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Zubia KM, Akter A, Carter BH, McDaniel MR, Duff GC, Löest CA. Effects of supplementing milk replacer with essential amino acids on blood metabolites, immune response, and nitrogen metabolism of Holstein calves exposed to an endotoxin. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:5402-5415. [PMID: 37331873 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of supplementing calf milk replacer with essential AA on immune responses, blood metabolites, and nitrogen metabolism of 32 Holstein bull calves [28 d of age, 44 ± 0.8 kg of body weight (BW)] exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Calves were bottle-fed a commercial milk replacer (20% crude protein and 20% fat, dry matter basis) twice daily along with a calf starter (19% crude protein, dry matter basis) for 45 d. The experiment was a randomized complete block design and treatments were a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Treatments were milk replacer (fed twice daily at 0.5 kg/d of powder) supplemented with or without 10 essential AA (+AA vs. -AA), and subcutaneous injection of sterile saline with or without LPS (+LPS vs. -LPS) at 3 h after the morning feeding on d 15 (4 µg LPS per kg of BW) and 17 (2 µg LPS per kg of BW). Calves also received a 2-mL subcutaneous injection of ovalbumin (6 mg of ovalbumin/mL) on d 16 and 30. Rectal temperature and blood samples were collected on d 15 before LPS injection and at h 4, 8, 12, and 24 thereafter. From d 15 to 19, total fecal and urinary output were collected, and feed refusals were documented. Rectal temperature was greater in +LPS than -LPS calves at h 4, 8, and 12 after LPS injection. Serum cortisol was greater for +LPS than -LPS at h 4 after LPS exposure. At d 28, serum antiovalbumin IgG level was greater in +LPS +AA calves compared with +LPS -AA. Serum glucose was lower for +LPS than -LPS at h 4 and 8. Serum insulin was greater in +LPS than -LPS calves. Plasma concentrations of Thr, Gly, Asn, Ser, and hydroxyproline were lower for +LPS versus -LPS calves. Plasma concentrations of Met, Leu, Phe, His, Ile, Trp, Thr, and Orn were greater in +AA calves than -AA calves. Plasma urea N and N retention were not different among LPS and AA treatments. The lower concentrations of AA in +LPS than -LPS calves indicate higher demand for AA in immuno-compromised calves fed milk replacer. Additionally, higher concentration of ovalbumin-specific IgG level in +LPS calves supplemented with +AA compared with +LPS calves with -AA suggests that supplementing AA to immune-compromised calves might improve immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Zubia
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003; Beef Marketing, Wood River Ranch Beef, Bellevue, ID 83313
| | - A Akter
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - B H Carter
- Performix Nutrition Systems, Nampa, ID 83687
| | | | - G C Duff
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - C A Löest
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003.
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Zhou J, Zhao K, Shao L, Bao Y, Gyantsen D, Ma C, Xue B. Effects of Bacillus licheniformis and Combination of Probiotics and Enzymes as Supplements on Growth Performance and Serum Parameters in Early-Weaned Grazing Yak Calves. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050785. [PMID: 36899642 PMCID: PMC10000113 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Early weaning is an effective strategy to improve cow feed utilization and shorten postpartum intervals in cows; however, this may lead to poor performance of the weaned calves. This study was conducted to test the effects of supplementing milk replacer with Bacillus licheniformis and a complex of probiotics and enzyme preparations on body weight (BW), size, and serum biochemical parameters and hormones in early-weaned grazing yak calves. Thirty two-month-old male grazing yaks (38.89 ± 1.45 kg body weight) were fed milk replacer at 3% of their BW and were randomly assigned to three treatments (n = 10, each): T1 (supplementation with 0.15 g/kg Bacillus licheniformis), T2 (supplementation with a 2.4 g/kg combination of probiotics and enzymes), and a control (without supplementation). Compared to the controls, the average daily gain (ADG) from 0 to 60 d was significantly higher in calves administered the T1 and T2 treatments, and that from 30 to 60 d was significantly higher in calves administered the T2 treatment. The ADG from 0 to 60 d was significantly higher in the T2- than in the T1-treated yaks. The concentration of serum growth hormone, insulin growth factor-1, and epidermal growth factor was significantly higher in the T2-treated calves than in the controls. The concentration of serum cortisol was significantly lower in the T1 treatment than in the controls. We concluded that supplementation with probiotics alone or a combination of probiotics and enzymes can improve the ADG of early-weaned grazing yak calves. Supplementation with the combination of probiotics and enzymes had a stronger positive effect on growth and serum hormone levels, compared to the single-probiotic treatment with Bacillus licheniformis, providing a basis for the application of a combination of probiotics and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Culture and Safety Production in Cattle in Sichuan, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kaiqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Culture and Safety Production in Cattle in Sichuan, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lisheng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Culture and Safety Production in Cattle in Sichuan, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuhong Bao
- Institute of Pratacultural, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850009, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Dundup Gyantsen
- Institute of Pratacultural, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850009, China
| | - Chenglong Ma
- Lhasa Poultry Breeding Research and Protection and Extension Center, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Bai Xue
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Culture and Safety Production in Cattle in Sichuan, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Henrichs BS, Brost KN, Hayes CA, Campbell JM, Drackley JK. Effects of spray-dried bovine plasma protein in milk replacers fed at a high plane of nutrition on performance, intestinal permeability, and morbidity of Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7856-7870. [PMID: 33896637 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spray-dried plasma protein (SDP) has been shown to improve growth and intestinal function in young calves when included in milk replacers (MR) fed at conventional rates. Use of an SDP and wheat protein blend to replace a portion of whey protein has been shown to perform similarly to using an all-whey protein control MR. However, a trend in the dairy industry is to feed calves for greater rates of growth during the preweaning period. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of increasing amounts of SDP inclusion in MR on growth and health of calves fed at a high plane of nutrition. Young (<7 d) Holstein calves were offered starter and assigned to 1 of 5 MR treatments: an all-milk protein (whey) control MR (0SDP, n = 26) or MR containing 5% SDP (5SDP, n = 20), 7.5% SDP (7.5SDP, n = 14), 10% SDP (10SDP, n = 20), or 12% of an approximate 1:1 SDP plus wheat protein blend (PW, n = 17). All MR were formulated to contain 26% CP and 16% fat and were fed at a maximum rate of 1 kg of powder (as fed) from d 8 to 36. Amounts of MR powder were decreased by 25%/wk from d 37 to weaning at d 57. Thereafter, calves were provided only starter feed until the end of the study at d 63. On d 4, 15, 36, and 57, intestinal permeability was assessed via oral administration of lactulose and d-mannitol followed by analysis of lactulose and mannitol in blood at 60 min after administration. Increasing SDP led to a small linear decrease in MR consumed. There was a tendency for a positive linear relationship between increasing SDP and average daily gain of body weight, and SDP had mixed effects on body frame variables. Increasing SDP tended to increase fecal scores and increased the amount of fluid therapy given. Diet had no effect on intestinal permeability. Increasing SDP led to an increase in serum total cholesterol and serum urea N and tended to have a quadratic effect on serum glucose concentration on d 36. Calves fed PW tended to have increased withers height, increased intestinal permeability on d 36, and an increased likelihood of being medicated for any reason or being medicated for respiratory illness, but growth and health were not different from the control diet otherwise. Feeding PW led to an increase in serum total cholesterol and tended to lead to increased serum glucose concentration on d 36. Results of this study indicate that SDP can be included at up to 10% as fed in the MR of calves fed at a high plane of nutrition (1 kg/d of MR powder, as fed) with improvements in average daily gain. Additionally, a 1:1 SDP plus wheat protein blend can be used at 12% inclusion with no difference in most health and growth parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Henrichs
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - K N Brost
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - C A Hayes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | | | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Lysine and Methionine Supplementation for Dairy Calves Is More Accurate through the Liquid than the Solid Diet. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020332. [PMID: 33525676 PMCID: PMC7912555 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the performance and metabolic changes in dairy calves supplemented with lysine and methionine in milk replacer (MR) or starter concentrate (SC). Male Holstein calves (n = 45) were blocked and distributed in Control without supplementation (1) and; Lysine and Methionine supplementation to achieve an intake of 17 and 5.3 g/d in the SC (2) and to achieve of 17 and 5.3 g/d in the MR (3). MR was fed (6 L/d) until the 8th week of life when weaning occurred. Calves were followed until the 10th week of age. Feed intake was measured daily. Weight and body measurements were registered weekly. Blood samples were collected biweekly to evaluate the intermediate metabolism. The AA supplementation resulted in lower body weight at weaning and week 10. Calves fed SC Lys:Met had lower SC intake and lower total feed intake at weaning when compared to control. Calves fed control had higher heart girth, hip-width, and plasma glucose concentration. The supplementation with Lys and Met did not benefit dairy calves' performance nor metabolism in this study. Supplementation through the MR was more efficient than SC to result in adequate daily intakes of AA. Further studies are needed to understand the negative effects of AA on calf starter intake.
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Grice KD, Glosson KM, Drackley JK. Effects of feeding frequency and protein source in milk replacer for Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10048-10059. [PMID: 32952027 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Whey proteins are a primary component of milk replacers (MR) and are considered the gold standard for calves. Alternative protein sources may decrease MR cost if calf performance is similar. A blend of bovine plasma protein and modified wheat protein might be a good partial replacement for whey protein. Usually MR is fed twice daily, but feeding 3 times daily might increase efficiency of nutrient use, especially with MR containing alternate proteins. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effects of 2 MR, containing either entirely whey protein (CON) or a combination of whey protein, bovine plasma protein, and modified wheat protein (WBP), when fed in either 2 or 3 meals daily on calf growth and health. Female and male Holstein calves (n = 103) housed in individual hutches were studied for the first 63 d of life, with additional measurements obtained at wk 12 of life in group housing. The MR contained 25% CP, 17% fat, and a Lys:Met ratio of 3.1:1. Individual treatments arose from the 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of MR formulation and frequency of feeding. After colostrum, calves were fed MR (12.5% solids) at daily rates of dry matter dependent on age. Amounts were as follows: d 3 to 10 = 0.52 kg/d (2× = 0.259 kg, 3× = 0.173 kg per feeding); d 11 to 20 = 0.68 kg/d (2× = 0.341 kg, 3× = 0.227 kg per feeding); d 21 to 42 = 0.84 kg/d (2× = 0.42 kg, 3× = 0.28 kg per feeding); d 43 to 46, 47, 49, and 51 = 0.42 kg/d, with both 2× and 3× changed to 1 feeding daily and skip days (d 48 and 50) between where calves were not given MR; and d 52 = calves weaned. Starter was fed and intake was measured from d 1 until d 63. Intakes, health scores, attitude scores, and fecal scores were measured daily. Body weight (BW) and growth measurements were obtained weekly until wk 8 and again at wk 12. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 24, and 48 h and then on d 5, 14, 28, and 42 of age. Starter intake was greater for calves fed WBP versus CON during wk 7 to 9. Final BW and hip width at wk 12 were greater for calves fed WBP than for calves fed CON. Calves fed 2× had greater mean and final BW to wk 6 and greater feed efficiency (gain:feed ratio) than calves fed 3×. Blood variables supported the generally similar growth outcomes. Health outcomes did not differ between diets or feeding frequencies. Overall, calves fed WBP had increased starter intake and greater BW gains during wk 7 to 12 than calves fed CON, and calves fed 2× had increased growth and feed efficiency compared with those fed 3×.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Grice
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - K M Glosson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Morrison S, Campbell J, Drackley J. Amino acid supplementation of calf milk replacers containing plasma protein. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4637-4649. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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