasis on the potential of these spices and their bioactive constituents as potential
functional foods for prevention, treatment and management of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rumana Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| | - Mohsin A. Khan
- Chancellor, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| | - A.N. Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| | - Anamika Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| | - Aditi Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| | - Tanvir R. Jafri
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| | - Zainab Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| | - Sunaina Chaubey
- Department of Biochemistry, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| | - Tahmeena Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Integral University, Dasauli, P.O. Bas-ha, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, UP, India
| | - Arvind K. Srivastava
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, UP, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dehghani Nazhvani A, Sarafraz N, Askari F, Heidari F, Razmkhah M. Anti-Cancer Effects of Traditional Medicinal Herbs on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:479-484. [PMID: 32102527 PMCID: PMC7332120 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.2.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is among the most frequent oral cancers in individuals under 40. Documents have endorsed that a diet enriched with fruit and vegetables can banish the risk of developing major cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of four medicinal herbs including saffron, ginger, cinnamon and curcumin on OSCC cell line. METHODS Having obtained the aqueous extract of the four herbs, they were administered on OSCC cell lines per se and in dual, triple, and quadruple combinations. Their effects were measured in different concentrations and in 24 and 48 hours by using MTT assay. RESULTS The minimum and maximum effective concentrations were respectively 108 and 217 mg/ml for curcumin with IC30 of 77mg/ml, 108 and 270 mg/ml for ginger with IC30 of 58 mg/ml, 2 and 10 mg/ml for saffron with IC30 of 1.9 mg/ml, and 5 and 40 mg/ml for cinnamon with IC30 of 3.3 mg/ml. The best effect of the combinations was seen for cinnamon-saffron after both 24 and 48 hours and the four herbs combination after 48 hours. CONCLUSION Although all the four herbs were effective on OSCC cell line, the strongest extract was saffron, followed by cinnamon. Combination of cinnamon-saffron and combination of the four herbs showed maximum effects. These findings suggest that traditional medicinal herbs may potentially contribute to oral cancer treatment; providing new windows for the development of new therapeutic strategies for OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fahimeh Heidari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies,
| | - Mahboobeh Razmkhah
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cortez MV, Perovic NR, Soria EA, Defagó MD. Effect of heat and microwave treatments on phenolic compounds and fatty acids of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and saffron (Crocus sativus L.). BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.20519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Turmeric and saffron are spices with fatty acids and phenolic compounds that exert several human health benefits. Nonetheless, their bioavailability may be reduced by cooking that involves high temperatures. Thus, our aim was to evaluate the effects of domestic heat treatments with respect to untreated controls on these molecules assessed by spectrophotometry and gas chromatography: microwaving, boiling under pressure and boiling without it (compared by ANOVA, p < 0.05). All treatments reduced phenolic compounds in saffron, whereas only microwaving decreased them in turmeric. Turmeric curcumin was reduced by microwaving and boiling under pressure. Turmeric and saffron showed a different fatty acid profile, which was differentially affected depending on the treatment. In conclusion, although the functional and nutritional quality of these spices can be affected, turmeric is more resistant to heat than saffron and shows a better lipid profile with high unsaturated fatty acids even after treated. Also, boiling preserved potential health-promoting phenolic compounds and some unsaturated fatty acids. Although a risk of bioactive compound loss exists, the correct cooking method can reduced it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Valentina Cortez
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | | | - Elio Andrés Soria
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Daniela Defagó
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sadat Kamali F, Shahrooz R, Najafi G, Razi M. Ameliorative effects of crocin on paraquat-induced oxidative stress in testis of adult mice: An experimental study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2019; 17:807-818. [PMID: 31911963 PMCID: PMC6906852 DOI: 10.18502/ijrm.v17i10.5490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paraquat (PQ), as a pyridine compound, is widely used worldwide to control annual weeds. The oxidative stress caused by PQ can cause deleterious changes in the testicular tissue. Objective An investigation on the protective effects of Crocin (CCN) against PQ-induced oxidative damages and apoptotic indices in testicular tissue. Materials and Methods Twenty-eight adult male albino mice (20-25 gr) were divided into four groups (n = 7/each). The control group received 0.1 ml/day of normal saline by intraperitoneal injection (IP); sham-control group received PQ 5 mg/kg/day, IP, and the experimental groups received PQ (CCN+PQ) and CCN-sole (200 mg/kg/day, IP), respectively, for 35 continuous days. At the end of the treatment period, the testes were dissected out and used for biochemical, molecular, and histological analyses. The expressions of tumor suppressor p53, B-cell lymphoma 2 (bcl-2), and caspase-3 were considered as hallmark factors of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Moreover, the testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated as key biomarkers for oxidative stress. Results The PQ significantly (p < 0.02, p < 0.01) diminished the spermatogenesis indices and SOD, increased MDA levels, and enhanced the apoptosis-related gene expression. However, the co-administration of CCN and PQ significantly (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.02) ameliorated the spermatogenesis ratio, upregulated the SOD level as well as bcl-2 expression, and reduced the MDA content and apoptosis vs the PQ-sole group. Conclusion This study showed that the antioxidant properties of CCN enable to ameliorate the PQ-induced destructive effects by upregulating the testicular structure, antioxidant and apoptotic status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahime Sadat Kamali
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rasoul Shahrooz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Golamreza Najafi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mazdak Razi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mykhailenko O, Kovalyov V, Goryacha O, Ivanauskas L, Georgiyants V. Biologically active compounds and pharmacological activities of species of the genus Crocus: A review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 162:56-89. [PMID: 30856530 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present article is the first comprehensive review on the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of the raw materials of Crocus species. In the present review, data on chemical constituents and pharmacological profile of Crocus sativus stigmas, as well as of other plant parts (perianth, stamens, leaves, corms) of different Crocus spp. are given. This review discusses all the classes of compounds (carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, terpenoids, phenol carboxylic acids, etc.) detected in raw materials of Crocus plants providing information on the current state of knowledge on phytochemicals of Crocus species. Almost all structural formulas of the compounds identified and isolated from Crocus species are given; all compounds are presented in accordance with the types of the studied raw materials. The latest hypotheses relating to the biosynthesis pathways of the main biologically active compounds of saffron (crocin, picrocrocin, safranal), as well as chemotaxonomy of Crocus genus are briefly summarized. The present review discusses the most thoroughly studied pharmacological activities (namely, antioxidant, antiparasitic, hypolipidemic, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, cytotoxic, antidepressant) of saffron stigmas extracts, of its individual phytochemicals (safranal, crocin, crocetin), as well as pharmacological activities of raw materials of other Crocus species. This comprehensive review will be informative for scientists searching for new properties of saffron stigmas, as well as for saffron producers, since the present review highlights the prospects for the use of waste products in the production of the expensive spice. In addition, the present review provides information on pharmacological properties and composition of other Crocus species as promising medicinal and food plants. In the present review the emphasis will be put on the chemical constituents of Crocus species and the intraspecies variation in phytochemicals and pharmacological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mykhailenko
- Department of Botany, National University of Pharmacy, 61168, Kharkiv, str. Valentynivska, 4, Ukraine.
| | - Volodymyr Kovalyov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National University of Pharmacy, 61168, Kharkiv, str. Valentynivska, 4, Ukraine.
| | - Olga Goryacha
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National University of Pharmacy, 61168, Kharkiv, str. Valentynivska, 4, Ukraine.
| | - Liudas Ivanauskas
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus g. 9, LT 44307, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Victoriya Georgiyants
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, 61168, Kharkiv, str. Valentynivska, 4, Ukraine.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Begas E, Bounitsi M, Kilindris T, Kouvaras E, Makaritsis K, Kouretas D, Asprodini EK. Effects of short-term saffron (Crocus sativus L.) intake on the in vivo activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in healthy volunteers. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:32-43. [PMID: 31082462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Crocus sativus L., a perennial plant grown mainly around the Mediterranean and Iran, has many medicinal properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-depressive and cancer preventing properties. Aqueous herbal extracts may affect the activity of Phase I and II enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. The present study was designed to determine whether C. sativus infusion alters the activity of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, XO and NAT2 enzymes in humans. Thirty-four healthy volunteers consumed infusion prepared from C. sativus stigmata for six days. Enzyme phenotyping was assessed in saliva and urine using caffeine metabolite ratios as follows: CYP1A2: 17X/137Χ (saliva) and CYP1A2: (AFMU+1U+1X)/17U, CYP2A6: 17U/(17U + 17X), XO: 1U/(1U+1X) and NAT2: AFMU/(AFMU+1U+1X) (urine). Following C. sativus intake, CYP1A2 index was reduced by ∼13.7% in saliva (before: 0.51 ± 0.22, after: 0.44 ± 0.14; p = 0.002) and ∼6.0% in urine (before: 3.81 ± 1.20, after: 3.58 ± 0.92; p = 0.054). CYP1A2 index was significantly reduced only in males (saliva, before: 0.65 ± 0.22, after: 0.51 ± 0.16; p = 0.0001; urine, before: 4.53 ± 1.19, after: 4.03 ± 0.87; p = 0.017) suggesting sexual dimorphism in CYP1A2 inhibition. There was no effect of C. sativus intake on CYP2A6, XO or NAT2 indices. Short-term consumption of C. sativus infusion is unlikely to result in significant herb-drug interactions involving the enzymes studied, with the exception of potential herb-CYP1A2 substrate interaction in males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Begas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Maria Bounitsi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Thomas Kilindris
- Laboratory of Medical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Kouvaras
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Makaritsis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology - Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Eftihia K Asprodini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Amerizadeh F, Rezaei N, Rahmani F, Hassanian SM, Moradi‐Marjaneh R, Fiuji H, Boroumand N, Nosrati‐Tirkani A, Ghayour‐Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Khazaei M, Avan A. Crocin synergistically enhances the antiproliferative activity of 5‐flurouracil through Wnt/PI3K pathway in a mouse model of colitis‐associated colorectal cancer. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:10250-10261. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Amerizadeh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Nastaran Rezaei
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Farzad Rahmani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of clinical Biochemistry Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Moradi‐Marjaneh
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Physiology Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences Torbat Heydariyeh Iran
| | - Hamid Fiuji
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Nadia Boroumand
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | | | | | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton Sussex UK
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Cancer Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Neuroprotection of Cytisine Against Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in Mice by Regulating NR2B-ERK/CREB Signal Pathway. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1575-1586. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
23
|
Expression and Interaction Analysis among Saffron ALDHs and Crocetin Dialdehyde. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051409. [PMID: 29747375 PMCID: PMC5983644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In saffron, the cleavage of zeaxanthin by means of CCD2 generates crocetin dialdehyde, which is then converted by an unknown aldehyde dehydrogenase to crocetin. A proteome from saffron stigma was released recently and, based on the expression pattern and correlation analyses, five aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) were suggested as possible candidates to generate crocetin from crocetin dialdehydes. We selected four of the suggested ALDHs and analyzed their expression in different tissues, determined their activity over crocetin dialdehyde, and performed structure modeling and docking calculation to find their specificity. All the ALDHs were able to convert crocetin dialdehyde to crocetin, but two of them were stigma tissue-specific. Structure modeling and docking analyses revealed that, in all cases, there was a high coverage of residues in the models. All of them showed a very close conformation, indicated by the low root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) values of backbone atoms, which indicate a high similarity among them. However, low affinity between the enzymes and the crocetin dialdehyde were observed. Phylogenetic analysis and binding affinities calculations, including some ALDHs from Gardenia jasmonoides, Crocus sieberi, and Buddleja species that accumulate crocetin and Bixa orellana synthetizing the apocarotenoid bixin selected on their expression pattern matching with the accumulation of either crocins or bixin, pointed out that family 2 C4 members might be involved in the conversion of crocetin dialdehyde to crocetin with high specificity.
Collapse
|
24
|
Uto T, Tung NH, Ohta T, Juengsanguanpornsuk W, Hung LQ, Hai NT, Long DD, Thuong PT, Okubo S, Hirata S, Shoyama Y. Antiproliferative activity and apoptosis induction by trijuganone C isolated from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza
Bunge (Danshen). Phytother Res 2018; 32:657-666. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuhiro Uto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nagasaki International University; Nagasaki 859-3298 Japan
| | - Nguyen Huu Tung
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nagasaki International University; Nagasaki 859-3298 Japan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Vietnam National University, Hanoi; Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Tomoe Ohta
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nagasaki International University; Nagasaki 859-3298 Japan
| | - Wipawee Juengsanguanpornsuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nagasaki International University; Nagasaki 859-3298 Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
| | - Le Quoc Hung
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Vietnam National University, Hanoi; Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Hai
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Vietnam National University, Hanoi; Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Dinh Doan Long
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Vietnam National University, Hanoi; Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Phuong Thien Thuong
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Vietnam National University, Hanoi; Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Shinya Okubo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nagasaki International University; Nagasaki 859-3298 Japan
| | - Sakiko Hirata
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nagasaki International University; Nagasaki 859-3298 Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shoyama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nagasaki International University; Nagasaki 859-3298 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bioactive Components of Saffron and Their Pharmacological Properties. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64056-7.00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
|
26
|
Okubo S, Uto T, Goto A, Tanaka H, Nishioku T, Yamada K, Shoyama Y. Berberine Induces Apoptotic Cell Death via Activation of Caspase-3 and -8 in HL-60 Human Leukemia Cells: Nuclear Localization and Structure–Activity Relationships. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:1497-1511. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid, is a well-known bioactive compound contained in medicinal plants used in traditional and folk medicines. In this study, we investigated the subcellular localization and the apoptotic mechanisms of BBR were elucidated. First, we confirmed the incorporation of BBR into the cell visually. BBR showed antiproliferative activity and promptly localized to the nucleus from 5[Formula: see text]min to 15[Formula: see text]min after BBR treatment in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Next, we examined the antiproliferative activity of BBR (1) and its biosynthetically related compounds (2-7) in HL-60 cells. BBR exerted strongest antiproliferative activity among 1-7 and the results of structures and activity relation suggested that a methylenedioxyl group in ring A, an [Formula: see text]-alkyl group at C-9 position, and the frame of isoquinoline may be necessary for antiproliferative activity. Moreover, BBR showed the most potent antiproliferative activity in HL-60 cells among human cancer and normal cell lines tested. Next, we examined the effect of BBR on molecular events known as apoptosis induction. In HL-60 cells, BBR induced chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation, and triggered the activation of PARP, caspase-3 and caspase-8 without the activation of caspase-9. BBR-induced DNA fragmentation was abolished by pretreatment with inhibitors against caspase-3 and caspase-8, but not against caspase-9. ERK and p38 were promptly phosphorylated after 15 min of BBR treatment, and this was correlated with time of localization to the nucleus of BBR. These results demonstrated that BBR translocated into nucleus immediately after treatments and induced apoptotic cell death by activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Okubo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Uto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Japan
| | - Aya Goto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nishioku
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shoyama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hoshyar R, Mollaei H. A comprehensive review on anticancer mechanisms of the main carotenoid of saffron, crocin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 69:1419-1427. [PMID: 28675431 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Crocin is derived from dried stigmas of Crocus sativus L. (saffron). It has long been used to prevent and treat various diseases. Although crocin is suggested as one of the most effective cancer therapeutic constituents of saffron stigma, its exact molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we reviewed anticancer effects of crocin and its underlying molecular mechanisms. KEY FINDINGS While several mechanisms may account for the antitumour activity of crocin, alteration of expression/activity of the genes and also epigenetic changes may be considered as necessary phenomena. These alternations may lead to inhibition of cancer cells' proliferation or/and induction of apoptosis through various mechanism including inhibition of synthesis of DNA and RNA, interaction with cellular topoisomerase, suppression of the telomerase activity and active STAT3, and targeting of microtubules. Moreover, this carotenoid could reverse the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inhibit metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Knowing molecular mechanisms of antitumoral agents could guide us to choose the best chemotherapeutic compound especially for targeted therapy and also provide insights about possible side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reyhane Hoshyar
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Homa Mollaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Patel S, Sarwat M, Khan TH. Mechanism behind the anti-tumour potential of saffron (Crocus sativus L.): The molecular perspective. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 115:27-35. [PMID: 28602167 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disorder which has noted a significant rise in incidence worldwide and continues to be the largest cause of mortality. It has a dramatic impact on human life expectancy and quality of life in spite of the increase in technology and the treatments available for cancer patients. These new therapeutic options being chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photolytic therapy and catalytic therapy are known to have many adverse reactions and also no better positive outcomes than before. Hence, research is now focused more on utilizing the vast repertoire of traditional medicinal knowledge i.e. the use of flora for treatment of cancer rather than the use of chemicals. One such herb is the Crocus sativus L., commonly known as Saffron, rich in carotenoids - crocin, crocetin and safranal. Various studies have been carried out over the past few years to confirm the anti-cancer properties of saffron, both in vivo using animal models and in vitro using human malignant cell lines on various types of cancers with positive results. The proposed mechanism of actions has also been worked upon. This review is aimed to provide a brief overview on the anti-tumor potential of saffron focusing on the molecular mechanism involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Patel
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Sector 125 Noida, UP 201313, India
| | - Maryam Sarwat
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Sector 125 Noida, UP 201313, India.
| | - Tajdar H Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Broadhead GK, Chang A, Grigg J, McCluskey P. Efficacy and Safety of Saffron Supplementation: Current Clinical Findings. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:2767-76. [PMID: 25875654 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.879467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus savitus) is a Middle-Eastern herb with strong antioxidant properties. Its major constituents, safranal, crocin, and crocetin, are also antioxidants and bear structural similarities to other well-known natural antixodant substances, such as zeaxanthin. Given the role of oxidative stress in many diseases, considerable interest has been shown into the potential role of saffron supplementation as a treatment for a range of diseases. In vitro and animal studies have provided evidence that saffron and its constituents may be potent therapies for a range of pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cardiac ischemia. Whether these findings translate into clinical efficacy, however, has as of yet been incompletely assessed. This makes assessing the role of saffron supplementation in these diseases difficult. Here, we review the current human clinical evidence supporting saffron supplementation as a treatment for a range of pathologies and the underlying science supporting its use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G K Broadhead
- a Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - A Chang
- a Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - J Grigg
- a Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - P McCluskey
- a Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gómez-Gómez L, Parra-Vega V, Rivas-Sendra A, Seguí-Simarro JM, Molina RV, Pallotti C, Rubio-Moraga Á, Diretto G, Prieto A, Ahrazem O. Unraveling Massive Crocins Transport and Accumulation through Proteome and Microscopy Tools during the Development of Saffron Stigma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E76. [PMID: 28045431 PMCID: PMC5297711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocins, the glucosides of crocetin, are present at high concentrations in saffron stigmas and accumulate in the vacuole. However, the biogenesis of the saffron chromoplast, the changes during the development of the stigma and the transport of crocins to the vacuole, are processes that remain poorly understood. We studied the process of chromoplast differentiation in saffron throughout stigma development by means of transmission electron microscopy. Our results provided an overview of a massive transport of crocins to the vacuole in the later developmental stages, when electron dense drops of a much greater size than plastoglobules (here defined "crocinoplast") were observed in the chromoplast, connected to the vacuole with a subsequent transfer of these large globules inside the vacuole. A proteome analysis of chromoplasts from saffron stigma allowed the identification of several well-known plastid proteins and new candidates involved in crocetin metabolism. Furthermore, expressions throughout five developmental stages of candidate genes responsible for carotenoid and apocarotenoid biogenesis, crocins transport to the vacuole and starch metabolism were analyzed. Correlation matrices and networks were exploited to identify a series of transcripts highly associated to crocetin (such as 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO), Crocetin glucosyltransferase 2 (UGT2), etc.) and crocin (e.g., ζ-carotene desaturase (ZDS) and plastid-lipid-associated proteins (PLAP2)) accumulation; in addition, candidate aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH) genes were highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Botanical Institute, Department of Science Technology, Agroforestry and Genetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Verónica Parra-Vega
- Cell Biology Group, COMAV Institute, Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46071 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Alba Rivas-Sendra
- Cell Biology Group, COMAV Institute, Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46071 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jose M Seguí-Simarro
- Cell Biology Group, COMAV Institute, Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46071 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Rosa Victoria Molina
- Department of Vegetal Biology, Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46071 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Claudia Pallotti
- Department of Vegetal Biology, Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46071 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ángela Rubio-Moraga
- Botanical Institute, Department of Science Technology, Agroforestry and Genetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, 00123 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alicia Prieto
- The Biological Research Center (CIB) Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Oussama Ahrazem
- Botanical Institute, Department of Science Technology, Agroforestry and Genetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Tecnológico de la Fábrica de Armas, Avda, Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zinati Z, Shamloo-Dashtpagerdi R, Behpouri A. In silico identification of miRNAs and their target genes and analysis of gene co-expression network in saffron ( Crocus sativus L. ) stigma. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2016; 5:233-246. [PMID: 28261627 PMCID: PMC5326487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As an aromatic and colorful plant of substantive taste, saffron (Crocus sativus L.) owes such properties of matter to growing class of the secondary metabolites derived from the carotenoids, apocarotenoids. Regarding the critical role of microRNAs in secondary metabolic synthesis and the limited number of identified miRNAs in C. sativus, on the other hand, one may see the point how the characterization of miRNAs along with the corresponding target genes in C. sativus might expand our perspectives on the roles of miRNAs in carotenoid/apocarotenoid biosynthetic pathway. A computational analysis was used to identify miRNAs and their targets using EST (Expressed Sequence Tag) library from mature saffron stigmas. Then, a gene co- expression network was constructed to identify genes which are potentially involved in carotenoid/apocarotenoid biosynthetic pathways. EST analysis led to the identification of two putative miRNAs (miR414 and miR837-5p) along with the corresponding stem- looped precursors. To our knowledge, this is the first report on miR414 and miR837-5p in C. sativus. Co-expression network analysis indicated that miR414 and miR837-5p may play roles in C. sativus metabolic pathways and led to identification of candidate genes including six transcription factors and one protein kinase probably involved in carotenoid/apocarotenoid biosynthetic pathway. Presence of transcription factors, miRNAs and protein kinase in the network indicated multiple layers of regulation in saffron stigma. The candidate genes from this study may help unraveling regulatory networks underlying the carotenoid/apocarotenoid biosynthesis in saffron and designing metabolic engineering for enhanced secondary metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Zinati
- Agroecology Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, Iran,
| | | | - Ali Behpouri
- Agroecology Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zheng J, Zhou Y, Li Y, Xu DP, Li S, Li HB. Spices for Prevention and Treatment of Cancers. Nutrients 2016; 8:E495. [PMID: 27529277 PMCID: PMC4997408 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spices have been widely used as food flavorings and folk medicines for thousands of years. Numerous studies have documented the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of spices, which might be related to prevention and treatment of several cancers, including lung, liver, breast, stomach, colorectum, cervix, and prostate cancers. Several spices are potential sources for prevention and treatment of cancers, such as Curcuma longa (tumeric), Nigella sativa (black cumin), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Allium sativum (garlic), Crocus sativus (saffron), Piper nigrum (black pepper) and Capsicum annum (chili pepper), which contained several important bioactive compounds, such as curcumin, thymoquinone, piperine and capsaicin. The main mechanisms of action include inducing apoptosis, inhibiting proliferation, migration and invasion of tumors, and sensitizing tumors to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This review summarized recent studies on some spices for prevention and treatment of cancers, and special attention was paid to bioactive components and mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Yue Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Ya Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Dong-Ping Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
- South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wani ZA, Mirza DN, Arora P, Riyaz-Ul-Hassan S. Molecular phylogeny, diversity, community structure, and plant growth promoting properties of fungal endophytes associated with the corms of saffron plant: An insight into the microbiome of Crocus sativus Linn. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:1509-1524. [PMID: 27890087 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A total of 294 fungal endophytes were isolated from the corms of Crocus sativus at two stages of crocus life cycle collected from 14 different saffron growing sites in Jammu and Kashmir (J & K) State, India. Molecular phylogeny assigned them into 36 distinct internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes which spread over 19 genera. The diversity of endophytes was higher at the dormant than at the vegetative stage. The Saffron microbiome was dominated by Phialophora mustea and Cadophora malorum, both are dark septate endophytes (DSEs). Some endophytes were found to possess antimicrobial properties that could be helpful for the host in evading the pathogens. These endophytes generally produced significant quantities of indole acetic acid (IAA) as well. However, thirteen of the endophytic taxa were found to cause corm rot in the host with different levels of severity under in vitro as well as in vivo conditions. This is the first report of community structure and biological properties of fungal endophytes associated with C. sativus, which may eventually help us to develop agro-technologies, based on plant-endophyte interactions for sustainable cultivation of saffron. The endophytes preserved ex situ, in this study, may also yield bioactive natural products for pharmacological and industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Ahmed Wani
- Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India
| | - Dania Nazir Mirza
- Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India
| | - Palak Arora
- Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India
| | - Syed Riyaz-Ul-Hassan
- Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180 001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hashemi P, Erim FB. Analysis of Vitamin B2 in Saffron Stigmas (Crocus sativus L) by Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detector. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
37
|
Farshid AA, Tamaddonfard E, Moradi-Arzeloo M, Mirzakhani N. The effects of crocin, insulin and their co-administration on the heart function and pathology in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2016; 6:658-670. [PMID: 28078246 PMCID: PMC5206923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Crocin is a saffron constituent with a potent anti-oxidant activity. The present study investigated the effects of crocin and insulin treatments (alone or in combination) on cardiac function and pathology in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg). Thereafter, crocin (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.), subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of insulin (4 IU/kg) and their combination were administered for eight weeks. Blood glucose level and whole heart and body weights were measured. Electrocardiography (ECG) was carried out using the lead II. Serum concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB), and the heart tissue malodialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents were determined. The heart lesions were evaluated by light microscopy. RESULTS STZ decreased body weight and increased whole heart weight/body weight ratio. It also decreased heart rate, and increased RR and QT intervals and T wave amplitude. STZ increased blood glucose, serum LDH and CK-MB levels, augmented heart tissue MDA content, decreased SOD content of heart tissue, and produced hemorrhages, degeneration, interstitial edema, and fibroblastic proliferation in the heart tissue. Crocin (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.), insulin (4 IU/kg, s.c.) and their combination (5 mg/kg of crocin with 4 IU/kg of insulin) treatments recovered the ECG, biochemical and histopathological changes induced by STZ. CONCLUSION The results showed cardioprotective effects of crocin and insulin in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic properties of crocin and insulin may be involved in their cardioprotective actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abbas Farshid
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran,Corresponding Author: Tel: +98 44 32770508, Fax: +98 44 32771926,
| | - Esmaeal Tamaddonfard
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Moradi-Arzeloo
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Navideh Mirzakhani
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Baba SA, Mohiuddin T, Basu S, Swarnkar MK, Malik AH, Wani ZA, Abbas N, Singh AK, Ashraf N. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of Crocus sativus for discovery and expression of genes involved in apocarotenoid biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:698. [PMID: 26370545 PMCID: PMC4570256 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crocus sativus stigmas form rich source of apocarotenoids like crocin, picrocrocin and saffranal which besides imparting color, flavour and aroma to saffron spice also have tremendous pharmacological properties. Inspite of their importance, the biosynthetic pathway of Crocus apocarotenoids is not fully elucidated. Moreover, the mechanism of their stigma specific accumulation remains unknown. Therefore, deep transcriptome sequencing of Crocus stigma and rest of the flower tissue was done to identify the genes and transcriptional regulators involved in the biosynthesis of these compounds. Results Transcriptome of stigma and rest of the flower tissue was sequenced using Illumina Genome Analyzer IIx platform which generated 64,604,402 flower and 51,350,714 stigma reads. Sequences were assembled de novo using trinity resulting in 64,438 transcripts which were classified into 32,204 unigenes comprising of 9853 clusters and 22,351 singletons. A comprehensive functional annotation and gene ontology (GO) analysis was carried out. 58.5 % of the transcripts showed similarity to sequences present in public databases while rest could be specific to Crocus. 5789 transcripts showed similarity to transcription factors representing 76 families out of which Myb family was most abundant. Many genes involved in carotenoid/apocarotenoid pathway were identified for the first time in this study which includes zeta-carotene isomerase and desaturase, carotenoid isomerase and lycopene epsilon-cyclase. GO analysis showed that the predominant classes in biological process category include metabolic process followed by cellular process and primary metabolic process. KEGG mapping analysis indicated that pathways involved in ribosome, carbon and starch and sucrose metabolism were highly represented. Differential expression analysis indicated that key carotenoid/apocarotenoid pathway genes including phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2 are enriched in stigma thereby providing molecular proof for stigma to be the site of apocarotenoid biosynthesis. Conclusions This data would provide a rich source for understanding the carotenoid/apocarotenoid metabolism in Crocus. The database would also help in investigating many questions related to saffron biology including flower development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1894-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoib Ahmad Baba
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, J&K-190005, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, 110 001, India.
| | - Tabasum Mohiuddin
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, J&K-190005, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, 110 001, India.
| | - Swaraj Basu
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Mohit Kumar Swarnkar
- Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India.
| | - Aubid Hussain Malik
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, J&K-190005, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, 110 001, India.
| | - Zahoor Ahmed Wani
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, J&K-190005, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, 110 001, India.
| | - Nazia Abbas
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, J&K-190005, India.
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India.
| | - Nasheeman Ashraf
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, J&K-190005, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, 110 001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ashraf N, Jain D, Vishwakarma RA. Identification, cloning and characterization of an ultrapetala transcription factor CsULT1 from Crocus: a novel regulator of apocarotenoid biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:25. [PMID: 25640597 PMCID: PMC4349709 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crocus sativus is a triploid sterile plant with long red stigmas which form commercial saffron. Saffron is the site for synthesis and accumulation of apocarotenoids like crocin, picrocrin and safranal which are responsible for its color, flavour and aroma making it world's most expensive spice. These compounds are formed by oxidative cleavage of zeaxanthin by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases. Although the biosynthetic pathway of apocarotenoids is known to a considerable extent, the mechanism that regulates its tissue and developmental stage specific expression is not known. RESULTS In the present work, we identified, cloned and characterized ultrapetala transcription factor called CsULT1 from Crocus. The gene contains an 80 amino acid long conserved SAND domain. The CsULT1 transcript was more abundant in stigma and showed increase in expression from pre anthesis stage till anthesis and decreased in post anthesis stage which corroborated with the accumulation pattern of crocin indicating its possible role in regulation of apocarotenoid biosynthesis. CsULT1 was found to be transcriptionally active and localized in nucleus. Its expression is induced in response to phytohormones like auxin, methyljasmonate and salicylic acid. Overexpression of CsULT1 in Crocus calli resulted in enhanced expression of key pathway genes like phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase (PDS), beta carotene hydroxylase (BCH) and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) indicating its role in regulation of apocarotenoid biosynthesis. CONCLUSION This work presents first report on isolation and characterization of ultrapetala gene from Crocus. Our results suggest that CsULT1 is a novel regulator of Crocus apocarotenoid biosynthesis. We show for the first time involvement of plant SAND domain proteins in regulating secondary metabolic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasheeman Ashraf
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, J&K-190005, India.
| | - Deepti Jain
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemisrty Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, J&K 180001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Asri-Rezaei S, Tamaddonfard E, Ghasemsoltani-Momtaz B, Erfanparast A, Gholamalipour S. Effects of crocin and zinc chloride on blood levels of zinc and metabolic and oxidative parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2015; 5:403-12. [PMID: 26468459 PMCID: PMC4599111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Crocin is one of constituents of saffron and has antioxidant property. Zinc chloride is one of the common compounds of zinc with antioxidant activity. The present study was aimed to investigate separate and combined treatment effects of crocin and zinc chloride on blood levels of zinc and metabolic and oxidative parameters in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) and was confirmed by blood glucose levels higher than 250 mg/dL. After confirmation of diabetes, injections (i.p.) of crocin and zinc chloride were performed for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood levels of zinc, glucose, insulin, malodialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured. . RESULTS Crocin (25 and 50 mg/kg) and zinc chloride (5 mg/kg) significantly recovered the decreased levels of zinc, insulin, and TAC and improved the increased levels of glucose and MDA in STZ-induced diabetic rats. In a combination treatment performed with an ineffective dose of crocin (12.5 mg/kg) and a low dose of zinc chloride (1.25 mg/kg), improving effects were observed on the above-mentioned biochemical parameters.. CONCLUSION The results indicated that separate and combined treatments with crocin and zinc chloride produced improving effects on the blood levels of zinc, glucose, insulin, MDA and TAC in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Asri-Rezaei
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Esmaeal Tamaddonfard
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran,Corresponding Author: Tel: +98 441 2770508, Fax :+98 441 2771926,
| | - Behnaz Ghasemsoltani-Momtaz
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amir Erfanparast
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sima Gholamalipour
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Parray JA, Kamili AN, Hamid R, Reshi ZA, Qadri RA. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of methanol extracts ofCrocus sativusL.c.v. Kashmirianus. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2014.951774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
42
|
Liu DD, Ye YL, Zhang J, Xu JN, Qian XD, Zhang Q. Distinct Pro-Apoptotic Properties of Zhejiang Saffron against Human Lung Cancer Via a Caspase-8-9-3 Cascade. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:6075-80. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.15.6075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
43
|
Rubio Moraga A, Ahrazem O, Rambla JL, Granell A, Gómez Gómez L. Crocins with high levels of sugar conjugation contribute to the yellow colours of early-spring flowering crocus tepals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71946. [PMID: 24058441 PMCID: PMC3772802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Crocus sativus is the source of saffron spice, the processed stigma which accumulates glucosylated apocarotenoids known as crocins. Crocins are found in the stigmas of other Crocuses, determining the colourations observed from pale yellow to dark red. By contrast, tepals in Crocus species display a wider diversity of colours which range from purple, blue, yellow to white. In this study, we investigated whether the contribution of crocins to colour extends from stigmas to the tepals of yellow Crocus species. Tepals from seven species were analysed by UPLC-PDA and ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS revealing for the first time the presence of highly glucosylated crocins in this tissue. β-carotene was found to be the precursor of these crocins and some of them were found to contain rhamnose, never before reported. When crocin profiles from tepals were compared with those from stigmas, clear differences were found, including the presence of new apocarotenoids in stigmas. Furthermore, each species showed a characteristic profile which was not correlated with the phylogenetic relationship among species. While gene expression analysis in tepals of genes involved in carotenoid metabolism showed that phytoene synthase was a key enzyme in apocarotenoid biosynthesis in tepals. Expression of a crocetin glucosyltransferase, previously identified in saffron, was detected in all the samples. The presence of crocins in tepals is compatible with the role of chromophores to attract pollinators. The identification of tepals as new sources of crocins is of special interest given their wide range of applications in medicine, cosmetics and colouring industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rubio Moraga
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete, Spain
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete, Spain
| | - Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete, Spain
- Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, Paseo de la Renovación 1, Albacete, Spain
| | - José Luis Rambla
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gómez Gómez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete, Spain
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|