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Crippa BL, de Matos LG, Souza FN, Silva NCC. Non- aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci (NASM): their role in bovine mastitis and One Health. J DAIRY RES 2024; 91:44-56. [PMID: 38584301 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029924000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are gaining importance in mastitis and public health, and some NAS have been reclassified as mammaliicocci (NASM). Bovine milk production has a major influence on the world economy, being an essential source of income for small, medium and large producers, and bovine mastitis caused by NASM can cause an economic impact. Mastitis generates financial losses due to reduced revenue, increased veterinary costs and expenses associated with animal slaughter. However, it is also a public health issue involving animal health and welfare, human health and the ecosystem. Furthermore, it is an increasingly common infection caused by NASM, including antimicrobial-resistant strains. Despite all these adverse effects that NASM can cause, some studies also point to its protective role against mastitis. Therefore, this review article addresses the negative and positive aspects that NASM can cause in bovine mastitis, the virulence of the disease and resistance factors that make it difficult to treat and, through the One Health approach, presents a holistic view of how mastitis caused by NASM can affect both animal and human health at one and the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Lourenço Crippa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo de Matos
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Fernando Nogueira Souza
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
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Reydams H, Toledo-Silva B, Mertens K, Piepers S, Vereecke N, Souza FN, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Phenotypic and genotypic assessment of iron acquisition in diverse bovine-associated non-aureus staphylococcal strains. Vet Res 2024; 55:6. [PMID: 38217046 PMCID: PMC10785429 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the role of iron in bacterial infections has been well described for Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, iron acquisition in (bovine-associated) non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci (NASM) remains insufficiently mapped. This study aimed at elucidating differences between four diverse bovine NASM field strains from two species, namely S. chromogenes and S. equorum, in regards to iron uptake (with ferritin and lactoferrin as an iron source) and siderophore production (staphyloferrin A and staphyloferrin B) by investigating the relationship between the genetic basis of iron acquisition through whole genome sequencing (WGS) with their observed phenotypic behavior. The four field strains were isolated in a previous study from composite cow milk (CCM) and bulk tank milk (BTM) in a Flemish dairy herd. Additionally, two well-studied S. chromogenes isolates originating from a persistent intramammary infection and from a teat apex were included for comparative purpose in all assays. Significant differences between species and strains were identified. In our phenotypical iron acquisition assay, while lactoferrin had no effect on growth recovery for all strains in iron deficient media, we found that ferritin served as an effective source for growth recovery in iron-deficient media for S. chromogenes CCM and BTM strains. This finding was further corroborated by analyzing potential ferritin iron acquisition genes using whole-genome sequencing data, which showed that all S. chromogenes strains contained hits for all three proposed ferritin reductive pathway genes. Furthermore, a qualitative assay indicated siderophore production by all strains, except for S. equorum. This lack of siderophore production in S. equorum was supported by a quantitative assay, which revealed significantly lower or negligible siderophore amounts compared to S. aureus and S. chromogenes. The WGS analysis showed that all tested strains, except for S. equorum, possessed complete staphyloferrin A (SA)-synthesis and export operons, which likely explains the phenotypic absence of siderophore production in S. equorum strains. While analyzing the staphyloferrin A and staphyloferrin B operon landscapes for all strains, we noticed some differences in the proteins responsible for iron acquisition between different species. However, within strains of the same species, the siderophore-related proteins remained conserved. Our findings contribute valuable insights into the genetic elements associated with bovine NASM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Reydams
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Bruno Toledo-Silva
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kristien Mertens
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nick Vereecke
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
- PathoSense BV, Lier, Belgium
| | - Fernando Nogueira Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva Av. 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Reydams H, Toledo-Silva B, Mertens K, Piepers S, de Souza FN, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Comparison of non-aureus staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal species found in both composite milk and bulk-tank milk samples of dairy cows collected in tandem. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7974-7990. [PMID: 37641265 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci and the closely related mammaliicoccal species (NASM) are the most common causes of bovine subclinical mastitis on modern dairy farms and are highly prevalent in bulk-tank milk. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of NASM in both composite cow milk (CCM) and bulk-tank milk (BTM) samples collected in tandem in commercial Flemish dairy herds and to estimate the origin of the different (subgroups of) NASM species present in BTM by applying strain typing (random amplification of polymorphic DNA or random amplified DNA [RAPD]). A single cross-sectional sampling was performed over 5 herds that volunteered to participate in the study. Composite cow milk samples (n = 356) were collected from all lactating cows (except those with clinical mastitis) during a milking in tandem with 6 BTM samples per herd sequentially collected immediately post that milking (n = 30). In total, 421 and 80 NASM isolates were recovered and identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry from the CCM and BTM samples, respectively and a total of 21 and 12 different NASM species were identified from CCM and BTM samples, respectively. Staphylococcus cohnii was the most prevalent NASM species found in BTM followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Mammaliicoccus lentus, and Staphylococcus equorum, whereas from CCM samples the most common species were S. hemolyticus, S. cohnii, S. equorum, S. epidermidis, and Staphylococcus chromogenes. The prevalent NASM species in both CCM and BTM samples was distinct for each herd, corroborating other studies observing a herd-specific NASM microbiota. Random amplified DNA analysis was performed on 9 NASM species (S. chromogenes, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. equorum, Mammaliicoccus sciuri, Staphylococcus xylosus, S. cohnii, Staphylococcus debuckii, and M. lentus) because these species were isolated from both sample types in a herd. The same RAPD types were found in both sample types for all NASM species selected for strain typing in varying degrees. When assessing the distribution of NASM species, differences within NASM species should be examined meaning a closer look should be taken at the strain level rather than at the species level only.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Reydams
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - B Toledo-Silva
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Mertens
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F N de Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva Av. 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Toledo-Silva B, Oliveira ACD, Souza FN, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Metabolites of non-aureus staphylococci affect the ability of Staphylococcus aureus to adhere to and internalize into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet Res 2023; 54:100. [PMID: 37884947 PMCID: PMC10605872 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether cell-free supernatants (SN) from four bovine non-aureus staphylococcal (NAS) isolates prevent Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to and internalization into bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T cells) and if so, to determine whether such effects were potentially associated with the S. aureus accessory gene regulator (agr) system. Overall, we demonstrated that all SN obtained from the NAS isolates promoted adhesion of a S. aureus agr+ strain to, yet reduced the internalization into MAC-T cells, while similar effects were not observed for its agr- mutant strain. Our findings provide novel anti-virulence strategies for treating and controlling bovine S. aureus mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Toledo-Silva
- M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ana Cláudia Dumont Oliveira
- M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Fernando N Souza
- M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Ruiz-Romero RA, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E. Non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci as a cause of mastitis in domestic ruminants: current knowledge, advances, biomedical applications, and future perspectives - a systematic review. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1067-1084. [PMID: 36964436 PMCID: PMC10038778 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci (NASM) are one of the most common causes of subclinical mastitis in dairy animals and the extent of damage by intramammary infections (IMI) caused by NASM is still under debate. The different effects of NASM on the mammary gland may be associated with differences between bacterial species. NASM are normal and abundant colonizers of humans and animals and become pathogenic only in certain situations. The veterinary interest in NASM has been intense for the last 25 years, due to the strongly increasing rate of opportunistic infections. Therefore, the objective of this review is to provide a general background of the NASM as a cause of mastitis and the most recent advances that exist to prevent and fight the biofilm formation of this group of bacteria, introduce new biomedical applications that could be used in dairy herds to reduce the risk of chronic and recurrent infections, potentially responsible for economic losses due to reduced milk production and quality. Effective treatment of biofilm infection requires a dual approach through a combination of antibiofilm and antimicrobial agents. Even though research on the development of biofilms is mainly focused on human medicine, this technology must be developed at the same time in veterinary medicine, especially in the dairy industry where IMI are extremely common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Angélica Ruiz-Romero
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Rumiantes, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México, 04510, México.
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, New Agriculture Building, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, PO Box 237, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6EU, UK.
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Yang F, Shi W, Meng N, Zhao Y, Ding X, Li Q. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles of staphylococci isolated from clinical bovine mastitis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1190790. [PMID: 37455736 PMCID: PMC10344457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1190790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci, mainly including Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), are one of the most common pathogens causing bovine mastitis worldwide. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles of staphylococci from clinical bovine mastitis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by disc diffusion combined with E-test method. Genes of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors were determined by PCR. A total of 332 staphylococcal isolates were confirmed from 1,519 mastitic milk samples, including 172 S. aureus and 160 CNS isolates. Fifteen CNS species were identified, with S. chromogenes being the most frequent found (49.4%), followed by S. equorum (13.8%). Noticeably, 2 S. agnetis isolates were found among the CNS isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report documenting the presence of S. agnetis from bovine mastitis in China. The S. aureus and CNS isolates showed high resistance against penicillin, followed by erythromycin and tetracycline. Multidrug resistance was found in 11.6 and 16.3% of the S. aureus and CNS isolates, respectively. Resistance to penicillin was attributed to the presence of blaZ, erythromycin resistance to ermC (alone or combined with ermB) and tetracycline resistance to tetK (alone or combined with tetM). Notably, one S. equorum isolate and one S. saprophyticus isolate were both methicillin-resistant and mecA positive. Additionally, all S. aureus isolates carried the adhesin genes fnbpA, clfA, clfB, and sdrC, and most of them contained cna and sdrE. Conversely, only a few of the CNS isolates carried clfA, cna, and fnbA. Regarding toxin genes, all S. aureus isolates harbored hlb, and most of them were hlg positive. The lukE-lukD, lukM, sec, sed, sei, sen, seo, tst, seg, seh, and sej were also detected with low frequencies. However, no toxin genes were observed in CNS isolates. This study reveals high species diversity of staphylococci from clinical bovine mastitis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China. The findings for the genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor provide valuable information for control and prevention of staphylococcal bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenli Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qinfan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Vander Elst N, Bellemans J, Steenbrugge J, Geeroms C, Breyne K, Piepers S, Toledo-Silva B, de Souza FN, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S, Meyer E. Priming of the murine mammary gland with Staphylococcus chromogenes IM reduces bacterial growth of Streptococcus uberis: a proof-of-concept study. Vet Res 2023; 54:28. [PMID: 36973819 PMCID: PMC10044423 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis is a major causative agent of bovine mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland with substantial economic consequences. To reduce antibiotic use in animal agriculture, alternative strategies to treat or prevent mastitis are being investigated. Bovine-associated non-aureus staphylococci are proposed in that respect due to their capacity to inhibit the in vitro growth of S. uberis. We demonstrate that priming the murine mammary gland with Staphylococcus chromogenes IM reduces S. uberis growth in comparison with non-primed glands. The innate immune system is activated by increasing IL-8 and LCN2, which may explain this decreased growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Vander Elst
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Julie Bellemans
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jonas Steenbrugge
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Chloë Geeroms
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Breyne
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital-Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bruno Toledo-Silva
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Fernando Nogueira de Souza
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Souza FN, Santos KR, Ferronatto JA, Ramos Sanchez EM, Toledo-Silva B, Heinemann MB, De Vliegher S, Della Libera AMMP. Bovine-associated staphylococci and mammaliicocci trigger T-lymphocyte proliferative response and cytokine production differently. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2772-2783. [PMID: 36870844 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether distinct staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal species and strains trigger B- and T-lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin (IL)-17A and interferon (IFN)-γ production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in nulliparous, primiparous, and multiparous dairy cows. Flow cytometry was used to measure lymphocyte proliferation with the Ki67 antibody, and specific monoclonal antibodies were used to identify CD3, CD4, and CD8 T lymphocyte and CD21 B lymphocyte populations. The supernatant of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture was used to measure IL-17A and IFN-γ production. Two distinct, inactivated strains of bovine-associated Staphylococcus aureus [one causing a persistent intramammary infection (IMI) and the other from the nose], 2 inactivated Staphylococcus chromogenes strains [one causing an IMI and the other from a teat apex), as well as an inactivated Mammaliicoccus fleurettii strain originating from sawdust from a dairy farm, and the mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin M-form (both specifically to measure lymphocyte proliferation) were studied. In contrast to the "commensal" Staph. aureus strain originating from the nose, the Staph. aureus strain causing a persistent IMI triggered proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations of T lymphocytes. The M. fleurettii strain and the 2 Staph. chromogenes strains had no effect on T- or B-cell proliferation. Furthermore, both Staph. aureus and Staph. chromogenes strains causing persistent IMI significantly increased IL-17A and IFN-γ production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Overall, multiparous cows tended to have a higher B-lymphocyte and a lower T-lymphocyte proliferative response than primiparous and nulliparous cows. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of multiparous cows also produced significantly more IL-17A and IFN-γ. In contrast to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin M-form selectively stimulated T-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando N Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Brazil.
| | - Kamila R Santos
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - José A Ferronatto
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Ramos Sanchez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Sorologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; Departamento de Salud Publica, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01000, Peru
| | - Bruno Toledo-Silva
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Alice M M P Della Libera
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
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9
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Staphylococcus aureus-Cure-Associated Antigens Elicit Type 3 Immune Memory T Cells. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121831. [PMID: 36551488 PMCID: PMC9774748 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequently major mastitis pathogens that cause clinical and subclinical mastitis worldwide. Current antimicrobial treatments are usually ineffective, and the commercially available vaccines lack proven effectiveness. The immunological response elicited by the recombinant S. aureus-cure-associated proteins phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), enolase (ENO), and elongation factor-G (EF-G) in combination with the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) DNA vaccination was studied in this work. METHODS Here, twenty-three C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups and vaccinated with: G1: none (control); G2: GM-CSF DNA plasmid DNA vaccine; G3: the combination of EF-G+ENO+PGK; and G4: the combinations of EF-G+ENO+PGK proteins plus GM-CSF plasmid DNA vaccine. After 44 days, spleen cells were collected for immunophenotyping and lymphocyte proliferation evaluation by flow cytometry upon S. aureus stimulus. RESULTS Immunization with the three S. aureus recombinant proteins alone resulted in a higher percentage of IL-17A+ cells among CD8+ T central memory cells, as well as the highest intensity of IL-17A production by overall lymphocytes indicating that the contribution of the combined lymphocyte populations is crucial to sustaining a type 3 cell immunity environment. CONCLUSION The immunization with three S. aureus-cure-associated recombinant proteins triggered type 3 immunity, which is a highly interesting path to pursue an effective bovine S. aureus mastitis vaccine.
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Reydams H, Wuytack A, Piepers S, Mertens K, Boyen F, de Souza FN, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Genetic diversity and iron metabolism of Staphylococcus hominis isolates originating from bovine quarter milk, rectal feces, and teat apices. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9995-10006. [PMID: 36270870 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus hominis, a member of the non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) group, is part of the human and animal microbiota. Although it has been isolated from multiple bovine-associated habitats, its relevance as a cause of bovine mastitis is currently not well described. To successfully colonize and proliferate in the bovine mammary gland, a bacterial species must be able to acquire iron from host iron-binding proteins. The aims of this study were (1) to assess the genetic diversity of S. hominis isolated from bovine quarter milk, rectal feces, and teat apices, and (2) to investigate the capacity of bovine S. hominis isolates belonging to these different habitats to utilize ferritin and lactoferrin as iron sources. To expand on an available collection of bovine S. hominis isolates (2 from quarter milk, 8 from rectal feces, and 19 from teat apices) from one commercial dairy herd, a subsequent single cross-sectional quarter milk sampling (n = 360) was performed on all lactating cows (n = 90) of the same herd. In total, 514 NAS isolates were recovered and identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry; the 6 most prevalent NAS species were S. cohnii (33.9%), S. sciuri (16.7%), S. haemolyticus (16.3%), S. xylosus (9.6%), S. equorum (9.4%), and S. hominis (3.5%). A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed on 46 S. hominis isolates (19 from quarter milk, 8 from rectal feces, and 19 from teat apices). Eighteen distinct RAPD fingerprint groups were distinguished although we were unable to detect the presence of the same RAPD type in all 3 habitats. One S. hominis isolate of a distinct RAPD type unique to a specific habitat (8 from quarter milk, 3 from rectal feces, and 4 from teat apices) along with the quality control strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and 2 well-studied Staphylococcus chromogenes isolates ("IM" and "TA") were included in the phenotypical iron test. All isolates were grown in 4 types of media: iron-rich tryptic soy broth, iron-rich tryptic soy broth deferrated by 2,2'-bipyridyl, and deferrated tryptic soy broth supplemented with human recombinant lactoferrin or equine spleen-derived ferritin. The growth of the different strains was modified by the medium in which they were grown. Staphylococcus chromogenes TA showed significantly lower growth under iron-deprived conditions, and adding an iron supplement (lactoferrin or ferritin) resulted in no improvement in growth; in contrast, growth of S. chromogenes IM was significantly recovered with iron supplementation. Staphylococcus hominis strains from all 3 habitats were able to significantly utilize ferritin but not lactoferrin as an iron source to reverse the growth inhibition, in varying degrees, caused by the chelating agent 2,2'-bipyridyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Reydams
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - A Wuytack
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Mertens
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F N de Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva Av. 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraiba, Rodovia PB-079 12, Areia, João Pessoa 58397-000, Brazil
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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11
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Soares TC, Santos KR, Lima DM, Maia RBM, Ramos-Sanchez EM, Reis LC, Gidlund M, da Cunha AF, Ordinola-Ramirez CM, Cerqueira MM, Heinemann MB, Della Libera AM, Goto H, Souza FN. Memory CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation in vaccinated dairy cows with different histories of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 253:110508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Souza RM, Souza FN, Batista CF, Piepers S, De Visscher A, Santos KR, Molinari PC, Ferronatto JA, Franca da Cunha A, Blagitz MG, da Silva GG, Rennó FP, Cerqueira MMOP, Heinemann MB, De Vliegher S, Della Libera AMMP. Distinct behavior of bovine-associated staphylococci species in their ability to resist phagocytosis and trigger respiratory burst activity by blood and milk polymorphonuclear leukocytes in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1625-1637. [PMID: 34802732 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis affects a high proportion of dairy cows and is still one of the greatest challenges faced by the dairy industry. Staphylococcal bacteria remain the most important cause of mastitis worldwide. We investigated how distinct staphylococcal species evade some critical host defense mechanisms, which may dictate the establishment, severity, and persistence of infection and the outcome of possible therapeutic and prevention interventions. Thus, the present study investigated variations among distinct bovine-associated staphylococci in their capability to resist phagocytosis and to trigger respiratory burst activity of blood and milk polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes (PMNL) in dairy cows. To do so, PMNL of 6 primiparous and 6 multiparous dairy cows were used. A collection of 38 non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) and 12 Staphylococcus aureus were included. The phagocytosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by blood and milk PMNL were analyzed by flow cytometry. Phagocytosis, by both blood and milk PMNL, did not differ between S. aureus and NAS as a group, although within-NAS species differences were observed. Staphylococcus chromogenes (a so-called milk-adapted NAS species) better resisted phagocytosis by blood PMNL than the so-called environmental (i.e., Staphylococcus fleurettii) and opportunistic (i.e., Staphylococcus haemolyticus) NAS species. Otherwise, S. haemolyticus was better phagocytosed by blood PMNL than S. aureus, S. fleurettii, and S. chromogenes. No influence of the origin of the isolates within the staphylococci species in the resistance to phagocytosis by blood and milk PMNL was found. Overall, both S. aureus and NAS did not inhibit intracellular ROS production in blood and milk PMNL. Non-aureus staphylococci induced fewer ROS by milk PMNL than S. aureus, which was not true for blood PMNL, although species-specific differences in the intensity of ROS production were observed. Staphylococcus chromogenes induced more blood PMNL ROS than S. fleurettii and S. haemolyticus, and as much as S. aureus. Conversely, S. chromogenes induced fewer milk PMNL ROS than S. aureus. The origin of the isolates within the staphylococci species did not affect the ROS production by blood and milk PMNL. In conclusion, our study showed differences in staphylococci species in evading phagocytosis and triggering ROS production, which may explain the ability of some staphylococci species (i.e., S. aureus and S. chromogenes) to cause persistent infection and induce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Fernando N Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Brazil.
| | - Camila F Batista
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Anneleen De Visscher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Kamila R Santos
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Paula C Molinari
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0910
| | - José A Ferronatto
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Adriano Franca da Cunha
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Maiara G Blagitz
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; Curso de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde, Bem-estar e Produção Animal Sustentável na Fronteira Sul, Campus Realeza, Realeza 85770-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G da Silva
- Departamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco P Rennó
- Departamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Mônica M O P Cerqueira
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Alice M M P Della Libera
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
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Beuckelaere L, De Visscher A, Souza FN, Meyer E, Haesebrouck F, Piepers S, De Vliegher S. Colonization and local host response following intramammary Staphylococcus chromogenes challenge in dry cows. Vet Res 2021; 52:137. [PMID: 34711282 PMCID: PMC8554945 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-01007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extensive research has been performed on bovine non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), several aspects such as bacteria-host interaction remain largely unstudied. Moreover, only a few mastitis pathogen challenge studies in cows have been conducted in the dry period, an important period that allows intramammary infection (IMI) to cure and new IMI to occur. We challenged 16 quarters of 4 Holstein Friesian cows at dry off with 100; 100 000 or 10 000 000 CFU of the udder-adapted S. chromogenes IM strain. Four quarters from one cow served as negative controls. Internally sealed quarters remained untouched, whereas non-sealed quarters were sampled 3 times during the dry period. After parturition, colostrum and daily milk samples were taken during the first week of lactation of all quarters. In total, 8 quarters appeared to be colonized, since S. chromogenes IM was recovered at least once during the experiment, as substantiated using Multilocus Sequence Typing. S. chromogenes IM shedding was highest in dry quarters inoculated with 10 000 000 CFU. Colonized quarters had the highest quarter somatic cell count (qSCC) in early lactation. Inoculated quarters (both colonized and non-colonized) had lower IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations in the dry period, whilst IFN-γ levels tended to be higher in colonized quarters compared to non-inoculated quarters. Also, IgG2 levels were higher in inoculated compared to non-inoculated quarters and the IgG2/IgG1 ratio was on average above 1. To conclude, we showed that dry quarters can be colonized with S. chromogenes IM, resulting in a shift towards a Th1 response in late gestation and early lactation characterised by an increased IgG2 concentration. However, further research is needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Beuckelaere
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Anneleen De Visscher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Fernando Nogueira Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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14
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Staphylococcus aureus Protection-Related Type 3 Cell-Mediated Immune Response Elicited by Recombinant Proteins and GM-CSF DNA Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080899. [PMID: 34452024 PMCID: PMC8402413 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus mastitis remains a major challenge for dairy farming. Here, 24 mice were immunized and divided into four groups: G1: control; G2: Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) DNA vaccine; G3: F0F1 ATP synthase subunit α (SAS), succinyl-diaminopimelate (SDD), and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CTS) recombinant proteins; and G4: SAS+SDD+CTS plus GM-CSF DNA vaccine. The lymphocyte subpopulations, and the intracellular interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and interferon-γ production in the draining lymph node cells were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry. The immunophenotyping and lymphocyte proliferation was determined in spleen cells cultured with and without S. aureus stimulus. Immunization with S. aureus recombinant proteins generated memory cells in draining lymph nodes. Immunization with the three recombinant proteins plus GM-CSF DNA led to an increase in the percentage of IL-17A+ cells among overall CD44+ (memory), T CD4+, CD4+ T CD44+ CD27-, γδ TCR, γδ TCR+ CD44+ CD27+, and TCRVγ4+ cells. Vaccination with S. aureus recombinant proteins associated with GM-CSF DNA vaccine downregulated TH2 immunity. Immunization with the three recombinant proteins plus the GM-CSF DNA led to a proliferation of overall memory T, CD4+, and CD4+ TEM cells upon S. aureus stimulus. This approach fostered type 3 immunity, suggesting the development of a protective immune response against S. aureus.
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Liu K, Mao W, Liu B, Li T, Wang X, Pei L, Cao J, Wang F. Prostaglandin E2 promotes Staphylococcus aureus infection via EP4 receptor in bovine endometrium. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105019. [PMID: 34107344 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) enhances Staphylococcus aureus infection but its mechanism is not well understood. Here, we examined the effect of PGE2 on Staphylococcal Protein A (SPA) expression in bovine endometrium and determined the role of select PGE2 receptors (i.e., EP2 and EP4) in adhesion and internalization of S. aureus. S. aureus isolate SA113 was used for in vitro infection of bovine endometrial tissues and epithelial cells, with treatment conditions consisting of untreated control, SA113 treatment, SA113 + PGE2, SA113 + PGE2 + EP2 receptor antagonist (AH-6809), and SA113 + PGE2 + EP4 receptor antagonist (AH-23848). Immunofluorescence assay revealed that PGE2 could promote SPA expression in S. aureus-infected bovine endometrial tissues. PGE2 also enhanced the adhesion and internalization of S. aureus in bovine endometrial cells. The addition of EP4 antagonist, but not the EP2 antagonist, abrogated the ability of PGE2 to promote S. aureus SPA expression, adhesion, and internalization in endometrial cells. Our findings suggest that S. aureus infection in the endometrium is enhanced by PGE2 through the EP4 receptor. This result is essential for the development of new approach to treating S. aureus infection, such as the application of EP4 antagonist as an adjunct drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Anima Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Wei Mao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Anima Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Anima Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China.
| | - Tingting Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Anima Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China.
| | - Xinfei Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Anima Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China.
| | - Le Pei
- Veterinary Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China.
| | - Jinshan Cao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Anima Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China.
| | - Fenglong Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
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Toledo-Silva B, de Souza FN, Piepers S, Mertens K, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Metabolites of bovine-associated non-aureus staphylococci influence expression of Staphylococcus aureus agr-related genes in vitro. Vet Res 2021; 52:62. [PMID: 33926572 PMCID: PMC8082617 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Communications via quorum sensing (QS) between non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus in the bovine mammary gland remains largely unexplored. We determined whether 34 S. chromogenes, 11 S. epidermidis, and 14 S. simulans isolates originating from bovine milk samples and teat apices were able to regulate the QS of S. aureus, and if so, how in vitro growth inhibition of S. aureus by NAS, or NAS metabolites, or NAS cells themselves play a role in this process. In co-culture with S. aureus we observed that these 3 NAS species in general downregulated the expression of rnaIII, the effector molecule of the QS system, but this effect was more pronounced in S. chromogenes and S. simulans isolates than in S. epidermidis isolates. In vitro growth inhibition of S. aureus by NAS resulted in a small underestimation of the downregulating effect of NAS on rnaIII expression of S. aureus. Additionally, the culture supernatant of these NAS isolates and supernatant treated with proteinase K expressed greater regulatory activity over S. aureus virulence genes rnaIII, hla, and spa than washed NAS cells suspended in sterile water. These microbial interactions may influence S. aureus virulence and pathogenesis within the host. Isolation and identification of NAS metabolites affecting the QS system of S. aureus might help to develop alternative strategies for treatment and control of S. aureus mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Toledo-Silva
- M-Team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Fernando Nogueira de Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-Team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kristien Mertens
- M-Team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-Team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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De Buck J, Ha V, Naushad S, Nobrega DB, Luby C, Middleton JR, De Vliegher S, Barkema HW. Non- aureus Staphylococci and Bovine Udder Health: Current Understanding and Knowledge Gaps. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:658031. [PMID: 33937379 PMCID: PMC8081856 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.658031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts to control bovine mastitis and explain its causes, it remains the most costly and common disease of dairy cattle worldwide. The role and impact of non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) in udder health are not entirely understood. These Gram-positive bacteria have become the most frequently isolated group of bacteria in milk samples of dairy cows and are associated with (mild) clinical and subclinical mastitis. Different species and strains of NAS differ in their epidemiology, pathogenicity, virulence, ecology and host adaptation, and antimicrobial resistance profiles. They have distinct relationships with the microbiome composition of the udder and may also have protective effects against other mastitis pathogens. Some appear to persist on the skin and in the teat canal and udder, while others seem to be transient residents of the udder from the environment. Analyzing genotypic and phenotypic differences in individual species may also hold clues to why some appear more successful than others in colonizing the udder. Understanding species-level interactions within the microbiome and its interactions with host genetics will clarify the role of NAS in bovine mastitis and udder health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Vivian Ha
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sohail Naushad
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Diego B Nobrega
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christopher Luby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John R Middleton
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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18
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Wuytack A, De Visscher A, Piepers S, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Fecal non-aureus Staphylococci are a potential cause of bovine intramammary infection. Vet Res 2020; 51:32. [PMID: 32122405 PMCID: PMC7052973 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00761-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) in bovine rectal feces has recently been described. Similar to other mastitis causing pathogens, shedding of NAS in the environment could result in intramammary infection. The objective of this study was to investigate whether NAS strains present in feces can cause intramammary infection, likely via teat apex colonization. During a cross-sectional study in 5 dairy herds, samples were collected from the habitats quarter milk, teat apices, and rectal feces from 25%, 10%, and 25% of the lactating cows, respectively, with a cow serving as the source of one type of sample only. Samples from clinical mastitis cases were continuously collected during the 1-year study period as well. The 6 most prevalent NAS species, Staphylococcus (S.) chromogenes, S. cohnii, S. devriesei, S. equorum, S. haemolyticus, and S. hominis, were further subtyped by random amplification of polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR), when the same NAS species was present in the same herd in the three habitats. For S. chromogenes, S. cohnii, S. devriesei, and S. haemolyticus, the same RAPD type was found in rectal feces, teat apices, and quarter milk, indicating that fecal NAS can infect the mammary gland. For S. hominis and S. equorum, we were unable to confirm the presence of the same RAPD types in the three habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameline Wuytack
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Anneleen De Visscher
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science, Agricultural Engineering, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115 Bus 1, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Batra P, Deo V, Mathur P, Gupta AK. Cotrimoxazole, a wonder drug in the era of multiresistance: Case report and review of literature. J Lab Physicians 2020; 9:210-213. [PMID: 28706393 PMCID: PMC5496301 DOI: 10.4103/0974-2727.208261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest threats to human health worldwide. The rate of development of newer antibiotics is much slower than the rate of development of antibiotic resistance. A survey reported that it takes 15 years and US$800 million (including preclinical and clinical costs) to bring a single drug to the market, whereas the reuse of the older drugs for antimicrobial use takes $17 million, thereby circumventing 40% of the overall cost. The first case is a patient with nosocomial pyrexia of unknown origin who was given treatment with tigecycline and cefepime/tazobactam but failed to respond to the same. However, the patient responded to the treatment with cotrimoxazole. The second case is a patient with meningitis caused by an atypical zoonotic pathogen, Staphylococcus chromogenes. This is the first report of human infection with S. chromogenes, this being a common cause of bovine mastitis. The isolate was obtained from a patient of neurotrauma who developed meningitis after decompressive craniotomy. The strain was obtained from cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and shunt chamber pus. Cotrimoxazole was given for the treatment, and the patient improved after the treatment. Although the newer antibiotics have replaced sulfonamides in the treatment of many infections, they are still of great value and are the agents of choice in many infections. Sulfonamides have wide antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but their usefulness has diminished with the emergence of resistant strains. This paper reports cases of two different kinds of infections from a level 1 trauma center, who failed to respond to the newer antibiotics but showed a response to administration of cotrimoxazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyam Batra
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishant Deo
- Department of Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Purva Mathur
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar Gupta
- Department of Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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20
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Souza FN, Sanchez EM, Della Libera AM, Heinemann MB. Letters to the editor: A comment on “Control of bovine mastitis in the 21st century: Immunize or tolerate?”. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:20-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Wuytack A, De Visscher A, Piepers S, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Non-aureus staphylococci in fecal samples of dairy cows: First report and phenotypic and genotypic characterization. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9345-9359. [PMID: 31421888 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine whether non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are present in rectal feces of healthy dairy cows, and if so, to delineate species to which they belong and to study several phenotypic and genotypic traits as a first step toward determining the potential impact of fecal shedding of NAS on bovine udder health. Fecal samples were aseptically collected from the rectum of 25 randomly selected clinically healthy dairy cows in a commercial dairy herd using an automated milking system. Fecal NAS were isolated and then identified at the species level using transfer RNA-intergenic spacer PCR and sequencing of the 16S rRNA housekeeping gene. Strain typing was performed using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR. The antimicrobial resistance profiles, biofilm formation, and growth and inhibitory characteristics of all NAS isolates were evaluated. Half of the cows were shedding NAS, resulting in 31 NAS isolates belonging to 11 different species. The most prevalent species were Staphylococcus rostri (23%, n = 7), Staphylococcus cohnii (16%, n = 5), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (13%, n = 4) with all Staphylococcus agnetis, Staphylococcus chromogenes, and Staph. rostri isolates belonging to the same strain according to RAPD banding patterns. Acquired antimicrobial resistance was observed in 28 of the 31 NAS isolates, mainly due to β-lactamase production. Most of the isolates (84%, n = 27) had a weak biofilm-forming potential, but only 2 contained the bap gene. The ica and aap genes were not detected in any of the isolates. In vitro growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus dysgalactiae was inhibited by Staph. agnetis isolates, and Staph. chromogenes isolates were able to inhibit the growth of Strep. dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis. All fecal isolates were able to grow when oxygen and iron were limitedly available, mimicking the growth conditions in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wuytack
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A De Visscher
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science, Agricultural Engineering, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Traversari J, van den Borne BHP, Dolder C, Thomann A, Perreten V, Bodmer M. Non-aureus Staphylococci Species in the Teat Canal and Milk in Four Commercial Swiss Dairy Herds. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:186. [PMID: 31249836 PMCID: PMC6582780 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are frequently found in milk samples as well as on the teat apex and in the teat canal and are known to be a cause of subclinical mastitis. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between NAS species colonizing the teat canal and those causing intramammary infection (IMI) in four commercial dairy herds. Teat canal swabs were obtained and thereafter milk samples were aseptically collected and evaluated for the presence of staphylococci using selective agar plates. Species identification was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time–of–flight mass spectrometry. The relationship between NAS species distribution and sample type (teat canal vs. milk samples) was quantified using hierarchical multivariable logistic regression models. The most prevalent NAS species in teat canal swabs were S. xylosus (35%), S. vitulinus (10%), and S. chromogenes (7%), whereas in milk samples S. chromogenes (5%), S. xylosus (5%), and S. haemolyticus (4%) were most prevalent. There were significantly higher odds for S. vitulinus (OR = 215), S. xylosus (OR = 20), S. sciuri (OR = 22), S. equorum (OR = 13), and S. succinus (OR = 10) to be present in teat canal swabs than in milk samples. Differences between herds in NAS species distribution were found and were most pronounced for S. succinus and a S. warneri-like species. This information aids in the understanding of NAS species as an etiology of IMI and should be taken into account when interpreting milk culture results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Traversari
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Clinic for Ruminants, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Claudio Dolder
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Clinic for Ruminants, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Thomann
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michèle Bodmer
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Clinic for Ruminants, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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23
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Mahmmod YS, Svennesen L, Katholm J, Pedersen K, Klaas IC. Bayesian estimation of qPCR and bacterial culture accuracy for detection of bovine coagulase-negative staphylococci from milk and teat apex at different test cut-off points. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:406-417. [PMID: 31077513 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To primarily estimate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the commercially available Mastit4 quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay and bacterial culture (BC) for diagnosis of intramammary infections (IMI) and teat apex colonization (TAC) with coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) at different cut-offs for qPCR cycle threshold values using Bayesian latent class analysis. A secondary objective was to evaluate two cut-offs of BC for diagnosis of IMI and TAC with CNS. METHODS AND RESULTS We randomly selected 13-20 cows with subclinical mastitis from eight dairy herds. Teat skin samples and aseptically collected foremilk samples were collected from the right hindquarters (n = 149) for BC and qPCR analysis. The Se of qPCR was always higher than BCSe in diagnosis of IMI, however; the Sp of BC was higher than qPCRSp . BCSe and BCSp showed no substantial difference between the tested BC cut-offs. In contrast to IMI, estimates of BC and qPCR in diagnosing TAC were different. BCSe was higher than qPCRSe at all tested cut-offs, however; qPCRSp was higher than BCSp . CONCLUSION The overall performance of qPCR is higher than BC in the diagnosis of IMI; however, the performance of BC is better than qPCR in diagnosis of TAC. The qPCR and BC are valid diagnostics for bovine IMI with CNS. However, for TAC, both techniques require further investigation to reduce the uncertainty of the true status of the quarter and teat skin. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We reported, for the first time, the diagnostic performance of new mastitis technology (Mastit4 PCR) and culture for detection of CNS in milk and nonmilk samples in dairy herds with automatic milking systems. Our findings will improve the interpretation of the test results of culture and qPCR assay and subsequently, will strengthen the control of IMI with CNS in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Mahmmod
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia Province, Egypt
| | - L Svennesen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - J Katholm
- DNA Diagnostic A/S, Risskov, Denmark
| | - K Pedersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - I C Klaas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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24
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Mahmmod YS, Klaas IC, Svennesen L, Pedersen K, Ingmer H. Communications of Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus Staphylococcus species from bovine intramammary infections and teat apex colonization. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7322-7333. [PMID: 29778469 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) in the risk of acquisition of intramammary infections with Staphylococcus aureus is vague and still under debate. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the distribution patterns of NAS species from milk and teat skin in dairy herds with automatic milking systems, and (2) examine if the isolated NAS influences the expression of S. aureus virulence factors controlled by the accessory gene regulator (agr) quorum sensing system. In 8 herds, 14 to 20 cows with elevated somatic cell count were randomly selected for teat skin swabbing and aseptic quarter foremilk samples from right hind and left front quarters. Teat skin swabs were collected using the modified wet-dry method and milk samples were taken aseptically for bacterial culture. Colonies from quarters with suspicion of having NAS in milk or teat skin samples (or both) were subjected to MALDI-TOF assay for species identification. To investigate the interaction between S. aureus and NAS, 81 isolates NAS were subjected to a qualitative β-galactosidase reporter plate assay. In total, 373 NAS isolates were identified representing 105 from milk and 268 from teat skin of 284 quarters (= 142 cows). Sixteen different NAS species were identified, 15 species from teat skin and 10 species from milk. The most prevalent NAS species identified from milk were Staphylococcus epidermidis (50%), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (15%), and Staphylococcus chromogenes (11%), accounting for 76%. Meanwhile, the most prevalent NAS species from teat skin were Staphylococcus equorum (43%), S. haemolyticus (16%), and Staphylococcus cohnii (14%), accounting for 73%. Using reporter gene fusions monitoring transcriptional activity of key virulence factors and regulators, we found that out of 81 supernatants of NAS isolates, 77% reduced expression of hla, encoding a-hemolysin, 70% reduced expression of RNAIII, the key effector molecule of agr, and 61% reduced expression of spa encoding protein A of S. aureus, respectively. Our NAS isolates showed 3 main patterns: (1) downregulation effect such as S. chromogenes (milk) and Staphylococcus xylosus (milk and teat), (2) no effect such as Staphylococcus sciuri (teat) and S. vitulinus (teat), and the third pattern (c) variable effect such as S. epidermidis (milk and teat) and S. equorum (milk and teat). The pattern of cross-talk between NAS species and S. aureus virulence genes varied according to the involved NAS species, habitat type, and herd factors. The knowledge of how NAS influences S. aureus virulence factor expression could explain the varying protective effect of NAS on S. aureus intramammary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser S Mahmmod
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511-Zagazig, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
| | - Ilka Christine Klaas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Line Svennesen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karl Pedersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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25
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Breser ML, Felipe V, Bohl LP, Orellano MS, Isaac P, Conesa A, Rivero VE, Correa SG, Bianco ID, Porporatto C. Chitosan and cloxacillin combination improve antibiotic efficacy against different lifestyle of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates from chronic bovine mastitis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5081. [PMID: 29572457 PMCID: PMC5865155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis affects the health of dairy cows and the profitability of herds worldwide. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the most frequently isolated pathogens in bovine intramammary infection. Based on the wide range of antimicrobial, mucoadhesive and immunostimulant properties demonstrated by chitosan, we have evaluated therapy efficiency of chitosan incorporation to cloxacillin antibiotic as well as its effect against different bacterial lifestyles of seven CNS isolates from chronic intramammary infections. The therapeutic effects of combinations were evaluated on planktonic cultures, bacterial biofilms and intracellular growth in mammary epithelial cells. We found that biofilms and intracellular growth forms offered a strong protection against antibiotic therapy. On the other hand, we found that chitosan addition to cloxacillin efficiently reduced the antibiotic concentration necessary for bacterial killing in different lifestyle. Remarkably, the combined treatment was not only able to inhibit bacterial biofilm establishment and increase preformed biofilm eradication, but it also reduced intracellular bacterial viability while it increased IL-6 secretion by infected epithelial cells. These findings provide a new approach to prophylactic drying therapy that could help to improve conventional antimicrobial treatment against different forms of bacterial growth in an efficient, safer and greener manner reducing multiresistant bacteria generation and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Breser
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia (CIT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina.,Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina
| | - Verónica Felipe
- Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina
| | - Luciana P Bohl
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia (CIT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina.,Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina
| | - María S Orellano
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia (CIT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina
| | - Paula Isaac
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia (CIT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina.,Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina
| | - Agustín Conesa
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia (CIT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina.,Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina
| | - Virginia E Rivero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvia G Correa
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ismael D Bianco
- Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba (CEPROCOR), Ministerio de Industria, Comercio, Minería y Desarrollo Científico Tecnológico, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carina Porporatto
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia (CIT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina. .,Instituto A.P. de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, Ciudad Universitaria, Villa María, Argentina.
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26
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Pathogenesis and inflammatory response in experimental caprine mastitis due to Staphylococcus chromogenes. Microb Pathog 2018; 116:146-152. [PMID: 29360565 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the most frequently isolated bacteria in cases of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. CNS species may differ in their pathogenicity, but very little is known about their virulence factors or their immune response in intramammary infections. To our knowledge, no experimental studies into the mastitis pathogenesis caused by CNS have been described in lactating goats. The aim of this study was to induce an experimentally Staphylococcus chromogenes mastitis in lactating goats aimed at verifying if the model can be used to evaluate the inflammatory response, the dynamics of infection and the pathological findings within the first hours of intramammary inoculation. Six Saanen goats in mid-lactation were inoculated with 1 × 107 colony forming units of S. chromogenes. Bacterial growth peaked in milk from the challenged right halves of the mammary glands (RMG) at 4 h post inoculation (PI). Shedding of viable bacteria showed a marked decrease at 12 h PI. An increase in mean somatic cell counts was observed in the milk samples from 8 h PI onwards. Mild clinical signs were evoked by intramammary inoculation. Staphylococcus chromogenes could be isolated in tissue from all RMG. Histological examination of specimens of the RMG and lymph nodes of the goats showed an increased inflammatory response throughout the experiment with respect to control halves. In conclusion, the experimental inoculation of S. chromogenes in lactating goats is capable of eliciting an inflammatory response and capable of causing pathological changes. This research represents a preliminary study for a better knowledge of the mastitis pathogenesis caused by S. chromogenes.
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27
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Li L, Chen Z, Guo D, Li S, Huang J, Wang X, Yao Z, Chen S, Ye X. Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in healthy humans is associated with occupational pig contact in a dose-response manner. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:231-238. [PMID: 28888643 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the association between occupational pig contact and human methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) carriage. We conducted a cross-sectional study of pig exposed participants and controls in Guangdong, China, using a multi-stage sampling design. Participants provided a nasal swab for MRCoNS analysis and resulting isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. The dose-response relation was examined using log binomial regression or Poisson regression models. The adjusted prevalence of MRCoNS carriage in pig exposed participants was 1.67 times (95% CI: 1.32-2.11) higher than in controls. The adjusted average number of resistance to different antibiotic classes of MRCoNS isolates from pig exposed participants was 1.67 times (95% CI: 1.46-1.91) higher than those from controls. Notably, we found the frequency and duration of occupational pig contact was associated with increased prevalence and increased number of resistance to different antibiotic classes of MRCoNS in a dose-response manner. When examining these relations by MRCoNS species, there was still evidence of similar exposure-response relations. Additionally, the proportion of tetracycline-resistant and tet(M)-containing MRCoNS isolates was significantly higher in pig exposed participants than in controls. These findings suggested a potential transmission of MRCoNS from livestock to humans by occupational livestock contact, and the presence of phenotypic and genotypic tetracycline resistance may aid in the differentiation of animal origins of MRCoNS isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyao Chen
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Guo
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunming Li
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingya Huang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjiang Yao
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sidong Chen
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Dolder C, van den Borne B, Traversari J, Thomann A, Perreten V, Bodmer M. Quarter- and cow-level risk factors for intramammary infection with coagulase-negative staphylococci species in Swiss dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5653-5663. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Piccart K, Verbeke J, De Visscher A, Piepers S, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Local host response following an intramammary challenge with Staphylococcus fleurettii and different strains of Staphylococcus chromogenes in dairy heifers. Vet Res 2016; 47:56. [PMID: 27176792 PMCID: PMC4866078 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are a common cause of subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. The CNS inhabit various ecological habitats, ranging between the environment and the host. In order to obtain a better insight into the host response, an experimental infection was carried out in eight healthy heifers in mid-lactation with three different CNS strains: a Staphylococcus fleurettii strain originating from sawdust bedding, an intramammary Staphylococcus chromogenes strain originating from a persistent intramammary infection (S. chromogenes IM) and a S. chromogenes strain isolated from a heifer’s teat apex (S. chromogenes TA). Each heifer was inoculated in the mammary gland with 1.0 × 106 colony forming units of each bacterial strain (one strain per udder quarter), whereas the remaining quarter was infused with phosphate-buffered saline. Overall, the CNS evoked a mild local host response. The somatic cell count increased in all S. fleurettii-inoculated quarters, although the strain was eliminated within 12 h. The two S. chromogenes strains were shed in larger numbers for a longer period. Bacterial and somatic cell counts, as well as neutrophil responses, were higher after inoculation with S. chromogenes IM than with S. chromogenes TA. In conclusion, these results suggest that S. chromogenes might be better adapted to the mammary gland than S. fleurettii. Furthermore, not all S. chromogenes strains induce the same local host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Piccart
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Joren Verbeke
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Anneleen De Visscher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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