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Rezaei Ahvanooei MR, Norouzian MA, Piray AH, Vahmani P, Ghaffari MH. Effects of monensin supplementation on rumen fermentation, methane emissions, nitrogen balance, and metabolic responses of dairy cows: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:607-624. [PMID: 37709041 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of supplemental monensin administration on the metabolic responses of dairy cows, a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis were conducted. Initially, 604 studies were identified through comprehensive database searches, including Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed, using key words related to dairy cows, monensin, and metabolic outcomes. After a 2-stage screening process, 51 articles with a total of 60 experiments were selected for meta-analysis based on criteria such as study implementation date between 2001 and 2022, presence of a control group that did not receive monensin supplementation, reporting of at least 1 outcome variable, and presentation of means and corresponding errors. The meta-analysis used the 1-stage random-effects method, and sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the results. The results showed that the administration of monensin at a dosage of 19 to 26 mg/kg was inversely related to methane emissions and that the administration of monensin at a dosage of 18 to 50 mg/kg resulted in a significant decrease in dry matter intake. Administration of monensin at doses of 13 to 28 and 15 to 24 mg/kg also resulted in a significant decrease in ruminal acetate proportion and an increase in propionate proportion, respectively, with no effects on ruminal butyrate, NH3, or pH levels. We found no effects on blood parameters or nitrogen retention, but a significant negative correlation was observed between monensin supplementation and fecal nitrogen excretion. Based on the analysis of all variables evaluated, the optimal dose range of monensin was estimated to be 19 to 24 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Rezaei Ahvanooei
- Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, 3391653755 Tehran, Iran.
| | - M A Norouzian
- Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, 3391653755 Tehran, Iran
| | - A H Piray
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, 6714414971 Kermanshah, Iran
| | - P Vahmani
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Basmaeil SM, Suliman GM, Al Garadi MA, Al-Badwi MA, Abdelrahman MM, Al-Harbi FS, El-Waziry AM, Alhidary IA, Swelum AA. Effects of increasing levels of lasalocid supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemistry, ruminal fermentation profile, in vitro nutrient digestibility, and gas production of growing goats. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1181426. [PMID: 37377948 PMCID: PMC10291122 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1181426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lasalocid is a feed additive widely used in ruminant nutrition and plays a crucial role in improving livestock productivity, digestibility, immunity, and overall wellbeing. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of lasalocid (LAS) supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemistry, ruminal fermentation profile, in vitro nutrient digestibility, and gas production of growing goats. Methods A total of 60 growing Aardi male goats with an average body weight of ~17.12 kg (3-month-old) were used for an 84-day trial. Animals were randomly divided into four treatment groups with 5 replicates of 3 goats each. All four groups were provided with a basal diet supplemented with lasalocid (LAS) at 0 (without supplementation; LAS0), 10 (LAS10), 20 (LAS20), or 30 (LAS30) ppm LAS/kg dry matter (DM). Feed intake was measured weekly, and goats were weighed every 2 weeks for an evaluation of the performance parameters. Blood samples were collected for the measurement of biochemical variables. In vitro nutrient digestibility and gas production were evaluated. Results and discussion The supplementation of LAS at level 30 ppm/kg DM increased (P < 0.05) the body weight gain and average daily gain without linear or quadratic effect. The serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the LAS20 group than in other groups with linear and quadratic effects, while low-density lipoprotein concentration was significantly lower in the LAS20 group than in LAS0 and LAS30 with a linear effect. Different levels of lasalocid supplementation had no effect on the ruminal fermentation profile, in vitro gas production, and nutrient digestibility. In conclusion, the addition of LAS (20-30 ppm/kg DM) to the goat's diet can improve the growth performance and lipoprotein profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid M. Basmaeil
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamaleldin M. Suliman
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged A. Al Garadi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Badwi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mutassim M. Abdelrahman
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad S. Al-Harbi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. El-Waziry
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A. Alhidary
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman A. Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Rezaei Ahvanooei MR, Norouzian MA, Piray AH, Vahmani P, Ghaffari MH. Effects of monensin supplementation on lactation performance of dairy cows: a systematic review and dose-response meta‑analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:568. [PMID: 36631508 PMCID: PMC9834228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive review with meta-analysis to determine the effects of the dose-response relationship between monensin supplementation and dairy cow performance and milk composition. Results from 566 full-text articles and 48 articles with 52 studies were meta-analyzed for pooled estimates. Monensin supplementation up to 23 ppm increased milk production, with the optimal dose being 12.6 ppm. Monensin supplementation at doses ranging from 16 to 96 ppm increased milk production in the prepartum phase (- 28 to 0 day relative to calving). From 60 to 150 DIM, monensin supplementation up to 21 ppm had a significant positive effect on this outcome, while supplementation in the 37 to 96 ppm range caused a decrease in this variable. At 0 to 60 and > 150 DIM, monensin supplementation had no effect on milk yield. At dosages of 22 to 96 ppm, 12 to 36 ppm, and below 58 ppm and 35 ppm, respectively, monensin supplementation resulted in significant decreases in dry matter intake (DMI), milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, and milk fat yield. Overall, based on the results of this meta-analysis and considering all variables, the recommended optimal dose of monensin could be about 16 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Rezaei Ahvanooei
- grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, 3391653755 Iran
| | - M. A. Norouzian
- grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, 3391653755 Iran
| | - A. H. Piray
- grid.412668.f0000 0000 9149 8553Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, PO Box 6715685418, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - P. Vahmani
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Animal Science, University of California, 2251 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - M. H. Ghaffari
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Richards BF, Vasquez JA, Perfield KL, Kvidera SK, Drackley JK. Rumen effects of monensin in dry cow diets varying in energy density. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:8008-8015. [PMID: 35965123 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Controversy has existed as to whether monensin will provide equal or differential benefits in a higher-energy, lower-roughage close-up diet versus a higher-roughage, lower-energy diet. Our objective was to determine the rumen effects of a controlled-energy, high-fiber diet balanced to meet but not greatly exceed energy requirements during the dry period or a traditional 2-group approach of higher-energy close-up diet. The effects of added monensin in each diet type were determined. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 17) were fitted surgically with ruminal cannulas. During the first 4 wk of the dry period, all cows were fed a controlled-energy, high-fiber diet (CE) as a total mixed ration for ad libitum intake. During the last 3 wk before calving, half of the cows were switched to a higher-energy, close-up diet until calving (CU), whereas the other half continued to receive the CE diet. Within each dietary group, half of the cows received monensin (MON) supplementation in the diet (24.2 g/t of total dry matter) and half did not (CON). After calving, all cows received the same lactation diet containing monensin (15.4 g/t of dietary dry matter). At 14 d prepartum, dry matter intake was not different across treatments. The weight of rumen contents was greater for cows fed CE. Rumen liquid dilution rate, solids passage rate, pH, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, molar proportions of acetate and propionate, and papillae length did not differ among diets. Butyrate percentage tended to be greater for cows fed CE. Postpartum, dry matter intake, mass of rumen contents, solids passage rate, pH, total VFA concentration, molar percentages of propionate and butyrate, and papillae length did not differ among treatments. Liquid dilution rate (16.6, 10.7, 16.0, and 18.2%/h for CE + CON, CE + MON, CU + CON, and CU + MON, respectively) was affected by a diet × monensin interaction. Cows on the CE + CON diet had a greater ruminal proportion of acetate than did cows fed CU + CON, whereas cows fed monensin on either diet were intermediate (diet × monensin interaction). Addition of MON to the CU diet decreased the proportion of propionate (diet × monensin interaction). Cows fed CE had greater mass of rumen contents before parturtition but the high inclusion of wheat straw in the CE diet did not negatively affect rumen papillae length. Monensin inclusion differentially affected liquid passage rate and VFA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Richards
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J A Vasquez
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | | | | | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Meta-analysis of the effects of ionophores supplementation on dairy cows performance and ruminal fermentation. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mirzaei-Alamouti H, Namdarpour H, Abdollahi A, Amanlou H, Patra AK, Shahir MH, Aliyari D, Vazirigohar M. Nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, and production performance of peripartal ewes fed dietary plant extract and monensin. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Robinson P. Impacts of feeding monensin sodium on production and the efficiency of milk production in dairy cows fed total mixed rations: evaluation of a confounded literature. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2019-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The amount of milk Canadian dairy farmers produce is limited to a production quota expressed in milk fat. Because milk economic value is primarily based on fat and protein, it can be advantageous to decrease the milk fat to protein ratio. Monensin sodium has been suggested to reduce milk fat proportion and outputs, but not milk protein. Publications using lactating dairy cows were utilized to assess predictability of production responses to monensin feeding based upon their base production characteristics and diet composition. Predicted animal output changes due to monensin had poor fits with low r2 (0.31–0.44) and unevenly distributed residuals. Further assessment revealed that cow characteristics, and diets, were not independent of monensin feeding level. Thus, the 43 comparisons were clustered into levels of 10–12, 14–18, or 20–24 mg kg−1 of diet dry matter (DM). Milk fat yield reductions due to monensin differed (P < 0.05; 10–12 and 14–18 mg kg−1 DM), or tended to differ (P = 0.057; 20–24 mg kg−1 DM), from zero (i.e., no change). Monensin addition to total mixed rations of lactating dairy cows negatively impacted milk fat yield to a greater extent than milk protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.H. Robinson
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Omphalius C, Lemosquet S, Ouellet DR, Bahloul L, Lapierre H. Postruminal infusions of amino acids or glucose affect metabolisms of splanchnic, mammary, and other peripheral tissues and drive amino acid use in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2233-2254. [PMID: 31954566 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Effects of AA and glucose infusions on efficiency of use of essential AA (EAA) were studied according to a 2 × 2 factorial using 5 multicatheterized cows in a 4 × 4 Latin square plus one cow, with 2-wk periods. The diet provided 87% of energy and 70% of metabolizable protein requirements, and the 4 treatments were abomasal infusions of (1) water, (2) an AA mixture with a casein profile (695 g/d), (3) glucose (1,454 g/d), or (4) a combination of AA and glucose infusions. Milk samples were collected on the last 6 milkings. On d 14, 6 blood samples were collected from arterial, and portal, hepatic, and mammary venous vessels. Splanchnic plasma flow was calculated by dilution of p-aminohippurate and mammary flow by the Fick principle using Phe + Tyr. The net flux of AA across tissues [splanchnic, i.e., portal-drained viscera (PDV) + liver, and mammary gland] was calculated as the efflux minus the influx across that tissue. The efficiency of EAA was calculated as the sum of exported true proteins [milk protein yield (MPY), scurf, and metabolic fecal protein] multiplied by their respective AA profile and divided by the predicted AA supply minus AA endogenous urinary loss. In addition, catabolism was estimated for each tissue: AA supply - (portal net flux + metabolic fecal protein) for the PDV; -hepatic net flux for the liver; splanchnic net flux - (-mammary net flux + scurf) for the other peripheral tissues; and -mammary net flux - milk for the mammary gland. The MIXED procedure (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) was used with cow as a random effect. No AA × glucose interaction existed for most of the measured parameters. With infusions of AA and glucose, MPY increased by 17 and 14%, respectively. The decreased efficiency of EAA-N with AA infusion resulted from increased EAA-N in MPY smaller than the increased EAA-N supply and was accompanied by increased liver catabolism of His + Met + Phe (representing group 1 AA) and increased mammary and PDV catabolisms of group 2 AA-N (Ile, Leu, Lys, and Val). In contrast, the increased efficiency of EAA-N with glucose infusion, resulting from increased EAA-N in MPY with no change in EAA-N supply, was accompanied by decreased mammary catabolism of group 2 AA-N and hepatic catabolism of His + Met + Phe. No mammary catabolism of His, Met, and Phe existed in all treatments, as indicated by the mammary uptake to milk output ratio close to one for these EAA. Therefore, the mammary gland contributes significantly to variations of efficiency of group 2 AA-N through variations of AA catabolism, in response to both AA and glucose supplies, whereas additional PDV catabolism was observed with increased AA supply. Partition of AA use between tissues allows to delineate their anabolic or catabolic fate across tissues and better understand changes of efficiency of EAA in response to protein and energy supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Omphalius
- PEGASE, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, 35590 Saint Gilles, France; Adisseo France S.A.S., 10, Place du General de Gaulle, 92160 Antony, France
| | - S Lemosquet
- PEGASE, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | - D R Ouellet
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - L Bahloul
- Adisseo France S.A.S., 10, Place du General de Gaulle, 92160 Antony, France
| | - H Lapierre
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8.
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Santos MCB, Araújo APC, Venturelli BC, Freitas JE, Barletta RV, Gandra JR, de Paiva PG, Acedo TS, Rennó FP. Effects of increasing monensin doses on performance of mid-lactating Holstein cows. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2019.1629298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Celpf Bailoni Santos
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Chaves Araújo
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Conti Venturelli
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Jose Esler Freitas
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Rafael Villela Barletta
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Rodrigues Gandra
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Pablo Gomes de Paiva
- Departement of Animal Science, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” /Campus Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Palma Rennó
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Morris D, Kim S, Lee C. Effects of corn feeding reduced-fat distillers grains with or without monensin on nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur utilization and excretion in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7106-7116. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Morris D, Kim S, Kononoff P, Lee C. Continuous 11-week feeding of reduced-fat distillers grains with and without monensin reduces lactation performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:5971-5983. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Tebbe A, Wyatt D, Weiss W. Effects of magnesium source and monensin on nutrient digestibility and mineral balance in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1152-1163. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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de. Barros ACB, Neiva JNM, Restle J, Missio RL, Miotto FRC, Elejalde DAG, Maciel RP. Production responses in young bulls fed glycerin as a replacement for concentrates in feedlot diets. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the productive performance, blood parameters, and carcass characteristics of young crossbreed dairy bulls kept in feedlots and fed with diets containing 0, 60, 120, and 240 g/kg of crude glycerin, replacing a mixture of ground pearl millet grain (50%) and babassu mesocarp bran (50%). Twenty-four bulls with an average age of 24 months and an average initial weight of 390 ± 31.5 kg were used. The experimental design was completely randomised with six replications. Dry matter and digestible energy intake were not influenced by diets. Feed conversion linearly decreased with increasing glycerin levels. The increase in the levels of glycerin resulted in a linear increase in blood glucose and in average daily weight gain. Carcass weight was not affected, but trimming fat increased and carcass yield decreased linearly, with increasing glycerin levels. The addition of crude glycerin at levels up to 240 g/kg of dry matter to diets containing babassu mesocarp bran and ground pearl millet grain increased the performance of young feedlot bulls, and improved feed efficiency and carcass subcutaneous fat thickness.
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14
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Effects of a blend of essential oils, chitosan or monensin on nutrient intake and digestibility of lactating dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Galindo C, Larsen M, Ouellet DR, Maxin G, Pellerin D, Lapierre H. Abomasal amino acid infusion in postpartum dairy cows: Effect on whole-body, splanchnic, and mammary glucose metabolism. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7962-74. [PMID: 26319765 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nine Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulas and indwelling catheters in splanchnic blood vessels were used to study the effects of supplementing AA on milk lactose secretion, whole-body rate of appearance (WB-Ra) of glucose, and tissue metabolism of glucose, lactate, glycerol, and β-OH-butyrate (BHBA) in postpartum dairy cows according to a generalized randomized incomplete block design with repeated measures in time. At calving, cows were blocked according to parity (second and third or greater) and were allocated to 2 treatments: abomasal infusion of water (n=4) or abomasal infusion of free AA with casein profile (AA-CN; n=5) in addition to the same basal diet. The AA-CN infusion started with half the maximal dose at 1 d in milk (DIM) and then steadily decreased from 791 to 226 g/d from DIM 2 to 29 to cover the estimated essential AA deficit. On DIM 5, 15, and 29, D[6,6-(2)H2]-glucose (23.7 mmol/h) was infused into a jugular vein for 5h, and 6 blood samples were taken from arterial, portal, hepatic, and mammary sources at 45-min intervals, starting 1h after the initiation of the D[6,6-(2)H2]glucose infusion. Trans-organ fluxes were calculated as veno-arterial differences times plasma flow (splanchnic: downstream dilution of deacetylated para-aminohippurate; mammary: Fick principle using Phe+Tyr). Energy-corrected milk and lactose yields increased on average with AA-CN by 6.4 kg/d and 353 g/d, respectively, with no DIM × treatment interaction. Despite increased AA supply and increased demand for lactose secretion with AA-CN, net hepatic release of glucose remained unchanged, but WB-Ra of glucose tended to increase with AA-CN. Portal true flux of glucose increased with AA-CN and represented, on average, 17% of WB-Ra. Splanchnic true flux of glucose was unaltered by treatments and was numerically equivalent to WB-Ra, averaging 729 and 741 mmol/h, respectively. Mammary glucose utilization increased with AA-CN infusion, averaging 78% of WB-Ra, and increased gradually as lactation advanced. Net portal, hepatic, splanchnic, and mammary fluxes of lactate, glycerol, and BHBA were not affected by AA infusion. Increasing the supply of AA in postpartum dairy cows elevated the WB-Ra of glucose without affecting the true liver glucose release. The greater WB-Ra of glucose with abomasal AA infusion seemed to originate mainly from greater true portal-drained viscera release of glucose. Glucose utilization by the portal-drained viscera was unaffected by abomasal AA infusion, but the exact mechanism behind the greater true portal glucose release could not be assessed in the current study. The increased mammary glucose uptake was in line with the increased milk lactose yield. In early postpartum lactation, the demand for AA seems to be so high that even with increased AA supply, cows have metabolic priorities for AA other than hepatic gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galindo
- Département de Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - M Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - D R Ouellet
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - G Maxin
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - D Pellerin
- Département de Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - H Lapierre
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8.
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Recktenwald EB, Ross DA, Fessenden SW, Wall CJ, Van Amburgh ME. Urea-N recycling in lactating dairy cows fed diets with 2 different levels of dietary crude protein and starch with or without monensin. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:1611-22. [PMID: 24377801 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rumensin (monensin; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) has been shown to reduce ammonia production and microbial populations in vitro; thus, it would be assumed to reduce ruminal ammonia production and subsequent urea production and consequently affect urea recycling. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of 2 levels of dietary crude protein (CP) and 2 levels of starch, with and without Rumensin on urea-N recycling in lactating dairy cattle. Twelve lactating Holstein dairy cows (107 ± 21 d in milk, 647 kg ± 37 kg of body weight) were fed diets characterized as having high (16.7%) or low (15.3%) CP with or without Rumensin, while dietary starch levels (23 vs. 29%) were varied between 2 feeding periods with at least 7d of adaptation between measurements. Cows assigned to high or low protein and to Rumensin or no Rumensin remained on those treatments to avoid carryover effects. The diets consisted of approximately 40% corn silage, 20% alfalfa hay, and 40% concentrate mix specific to the treatment diets, with 0.5 kg of wheat straw added to the high starch diets to enhance effective fiber intake. The diets were formulated using Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (version 6.1), and the low-protein diets were formulated to be deficient for rumen ammonia to create conditions that should enhance the demand for urea recycling. The high-protein diets were formulated to be positive for both rumen ammonia and metabolizable protein. Rumen fluid, urine, feces, and milk samples were collected before and after a 72-h continuous jugular infusion of (15)N(15)N-urea. Total urine and feces were collected during the urea infusions for N balance measurements. Milk yield and dry matter intake were improved in cows fed the higher level of dietary CP and by Rumensin. Ruminal ammonia and milk and plasma urea nitrogen concentrations corresponded to dietary CP concentration. As has been shown in vitro, Rumensin reduced rumen ammonia concentration by approximately 23% but did not affect urea entry rate or gastrointestinal entry rate. Urea entry rate averaged approximately 57% of total N intake for cattle with and without Rumensin, and gastrointestinal rate was similar at 43 and 42% of N intake for cattle fed and not fed Rumensin, respectively. The cattle fed the high-protein diet had a 25% increase in urea entry rate and no effect of starch level was observed for any recycling parameters. Contrary to our hypothesis, Rumensin did not alter urea production and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Recktenwald
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D A Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S W Fessenden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - C J Wall
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M E Van Amburgh
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Phuong H, Friggens N, de Boer I, Schmidely P. Factors affecting energy and nitrogen efficiency of dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7245-7259. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Wang ZB, Xin HS, Wang MJ, Li ZY, Qu YL, Miao SJ, Zhang YG. Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Hainanmycin on Protein Degradation and Populations of Ammonia-producing Bacteria In vitro. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2013; 26:668-74. [PMID: 25049837 PMCID: PMC4093324 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro fermentation was conducted to determine the effects of hainanmycin on protein degradation and populations of ammonia-producing bacteria. The substrates (DM basis) for in vitro fermentation consisted of alfalfa hay (31.7%), Chinese wild rye grass hay (28.3%), ground corn grain (24.5%), soybean meal (15.5%) with a forage: concentrate of 60:40. Treatments were the control (no additive) and hainanmycin supplemented at 0.1 (H0.1), 1 (H1), 10 (H10), and 100 mg/kg (H100) of the substrates. After 24 h of fermentation, the highest addition level of hainanmycin decreased total VFA concentration and increased the final pH. The high addition level of hainanmycin (H1, H10, and H100) reduced (p<0.05) branched-chain VFA concentration, the molar proportion of acetate and butyrate, and ratio of acetate to propionate; and increased the molar proportion of propionate, except that for H1 the in molar proportion of acetate and isobutyrate was not changed (p>0.05). After 24 h of fermentation, H10 and H100 increased (p<0.05) concentrations of peptide nitrogen and AA nitrogen and proteinase activity, and decreased (p<0.05) NH3-N concentration and deaminase activity compared with control. Peptidase activitives were not affected by hainanmycin. Hainanmycin supplementation only inhibited the growth of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, which is one of the species of low deaminative activity. Hainanmycin supplementation also decreased (p<0.05) relative population sizes of hyper-ammonia-producing species, except for H0.1 on Clostridium aminophilum. It was concluded that dietary supplementation with hainanmycin could improve ruminal fermentation and modify protein degradation by changing population size of ammonia-producing bacteria in vitro; and the addition level of 10 mg/kg appeared to achieve the best results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z B Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - H S Xin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - M J Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Z Y Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Y L Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - S J Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Y G Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
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Abdi E, Fatahnia F, Dehghan Banadaki M, Azarfar A, Khatibjoo A. Effects of soybeans roasting and monensin on milk production and composition and milk fatty acids profile of lactating dairy cows. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Huczyński A, Rutkowski J, Brzezinski B, Bartl F. Synthesis, FT-IR, ¹H, ¹³CNMR, ESI MS and PM5 studies of a new Mannich base of polyether antibiotic - Lasalocid acid and its complexes with Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ cations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 104:497-504. [PMID: 23287734 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.11.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The polyether antibiotic Lasalocid acid has been converted to its Mannich base derivative by a chemoselective one-pot reaction with formaldehyde and morpholine through the decarboxylation process. Spectroscopic studies of the structure of this new derivative have shown that in this ortho-phenol Mannich base the O-H⋯N intarmolecular hydrogen bond is present. The compound forms complexes with Li(+), Na(+) and K(+) cations of exclusively 1:1 stoichiometry. The structures of these complexes have been studied and visualized by semi-empirical calculation based on results of spectrometric and spectroscopic investigation. It is demonstrated that in contrast to Lasalocid acid the novel Mannich type derivative forms preferential complexes with Li(+) cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Huczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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21
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Huczyński A, Rutkowski J, Wietrzyk J, Stefańska J, Maj E, Ratajczak-Sitarz M, Katrusiak A, Brzezinski B, Bartl F. X-ray crystallographic, FT-IR and NMR studies as well as anticancer and antibacterial activity of the salt formed between ionophore antibiotic Lasalocid acid and amines. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Gandra JR, Rennó FP, Freitas Júnior JE, Maturana Filho M, Barletta RV. Nutrients balances and milk fatty acid profile of mid lactation dairy cows supplemented with monensin. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402012000400016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutrients balance and milk fatty acids profile of dairy cows supplemented with monensin. Twelve Brazilian Holstein dairy cows were distributed into four balanced 3x3 Latin squares, and fed with the following diets: control (C), basal diet without addition of monensin, monensin 24 (M24), addition of 24mg/kg DM of monensin, and monensin 48 (M48), addition of 48mg/kg DM. The experimental diets influenced the efficiency of net energy of lactation utilization. A quadratic effect was observed for the energy balance. It was observed effect of diets on nitrogen balance. It was observed effect of monensin in the milk yield, composition and in the milk fatty acids profile. Monensin in diets of dairy cows in mid lactation, using corn silage, improved the nutrients balance and milk fatty acid profile with 24mg/kg DM.
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23
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Ellis JL, Dijkstra J, Bannink A, Kebreab E, Hook SE, Archibeque S, France J. Quantifying the effect of monensin dose on the rumen volatile fatty acid profile in high-grain-fed beef cattle1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2717-26. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Ellis
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 WD, the Netherlands
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J. Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 WD, the Netherlands
| | - A. Bannink
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Wageningen University Research Centre, Lelystad 8200 AB, the Netherlands
| | - E. Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - S. E. Hook
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S. Archibeque
- Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
| | - J. France
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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24
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Khodamoradi S, Fatahnia F, Taherpour K, Pirani V, Rashidi L, Azarfar A. Effect of monensin and vitamin E on milk production and composition of lactating dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012; 97:666-74. [PMID: 22533457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Feeding unsaturated oils to lactating dairy cows impair ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) and increase ruminal outflow of BH intermediates such as trans-10, cis-12 CLA that are considered to be potent inhibitors of milk fat synthesis. Supplementing lactating dairy cow's rations containing plant origin oils with monensin and/or vitamin E may minimise the formation of trans-10 isomers in the rumen, thereby preventing milk fat depression. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of monensin and vitamin E supplementation in the diets of lactating dairy cows containing whole cottonseed, as the main source of FA on feed intake, milk production and composition, milk fatty acid profile, efficiency of nitrogen (N) utilisation, efficiency of net energy (NE) utilisation and nutrients digestibilities. Four multiparous Holstein lactating dairy cows (86±41 days in milk) were assigned to a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 21 days with a 14 days of treatment adaptation and a 7 days of data collection. The control diet was a total mixed ration (TMR) consisted of 430 g/kg forage and 570 g/kg of a concentrate mixture on dry matter (DM) basis. Cows were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments including control diet (C), control diet supplemented with 150 mg of vitamin E/kg of DM (E), control diet supplemented with 24 mg of monensin/kg of DM (M) and control diet supplemented with 150 mg of vitamin E and 24 mg of monensin/kg of DM (EM). Dry matter intake (DMI) ranged from 19.1 to 19.5 kg/d and was similar among the dietary treatments. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E or monensin had no effect on milk production, milk fat, protein and lactose concentrations, efficiency of utilisation of nitrogen and net energy for lactation (NEL ). Digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) was not affected by the dietary treatments. Digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was higher in cows fed with the M and EM diets in relation to those fed the C and E diets. The concentrations of C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, trans-10-16:1, cis-9-16:1, 17:0, 18:0, trans-11-18:1, cis-9-18:1, cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), trans-10, cis-12 CLA, and 18:3n-3 FA in milk fat were not affected by the dietary supplementations. While feeding the M diet tended to decrease milk fat concentration of C16:0, the milk fat concentration of C18:2n-6 FA tended to be increased. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E or monensin had no effect on milk fat concentrations of saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, short chain and long chain FA, but feeding the M diet numerically decreased milk fat concentration of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA). The results showed that vitamin E and/or monensin supplementations did not improve milk fat content and did not minimise the formation of trans-10 FA isomers in the rumen when whole cottonseed was included in the diet as the main source of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sh Khodamoradi
- Department of Animal Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
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25
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Mourthe M, Reis R, Ladeira M, Souza R, Coelho S, Saturnino H. Suplemento múltiplo com ionóforos para novilhos em pasto: consumo, fermentação ruminal e degradabilidade in situ. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352011000100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avaliou-se o efeito do suplemento múltiplo com ionóforos sobre o consumo, a fermentação ruminal e a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca da forragem. Utilizaram-se cinco novilhos Holandês x Zebu fistulados no rúmen, com peso vivo médio de 350kg, em delineamento em quadrado latino. Os tratamentos foram: suplementação múltipla sem ionóforos (CONT); suplementação múltipla com 100mg/cab/dia de monensina (M100); suplementação múltipla com 200mg/cab/dia de monensina (M200); suplementação múltipla com 100mg/cab/dia de lasalocida (L100); e suplementação múltipla com 200mg/cab/dia de lasalocida (L200). O uso de ionóforos no suplemento não influenciou o consumo de forragem, que foi, em média, 7,24kg MS/dia. A presença de ionóforos resultou em ligeiro aumento do pH ruminal em relação à ausência desses aditivos (P<0,05). Houve diferença na concentração do N-NH3 apenas para os teores de ionóforos em que 200mg/cab/dia reduziu a quantidade de N-NH3. As concentrações de acetato, propionato e butirato não foram influenciadas pela inclusão, pelo tipo ou pelos teores de ionóforos. A fração solúvel média (A) da Brachiaria decumbens foi igual a 22%, e a fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável média (B) igual a 65%, resultando em degradação potencial média de 87%. A taxa de degradação média (c) foi de 0,03/hora. Os ionóforos não alteraram a degradação in situ da matéria seca
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Hamilton SW, DePeters EJ, McGarvey JA, Lathrop J, Mitloehner FM. Greenhouse gas, animal performance, and bacterial population structure responses to dietary monensin fed to dairy cows. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2010; 39:106-114. [PMID: 20048298 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of a feed additive and rumen microbial modifier, monensin sodium (monensin), on selected variables in lactating dairy cows. Monensin fed cows (MON, 600 mg d(-1)) were compared with untreated control cows (CON, 0 mg d(-1)) with respect to the effects of monensin on the production of three greenhouse gases (GHG), methane (CH(4)), nitrous oxide (N(2)O), and carbon dioxide (CO(2)), along with animal performance (dry matter intake; DMI), milk production, milk components, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and the microbial population structure of fresh feces. Measurements of GHG were collected at Days 14 and 60 in an environmental chamber simulating commercial dairy freestall housing conditions. Milk production and DMI measurements were collected twice daily over the 60-d experimental period; milk components, PUN, and MUN were measured on Days 14 and 60. The microbial population structure of feces from 6 MON and 6 CON cows was examined on three different occasions (Days 14, 30, and 60). Monensin did not affect emissions of methane (CH(4)), nitrous oxide (N(2)O), and carbon dioxide (CO(2)). Over a 24-h period, emissions of CH(4), N(2)O, and CO(2) decreased in both MON and CON groups. Animal performance and the microbial population structure of the animal fresh waste were also unaffected for MON vs. CON cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Hamilton
- Department of Animal Science, Univ. of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Greenstein RJ, Su L, Whitlock RH, Brown ST. Monensin causes dose dependent inhibition of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in radiometric culture. Gut Pathog 2009; 1:4. [PMID: 19338684 PMCID: PMC2664324 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes a chronic wasting diarrheal disease in ruminants called Johne's disease, that is evocative of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Agents used to treat IBD, called "anti-inflammatories", immuno-modulators" and "immuno-suppressants" inhibit MAP growth in culture. We concluded that, unknowingly, the medical profession has been treating MAP since sulfasalazine's introduction in 1942. Monensin, called a "Growth Enhancer" in cattle, ameliorates Johne's disease without a documented mechanism of action. We hypothesized that Monensin would inhibit MAP in culture. Methods Using the radiometric 14CO2 Bactec® system, that expresses mycobacterial growth in arbitrary growth index (GI) units, we studied the effect of Monensin on the growth kinetic of MAP isolated from humans with IBD ("Dominic", "Ben" & UCF-4) and cattle with Johne's disease (303 & ATCC 19698.) Results are expressed as percent inhibition of cumulative GI (%–ΔcGI). Results The positive control Clofazimine inhibits every strain tested. The negative controls Cycloheximide & Phthalimide, have no inhibition on any MAP strain. Monensin has dose dependent inhibition on every MAP strain tested. The most susceptible human isolate was UCF-4 (73% – ΔcGI at 1 μg/ml) and bovine isolate was 303 (73% – ΔcGI at 4 μg/ml.) Monensin additionally inhibits M. avium ATCC 25291 (87% – ΔcGI at 64 μg/ml) & BCG (92% – ΔcGI at 16 μg/ml). Discussion We show that in radiometric culture the "Growth Enhancer" Monensin causes dose dependent inhibition of mycobacteria including MAP. We posit that the "Growth Enhancer" effect of Monensin may, at least in part, be due to inhibition of MAP in clinical or sub-clinical Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Greenstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Surgical Research, VAMC Bronx, NY (112), 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
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