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Production of New Isoflavone Diglucosides from Glycosylation of 8-Hydroxydaidzein by Deinococcus geothermalis Amylosucrase. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
8-Hydroxydaidzein (8-OHDe) is a non-natural isoflavone polyphenol isolated from fermented soybean foods. 8-OHDe exhibits a wide range of pharmaceutical activities. However, both the poor solubility and instability of 8-OHDe limit its applications. To resolve the limitations of 8-OHDe, Deinococcus geothermalis amylosucrase (DgAS) has previously been used to glycosylate 8-OHDe to produce soluble and stable 8-OHDe-7-O-α-glucopyranoside (8-OHDe-7-G) in a 0.5 h reaction time. In this study, we aimed to use DgAS and an extended reaction time to produce 8-OHDe diglucosides. At least three 8-OHDe derivatives were produced after a 24 h reaction time, and two major products were successfully purified and identified as new compounds: 8-OHDe-7-O-[α-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-glucopyranoside] (8-OHDe-7-G2) and 8-OHDe-7,4′-O-α-diglucopyranoside (8-OHDe-7-G-4′-G). 8-OHDe-7-G-4′-G showed a 4619-fold greater aqueous solubility than 8-OHDe. In addition, over 92% of the 8-OHDe diglucosides were stable after 96 h, while only 10% of the 8-OHDe could be detected after being subjected to the same conditions. The two stable 8-OHDe diglucoside derivatives have the potential for pharmacological usage in the future.
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Biotransformation of Daidzein, Genistein, and Naringenin by Streptomyces Species Isolated from High-Altitude Soil of Nepal. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:9948738. [PMID: 34249126 PMCID: PMC8238566 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9948738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids have achieved widespread importance in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries. Furthermore, modification of these naturally occurring flavonoids to structurally diverse compounds through whole cell biotransformation with enhanced biological activities has numerous biotechnological applications. The present study investigated the biotransformation potential of Streptomyces species isolated from a high-altitude-soil sample towards selected flavonoid molecules. The biotransformed metabolites were confirmed by comparing the HPLC chromatogram with authentic compounds and LC-MS/MS analysis. Of these isolates, Streptomyces species G-18 (Accession number: MW663767.1) catalyzed isoflavone molecules daidzein and genistein to produce hydroxylated products at 24 h of reaction condition in a whole cell system. The hydroxylation of daidzein (4′,7-dihydroxyisoflavone) was confirmed at 3′-position of the B ring to produce 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyisoflavone. In addition, Streptomyces species G-14 (Accession number: MW663770.1) and Streptomyces species S4L (Accession number: MW663769.1) also revealed the transformation of daidzein (4′,7-dihydroxyisoflavone) to hydroxy daidzein at a distinct position than that of G-18 isolates, whereas thee Streptomyces species S4L reaction mixture with naringenin as a substrate also revealed the hydroxylated product. Our results demonstrated that microorganisms isolated from different ecological niches have broad application.
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Chang TS, Wang TY, Hsueh TY, Lee YW, Chuang HM, Cai WX, Wu JY, Chiang CM, Wu YW. A Genome-Centric Approach Reveals a Novel Glycosyltransferase from the GA A07 Strain of Bacillus thuringiensis Responsible for Catalyzing 15- O-Glycosylation of Ganoderic Acid A. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5192. [PMID: 31635144 PMCID: PMC6829469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Strain GA A07 was identified as an intestinal Bacillus bacterium of zebrafish, which has high efficiency to biotransform the triterpenoid, ganoderic acid A (GAA), into GAA-15-O-β-glucoside. To date, only two known enzymes (BsUGT398 and BsUGT489) of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 strain can biotransform GAA. It is thus worthwhile to identify the responsible genes of strain GA A07 by whole genome sequencing. A complete genome of strain GA A07 was successfully assembled. A phylogenomic analysis revealed the species of the GA A07 strain to be Bacillus thuringiensis. Forty glycosyltransferase (GT) family genes were identified from the complete genome, among which three genes (FQZ25_16345, FQZ25_19840, and FQZ25_19010) were closely related to BsUGT398 and BsUGT489. Two of the three candidate genes, FQZ25_16345 and FQZ25_19010, were successfully cloned and expressed in a soluble form in Escherichia coli, and the corresponding proteins, BtGT_16345 and BtGT_19010, were purified for a biotransformation activity assay. An ultra-performance liquid chromatographic analysis further confirmed that only the purified BtGT_16345 had the key biotransformation activity of catalyzing GAA into GAA-15-O-β-glucoside. The suitable conditions for this enzyme activity were pH 7.5, 10 mM of magnesium ions, and 30 °C. In addition, BtGT_16345 showed glycosylation activity toward seven flavonoids (apigenein, quercetein, naringenein, resveratrol, genistein, daidzein, and 8-hydroxydaidzein) and two triterpenoids (GAA and antcin K). A kinetic study showed that the catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) of BtGT_16345 was not significantly different compared with either BsUGT398 or BsUGT489. In short, this study identified BtGT_16345 from B. thuringiensis GA A07 is the catalytic enzyme responsible for the 15-O-glycosylation of GAA and it was also regioselective toward triterpenoid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Sheng Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan.
| | - Tzi-Yuan Wang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Yu Hsueh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Wen Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Mei Chuang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Xuan Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan.
| | - Jiumn-Yih Wu
- Department of Food Science, National Quemoy University, Kinmen County 892, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Min Chiang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, No. 60, Erh-Jen Rd., Sec. 1, Jen-Te District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Wei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Clinical Big Data Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Chang TS, Wang TY, Yang SY, Kao YH, Wu JY, Chiang CM. Potential Industrial Production of a Well-Soluble, Alkaline-Stable, and Anti-Inflammatory Isoflavone Glucoside from 8-Hydroxydaidzein Glucosylated by Recombinant Amylosucrase of Deinococcus geothermalis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122236. [PMID: 31208027 PMCID: PMC6631725 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Hydroxydaidzein (8-OHDe), an ortho-hydroxylation derivative of soy isoflavone daidzein isolated from some fermented soybean foods, has been demonstrated to possess potent anti-inflammatory activity. However, the isoflavone aglycone is poorly soluble and unstable in alkaline solutions. To improve the aqueous solubility and stability of the functional isoflavone, 8-OHDe was glucosylated with recombinant amylosucrase of Deinococcus geothermalis (DgAS) with industrial sucrose, instead of expensive uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDP-glucose). One major product was produced from the biotransformation, and identified as 8-OHDe-7-α-glucoside, based on mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses. The aqueous solubility and stability of the isoflavone glucoside were determined, and the results showed that the isoflavone glucoside was almost 4-fold more soluble and more than six-fold higher alkaline-stable than 8-OHDe. In addition, the anti-inflammatory activity of 8-OHDe-7-α-glucoside was also determined by the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that 8-OHDe-7-α-glucoside exhibited significant and dose-dependent inhibition on the production of nitric oxide, with an IC50 value of 173.2 µM, which remained 20% of the anti-inflammatory activity of 8-OHDe. In conclusion, the well-soluble and alkaline-stable 8-OHDe-7-α-glucoside produced by recombinant DgAS with a cheap substrate, sucrose, as a sugar donor retains moderate anti-inflammatory activity, and could be used in industrial applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Sheng Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan.
| | - Tzi-Yuan Wang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Szu-Yi Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Han Kao
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan.
| | - Jiumn-Yih Wu
- Department of Food Science, National Quemoy University, Kinmen County 892, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Min Chiang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, No. 60, Sec. 1, Erh-Jen Rd., Jen-Te District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan.
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Lee PG, Lee UJ, Song H, Choi KY, Kim BG. Recent advances in the microbial hydroxylation and reduction of soy isoflavones. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:5089968. [PMID: 30184116 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Soy isoflavones are naturally occurring phytochemicals, which are biotransformed into functional derivatives through oxidative and reductive metabolic pathways of diverse microorganisms. Such representative derivatives, ortho-dihydroxyisoflavones (ODIs) and equols, have attracted great attention for their versatile health benefits since they were found from soybean fermented foods and human intestinal fluids. Recently, scientists in food technology, nutrition and microbiology began to understand their correct biosynthetic pathways and nutraceutical values, and have attempted to produce the valuable bioactive compounds using microbial fermentation and whole-cell/enzyme-based biotransformation. Furthermore, artificial design of microbial catalysts and/or protein engineering of oxidoreductases were also conducted to enhance production efficiency and regioselectivity of products. This minireview summarizes and introduces the past year's studies and recent advances in notable production of ODIs and equols, and provides information on available microbial species and their catalytic performance with perspectives on industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyung-Gang Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Uk-Jae Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbit Song
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Bioengineering Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Institute of Bioengineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Production of New Isoflavone Glucosides from Glycosylation of 8-Hydroxydaidzein by Glycosyltransferase from Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8090387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Hydroxydaidzein (8-OHDe) has been proven to possess some important bioactivities; however, the low aqueous solubility and stability of 8-OHDe limit its pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications. The present study focuses on glycosylation of 8-OHDe to improve its drawbacks in solubility and stability. According to the results of phylogenetic analysis with several identified flavonoid-catalyzing glycosyltransferases (GTs), three glycosyltransferase genes (BsGT110, BsGT292 and BsGT296) from the genome of the Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 strain were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The three BsGTs were then purified and the glycosylation activity determined toward 8-OHDe. The results showed that only BsGT110 possesses glycosylation activity. The glycosylated metabolites were then isolated with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and identified as two new isoflavone glucosides, 8-OHDe-7-O-β-glucoside and8-OHDe-8-O-β-glucoside, whose identity was confirmed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The aqueous solubility of 8-OHDe-7-O-β-glucoside and 8-OHDe-8-O-β-glucoside is 9.0- and 4.9-fold, respectively, higher than that of 8-OHDe. Moreover, more than 90% of the initial concentration of the two 8-OHDe glucoside derivatives remained after 96 h of incubation in 50 mM of Tris buffer at pH 8.0. In contrast, the concentration of 8-OHDe decreased to 0.8% of the initial concentration after 96 h of incubation. The two new isoflavone glucosides might have potential in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications.
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Kim E, Kang YG, Kim JH, Kim YJ, Lee TR, Lee J, Kim D, Cho JY. The Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of 8-Hydroxydaidzein (8-HD) in Activated Macrophage-Like RAW264.7 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1828. [PMID: 29933606 PMCID: PMC6073157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Hydroxydaidzein (8-HD) is a daidzein metabolite isolated from soybeans. This compound has been studied for its anti-proliferation, depigmentation, and antioxidant activities. However, the anti-inflammatory activities of 8-HD are not well-understood. Through its antioxidant effects in ABTS and DPPH assays, 8-HD reduces the production of sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced radical oxygen species (ROS). By triggering various Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 8-HD suppresses the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) without cytotoxicity. We examined the regulatory mechanism of 8-HD in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced conditions. We found that 8-HD diminishes inflammatory gene expression (e.g., inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) by regulating the transcriptional activities of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein 1 (AP-1). To find the potential targets of 8-HD, signaling pathways were investigated by immunoblotting analyses. These analyses revealed that 8-HD inhibits the activation of TAK1 and that phosphorylated levels of downstream molecules decrease in sequence. Together, our results demonstrate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of 8-HD and suggest its potential use in cosmetics or anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Young-Gyu Kang
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea.
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Yong-Jin Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea.
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea.
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
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Wu SC, Chang CW. Production of 8-Hydroxygenistein through Biotransformation by UsingAspergillus oryzae. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2016.1147030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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