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Lee KY, Atwill ER, Li X, Feldmann HR, Williams DR, Weimer BC, Aly SS. Impact of zinc supplementation on phenotypic antimicrobial resistance of fecal commensal bacteria from pre-weaned dairy calves. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4448. [PMID: 38396015 PMCID: PMC10891156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of dietary zinc supplementation in pre-weaned dairy calves on the phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of fecal commensal bacteria. A repository of fecal specimens from a random sample of calves block-randomized into placebo (n = 39) and zinc sulfate (n = 28) groups collected over a zinc supplementation clinical trial at the onset of calf diarrhea, calf diarrheal cure, and the last day of 14 cumulative days of zinc or placebo treatment were analyzed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted for Enterococcus spp. (n = 167) and E. coli (n = 44), with one representative isolate of each commensal bacteria tested per sample. Parametric survival interval regression models were constructed to evaluate the association between zinc treatment and phenotypic AMR, with exponentiated accelerated failure time (AFT) coefficients adapted for MIC instead of time representing the degree of change in AMR (MIC Ratio, MR). Findings from our study indicated that zinc supplementation did not significantly alter the MIC in Enterococcus spp. for 13 drugs: gentamicin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, penicillin, nitrofurantoin, linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin, tylosin tartrate, streptomycin, daptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tigecycline (MR = 0.96-2.94, p > 0.05). In E. coli, zinc supplementation was not associated with resistance to azithromycin (MR = 0.80, p > 0.05) and ceftriaxone (MR = 0.95, p > 0.05). However, a significant reduction in E. coli MIC values was observed for ciprofloxacin (MR = 0.17, 95% CI 0.03-0.97) and nalidixic acid (MR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.15-0.53) for zinc-treated compared to placebo-treated calves. Alongside predictions of MIC values generated from these 17 AFT models, findings from this study corroborate the influence of age and antimicrobial exposure on phenotypic AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Y Lee
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Edward R Atwill
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xunde Li
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hillary R Feldmann
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - Deniece R Williams
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - Bart C Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sharif S Aly
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA, USA.
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Li GD, Conyers MK, Refshauge G, Ataollahi F, Hayes RC. Long-term liming changes pasture mineral profile. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3539. [PMID: 38347031 PMCID: PMC10861585 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53908-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
There is limited information on changes of pasture mineral concentrations over the long-term in response to liming. A long-term field experiment was conducted to assess the influence of lime application on (a) changes in pasture mineral composition over time; and (b) key pasture mineral concentrations and ratios important to animal health. Perennial and annual pastures with or without lime application were sampled annually over 12 years and analysed for macro- and micro-minerals. Mineral ratios and indices were calculated to assess the potential impact on animal health. Liming increased the concentrations of calcium, sodium and silicon, but decreased the concentrations of micro-nutrients including copper, zinc and manganese. The same trend was found in both annual and perennial pastures although there were some fluctuations between years. Liming increased the calcium:phosphorus ratio and the dietary cation-anion difference but reduced the tetany index on both annual and perennial pastures. These findings suggest a potential benefit to improve animal health outcomes for some disorders on the limed pastures. However, the reduced concentrations of some trace elements following liming potentially decreases antioxidant capacity and requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdi D Li
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia.
| | - Mark K Conyers
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Gordon Refshauge
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Cowra Agricultural Research and Advisory Station, Cowra, NSW, 2794, Australia
| | - Forough Ataollahi
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Richard C Hayes
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
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3
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Oconitrillo M, Wickramasinghe J, Omale S, Beitz D, Appuhamy R. Effects of Elevating Zinc Supplementation on the Health and Production Parameters of High-Producing Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:395. [PMID: 38338038 PMCID: PMC10854765 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study's objective was to determine the effects of increasing the dietary added zinc (Zn) on the milk production, milk somatic cell count (SCC), and immunoglobulin and antioxidant marker concentrations in the blood of dairy cows. Twelve Holstein cows (67 ± 2.5 days in milk) were assigned randomly to (1) a diet containing Zn-methionine at 76 mg/kg of DM (CTL) or (2) CTL top-dressed with about 21 mg/kg of DM extra Zn-methionine (+Zn) for 70 d. The concentrations of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and immunoglobulins in the blood were measured on d 0, 35, and 70. Compared to CTL, +Zn decreased the dry matter intake (DMI) throughout the trial and the milk yield (MY) during the first phase of feeding (0-35 d). It, however, increased the milk yield during the last phase (36-70 d). The +Zn tended to have lower and greater milk protein yields than CTL during the first and last feeding phases, respectively. The +Zn tended to decrease the SCC and was associated with lower plasma GSH: GSSG and lower serum SOD concentrations relative to CTL. The +Zn did not affect the immunoglobulins, MDA, or CAT. Despite the early DMI and MY reduction, the prolonged Zn-methionine supplementation at about 100 mg/kg of DM improved the milk yield, possibly as a result of the improved udder health of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ranga Appuhamy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.O.); (J.W.); (S.O.); (D.B.)
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Swecker WS. Trace Mineral Feeding and Assessment. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:385-397. [PMID: 37419829 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace minerals are commonly supplemented in ruminant feeds as many common feeds are deficient in one or more of the trace minerals. The requirement of trace minerals needed to prevent classic nutrient deficiencies is well established, thus those cases most commonly occur when no supplement is provided. The more common challenge for the practitioner is to determine if additional supplementation is needed to enhance production or decrease disease occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Swecker
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duckpond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0442, USA.
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Bhagat S, Singh S. Nanominerals in nutrition: Recent developments, present burning issues and future perspectives. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Jutha N, Jardine C, Schwantje H, Mosbacher J, Kinniburgh D, Kutz S. Evaluating the use of hair as a non-invasive indicator of trace mineral status in woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269441. [PMID: 35763458 PMCID: PMC9239472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace mineral imbalances can have significant effects on animal health, reproductive success, and survival. Monitoring their status in wildlife populations is, therefore, important for management and conservation. Typically, livers and kidneys are sampled to measure mineral status, but biopsies and lethal-sampling are not always possible, particularly for Species at Risk. We aimed to: 1) determine baseline mineral levels in Northern Mountain caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou; Gmelin, 1788) in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, and 2) determine if hair can be used as an effective indicator of caribou mineral status by evaluating associations between hair and organ mineral concentrations. Hair, liver, and kidney samples from adult male caribou (nHair = 31; nLiver, nKidney = 43) were collected by guide-outfitters in 2016-2018 hunting seasons. Trace minerals and heavy metals were quantified using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and organ and hair concentrations of same individuals were compared. Some organ mineral concentrations differed from other caribou populations, though no clinical deficiency or toxicity symptoms were reported in our population. Significant correlations were found between liver and hair selenium (rho = 0.66, p<0.05), kidney and hair cobalt (rho = 0.51, p<0.05), and liver and hair molybdenum (rho = 0.37, p<0.10). These findings suggest that hair trace mineral assessment may be used as a non-invasive and easily-accessible way to monitor caribou selenium, cobalt, and molybdenum status, and may be a valuable tool to help assess overall caribou health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Jutha
- Department of Pathobiology–Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claire Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology–Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative—Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helen Schwantje
- Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development–Wildlife and Habitat Branch, Government of British Columbia, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada (Emeritus status)
| | - Jesper Mosbacher
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health–Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Kinniburgh
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan Kutz
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health–Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Muvunyi BP, Zou W, Zhan J, He S, Ye G. Multi-Trait Genomic Prediction Models Enhance the Predictive Ability of Grain Trace Elements in Rice. Front Genet 2022; 13:883853. [PMID: 35812754 PMCID: PMC9257107 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.883853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-trait (MT) genomic prediction models enable breeders to save phenotyping resources and increase the prediction accuracy of unobserved target traits by exploiting available information from non-target or auxiliary traits. Our study evaluated different MT models using 250 rice accessions from Asian countries genotyped and phenotyped for grain content of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and cadmium (Cd). The predictive performance of MT models compared to a traditional single trait (ST) model was assessed by 1) applying different cross-validation strategies (CV1, CV2, and CV3) inferring varied phenotyping patterns and budgets; 2) accounting for local epistatic effects along with the main additive effect in MT models; and 3) using a selective marker panel composed of trait-associated SNPs in MT models. MT models were not statistically significantly (p < 0.05) superior to ST model under CV1, where no phenotypic information was available for the accessions in the test set. After including phenotypes from auxiliary traits in both training and test sets (MT-CV2) or simply in the test set (MT-CV3), MT models significantly (p < 0.05) outperformed ST model for all the traits. The highest increases in the predictive ability of MT models relative to ST models were 11.1% (Mn), 11.5 (Cd), 33.3% (Fe), 95.2% (Cu) and 126% (Zn). Accounting for the local epistatic effects using a haplotype-based model further improved the predictive ability of MT models by 4.6% (Cu), 3.8% (Zn), and 3.5% (Cd) relative to MT models with only additive effects. The predictive ability of the haplotype-based model was not improved after optimizing the marker panel by only considering the markers associated with the traits. This study first assessed the local epistatic effects and marker optimization strategies in the MT genomic prediction framework and then illustrated the power of the MT model in predicting trace element traits in rice for the effective use of genetic resources to improve the nutritional quality of rice grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Pascal Muvunyi
- CAAS-IRRI Joint Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Germplasm Enhancement, Agricultural Genomics Institute in Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenli Zou
- CAAS-IRRI Joint Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Germplasm Enhancement, Agricultural Genomics Institute in Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junhui Zhan
- CAAS-IRRI Joint Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Germplasm Enhancement, Agricultural Genomics Institute in Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sang He
- CAAS-IRRI Joint Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Germplasm Enhancement, Agricultural Genomics Institute in Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Sang He, ; Guoyou Ye,
| | - Guoyou Ye
- CAAS-IRRI Joint Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Germplasm Enhancement, Agricultural Genomics Institute in Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Rice Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
- *Correspondence: Sang He, ; Guoyou Ye,
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Sizova EA, Miroshnikov SA, Notova SV, Marshinskaya OV, Kazakova TV, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV. Serum and Hair Trace Element and Mineral Levels in Dairy Cows in Relation to Daily Milk Yield. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2709-2715. [PMID: 34476676 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess hair and serum trace element and mineral levels in dairy cows in relation to daily milk yield. A total of 70 healthy 5-6-year-old Simmental cows were divided into two groups (n = 35) with high and low daily milk yield using median as a cut-off value. Hair and serum trace element and mineral content was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. A nearly twofold difference in daily milk yield (43.8 ± 9.7 vs 21.3 ± 7.1 L/day, p < 0.001) was significantly associated with 11% lower hair Cu (p = 0.043) and 35% higher Se levels (p = 0.058) content when compared animals with lower daily milk yield. Serum trace element levels were found to be more tightly associated with milk productivity in dairy cows. Particularly, serum levels of Se and Zn were found to be 73 and 35% higher in cows with higher milk productivity in comparison to animals with lower milk production, respectively. Serum Co levels also tended to increase with higher milk productivity. Serum minerals including Ca, Mg, and P were also found to be higher in highly productive cows by 6%, 14%, and 71%, respectively. The overall regression model based on serum trace element and mineral levels accounted for 38% of daily milk production variability. Generally, improvement of essential trace element and mineral supply, as well as prevention of copper overload in dairy cows, may be considered the potential tool for modulation of milk productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Sizova
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Yanvarya St., 29, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Sergey A Miroshnikov
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Yanvarya St., 29, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
- Orenburg State University, Pobedy Ave., 13, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Notova
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Yanvarya St., 29, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
- Orenburg State University, Pobedy Ave., 13, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Olga V Marshinskaya
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Yanvarya St., 29, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Kazakova
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Yanvarya St., 29, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Yanvarya St., 29, Orenburg, 460000, Russia
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., 2-4, Moscow, 119146, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Yanvarya St., 29, Orenburg, 460000, Russia.
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., 2-4, Moscow, 119146, Russia.
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management, Zemlyanoi Val St., 73, Moscow, 109004, Russia.
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Willmore CJ, Hall JB, Drewnoski ME. Effect of a Trace Mineral Injection on Performance and Trace Mineral Status of Beef Cows and Calves. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082331. [PMID: 34438788 PMCID: PMC8388629 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of an injectable trace mineral (TMI; Multimin 90) containing copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) on trace mineral status and the resulting impacts on reproduction of beef cows and the growth of their calves. Beef cows (n = 200) were assigned to receive TMI or no injection (CON) prior to calving and breeding over two consecutive years. Calves born to cows receiving TMI also received TMI at birth in both years and at 49 ± 1.3 days of age in year 1. The TMI increased (p = 0.01) liver Zn and tended (p = 0.06) to increase liver Cu concentrations. Short-lived effects of TMI on Se were observed. Liver Cu and Zn would have been considered adequate and Se marginal in the CON. Pregnancy due to artificial insemination and overall pregnancy rate did not differ (p ≥ 0.36) between treatments. Use of TMI did not increase calf pre-weaning gain. These data indicate that TMI does not improve the reproductive performance of beef cows with adequate trace mineral status or the pre-weaning performance of their calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J. Willmore
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (C.J.W.); (J.B.H.)
| | - John B. Hall
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (C.J.W.); (J.B.H.)
| | - Mary E. Drewnoski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Correspondence:
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Messersmith EM, Smerchek DT, Hansen SL. The Crossroads between Zinc and Steroidal Implant-Induced Growth of Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1914. [PMID: 34199133 PMCID: PMC8300159 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth-promoting technologies such as steroidal implants have been utilized in the beef industry for over 60 years and remain an indispensable tool for improving economic returns through consistently improved average daily gain via increased skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Zinc has been implicated in skeletal muscle growth through protein synthesis, satellite cell function, and many other growth processes. Therefore, the objective of this review was to present the available literature linking Zn to steroidal implant-induced protein synthesis and other metabolic processes. Herein, steroidal implants and their mode of action, the biological importance of Zn, and several connections between steroidal implants and Zn related to growth processes are discussed. These include the influence of Zn on hormone receptor signaling, circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations, glucose metabolism, protein synthesis via mTOR, and satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. Supplemental Zn has also been implicated in improved growth rates of cattle utilizing growth-promoting technologies, and steroidal implants appear to alter liver and circulating Zn concentrations. Therefore, this review provides evidence of the role of Zn in steroidal implant-induced growth yet reveals gaps in the current knowledge base related to optimizing Zn supplementation strategies to best capture growth performance improvements offered through steroidal implants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephanie L. Hansen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (E.M.M.); (D.T.S.)
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Kebede B, Van De Wiel K, Derix J, Tolemariam T, Dermauw V, Lourenço M, Paul Jules Janssens G. Copper, iron, zinc and tannin concentrations throughout the digestive tract of tropical goats and sheep fed a high-fibre tannin-rich diet. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105:841-848. [PMID: 33751698 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dry season in tropical regions urges livestock to feed on nutritionally very poor diets. It has not been explored how tropical sheep-assumed grazers-and tropical goats-intermediate browsers-cope with a high-fibre tannin-rich diet. This study was designed to determine the effects of a high-fibre and tannin-rich diet on the flow of important microminerals iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) throughout the digestive tract of tropical sheep and goats. The feeding trial was set up with twelve adult male animals, six sheep with mean body weight (BW) of 30.3 ± 1.6 kg and six goats with mean BW of 26.4 ± 2.2 kg. The feed consisted of 36% leaves of Millettia ferruginea, 61% hay and 3% concentrate and was offered at 3% of BW (all on dry matter (DM) basis). The total faecal collection was carried out for 7 consecutive days. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were slaughtered to collect liver and digesta samples from the gastrointestinal tract. Feed, digesta and faecal samples underwent analysis of Fe, Zn, and Cu and total tannins (TT). Goats had significantly higher reticulum Cu concentrations expressed on DM as compared to sheep. Faecal Cu concentrations were higher for goats compared to sheep. Reticulum and colon digesta Zn levels were higher in goats than sheep. Abomasum and colon Fe levels were higher in sheep than goats when expressed on DM. These results suggest differences in feed intake, micromineral absorption, secretion and excretion between sheep and goats, pointing to a divergent mineral metabolism as an adaptation to the challenge of a dry season diet having very low nutritive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruk Kebede
- Department of Animal Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.,Department of Nutrition, Genetics, and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kim Van De Wiel
- Institute of Integrative Biology Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Jill Derix
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Taye Tolemariam
- Department of Animal Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Marta Lourenço
- Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Research, Animal Sciences Unit, Poultry Nutrition, and Management, Melle, Belgium
| | - Geert Paul Jules Janssens
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics, and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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12
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Impacts of Bovine Trace Mineral Supplementation on Maternal and Offspring Production and Health. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122404. [PMID: 33339123 PMCID: PMC7765511 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional status can have major implications for animal health and production. Energy balance is easily determined using a body condition scoring system. This allows producers to readily adjust diets to meet an animal's needs. Far less obvious is an animal's trace mineral status, which is typically not assessed until an animal's performance falls below expectation or illness is detected. Trace mineral toxicities and deficiencies can manifest as reduced thriftiness and/or poor reproductive performance, resulting in economic consequences for producers. Maternal mineral status not only impacts dam heath, but also the health of subsequent offspring. Both the oocyte and embryo are susceptible to changes in maternal mineral status. This susceptibility is maintained throughout fetal development via placental control of nutrient transfer to the fetal system. Furthermore, maternal mineral status continues to impact offspring health via colostrum and milk quality. Herein we discuss the roles of trace minerals in bovine reproductive performance, maternal health, colostrum and milk quality, and offspring health.
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13
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Goetz HM, Kelton DF, Costa JHC, Winder CB, Renaud DL. Identification of biomarkers measured upon arrival associated with morbidity, mortality, and average daily gain in grain-fed veal calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:874-885. [PMID: 33131826 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a strong need for management strategies that help reduce the incidence of disease and subsequent antimicrobial use in the veal industry. Biomarkers could serve as useful tools that allow producers to take preventative measures before clinical problems occur. The objective of this prospective cohort study was to identify biomarkers measured upon arrival associated with morbidity, mortality, and average daily gain (ADG) in grain-fed veal calves. Upon arrival at a grain-fed veal facility in Ontario, Canada, calves were weighed and health-scored using a standardized health-scoring system. Several metabolites were measured including creatine kinase (CK), cholesterol, haptoglobin, manganese, serum total protein, iron, cobalt, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, and IgG. Farm personnel treated calves according to their farm protocol and weighed them at 78 d after arrival. Performance, treatment, and mortality records from the facility were used for analysis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were created to evaluate metabolic biomarkers associated with morbidity and mortality. A mixed linear regression model was created to determine biomarkers associated with ADG. A total of 992 male dairy calves were evaluated at arrival from January to December 2017. Of the calves evaluated, 74 calves (7.5%) died and 877 (88.4%) were treated for illness over the 11-wk period under observation. Higher levels of haptoglobin and molybdenum were associated with a greater hazard of morbidity, whereas higher weight upon arrival and higher levels of both CK and IgG were associated with a reduced hazard of morbidity. For mortality, higher weight upon arrival and higher levels of cholesterol and IgG were associated with a lower hazard of mortality occurring over the 78-d period of observation. Higher weight, cholesterol, copper, CK, iron, and IgG were associated with increased ADG, whereas increased zinc and haptoglobin were negatively associated with ADG. These results demonstrate that certain biomarkers could be used to identify high-risk calves when measured upon arrival at a veal facility. Future research should focus on determining the utility of these biomarkers to selectively target intervention strategies to improve ADG and reduce morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Goetz
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - D F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - J H C Costa
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508
| | - C B Winder
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - D L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Ianni A, Bennato F, Martino C, Grotta L, Franceschini N, Martino G. Proteolytic Volatile Profile and Electrophoretic Analysis of Casein Composition in Milk and Cheese Derived from Mironutrient-Fed Cows. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092249. [PMID: 32397653 PMCID: PMC7249190 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the proteolytic process in Caciocavallo cheese obtained from Friesian cows fed zinc, selenium, and iodine supplementation. Thirty-six Friesian cows, balanced for parity, milk production, and days in milk, were randomly assigned to four groups. The control group (CG) was fed with a conventional feeding strategy, while the three remaining groups received a diet enriched with three different trace elements, respectively zinc (ZG), selenium (SG), and iodine (IG). At the end of the experimental period, samples of milk were collected and used to produce Caciocavallo cheese from each experimental group. Cheese samples were then analyzed after 7 and 120 days from the cheese making in order to obtain information on chemical composition and extent of the proteolytic process, evaluated through the electrophoretic analysis of caseins and the determination of volatiles profile. Both milk and cheese samples were richer in the amount of the microelement respectively used for the integration of the cattle’s diet. The zymographic approach was helpful in evaluating, in milk, the proteolytic function performed by endogenous metalloenzymes specifically able to degrade gelatin and casein; this evaluation did not highlight significant differences among the analyzed samples. In cheese, the electrophoretic analysis in reducing and denaturing condition showed the marked ability of β-casein to resist the proteolytic action during ripening, whereas the dietary selenium supplementation was shown to perform a protective action against the degradation of S1 and S2 isoforms of α-casein. The analysis of the volatile profile evidenced the presence of compounds associated with proteolysis of phenylalanine and leucine. This approach showed that selenium was able to negatively influence the biochemical processes that lead to the formation of 3-methyl butanol, although the identification of the specific mechanism needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ianni
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.I.); (F.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Francesca Bennato
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.I.); (F.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Camillo Martino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Via Campo Boario 37, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Lisa Grotta
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.I.); (F.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Nicola Franceschini
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Martino
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.I.); (F.B.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0861-266950
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15
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Ianni A, Martino C, Innosa D, Bennato F, Grotta L, Martino G. Zinc supplementation of lactating dairy cows: effects on chemical-nutritional quality and volatile profile of Caciocavallo cheese. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:825-835. [PMID: 31480170 PMCID: PMC7206391 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary zinc supplementation of Friesian cows on chemical-nutritional and aromatic properties of Caciocavallo cheese after 7 days (C7) and 120 days (C120) of ripening. METHODS Twenty eight Friesian cows, balanced for parity, milk production and days in milk, were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The control group (CG) was fed with a conventional complete diet, while the experimental group (zinc group, ZG) received a daily zinc supplementation of 60 mg for kg of dry complete feed. During the experimental period, the milk yield was monitored and samples of milk and caciocavallo cheese were collected and analyzed for chemical-nutritional composition and aromatic profile. RESULTS The enrichment of dairy cows diet with zinc, did not influence milk yield and composition, however a marked reduction of somatic cell count was evidenced. Both in milk and cheese the ZG samples were characterized by a lower concentration of satured fatty acids and an increase in oleic, vaccenic and rumenic acids. The aromatic profile of dairy products was also positively affected by dietary zinc intake, with an increase in concentration of carboxylic acids, esters and lactones. CONCLUSION The present results suggest a positive role of dietary zinc intake in improving the quality of bovine milk and related cheese, in particular for the increase in concentration of bioactive fatty acids such as rumenic acid. The changes evidenced in cheese through the analysis of the volatile profile, would be consistent with the development of interesting organoleptic properties, although further evaluations should be performed to confirm the consumer acceptability of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ianni
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Camillo Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Denise Innosa
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Bennato
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Lisa Grotta
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Martino
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Martino C, Ianni A, Grotta L, Pomilio F, Martino G. Influence of Zinc Feeding on Nutritional Quality, Oxidative Stability and Volatile Profile of Fresh and Ripened Ewes' Milk Cheese. Foods 2019; 8:E656. [PMID: 31817893 PMCID: PMC6963858 DOI: 10.3390/foods8120656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc represents a ubiquitous element in cells with relevant roles in the metabolism of essential nutrients in animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary zinc supplementation on nutritional and aromatic properties of milk and Pecorino cheeses obtained from lactating ewes. Fifty-two commercial ewes were randomly assigned to two groups. The control group was fed with a conventional complete diet, while the experimental group received a daily supplementation of 375 mg/head of zinc oxide. At the end of the trial, which lasted 30 days, samples of milk and related cheese were collected in order to obtain information about the chemical composition and volatile profile. The experimental feeding strategy induced a significant increase in zinc concentration in milk. Furthermore, both in milk and cheese, was observed an increase in vaccenic, rumenic and total polyunsaturated fatty acids, with the consequent significant reduction of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. The volatile profile of dairy products was also positively affected by dietary zinc intake, with an increase in concentration of hexanoic acid and ethyl esters. The present study suggests interesting possible effects of dietary zinc supplementation of ewes in improving the nutritional characteristics of fresh and ripened dairy products, although more specific and in-depth assessments should be performed on these new products, in order to characterize potential variations on consumers acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camillo Martino
- Specialist Diagnostic Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale” Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Andrea Ianni
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Lisa Grotta
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Francesco Pomilio
- Food Hygiene Unit, NRL for L. monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale” Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Martino
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
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Ianni A, Innosa D, Martino C, Grotta L, Bennato F, Martino G. Zinc supplementation of Friesian cows: Effect on chemical-nutritional composition and aromatic profile of dairy products. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2918-2927. [PMID: 30772019 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zinc represents an essential microelement for several biochemical mechanisms. The body's inability to store zinc necessarily requires a constant dietary supply to avoid alteration of physiological functions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary enrichment with zinc on chemical-nutritional and aromatic properties of milk and cheese. Thirty commercial dairy cows, balanced for parity, milk production, and days in milk, were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The control group was fed with a conventional complete diet (22 kg of dry matter/animal per day), whereas the experimental group received a daily zinc supplementation of 60 mg per kg of dry complete feed. During the experimental period, the milk yield was monitored and samples of milk and caciotta cheese were collected to obtain information about the chemical-nutritional composition and aromatic profile. Dietary zinc integration did not influence milk yield and composition, but induced a marked reduction of somatic cell count and improved the oxidative stability of ripened caciotta cheese. In both milk and cheese, the experimental group samples were characterized by a lower concentration of saturated fatty acids and an increase in oleic acid, vaccenic acid, and rumenic acid. The aromatic profile of dairy products was also positively affected by dietary zinc intake, with an increase in concentration of carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and esters. The present results suggest a positive role of zinc in improving animal health and nutraceutical properties of milk and corresponding cheese. Taking into account the analysis of volatile compounds, zinc dietary supplementation of dairy cows should contribute to the production of cheeses with interesting organoleptic properties, although more studies are necessary to confirm the consumer acceptability of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ianni
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Denise Innosa
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Camillo Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lisa Grotta
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Bennato
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Martino
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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18
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Ishaq SL, Page CM, Yeoman CJ, Murphy TW, Van Emon ML, Stewart WC. Zinc AA supplementation alters yearling ram rumen bacterial communities but zinc sulfate supplementation does not. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:687-697. [PMID: 30508094 PMCID: PMC6358250 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the body of research into Zn for human and animal health and productivity, very little work has been done to discern whether this benefit is exerted solely on the host organism, or whether there is some effect of dietary Zn upon the gastrointestinal microbiota, particularly in ruminants. We hypothesized that (i) supplementation with Zn would alter the rumen bacterial community in yearling rams, but that (ii) supplementation with either inorganically sourced ZnSO4, or a chelated Zn AA complex, which was more bioavailable, would affect the rumen bacterial community differently. Sixteen purebred Targhee yearling rams were utilized in an 84-d completely randomized design, and allocated to one of three pelleted dietary treatments: control diet without fortified Zn (~1 × NRC), a diet fortified with a Zn AA complex (~2 × NRC), and a diet fortified with ZnSO4 (~2 × NRC). Rumen bacterial community was assessed using Illumina MiSeq of the V4 to V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene. One hundred and eleven OTUs were found with > 1% abundance across all samples. The genera Prevotella, Solobacterium, Ruminococcus, Butyrivibrio, Olsenella, Atopobium, and the candidate genus Saccharimonas were abundant in all samples. Total rumen bacterial evenness and diversity in rams were reduced by supplementation with a Zn AA complex, but not in rams supplemented with an equal concentration of ZnSO4, likely due to differences in bioavailability between organic and inorganically sourced supplement formulations. A number of bacterial genera were altered by Zn supplementation, but only the phylum Tenericutes was significantly reduced by ZnSO4 supplementation, suggesting that either Zn supplementation formulation could be utilized without causing a high-level shift in the rumen bacterial community which could have negative consequences for digestion and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad M Page
- Montana State University, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Bozeman
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Montana State University, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Bozeman
| | - Thomas W Murphy
- Montana State University, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Bozeman
| | - Megan L Van Emon
- Montana State University, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Bozeman
| | - Whit C Stewart
- Montana State University, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Bozeman
- University of Wyoming, Department of Animal Science, Laramie
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19
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Weiss WP. A 100-Year Review: From ascorbic acid to zinc-Mineral and vitamin nutrition of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 100:10045-10060. [PMID: 29153154 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mineral and vitamin nutrition of dairy cows was studied before the first volume of the Journal of Dairy Science was published and is still actively researched today. The initial studies on mineral nutrition of dairy cows were simple balance experiments (although the methods available at the time for measuring minerals were anything but simple). Output of Ca and P in feces, urine, and milk was subtracted from intake of Ca and P, and if values were negative it was often assumed that cows were lacking in the particular mineral. As analytical methods improved, more minerals were found to be required by dairy cows, and blood and tissue concentrations became primary response variables. Those measures often were poorly related to cow health, leading to the use of disease prevalence and immune function as a measure of mineral adequacy. As data were generated, mineral requirements became more accurate and included more sources of variation. In addition to milk yield and body weight inputs, bioavailability coefficients of minerals from different sources are used to formulate diets that can meet the needs of the cow without excessive excretion of minerals in manure, which negatively affects the environment. Milk, or more accurately the lack of milk in human diets, was central to the discovery of vitamins, but research into vitamin nutrition of cows developed slowly. For many decades bioassays were the only available method for measuring vitamin concentrations, which greatly limited research. The history of vitamin nutrition mirrors that of mineral nutrition. Among the first experiments conducted on vitamin nutrition of cows were those examining the factors affecting vitamin concentrations of milk. This was followed by determining the amount of vitamins needed to prevent deficiency diseases, which evolved into research to determine the amount of vitamins required to promote overall good health. The majority of research was conducted on vitamins A, D, and E because these vitamins have a dietary requirement, and clinical and marginal deficiencies became common as diets for cows changed from pasture and full exposure to the sun to stored forage and limited sun exposure. As researchers learned new functions of fat-soluble vitamins, requirements generally increased over time. Diets generally contain substantial amounts of B vitamins, and rumen bacteria can synthesize large quantities of many B vitamins; hence, research on water-soluble vitamins lagged behind. We now know that supplementation of specific water-soluble vitamins can enhance cow health and increase milk production in certain situations. Additional research is needed to define specific requirements for many water-soluble vitamins. Both mineral and vitamin research is hampered by the lack of sensitive biomarkers of status, but advanced molecular techniques may provide measures that respond to altered supply of minerals and vitamins and that are related to health or productive responses of the cow. The overall importance of proper mineral and vitamin nutrition is known, but as we discover new and more diverse functions, better supplementation strategies should lead to even better cow health and higher production.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Weiss
- Department of Animal Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691.
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Elgendy R, Palazzo F, Castellani F, Giantin M, Grotta L, Cerretani L, Dacasto M, Martino G. Transcriptome profiling and functional analysis of sheep fed with high zinc-supplemented diet: A nutrigenomic approach. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Grosskopf HM, Schwertz CI, Machado G, Bottari NB, da Silva ES, Gabriel ME, Lucca NJ, Alves MS, Schetinger MRC, Morsch VM, Mendes RE, da Silva AS. Cattle naturally infected by Eurytrema coelomaticum: Relation between adenosine deaminase activity and zinc levels. Res Vet Sci 2016; 110:79-84. [PMID: 28159241 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) is critical for modulating the immune system, and in the presence of zinc, its activity is catalyzed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ADA activity in pancreas of cattle naturally infected by Eurytrema coelomaticum in relation to the results of zinc levels, pathological findings and parasite load. For this study 51 slaughtered cattle were used. The animals were divided into two groups: Group A consisting of animals naturally infected by E. coelomaticum (n=33) and Group B of uninfected animals (n=18). Blood and pancreas were collected of each animal for analysis of zinc and ADA, respectively. Infected cattle showed a reduction on seric levels of zinc, and decreased ADA activity in the pancreas (P>0.05). A positive correlation between zinc levels and ADA activity was observed. Thus, high parasite load and severity of histopathologic lesions affect the ADA activity in pancreas, as well as the zinc levels in serum of infected animals (negative correlation between these variables). Therefore, we can conclude that cattle infected by E. coelomaticum have low ADA activity in pancreas, which can be directly related to zinc reduction, responsible for ADA activation and catalyzes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyolanda M Grosskopf
- Departamento of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Claiton I Schwertz
- Veterinary School, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Nathieli B Bottari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ester S da Silva
- Veterinary School, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | - Mateus E Gabriel
- Veterinary School, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | - Neuber J Lucca
- Veterinary School, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Alves
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Vera M Morsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo E Mendes
- Veterinary School, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Concórdia, SC, Brazil.
| | - Aleksandro S da Silva
- Departamento of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Effect of feeding mixed microbial culture fortified with trace minerals on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen and trace mineral balance in Sheep. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 58:21. [PMID: 27226898 PMCID: PMC4879747 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-016-0102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of feeding trace mineralsfortified mixed microbial culture (TMC) on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, blood electrolyte status, nitrogen balance, and trace mineral balance in sheep. Methods Mixed microbes [0.6 % (v/w) of Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Saccharomyces sp.] were cultured with 99 % feedstuffs and 0.4 % trace minerals including zinc and copper for ensiling. Six sheep (a mean body weight of 46.5 ± 1.2 kg) were fed two diets: a control diet (concentrate mix and rye straw) and an experimental diet (a control diet + 3.1 % TMC). Results TMC feeding did not induce negative effects on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, blood electrolytes, and nitrogen balance in sheep. Feeding with TMC increased the intake of trace minerals (p < 0.05) and did not affect absorption of trace minerals in the whole digestive tract. Feeding with TMC increased fecal excretion and absorbable intake, and retention of zinc and copper (p < 0.05) by 71 % and 77 %, respectively. Conclusion Feeding with TMC resulted in higher zinc and copper bioavailability and retention without any adverse effects on sheep performance.
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Y. Hilal E, A. E. Elkhairey M, O. A. Osman A. The Role of Zinc, Manganse and Copper in Rumen Metabolism and Immune Function: A Review Article. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2016.64035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Roug A, Swift PK, Gerstenberg G, Woods LW, Kreuder-Johnson C, Torres SG, Puschner B. Comparison of trace mineral concentrations in tail hair, body hair, blood, and liver of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in California. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:295-305. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638715577826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring trace mineral concentrations can be an important component of assessing the health of free-ranging deer. Trace mineral concentrations in liver most accurately reflect the trace mineral status of an individual, but, in live animals, whole blood or serum are the most commonly used sample types. Trace minerals measured in serum, such as copper, zinc, and iron, do not always accurately correlate to liver concentrations, and supplementary samples for evaluating the trace mineral status in live deer would be useful. We evaluated the utility of body and tail hair for measuring selenium, copper, zinc, iron, and manganese in free-ranging mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) by using Spearman rank correlations and linear regression. Correlations were strongest at the time of or shortly after growth of the winter coat and in resident deer. In live deer, strong correlations and moderate linear associations ( R2 = 0.57) were detected between body and tail hair and whole blood selenium in December. In postmortem-sampled deer, a strong correlation and linear association ( R2 = 0.80) were found between liver and body hair selenium in August–November. Results indicate that body hair, if collected during or shortly after growth of the winter coat, can be used as a supplementary sample for measuring selenium concentrations in deer. None of the other correlations and linear associations were found to be sufficiently strong to conclude that hair can reliably be utilized as a complementary sample for measuring these trace mineral concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Roug
- Wildlife Health Center (Roug, Kreuder-Johnson), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Woods, Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences (Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, Rancho Cordova, CA (Swift, Torres)
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fresno, CA (Gerstenberg)
| | - Pamela K. Swift
- Wildlife Health Center (Roug, Kreuder-Johnson), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Woods, Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences (Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, Rancho Cordova, CA (Swift, Torres)
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fresno, CA (Gerstenberg)
| | - Greg Gerstenberg
- Wildlife Health Center (Roug, Kreuder-Johnson), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Woods, Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences (Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, Rancho Cordova, CA (Swift, Torres)
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fresno, CA (Gerstenberg)
| | - Leslie W. Woods
- Wildlife Health Center (Roug, Kreuder-Johnson), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Woods, Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences (Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, Rancho Cordova, CA (Swift, Torres)
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fresno, CA (Gerstenberg)
| | - Christine Kreuder-Johnson
- Wildlife Health Center (Roug, Kreuder-Johnson), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Woods, Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences (Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, Rancho Cordova, CA (Swift, Torres)
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fresno, CA (Gerstenberg)
| | - Steven G. Torres
- Wildlife Health Center (Roug, Kreuder-Johnson), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Woods, Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences (Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, Rancho Cordova, CA (Swift, Torres)
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fresno, CA (Gerstenberg)
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Wildlife Health Center (Roug, Kreuder-Johnson), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Woods, Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences (Puschner), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, Rancho Cordova, CA (Swift, Torres)
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fresno, CA (Gerstenberg)
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Bicalho M, Lima F, Ganda E, Foditsch C, Meira E, Machado V, Teixeira A, Oikonomou G, Gilbert R, Bicalho R. Effect of trace mineral supplementation on selected minerals, energy metabolites, oxidative stress, and immune parameters and its association with uterine diseases in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4281-95. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Varga A, Puschner B. Retrospective study of cattle poisonings in California: recognition, diagnosis, and treatment. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2012; 3:111-127. [PMID: 30155434 PMCID: PMC6065581 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s28770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this retrospective study all suspect bovine intoxications submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2011 were reviewed. A total of 1199 cases were submitted, but a diagnosis of intoxication was only established in 13.5% of cases. In these cases, overexposures to minerals, metals, and poisonous plants were determined as the most commonly diagnosed poisonings in cattle in California. Nitrate/nitrite poisoning was the most commonly diagnosed plant-associated intoxication, followed by gossypol and oleander. This study details the diagnostic challenges and treatment options for the most commonly diagnosed intoxications. To ensure proper treatment and prevention of new cases, accurate diagnosis is necessary, and therefore this review provides an essential tool for the food animal practitioner. Available toxicological analyses are offered at select laboratories, which can be time consuming and expensive, yet the potential for residues in consumed animal products and implications for human health necessitate testing and consultation. Any potential exposure to a toxicant in cattle should be reviewed to determine whether a residue hazard exists. Therapy focuses on immediate removal of the toxicant from the environment and from the gastrointestinal tract. With few antidotes available, most are cost prohibitive to treat numerous affected cattle. In addition, most antidotes will require extra-label drug use and establishment of meat and milk withdrawal times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Varga
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Large Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,
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Balter V, Zazzo A, Moloney AP, Moynier F, Schmidt O, Monahan FJ, Albarède F. Bodily variability of zinc natural isotope abundances in sheep. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:605-612. [PMID: 20155761 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is growing that the range of zinc stable isotope compositions, represented by the deviation of (66)Zn in permil units relative to a standard and expressed as delta(66)Zn, is larger in organic matter than in inorganic material. This study reports the variations of delta(66)Zn in various organs of sheep raised on a controlled diet. Zinc was purified by anion-exchange chromatography. The Zn concentrations and Zn stable isotope compositions were determined by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively. The data show that delta(66)Zn variability exceeds 1 per thousand, with bone, muscle, serum and urine enriched in the heavy isotopes, and feces, red blood cells, kidney and liver enriched in light isotopes, all relative to the diet value. The (66)Zn enrichment of the circulating serum reservoir is likely to take place in the digestive tract, probably through the preferential binding of lighter isotopes with phytic acid, which is known to control the uptake of metallic elements. Mass balance calculations suggest that the (66)Zn depletion between diet and feces, which is not balanced by any other outward flux, leads to a secular isotopic drift in serum. A simple time-dependent two-box model, involving the gastro-intestinal tract on the one hand and the muscle and bone on the other, predicts that the maximum (66)Zn enrichment, which equals the difference in delta(66)Zn between diet and bulk (approximately 0.25 per thousand), is reached after about ten years. Therefore, a better understanding of the variations of natural abundance of Zn isotopes in animals and humans will probably bring new perspectives for the assessment of their Zn status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Balter
- CNRS UMR 5570 Laboratoire de Sciences de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure. 46, Allée d'Italie, 69634 Lyon, France.
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Lantzsch HJ, Menke KH. Zur Bestimmung der intestinalen Sekretion und Absorption von Zink bei der wachsenden Ratte1,2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1974.tb01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Barge MT, Mazzocco P. The functional activity of zinc of the feeding of ruminants of economic importance. 2nd part. Experimental deficiency by full-grown ewes. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR TIERPHYSIOLOGIE, TIERERNAHRUNG UND FUTTERMITTELKUNDE 2009; 48:36-46. [PMID: 7136310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1982.tb01372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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31
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Mineral Concentrations in Silage Corn (Zea mays L.) as Influenced by Hybrid and Plastic Mulch. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1300/j153v07n02_04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Wilde D. Influence of macro and micro minerals in the peri-parturient period on fertility in dairy cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2006; 96:240-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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33
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Sharma MC, Joshi C. Therapeutic Efficacy of Zinc Sulphate Used in Clustered Model Treatment in Alleviating Zinc Deficiency in Cattle and Its Effect on Hormones, Vitamins and Production Parameters. Vet Res Commun 2005; 29:609-28. [PMID: 16142608 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-005-3382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A survey was conducted in 10 districts of northern India. Significant deficiency of zinc was observed in soil, fodders and (cattle) serum samples. The animals showed typical signs of zinc deficiency, namely stiff gait, swelling of hocks and knees, subcutaneous fluid accumulation, rough coat, etc. of variable intensity. A clustered model therapeutic trial was conducted and zinc-deficient cattle were divided into three groups. Group A was provided with mineral mixture containing zinc sulphate. Group B was given mineral mixture without zinc sulphate and group C was given no mineral mixture. Significant improvement (p < 0.01) was observed in the haemoglobin (Hb), total white blood cells (WBC) and total erythrocyte count (TEC) levels at the 7th day of treatment in the animals of group A. Significant improvement in enzyme serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) was observed in group A animals at the 7th day, while improvement in asparatate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) was observed after 21 days of treatment. Regarding hormones, significant improvement was observed in thyroxine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4), oestrogen and progesterone in group A animals within 14 days of treatment. The values of vitamin A showed a highly significant (p < 0.01) improvement within 7 days of treatment in group A animals and that of vitamin E on the 21 st day of treatment. The milk yield of lactating cattle and body weight of growing calves in group A showed highly significant (p < 0.01) increases at about 14 and 30 days, respectively. It is concluded that zinc sulphate supplementation is highly effective in alleviating zinc deficiency and improving various biochemical and production parameters in cattle. The clustered model treatment provides a better indicator of the most limiting element under field conditions where simultaneous deficiency of various minerals is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Sharma
- National Fellow Laboratory, Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, UP, India
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34
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Effects of Zinc Methionine Complex on Milk Production and Somatic Cell Count of Dairy Cows: Twelve-Trial Summary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)31318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Absorption of selenium and copper is much lower in ruminants than in nonruminants. The low absorption of these minerals in ruminants is due to modifications that occur in the rumen environment. Selenium bioavailability is reduced by high dietary sulfur and the presence of cyanogenetic glycosides in certain legumes. Feeding organic selenium from selenomethionine or selenized yeast results in much higher tissue and milk selenium concentrations than are obtained with selenite. High dietary molybdenum in combination with moderate to high dietary sulfur results in formation of thiomolybdates in the rumen. Thiomolybdates greatly reduce copper absorption, and certain thiomolybdate species can be absorbed and interfere systemically with copper metabolism. Independent of molybdenum, high dietary sulfur reduces copper absorption perhaps via formation of copper sulfide. High dietary iron also reduces copper bioavailability. Dietary factors that affect bioavailability of zinc in ruminants are not well defined. Phytate does not affect zinc absorption in ruminants because microbial phytase in the rumen degrades phytate. Manganese is very poorly absorbed in ruminants, and limited research suggests that high dietary calcium and phosphorus may reduce manganese absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry W Spears
- Department of Animal Science and Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA.
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Sol Morales M, Palmquist DL, Weiss WP. Milk fat composition of Holstein and Jersey cows with control or depleted copper status and fed whole soybeans or tallow. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:2112-9. [PMID: 11003245 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied effects of breed, dietary fat source, and dietary copper intake as factors known to influence unsaturation of milk fat and its potential for development of spontaneous oxidized flavor in milk. Twelve Holstein and 12 Jersey cows were allotted to three blocks with four cows of each breed. Cows within breed were allotted randomly within blocks and fed control or copper-depleting diets for 2 mo to achieve stable or depleted liver copper stores. Cows then were fed tallow or roasted whole soybeans in a two-period switchback (5 wk per period); during the last week of each period additional vitamin E (2000 IU/d) was added. Copper depletion for 2 mo decreased concentrations of copper in liver. Feed intake and milk yield were influenced only by breed. The proportions of C4:0 to C14:0 and C18:0 in milk fat were higher, whereas C16:1 and cis-C18:1 were lower in Jersey cows. Feeding soybeans increased C4:0 to C14:0, C18:0, C18:2, and C18:3 in milk, and decreased C14:1, C16:0, C16:1, trans-C18:1, and cis-C18:1. Depleted copper status increased conjugated linoleic acid in milk. Several breed x fat source interactions for individual milk fatty acids occurred. Feeding soybeans decreased plasma concentrations of copper and zinc, and increased concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in plasma and milk. The concentration of zinc was higher in milk of Jersey cows. Depleted copper status tended to increase copper concentration in plasma and decreased copper in milk. Fat source did not influence plasma copper concentration when status was adequate, but plasma copper concentration was higher when tallow was fed to cows with depleted copper status. Supplementing vitamin E increased concentration of alpha-tocopherol in plasma and milk and decreased concentration of zinc in milk. Factors influencing the potential for oxidized flavor development in milk can be manipulated by changing the diet of the cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sol Morales
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691-4096, USA
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37
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Chapter 19 Essential and toxic elements in roe deer blood (Siena County, Italy). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-5215(00)80022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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38
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Marriott BM, Smith JC, Jacobs RM, Jones AO, Altman JD. Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus content of hair from two populations of rhesus monkeys. Biol Trace Elem Res 1996; 53:147-65. [PMID: 8862745 DOI: 10.1007/bf02784552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of hair for the assessment of human mineral nutritional status is controversial, yet has potential because of the ease of collection and storage, and the high concentration of minerals in hair. This study generated baseline values for hair macromineral content in the most commonly used primate model for human nutrition and disease, the rhesus monkey. Hair digests from monkeys in Maryland (n = 98) and Puerto Rico (n = 208) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Significant differences existed between the two populations for hair calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P) (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, P < 0.02). Male hair had higher concentrations of Mg in specimens from the Puerto Rican population (P < 0.001), whereas hair phosphorus was higher in female hair (P < 0.02). There were no significant differences attributable to pregnancy status. Differences in hair content attributable to categorical age were found for Ca and Mg (P < 0.001, P < 0.01). Significant location differences paralleled dietary differences. These values therefore can be considered reference ranges for hair Ca, Mg, and P for free-ranging and caged rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Marriott
- Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-9120, USA
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39
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Effects of Zinc Source and Level on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Metabolic Hormone Concentrations of Growing and Finishing Lambs11The authors were supported by funds from the New Mexico Agric. Exp. Sta., Las Cruces. Appreciation is expressed to Zinpro Corp., Edina, MN, for partial financial support. We also acknowledge the National Hormone and Pituitary Program from supplying assay materials. Technical support was provided by M. Birch, B. Christensen, F. Schneider, A. Ortiz, K. Hayth, D. Graham, and B. Gardner. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)32579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Agag BI, Mousa S, Hassan HB, Saber MS, El-Deghidy NS, El-Aziz AM. Clinical, Serological and Biochemical Studies on Lumpy Skin Disease. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.1992.9705904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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41
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Miller WJ, Blackmon DM, Gentry RP, Pate FM. Zinc absorption, metabolism, and endogenous excretion in zinc-deficient and normal calves over an extended time. J Dairy Sci 1991; 74:3535-43. [PMID: 1744280 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Zinc metabolism was studied in Zn-deficient and control Holstein calves over a 2-mo period following a single oral or i.v. 65Zn dose. In both orally and i.v. dosed animals, all gastrointestinal tissue sections from Zn-deficient animals contained more 65Zn than comparable tissues of controls. Contents of proximal small intestinal sections of Zn-deficient calves contained more 65Zn 8 to 10 wk after dosing than did those from controls; however, the reverse occurred in the distal small intestine, cecum, and large intestine. With both dosing methods, Zn-deficient calves retained more 65Zn throughout the study. Daily 65Zn excretion rate as a percentage of that retained declined for 6 wk after dosing, indicating a constantly increasing biological half-life. For deficient calves, the biological half-life was about 500 d in the later weeks of the experiments. In orally dosed, Zn-deficient animals, specific activity of fecal 65Zn exceeded that of serum Zn throughout the study. This shows a shortcoming in the basic assumption of measuring endogenous Zn loss from fecal and serum specific activities and total fecal stable Zn. Thus, endogenously excreted Zn is not representative of that remaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Miller
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Abstract
Excesses of many trace elements can cause direct toxic effects to cattle as well as indirect effects that can cause a secondary deficiency of other trace elements. Clinical signs may vary from poor growth and feed utilization to neurologic disorders. Toxic effects vary with the specific trace element in question, the total amount of that element in the diet, the age and condition of the animal, and the presence or absence of certain other dietary components. A diagnosis of toxic trace element interaction is based upon compatible clinical signs in affected animals as well as supporting chemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Thompson
- Diagnostic Laboratory, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca
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43
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Jenkins KJ, Hidiroglou M. Tolerance of the preruminant calf for excess manganese or zinc in milk replacer. J Dairy Sci 1991; 74:1047-53. [PMID: 2071705 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In two experiments, calves were fed milk replacer containing 40, 200, 500, 1000, or 5000 ppm Mn or 40, 200, 500, 700, or 1000 ppm Zn in DM, from 3 to 38 d of age, to estimate the minimum toxic concentrations of Mn and Zn. Starting at 1000 ppm Mn, weight gains and feed efficiencies were decreased slightly; none of the calves fed 5000 ppm Mn survived the 5-wk experiment. Liver and bile showed the largest increases in Mn concentration. In the Zn experiment, only at 700 and 1000 ppm Zn were weight gains, DM intake, and feed efficiency reduced. Largest Zn increases were in liver, kidney, and plasma. Thus, performance of the preruminant calves was not affected adversely by 500 ppm Mn or 500 ppm Zn in milk replacer, concentrations that are markedly higher than the NRC recommendations of 40 ppm Mn and 40 ppm Zn. However, Mn and Zn concentrations increased in some tissues, and toxicities might have arisen if the trial had been continued. Evidence was not obtained indicating that the calf benefits from Mn or Zn intakes above the NRC recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Jenkins
- Animal Research Centre, Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON
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Interaction between Se and In, and distribution of Zn in mice injected with indium ions and selenium compounds. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02164870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Krełowska-Kułas M. Lead, cadmium, iron, copper and zinc in fresh milk from the selected areas of the Cracow region. DIE NAHRUNG 1990; 34:213-7. [PMID: 2381461 DOI: 10.1002/food.19900340303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the experiments was to determine some metals in fresh milk. The content of lead and cadmium in cow's milk from 4 dairy centres situated in various distances from the iron and steel works "Lenin" in Nowa Huta, a part of Cracow, was about ten times bigger than in milk from the control region (an agricultural area far from industrial influences). In many cases milk contains the upper admissible limit of lead and is questionable from the point of view of toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krełowska-Kułas
- Institute of Commodity Science, Academy of Economics, Cracow, Poland
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Reddy PG, Frey RA. Nutritional modulation of immunity in domestic food animals. ADVANCES IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AND COMPARATIVE MEDICINE 1990; 35:255-81. [PMID: 2284996 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039235-3.50016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P G Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Alabama 36088
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Miller WJ, Amos HE, Gentry RP, Blackmon DM, Durrance RM, Crowe CT, Fielding AS, Neathery MW. Long-term feeding of high zinc sulfate diets to lactating and gestating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1989; 72:1499-508. [PMID: 2760310 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(89)79260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Thirty dairy cows, fed a control diet consisting of silage and concentrates, were given either 0, 1000, or 2000 ppm of supplemental Zn (DM basis), from zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnSO4.H2O) for most of a lactation. Feeding 2000 ppm Zn decreased milk yield and feed intake after several weeks. Some cows were affected more severely than others. Generally, primiparous animals were more tolerant of the high Zn diet than multiparous cows. Milk Zn was materially higher for cows fed 1000 ppm added Zn than controls. With 2000 ppm Zn, milk Zn was elevated further but returned to control values when the high Zn diet was discontinued. Plasma Zn was higher in cows fed supplemental Zn with the increase from 1000 to 2000 greater than that for the first addition. Plasma Cu was lower in cows feed 2000 ppm Zn but milk Cu was not reduced. Milk fat content was not affected, but protein and SNF were reduced by the 12th wk with the 2000 ppm Zn diet. There was no apparent effect on long-term health or performance after the cows were removed from the 2000 ppm Zn diet. Except for lower calf weights with 2000 ppm Zn, reproductive performance was not measurably affected by the dietary treatments. The 1000 ppm added Zn diet had no adverse effect on the cows in any parameter measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Miller
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Clegg MS, Keen CL, Hurley LS. Biochemical Pathologies of Zinc Deficiency. ILSI HUMAN NUTRITION REVIEWS 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-3879-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Gaynor P, Montgomery M, Holmes C. Effect of Zinc Chloride or Zinc Sulfate Treatment of Protein Supplement on Milk Production. J Dairy Sci 1988. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(88)79790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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50
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