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Wang K, Ruiz-González A, Räisänen SE, Ouellet V, Boucher A, Rico DE, Niu M. Dietary supplementation of vitamin D 3 and calcium partially recover the compromised time budget and circadian rhythm of lying behavior in lactating cows under heat stress. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1707-1718. [PMID: 37863290 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) impedes cattle behavior and performance and is an animal comfort and welfare issue. The objective of this study was to characterize the time budget and circadian rhythm of lying behavior in dairy cows during HS and to assess the effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin D3 and Ca. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows (42.2 ± 5.6 kg milk/d; 83 ± 27 d in milk) housed in tiestalls were used in a split-plot design with the concentration of dietary vitamin E and Se as main plots (LESe: 11.1 IU/kg and 0.55 mg/kg, and HESe: 223 IU/kg and 1.8 mg/kg, respectively). Within each plot cows were randomly assigned to (1) HS with low concentrations of vitamin D3 and Ca (HS, 1,012 IU/kg and 0.73%, respectively), (2) HS with high concentrations of vitamin D3 and Ca (HS+D3/Ca; 3,764 IU/kg and 0.97%, respectively), or (3) thermoneutral pair-fed (TNPF) with low concentrations of vitamin D3 and Ca (1,012 IU/kg and 0.73%, respectively) in a Latin square design with 14-d periods and 7-d washouts. Lying behavior was measured with HOBO Loggers in 15-min intervals. Overall, cows in HS spent less time lying per day relative to TNPF from d 7 to 14. Daily lying time was positively correlated with milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, and feed efficiency, and was negatively correlated with rectal temperature, respiratory rate, fecal calprotectin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein. A treatment by time interaction was observed for lying behavior: the time spent lying was lesser for cows in HS than in TNPF in the early morning (0000-0600 h) and in the night (1800-2400 h). The circadian rhythm of lying behavior was characterized by fitting a cosine function of time into linear mixed model. Daily rhythmicity of lying was detected for cows in TNPF and HS+D3/Ca, whereas only a tendency in HS cows was observed. Cows in TNPF had the highest mesor (the average level of diurnal fluctuations; 34.2 min/h) and amplitude (the distance between the peak and mesor; 17.9 min/h). Both the mesor and amplitude were higher in HS+D3/Ca relative to HS (26.6 vs. 25.2 min/h and 3.91 min/h vs. 2.18 min/h, respectively). The acrophase (time of the peak) of lying time in TNPF, HS, and HS+D3/Ca were 0028, 0152, and 0054 h, respectively. Lastly, a continuous increase in daily lying time in TNPF was observed during the first 4 d of the experimental period in which DMI was gradually restricted, suggesting that intake restrictions may shift feeding behavior and introduce biases in the behavior of animals. In conclusion, lying behavior was compromised in dairy cows under HS, characterizing reduced daily lying time and disrupted circadian rhythms, and the compromised lying behavior can be partially restored by supplementation of vitamin D3 and Ca. Further research may be required for a more suitable model to study behavior of cows under HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wang
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - A Ruiz-González
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales de Deschambault (CRSAD), Deschambault, QC, G0A 1S0, Canada; Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - S E Räisänen
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - V Ouellet
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - A Boucher
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - D E Rico
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales de Deschambault (CRSAD), Deschambault, QC, G0A 1S0, Canada.
| | - M Niu
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland.
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2
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Manzocchi E, Ferlay A, Mendowski S, Chesneau G, Chapoutot P, Lemosquet S, Cantalapiedra-Hijar G, Nozière P. Extrusion of lupines with or without addition of reducing sugars: Effects on the formation of Maillard reaction compounds, partition of nitrogen and Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine, and performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7675-7697. [PMID: 37641332 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The extrusion of leguminous seeds induces the formation of Maillard reaction compounds (MRC) as a product of protein advanced glycation and oxidation, which lowers protein degradability in the rumen. However, the quantitative relationship between the parameters of pretreatment (i.e., addition of reducing sugars) and extrusion, and the formation of MRC has not been established yet. Moreover, the fate of the main stable MRC, Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), in the excretory routes has never been investigated in ruminants. We aimed to test the effects of the temperature of extrusion of white lupines with or without addition of reducing sugars on the formation of MRC, crude protein (CP) degradability in the rumen, N use efficiency for milk production (milk N/N intake), and performance of dairy cows. Two experiments with a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design were conducted simultaneously with 16 (3 rumen-cannulated) multiparous Holstein cows to measure indicators of ruminal CP degradability (ruminal NH3 concentration, branched-chain volatile fatty acids), metabolizable protein supply (plasma essential AA concentration), N use efficiency (N isotopic discrimination), and dairy performance. In parallel, apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fibers, N, total Lys and CML, and partition of N and CML were measured with 4 cows in both experiments. The diets consisted on a DM basis of 20% raw or extruded lupines and 80% basal mixed ration of corn silage, silage and hay from permanent grasslands, pelleted concentrate, and a vitaminized mineral mix. Expected output temperatures of lupine extrusion were 115°C, 135°C, and 150°C, without and with the addition of reducing sugars before extrusion. The extrusion numerically reduced the in vitro ruminal CP degradability of the lupines, and consequently increased the predicted supply of CP to the small intestine. Nitrogen balance and urinary N excretion did not differ among dietary treatments in either experiment. Milk yield and N use efficiency for milk production increased with extrusion of lupines at 150°C without addition of reducing sugars compared with raw lupines. Nitrogen isotopic discrimination between dietary and animal proteins (the difference between δ15N in plasma and δ15N in the diet) were lower with lupines extruded at 150°C without and with addition of reducing sugars. Regardless of sugar addition, milk true protein yield was not affected, but milk urea concentration and fat:protein ratio were lower with lupines extruded at 150°C than with raw lupines. In the CML partition study, we observed that on average 26% of the apparently digested CML was excreted in urine, and a much lower proportion (0.63% on average) of the apparently digested CML was secreted in milk, with no differences among dietary treatments. In conclusion, we showed that the extrusion of white lupines without or with addition of reducing sugars numerically reduced enzymatic CP degradability, with limited effects on N partition, but increased milk yield and N use efficiency at the highest temperature of extrusion without addition of reducing sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Manzocchi
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Valorex, La Messayais, 35210 Combourtillé, France
| | - A Ferlay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - S Mendowski
- Valorex, La Messayais, 35210 Combourtillé, France
| | - G Chesneau
- Valorex, La Messayais, 35210 Combourtillé, France
| | - P Chapoutot
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, 75005 Paris, France
| | - S Lemosquet
- UMR Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | - G Cantalapiedra-Hijar
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - P Nozière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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3
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Ruiz-González A, Suissi W, Baumgard LH, Martel-Kennes Y, Chouinard PY, Gervais R, Rico DE. Increased dietary vitamin D 3 and calcium partially alleviate heat stress symptoms and inflammation in lactating Holstein cows independent of dietary concentrations of vitamin E and selenium. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3984-4001. [PMID: 37164847 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Twelve multiparous Holstein cows (42.2 ± 5.6 kg of milk/d; 83 ± 27 d in milk) were used in a split-plot design testing the effects of mineral and vitamin supplementation on the time course of animal performance, metabolism, and inflammation markers during heat stress. The main plot was the average concentrations of dietary vitamin E and Se (adequate: 11.1 IU/kg of vitamin E and 0.55 mg/kg of Se, and high: 223 IU/kg of vitamin E and 1.8 mg/kg of Se, respectively). Within each plot, cows were randomly assigned to (1) heat stress (HS) with adequate concentrations of vitamin D3 and Ca (1,012 IU/kg and 0.73%, respectively), (2) HS with high concentrations of vitamin D3 and Ca (HS+D3/Ca; 3,764 IU/kg and 0.97%, respectively), or (3) pair-feeding (PF) in thermoneutrality with adequate concentrations of vitamin D3 and Ca (1,012 IU/kg and 0.73% Ca) in a Latin square design with 14-d periods and 7-d washouts. The highest rectal temperature was recorded at 1700 h for HS (39.4°C; mean of d 1 to 14), being 1.2 and 0.8°C greater than for PF and HS+D3/Ca, respectively. Respiratory rate and water intake were higher in HS (73 breaths/min and 115 L/d, respectively) relative to PF (28 breaths/min and 76 L/d). Heat stress decreased dry matter intake progressively, reaching a nadir on d 5 to 7 (33% reduction) and was not different between treatments. Milk yield decreased progressively in all treatments, but remained greater in PF relative to HS from d 3 to 14 (10%), whereas HS and HS+D3/Ca were not different. Milk fat, protein, and lactose concentrations and yields were lower in HS relative to PF from d 3 to 14, but not different between HS and HS+D3/Ca. Relative to PF, preprandial insulin concentrations were increased in HS, whereas plasma nonesterified fatty acids were decreased on d 7 and 14. Plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein concentrations increased in HS cows on d 7 and 14, respectively, relative to PF, whereas they were reduced in HS + D3/Ca on d 14. Plasma C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, and fecal calprotectin were increased in HS relative to both PF and HS+D3/Ca on d 7 and 14. Rectal temperature was positively associated with plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (r = 0.72), tumor necrosis factor-α (r = 0.74), C-reactive protein (r = 0.87), and with milk somatic cells (r = 0.75). Plasma 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine concentrations presented a 3-way interaction, where 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine was lower in HS than in PF on d 7 and 14, and lower in HS+D3/Ca relative to HS on d 14 in the adequate vitamin E and Se treatment, but no effects were observed in the high vitamin E and Se group. Plasma superoxide dismutase concentrations increased over time, and were higher in HS relative to PF on d 14, whereas HS+D3/Ca was similar to HS. Heat stress markedly reduced milk production and milk components while increasing markers of leaky gut and inflammation. In contrast, vitamin D3 and Ca supplementation reduced hyperthermia (d 7-14), markers of leaky gut, and inflammation independent of dietary concentrations of vitamin E and Se.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiz-González
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - W Suissi
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales de Deschambault (CRSAD), Deschambault, QC, Canada
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - Y Martel-Kennes
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales de Deschambault (CRSAD), Deschambault, QC, Canada
| | - P Y Chouinard
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - R Gervais
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - D E Rico
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales de Deschambault (CRSAD), Deschambault, QC, Canada.
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4
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Stewart J, Arneson A, Byrd M, Negron-Perez V, Newberne H, White R, El-Kadi S, Ealy A, Rhoads R, Rhoads M. Comparison of production-related responses to hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia induced by clamp procedures or heat stress of lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:8439-8453. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Song X, Zhao M, Cao Q, Wang S, Li R, Zhang X, Zhang L, Shi K. Transcriptome provides insights into bovine mammary regulatory mechanisms during the lactation cycle. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2064865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Song
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoqiao Cao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengxuan Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ranran Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Letian Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kerong Shi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Laroche JP, Gervais R, Lapierre H, Ouellet DR, Tremblay GF, Halde C, Boucher MS, Charbonneau É. Milk production and efficiency of utilization of nitrogen, metabolizable protein, and amino acids are affected by protein and energy supplies in dairy cows fed alfalfa-based diets. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:329-346. [PMID: 34635363 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alfalfa has a lower fiber digestibility and a greater concentration of degradable protein than grasses. Dairy cows could benefit from an increased digestibility of alfalfa fibers, or from a better match between nitrogen and energy supplies in the rumen. Alfalfa cultivars with improved fiber digestibility represent an opportunity to increase milk production, but no independent studies have tested these cultivars under the agroclimatic conditions of Canada. Moreover, decreasing metabolizable protein (MP) supply could increase N use efficiency while decreasing environmental impact, but it is often associated with a decrease in milk protein yield, possibly caused by a reduced supply of essential AA. This study evaluated the performance of dairy cows fed diets based on a regular or a reduced-lignin alfalfa cultivar and measured the effect of energy levels at low MP supply when digestible His (dHis), Lys (dLys), and Met (dMet) requirements were met. Eight Holstein cows were used in a double 4 × 4 Latin square design, each square representing an alfalfa cultivar. Within each square, 4 diets were tested: the control diet was formulated for an adequate supply of MP and energy (AMP_AE), whereas the 3 other diets were formulated to be deficient in MP (DMP; formulated to meet 90% of the MP requirement) with deficient (94% of requirement: DMP_DE), adequate (99% of requirement: DMP_AE), or excess energy supply (104% of requirement; DMP_EE). Alfalfa cultivars had no significant effect on all measured parameters. As compared with cows receiving AMP_AE, the dry matter intake of cows fed DMP_AE and DMP_EE was not significantly different but decreased for cows fed DMP_DE. The AMP_AE diet provided 103% of MP and 108% of NEL requirements whereas DMP_DE, DMP_AE, and DMP_EE diets provided 84, 87, and 87% of MP and 94, 101, and 107% of NEL requirements, respectively. In contrast to design, feeding DMP_EE resulted in a similar energy supply compared with AMP_AE, although MP supply has been effectively reduced. This resulted in a maintained milk and milk component yields and improved the efficiency of utilization of N, MP, and essential AA. The DMP diets decreased total N excretion, whereas DMP_AE and DMP_EE diets also decreased milk urea-N concentration. Reducing MP supply without negative effects on dairy cow performance is possible when energy, dHis, dLys, and dMet requirements are met. This could reduce N excretion and decrease the environmental impact of milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Laroche
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6; Lactanet, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada, H9X 3R4
| | - R Gervais
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8
| | - D R Ouellet
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1M 0C8
| | - G F Tremblay
- Quebec Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 2J3
| | - C Halde
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - M-S Boucher
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - É Charbonneau
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6.
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7
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Habte M, Eshetu M, Andualem D, Maryo M, Legesse A. The inventory of camel feed resource and the evaluation of its chemical composition in south-east rangelands of Ethiopia. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1172-1184. [PMID: 33750028 PMCID: PMC8294363 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluations of available camel feed nutritive value are relevant to generate evidence on further camel feed improvements and find out the components to be supplemented. Objective This study aim to evaluate seasonal variations on chemical composition of selected camel feed in semi‐arid regions of south‐east Ethiopia. Methods Samples of edible portions from 15 browse species were collected during the dry and wet seasons, and their chemical compositions were analysed. Results The crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and relative feed value (RFV) of evaluated browse species were higher (p < .01) in wet season than the dry season except for Acacia asak, Ipomoea donaldsonii and Acacia mellifera. Nonetheless, the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents were higher (p < .01) in the dry season except for A. asak and I. donaldsonii. Moreover, A. asak, I. donaldsonii and A. mellifera were the browse species with higher (p < .01) RFV, IVDMD and CP but lower NDF and ADF during the dry season than the wet season, and these species are qualified as good‐quality forage. Thus. Barleria spinisepala were better to use in both seasons, but browse species like I. donaldsonii and A. asak in dry season were ranked as best quality roughage. Conclusion At richest level on vital components (CP and fibres), these species can serve as well ruminant diets, like for camel. Further investigations based on animal trials are needed in order to confirm the classification standards of feed quality used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matiwos Habte
- Africa Center of Excellence for Climate Smart Agriculture and Biodiversity Conservation, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.,Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Mitiku Eshetu
- School of Animal and Range Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Andualem
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Melesse Maryo
- Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abiyot Legesse
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
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8
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Plante-Dubé M, Picard C, Gilbert I, Robert C, Fievez V, Vlaeminck B, Belleannée C, Gervais R, Chouinard PY. Effects of a dietary supplement enriched in palmitoleic acid on fatty acid composition of follicular fluid, granulosa cell metabolism, and oocyte developmental capacity in early lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:3693-3706. [PMID: 33455772 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In high-yielding dairy cows, some fertility traits can be influenced by the fatty acid (FA) composition of the follicular fluid during early lactation. The first objective of the current study was to evaluate the potential of dietary supplements enriched in specific FA to influence the FA composition of follicular fluid lipid classes in early lactation dairy cows. The second objective was to determine the influence of the resulting follicular fluid FA composition on the folliculogenesis, lipid and energy metabolism of granulosa cells, as well as oocyte quality and embryo development. Twenty Holstein multiparous cows in late gestation were randomly assigned to 200 g/d of FA supplements enriched in (1) palmitic acid (control treatment; 82% 16:0; PA) in the rumen or (2) palmitoleic acid (sea buckthorn oil; 27% cis-9 16:1, 28% 16:0, 22% cis-9 18:1, and 11% cis-9,cis-12 18:2; SBT) in the abomasum. The treatment period ranged from 20 ± 5 d precalving to 67 ± 2 d postcalving. Cumulus-oocyte complexes, granulosa cells, and follicular fluid were recovered from 2 sequential sessions of ovum pick-up (OPU-1 and OPU-2) at 46 and 67 ± 2 d postcalving (mean ± standard deviation). On the same days, blood samples were collected. Milk performance was recorded, and feed and milk samples were collected from d 8 to 10 ± 3 (onset of lactation), d 35 to 37 ± 2 (before OPU-1), and d 63 to 65 ± 2 (before OPU-2). Treatments did not affect milk yield or fat concentration throughout the experimental trial. Compared with PA, SBT increased the cis-9 16:1 concentration in milk fat, in plasma esterified lipid classes (phospholipids, cholesterol esters, and triacylglycerols), and in follicular fluid phospholipids and cholesterol esters at OPU-1. Abundance of mRNA for stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 and 5, and perilipin 2 in granulosa cells was not different between treatments, but an increase in the level of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 5 was observed between the 2 OPU periods. Treatments did not affect oocyte quality and developmental capacity or embryo lipid metabolism when cultivated in vitro. These results suggest that limited modifications in the FA composition of the oocyte microenvironment via dietary lipid supplements enriched in specific FA had no major effects on granulosa cell metabolism and oocyte developmental capacity in early lactation cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Plante-Dubé
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - C Picard
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - I Gilbert
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - C Robert
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - V Fievez
- Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, East Flanders, 2PWG+GW, Belgium
| | - B Vlaeminck
- Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, East Flanders, 2PWG+GW, Belgium
| | - C Belleannée
- Département d'Obstétrique, de Gynécologie et de Reproduction, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - R Gervais
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - P Y Chouinard
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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9
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Lactation performance and milk fatty acid composition of lactating dairy cows fed Camelina sativa seeds or expeller. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Taga H, Dallaire MP, Gervais R, Richard FJ, Ma L, Corl BA, Chouinard PY. Characterization of raft microdomains in bovine mammary tissue during lactation: How they are modulated by fatty acid treatments. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2384-2395. [PMID: 33246605 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was first to characterize lipid raft microdomains isolated as detergent-resistant membranes (DRM) from mammary gland tissue, and second to determine how dietary fatty acids (FA) such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), 19:1 cyclo, and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated FA affect lipid raft markers of mammary cells, and to finally establish relationships between these markers and lactation performance in dairy cows. Eight Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with periods of 28 d. For the first 14 d, cows received daily an abomasal infusion of (1) 406 g of a saturated FA supplement (112 g of 16:0 + 230 g of 18:0) used as a control; (2) 36 g of a CLA supplement (13.9 g of trans-10,cis-12 18:2) + 370 g of saturated FA; (3) 7 g of Sterculia fetida oil (3.1 g of 19:1 cyclo, STO) + 399 g of saturated FA; or (4) 406 g of fish oil (55.2 g of cis-5,cis-8,cis-11,cis-14,cis-17 20:5 + 59.3 g of cis-4,cis-7,cis-10,cis-13,cis-16,cis-19 22:6, FO). Mammary biopsies were harvested on d 14 of each infusion period and were followed by a 14-d washout interval. Cholera toxin subunit B, which specifically binds to ganglioside M-1 (GM-1), a lipid raft marker, was used to assess its distribution in DRM. Infusions of CLA, STO, and FO were individually compared with the control, and significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05. Milk fat yield was decreased with CLA and FO, but was not affected by STO. Milk lactose yield was decreased with CLA and STO, but was not affected by FO. Mammary tissue shows a strong GM-1-signal enrichment in isolated DRM from mammary gland tissue. Caveolin (CAV) and flotillin (FLOT) are 2 proteins considered as lipid raft markers and they are present in DRM from mammary gland tissue. Distributions of GM-1, CAV-1, and FLOT-1 showed an effect of treatments determined by their subcellular distributions in sucrose gradient fractions. Regardless of treatments, data showed positive relationships between the yield of milk fat, protein, and lactose, and the abundance GM-1 in DRM fraction. Milk protein yield was positively correlated with relative proportion of FLOT-1 in the soluble fraction, whereas lactose yield was positively correlated with relative proportion of CAV-1 in the DRM fractions. Infusion of CLA decreased mRNA abundance of CAV-1, FLOT-1, and FLOT-2. Regardless of treatments, a positive relationship was observed between fat yield and mRNA abundance of FLOT-2. In conclusion, although limited to a few markers, results of the current experiment raised potential links between variation in specific biologically active component of raft microdomains in bovine mammary gland and lactation performances in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Taga
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - M P Dallaire
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - R Gervais
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - F J Richard
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - L Ma
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - B A Corl
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - P Y Chouinard
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada.
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11
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Richard AM, Gervais R, Tremblay GF, Bélanger G, Charbonneau É. Tall fescue as an alternative to timothy fed with or without alfalfa to dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8062-8073. [PMID: 32600773 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tall fescue might be an alternative to timothy in northeastern North America because of its tolerance of recurring drought periods and its good summer regrowth, but is not always considered as an option in dairy rations because of its possible lack of palatability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on the performance of lactating dairy cows of (1) replacing timothy silage by tall fescue silage, offered as sole forage in the diet or in combination with alfalfa silage, and (2) feeding tall fescue as silage (35% dry matter, DM) or haylage (55% DM). Experimental diets with a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 70:30 were (1) 100% timothy silage (TS); (2) 100% tall fescue silage (TFS); (3) 55:45 timothy:alfalfa silages (TS + AS); (4) 55:45 tall fescue:alfalfa silages (TFS + AS); and (5) 100% tall fescue haylage (TFH). Fifteen Holstein cows in mid-lactation (5 fitted with a rumen fistula) were randomly assigned to treatments in a triple 5 × 5 Latin square design with treatment periods of 21 d. Preplanned contrasts were timothy versus tall fescue silages, sole grass species versus grass-alfalfa, interaction between sole grass species and grass-alfalfa, and TFS versus TFH. Grass species did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) or milk yield and fat concentration. Milk protein concentration was not affected by grass species when offered in combination with alfalfa, but it was higher with the TS diet than the TFS diet when offered as sole forages. Adding alfalfa to either tall fescue or timothy silage resulted in greater DMI and milk yield, but lower milk fat concentration, than when the grass silages were the sole forage in the diet. The molar proportion of propionate in the rumen was greater when cows were fed diets with tall fescue silage compared with timothy silage, which resulted in a lower acetate-to-propionate ratio. Milk fat concentrations of fatty acids from microbial origin, namely branched-chain fatty acids, were greater when grass silage, and especially timothy silage, were fed as sole forages rather than with alfalfa silage. Feeding TFH rather than TFS caused a decrease in DMI and tended to lower milk protein concentration, but did not affect milk yield. A more fibrolytic fermentation profile was observed in rumen of cows fed TFH compared with TFS, as indicated by the increase in the molar proportion of acetate and the higher acetate-to-propionate ratio in rumen fluid, and a concomitant increase in branched-chain fatty acid concentration in milk fat. Tall fescue as silage or haylage is a valuable alternative to timothy silage for lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Richard
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - R Gervais
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - G F Tremblay
- Québec Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Québec, QC, Canada GIV 2J3
| | - G Bélanger
- Québec Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Québec, QC, Canada GIV 2J3
| | - É Charbonneau
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.
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Ouellet V, Cabrera VE, Fadul-Pacheco L, Charbonneau É. The relationship between the number of consecutive days with heat stress and milk production of Holstein dairy cows raised in a humid continental climate. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8537-8545. [PMID: 31255266 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is known to affect performance of dairy cows experiencing prolonged periods of high temperature and relative humidity. Less is known about its effects in cooler climates. The goals of the present study were to determine the prevalence of days susceptible to cause mild heat stress in dairy cows living in a humid continental climate and to investigate the relationship between the number of consecutive days of mild heat stress and milk, fat, protein, and lactose production. A 6-yr data set (2010-2015) containing 606,031 milk analysis records for 34,360 Holstein dairy cows at different parities was matched with the corresponding daily maximum temperature-humidity index. Exposure to heat stress conditions was divided into 5 categories corresponding to 0, 1 to 2, 3 to 4, 5 to 6, and 7 to 8 consecutive days before milk test date. On average, cows were exposed to heat stress conditions for 135.8 ± 5.9 d/yr in Southwest Quebec and 95.3 ± 10.2 d/yr in Eastern Quebec. Cows experiencing heat stress conditions produced on average less fat, protein, and energy-corrected milk and lower fat and protein concentrations. The decrease in milk fat reached 6% for category 7 to 8 exposure of cows in parity 3 or more. The association between exposure category and milk yield and lactose yield and concentration was weak. Heat stress lowered milk fat and protein production but had little effect on milk volume output. Further research is necessary to better understand the mechanism underlying the effects of sporadic low- to medium-intensity heat stress on dairy productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ouellet
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - V E Cabrera
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | | | - É Charbonneau
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.
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Karav S, Salcedo J, Frese SA, Barile D. Thoroughbred mare's milk exhibits a unique and diverse free oligosaccharide profile. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1219-1229. [PMID: 30087828 PMCID: PMC6070652 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Thoroughbred is among the most valuable horse breeds, and its husbandry is a major industry. Mare's milk plays a major role in the health of neonatal foals. Although the main components of mare's milk are broadly characterized, free oligosaccharides (OS), which possess various bioactivities in many mammalian milks, have not been fully profiled in Thoroughbreds. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify OS in Thoroughbred mare's milk during the first week of lactation, when foals typically consume mare's milk exclusively. A total of 48 OS structures (including isomers and anomers), corresponding to 20 unique compositions, were identified by nano LC‐Chip QToF‐MS and confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. Neutral OS were the most abundant glycans (58.3%), followed by acidic OS containing Neu5Ac (33.3%), a minor presence of fucosylated OS structures (6.25%) and one structure containing NeuGc (2.1%). Comparison with other well‐characterized mammalian milks revealed that mare's milk shared 8 OS structures with human, bovine, pig and goat milk (i.e., 2 sialyllactose isomers, 3 hexose, LNH, LNT, and OS with the composition 3 Hex‐1 Neu5Ac). Additionally, there were seven unique OS not previously found in other mammal milks. During the first 7 days of lactation, the percentage of neutral and fucosylated OS increased, whereas acidic OS decreased and the total OS concentration ranged from 217.8 mg·L−1 to 79.8 mg·L−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Canakkale Turkey
| | - Jaime Salcedo
- Department of Food Science and Technology University of California Davis CA USA
| | | | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology University of California Davis CA USA.,Foods for Health Institute University of California Davis CA USA
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14
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Alfonso-Avila A, Baumann E, Charbonneau É, Chouinard P, Tremblay G, Gervais R. Interaction of potassium carbonate and soybean oil supplementation on performance of early-lactation dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9007-9019. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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15
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Leduc M, Létourneau-Montminy MP, Gervais R, Chouinard P. Effect of dietary flax seed and oil on milk yield, gross composition, and fatty acid profile in dairy cows: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8906-8927. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Effect of calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids with different particle sizes on lactation performance and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Baumann E, Chouinard P, Lebeuf Y, Rico D, Gervais R. Effect of lipid supplementation on milk odd- and branched-chain fatty acids in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6311-6323. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Fauteux MC, Gervais R, Rico D, Lebeuf Y, Chouinard P. Production, composition, and oxidative stability of milk highly enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids from dairy cows fed alfalfa protein concentrate or supplemental vitamin E. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4411-4426. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Séboussi R, Tremblay GF, Ouellet V, Chouinard PY, Chorfi Y, Bélanger G, Charbonneau É. Selenium-fertilized forage as a way to supplement lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5358-5369. [PMID: 27085399 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization with Se improves forage organic Se concentration, but comparisons with other forms of Se supplementation in feeding lactating dairy cows are scarce. Our objective was to compare the effect of Se-enriched forages to dietary sources of inorganic and organic Se. Digestibility, retention, and balance were assessed by measuring Se concentrations in feces, urine, milk, and blood. The resulting effect on antioxidant status and lactation performance of dairy cows was also determined. High-Se silages [1.72 mg of Se/kg of dry matter (DM)] were produced following a spring application of 2.5 kg/ha of Selcote Ultra, whereas low-Se silages (0.05 mg of Se/kg of DM) were produced in the Se-unfertilized portion of the same fields. After a 77±17 d period of Se depletion, 33 late-lactation primiparous Holstein cows were blocked and randomly assigned for 43 d to 1 of 4 experimental total mixed rations fed for ad libitum intake in an unbalanced randomized block design. Treatments consisted of 4 diets: control with low-Se silages, without Se supplement (0.12±0.04 mg of Se/kg of DM); ISe with low-Se silages and inorganic Se (0.80±0.14 mg of Se/kg of DM); YSe with low-Se silages and organic Se from yeast (0.70±0.11 mg of Se/kg of DM); and FSe with high-Se silages, without Se supplement (0.79±0.14 mg of Se/kg of DM). Organic Se, either as YSe or FSe, was more available and more effective to increase blood and milk Se concentrations than ISe. Moreover, FSe was more available than YSe, as cows fed FSe excreted 16 and 22% less Se (as percentage of intake) in feces and urine, respectively, had higher Se apparent absorption (17%), retention (37%), and balance (45%), and had greater concentration of Se in serum (16%) and milk (11%) than cows fed YSe. Antioxidant status (whole blood and plasma glutathione peroxidase, and milk thioredoxin reductase and malondialdehyde) was not affected by treatments. Dry matter intake, yield of actual, energy-corrected, and fat-corrected milk, as well as milk fat and lactose concentrations, were not affected by the dietary treatments. Cows fed ISe had lower milk protein concentration (3.44%) than cows fed YSe (3.58%) or FSe (3.51%). Cows fed Se-supplemented diets had a lower milk somatic cell count than cows fed the control diet. Results from the current study showed that the production of Se-enriched forages is an effective method to supplement dairy cows in Se as it was more available than YSe, and did not alter antioxidant status and performances of lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Séboussi
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - G F Tremblay
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Québec Research and Development Centre, Québec, Canada GIV 2J3
| | - V Ouellet
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - P Y Chouinard
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Y Chorfi
- Université de Montréal, Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - G Bélanger
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Québec Research and Development Centre, Québec, Canada GIV 2J3
| | - É Charbonneau
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6.
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Bertulat S, Fischer-Tenhagen C, Heuwieser W. A survey of drying-off practices on commercial dairy farms in northern Germany and a comparison to science-based recommendations. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000068. [PMID: 26392891 PMCID: PMC4567148 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While dry cow management is important for health, milk production and fertility information on drying-off procedures implemented on commercial dairy farms is lacking. Current drying-off management procedures on commercial dairy farms were evaluated using a questionnaire and results compared with recommendations given in the current literature. Ninety-one participants from a farmer education event completed the survey. On average, cows were dried off seven weeks before calving. Only 9.9 per cent of the farms had a dry period length of five weeks or less. A continuous milking regime without dry period was not established on any farm participating in the survey. Most farmers performed an abrupt drying-off (73.0 per cent). Only 11.8 and 15.0 per cent attempted to lower milk yield prior to drying-off by reducing milking frequencies and adjusting feed rations, respectively. While a blanket antibiotic dry cow treatment was carried out on 79.6 per cent of the farms, selective dry cow treatment was not mentioned by any farmer. Although 77.4 per cent preponed the drying-off date in low-yielding cows, an altered drying-off procedure in high-yielding dairy cows was rare (9.7 per cent). This survey provides an insight into drying-off procedures currently applied on commercial dairy farms in northern Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wolfgang Heuwieser
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Larsen M, Lapierre H, Kristensen N. Abomasal protein infusion in postpartum transition dairy cows: Effect on performance and mammary metabolism. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5608-22. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Continuous milking of dairy cows disrupts timing of peak IgG concentration appearance in mammary secretions. J DAIRY RES 2014; 81:403-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s002202991400034x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The length of the dry period in commercial dairy production is under close scrutiny. While the main concern is the composition and volume of milk produced, the evaluation of colostrum quality under these new paradigms has suggested a decline in IgG concentrations, while some reports indicate no change. Colostrum quality has been defined as an adequate concentration (>50 mg/ml) of immunoglobulin in the secretions to provide the newborn with maximal disease resistance. We investigated the appearance of IgG in mammary pre- and post partum secretions in cows without a dry period (continuously milked, Dry0) and compared the secretions with cows that experienced a dry period of 60 d (Dry60). Blood was collected during the experimental period and plasma analysed for progesterone (P4) and prolactin (Prl). Approximately −6 d relative to parturition, the Dry0 animals exhibited increased concentration of IgG in their secretions to an average of ∼35 mg/ml that remained rather constant through subsequent pregnancy and following parturition. Dry0 cows were producing an average IgG concentration in parturition colostrum of 44·2±17·6 mg/ml that was not different than that of controls (66·86±16·8 mg/ml). However, Dry0 cows exhibited high variation, different peak times (day) of IgG concentration including times that occurred both pre and post parturition. IgG mass of the Dry0 cows remained rather constant pre- and post partum and did not show the same declining mass following parturition that was shown for the Dry60 cows. The change in plasma P4 and Prl were shown to have no timing effect on colostrum IgG concentration.
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23
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Effects of continuous milking during a field trial on productivity, milk protein yield and health in dairy cows. Animal 2014; 8:1130-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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van Knegsel ATM, van der Drift SGA, Cermáková J, Kemp B. Effects of shortening the dry period of dairy cows on milk production, energy balance, health, and fertility: a systematic review. Vet J 2013; 198:707-13. [PMID: 24238794 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A dry period of 6-8 weeks for dairy cows is generally thought to maximise milk production in the next lactation. However, the value of such a long dry period is increasingly questioned. In particular, shortening the dry period shifts milk production from the critical period after calving to the weeks before calving. This shift in milk production could improve the energy balance (EB), health and fertility of dairy cows. The objective of this study was to systematically review the current knowledge on dry period length in relation to milk production, EB, fertility, and health of cows and calves. A meta-analysis was performed for variables where at least five studies were available. Overall, both shortening and omitting the dry period reduces milk production, increases milk protein percentage and tends to reduce the risk of ketosis in the next lactation. Individual studies reported an improvement of EB after a short or no dry period, compared with a conventional dry period. Shortening or omitting the dry period did not affect milk fat percentage and shortening the dry period did not alter the odds ratio for mastitis, metritis, or fertility measures in the next lactation. So, current evidence for an improvement of health and fertility of dairy cows is marginal and may be partly explained by the limited number of studies which have evaluated health and fertility in relation to dry period length, the limited number of animals in those studies and the variable responses reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariëtte T M van Knegsel
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Gao Y, Lin X, Shi K, Yan Z, Wang Z. Bovine mammary gene expression profiling during the onset of lactation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70393. [PMID: 23990904 PMCID: PMC3749150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactogenesis includes two stages. Stage I begins a few weeks before parturition. Stage II is initiated around the time of parturition and extends for several days afterwards. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To better understand the molecular events underlying these changes, genome-wide gene expression profiling was conducted using digital gene expression (DGE) on bovine mammary tissue at three time points (on approximately day 35 before parturition (-35 d), day 7 before parturition (-7 d) and day 3 after parturition (+3 d)). Approximately 6.2 million (M), 5.8 million (M) and 6.1 million (M) 21-nt cDNA tags were sequenced in the three cDNA libraries (-35 d, -7 d and +3 d), respectively. After aligning to the reference sequences, the three cDNA libraries included 8,662, 8,363 and 8,359 genes, respectively. With a fold change cutoff criteria of ≥ 2 or ≤-2 and a false discovery rate (FDR) of ≤ 0.001, a total of 812 genes were significantly differentially expressed at -7 d compared with -35 d (stage I). Gene ontology analysis showed that those significantly differentially expressed genes were mainly associated with cell cycle, lipid metabolism, immune response and biological adhesion. A total of 1,189 genes were significantly differentially expressed at +3 d compared with -7 d (stage II), and these genes were mainly associated with the immune response and cell cycle. Moreover, there were 1,672 genes significantly differentially expressed at +3 d compared with -35 d. Gene ontology analysis showed that the main differentially expressed genes were those associated with metabolic processes. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the mammary gland begins to lactate not only by a gain of function but also by a broad suppression of function to effectively push most of the cell's resources towards lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutritional Physiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xueyan Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutritional Physiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Kerong Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutritional Physiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhengui Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutritional Physiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutritional Physiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- * E-mail:
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Safa S, Soleimani A, Heravi Moussavi A. Improving Productive and Reproductive Performance of Holstein Dairy Cows through Dry Period Management. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2013; 26:630-7. [PMID: 25049832 PMCID: PMC4093332 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effects of dry period (DP) length on milk yield, milk composition, some blood metabolites, complete blood count (CBC), body weight and score and follicular status, twenty five primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to a completely randomized design with DP-60 (n = 13) and DP-20 (n = 12) dry period lengths. Cows in the DP-60 produced more milk, protein, SNF, serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta hydroxyl butyrate acid (BHBA) compared with cows in DP-20 (p≤0.05). Serum glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urea, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) were all similar among the treatments. Body Condition Score (BCS), body weight (BW), complete blood count (CBC) and health problems were similar between the treatments. Diameter of the first dominant follicle and diameter of the dominant follicle on d 14 were different among the treatments. Thus, results of this study showed that reducing the dry period length to DP-20 had a negative effect on milk production, milk composition and reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Safa
- Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi,
Iran
| | - A. Soleimani
- Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi,
Iran
| | - A. Heravi Moussavi
- Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi,
Iran
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Bernier-Dodier P, Girard CL, Talbot BG, Lacasse P. Effect of dry period management on mammary gland function and its endocrine regulation in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 94:4922-36. [PMID: 21943744 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-4116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of shortening the dry period on the mammary gland and the hormonal regulation of its functions. Holstein cows (n = 18) were assigned to a short dry period (SDP; 35 d; n = 9) or a conventional dry period (CDP; 65 d; n = 9). All cows were fed the same diets, with the exception that, during the dry period, the SDP cows received only the pre-calving diet for 35 d, whereas the CDP cows were fed a high-fiber diet from 65 to 28 d before calving and then received the same pre-calving diet as the SDP cows. Mammary gland functional capacity was evaluated at 70 days in milk, and mammary biopsies were taken in early and midlactation. Dry period length averaged 64.3 ± 1.1 and 31.9 ± 1.0 d for the CDP and SDP cows, respectively. The SDP cows had a lower milk yield and a lower energy-corrected milk yield compared with the CDP cows. The SDP cows also had a lower dry matter intake from wk 5 to 20 of lactation and tended to have lower plasma concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate from wk 1 to 4. Prepartum serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations were unaffected by the dry period management. Serum growth hormone concentrations and milking-induced prolactin release were similar in both groups. However, during the period when the CDP cows were dry but the SDP cows were still being milked (wk -9 to -6), serum prolactin concentrations were higher in the SDP cows than in the CDP cows. The SDP cows had a lower milk BSA content than the CDP cows after the dry period and similar milk lactose concentrations, suggesting that their mammary tight junctions were closed following parturition and, therefore, that the later stage of their lactogenesis was not impaired by SDP management. In early and midlactation, mammary cell apoptosis and proliferation rates as well as mammary expression of genes involved in the function of this tissue were unaffected by the dry period management strategy. For cows in their second lactation, mammary gland functional capacity at 70 d in milk tended to be lower in the SDP cows. In conclusion, even though SDP management decreased milk production during the subsequent lactation, it did not affect mammary cell activity. Although direct evidence is still lacking, decreased mammary cell growth during the dry period is likely responsible for this negative effect. The higher prolactin concentrations in lactating cows during late gestation could be involved in this effect. More research is needed to test these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bernier-Dodier
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1
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Mellado M, Antonio-Chirino E, Meza-Herrera C, Veliz F, Arevalo J, Mellado J, de Santiago A. Effect of lactation number, year, and season of initiation of lactation on milk yield of cows hormonally induced into lactation and treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:4524-30. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schlamberger G, Wiedemann S, Viturro E, Meyer HHD, Kaske M. Effects of continuous milking during the dry period or once daily milking in the first 4 weeks of lactation on metabolism and productivity of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:2471-85. [PMID: 20494155 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to compare the effects of 3 management systems in high-yielding dairy cows on metabolic profiles and milk production. Thirty-six multiparous Brown Swiss cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups (n=12 cows/group): the control (C) group, in which cows were dried off 56 d before calving and milked twice daily throughout next lactation (305 d); the once daily milking (ODM) group, in which cows were dried off 56 d before calving and milked once daily for the first 4 wk of lactation and twice daily for the remaining lactation; and the continuous milking (CM) group, in which cows were milked twice daily until calving and also during the subsequent lactation. Serum glucose concentrations decreased between wk 1 and 4 exclusively in C cows. Serum concentrations of NEFA and BHBA in the first 4 wk of lactation were highest in C cows compared with ODM and CM cows. Decreased backfat thickness during early lactation and reduction of body condition score were markedly more pronounced in C cows compared with ODM and CM cows. Mean lactational milk yield of C cows [11,310+/-601 kg of energy-corrected milk (ECM)/305 d] was approximately 16% higher compared with ODM cows (9,531+/-477 kg of ECM/305 d) and CM cows (9,447+/-310 kg of ECM/305 d). The lactation curve of CM cows compared with C cows was characterized by a similar time of peak yield (wk 3), a reduced peak yield, and no obvious differences in persistency. Mean percentage of milk protein was significantly higher for CM cows (3.91%) compared with C cows (3.52%). In contrast, once daily milking was accompanied by a reduced and significantly delayed peak yield (wk 8) compared with the control treatment, whereas persistency was better and milk protein (3.79%) was higher in ODM cows than in C cows. In conclusion, continuous milking and once daily milking, targeting the interval before or after calving, respectively, substantially reduced the metabolic challenge of fresh cows and improved milk protein percentage. Continuous milking and once daily milking increased milk protein percentage markedly; furthermore, once daily milking during the first 4 wk of lactation improved the lactation curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schlamberger
- Physiology Weihenstephan, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Safayi S, Theil PK, Hou L, Engbaek M, Nørgaard JV, Sejrsen K, Nielsen MO. Continuous lactation effects on mammary remodeling during late gestation and lactation in dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:203-17. [PMID: 20059919 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to 1) elucidate whether continuous milking during late gestation in dairy goats negatively affects mammary remodeling and hence milk production in the subsequent lactation, and 2) identify the regulatory factors responsible for changes in cell turnover and angiogenesis in the continuously lactating mammary gland. Nine multiparous dairy goats were used. One udder half was dried off approximately 9 wk prepartum (normal lactation; NL), and the other udder half of the same goat was milked continuously (continuous lactation; CL) until parturition or until the half-udder milk yields had dropped to below 50 g/d. Mammary biopsies were obtained from each udder half just before the NL gland was dried off (before dry period), within the first 2 wk after drying-off (early dry period, samples available only for NL glands), in the mid dry period, within the last 2 wk before parturition (late dry period), and at d 1 (the day of parturition), 3, 10, 60, and 180 of lactation. Mammary morphology was characterized in biopsies by quantitative histology, and cell turnover was determined by immunohistochemistry (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and Ki-67). Transcription of genes encoding factors involved in mammary epithelial cell (MEC) turnover and vascular function was quantified by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Results demonstrated that omitting the dry period was possible in goats but was not as easy as claimed before. Renewal of MEC was suppressed in CL glands, which resulted in a smaller MEC population in the subsequent lactation. At the time of parturition (and throughout lactation), the mammary glands subjected to CL had smaller alveoli, more fully differentiated MEC, and a substantially larger capillary fraction compared with NL glands. The continuously lactating gland thus resembled a normally lactating gland in an advanced stage of lactation. None of the studied genomic factors could account for these treatment differences. The described characteristics in CL glands compared with NL glands indicated a gland maintained in lactation for a longer period.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Safayi
- Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of LIFE Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Oxidative stress indicators and metabolic adaptations in response to the omission of the dry period in dairy cows. J DAIRY RES 2010; 77:273-9. [PMID: 20334713 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029910000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dry period omission on oxidative stress and metabolic indicators around calving were studied. Seventeen Italian Friesian cows were randomly assigned to two groups, homogeneous for milk yield and parity, and managed either with a traditional 55-d dry off period (n=8) or continuously milked till parturition (n=9). Between 60 d before expected calving and 90 d after calving, body condition (BCS) was recorded and blood samples were collected to measure cortisol, urea, cholesterol, glucose, NEFA, triglycerides, insulin, malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. BCS changes after calving were not different between the two groups. The normally dried group showed lower (P<0.05) glucose concentrations on day 7 before calving, greater (P<0.01) non-esterified fatty acid concentrations at 7 d and 15 d after calving, and greater (P<0.01) triglyceride concentrations for all the period before calving. On the other hand, plasma MDA was not different between groups. On average, plasma GSH concentrations were greater in continuously milked cows after calving (P<0.05), while plasma GPx was greater with continuous milking up to parturition (P<0.01). The results confirmed that omitting the dry period leads to an improved energy balance. The degree of oxidative stress was not detrimental for animal health, and the slight modifications of GPx observed prepartum were possibly related to continuous milk secretion. The differences in plasma GSH observed after calving may depend upon sulphur amino acid sparing in continuously milked cows.
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