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Hamamoto Filho PT, Fogaroli MO, Oliveira MAC, Oliveira CC, Batah SS, Fabro AT, Vulcano LC, Bazan R, Zanini MA. A Rat Model of Neurocysticercosis-Induced Hydrocephalus: Chronic Progressive Hydrocephalus with Mild Clinical Impairment. World Neurosurg 2019; 132:e535-e544. [PMID: 31470163 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrocephalus is the most common complication of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis, combining obstructive and inflammatory mechanisms that impair cerebrospinal fluid circulation. METHODS We studied the long-term progression of neurocysticercosis-induced hydrocephalus in a rat model. We generated an experimental rat model of neurocysticercosis-induced hydrocephalus by cisternal inoculation of cysts or antigens of Taenia crassiceps and compared it with the classic model of kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. We used 52 animals divided into 4 groups: 1) control, 2) neurocysticercosis-induced hydrocephalus by cysts or 3) by antigens, and 4) kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. We studied behavioral, radiologic, and morphologic alterations at 1 and 6 months after inoculation by open field test, magnetic resonance imaging, and immunohistochemical localization of aquaporin-4 (AQP-4). RESULTS Behavioral changes were observed later in neurocysticercosis-induced than in kaolin-induced hydrocephalic rats (P = 0.023). The ventricular volume of hydrocephalus induced by experimental neurocysticercosis progressively evolved, with the magnetic resonance imaging changes being similar to those observed in humans. Periventricular inflammatory and astrocytic reactions were also observed. AQP-4 expression was higher in the sixth than in the first month after inoculation (P = 0.016) and also occurred in animals that received antigen inoculation but did not develop hydrocephalus, suggesting that AQP-4 may constitute an alternative route of cerebrospinal fluid absorption under inflammatory conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our neurocysticercosis-induced hydrocephalus model allows for the long-term maintenance of hydrocephalic animals, involving mild clinical performance impairments, including body weight and behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Tadao Hamamoto Filho
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Ortolani Fogaroli
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sabrina Setembre Batah
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, USP-Univ São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Todorovic Fabro
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, USP-Univ São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Vulcano
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Bazan
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Zanini
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Turgut M, Baka M, Uyanıkgil Y. Melatonin Attenuates Histopathological Changes in the Hippocampus of Infantile Rats with Kaolin-Induced Hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg 2018; 53:229-237. [PMID: 29791910 DOI: 10.1159/000488497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/AIM Hydrocephalus is defined as an incapacitating neurological disorder characterized by ventricular enlargement in children, but the effects of melatonin on this hydrocephalus have not yet been fully elucidated. In the present experiment, we attempted to investigate the effects of exogenous melatonin administration on hydrocephalus-induced hippocampal changes in infantile rats. METHODS In this study, we randomly divided 45 Swiss albino rats aged 2 weeks into 3 groups: group I, the control group received a sham injection with needle insertion only; groups II and III were given kaolin injections before treatment - group II, the hydrocephalus group, was treated with an isotonic NaCl solution, and group III, the hydrocephalus plus melatonin group, was treated with 0.5 mg/100 g body weight of exogenous melatonin. Both immunohistochemical and histological analyses were performed after hydrocephalus induction and melatonin administration. Immunohistochemical staining consisted anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein staining. The TUNEL technique was used for defining quantitate apoptosis. RESULTS Melatonin administration significantly attenuated chronic hydrocephalus-induced histopathological changes in the hippocampal subregions of infantile rats. Compared to hydrocephalic rats treated with saline solution, melatonin significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells and pyknotic index values of each hippocampal subregion after the kaolin-induced hydrocephalus (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The present results demonstrate that the chronic hydrocephalus-induced histopathological changes in the hippocampus were partially reversible with melatonin treatment, suggesting its neuroprotective effects in infantile rats. However, these findings need to be confirmed by further experimental studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Turgut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Meral Baka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yiğit Uyanıkgil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.,Cord Blood, Cell-Tissue Research and Application Center, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Jugé L, Pong AC, Bongers A, Sinkus R, Bilston LE, Cheng S. Changes in Rat Brain Tissue Microstructure and Stiffness during the Development of Experimental Obstructive Hydrocephalus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148652. [PMID: 26848844 PMCID: PMC4743852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding neural injury in hydrocephalus and how the brain changes during the course of the disease in-vivo remain unclear. This study describes brain deformation, microstructural and mechanical properties changes during obstructive hydrocephalus development in a rat model using multimodal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Hydrocephalus was induced in eight Sprague-Dawley rats (4 weeks old) by injecting a kaolin suspension into the cisterna magna. Six sham-injected rats were used as controls. MR imaging (9.4T, Bruker) was performed 1 day before, and at 3, 7 and 16 days post injection. T2-weighted MR images were collected to quantify brain deformation. MR elastography was used to measure brain stiffness, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was conducted to observe brain tissue microstructure. Results showed that the enlargement of the ventricular system was associated with a decrease in the cortical gray matter thickness and caudate-putamen cross-sectional area (P < 0.001, for both), an alteration of the corpus callosum and periventricular white matter microstructure (CC+PVWM) and rearrangement of the cortical gray matter microstructure (P < 0.001, for both), while compression without gross microstructural alteration was evident in the caudate-putamen and ventral internal capsule (P < 0.001, for both). During hydrocephalus development, increased space between the white matter tracts was observed in the CC+PVWM (P < 0.001), while a decrease in space was observed for the ventral internal capsule (P < 0.001). For the cortical gray matter, an increase in extracellular tissue water was significantly associated with a decrease in tissue stiffness (P = 0.001). To conclude, this study characterizes the temporal changes in tissue microstructure, water content and stiffness in different brain regions and their association with ventricular enlargement. In summary, whilst diffusion changes were larger and statistically significant for majority of the brain regions studied, the changes in mechanical properties were modest. Moreover, the effect of ventricular enlargement is not limited to the CC+PVWM and ventral internal capsule, the extent of microstructural changes vary between brain regions, and there is regional and temporal variation in brain tissue stiffness during hydrocephalus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Jugé
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Randwick, Australia
- University of New South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Wallace Wurth Building, Kensington, Australia
| | - Alice C. Pong
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Randwick, Australia
| | - Andre Bongers
- University of New South Wales, Biological Resources Imaging Laboratory, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Kensington, Australia
| | - Ralph Sinkus
- King’s College London, Chair in Biomedical Engineering, Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering Division Kings College, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne E. Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Randwick, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Edmund Blacket Building, Kensington, Australia
| | - Shaokoon Cheng
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, Randwick, Australia
- Macquarie University, Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Williams MT, Braun AA, Amos-Kroohs RM, McAllister JP, Lindquist DM, Mangano FT, Vorhees CV, Yuan W. Kaolin-induced ventriculomegaly at weaning produces long-term learning, memory, and motor deficits in rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 35:7-15. [PMID: 24594360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventriculomegaly occurs when there is imbalance between creation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); even when treated, long-term behavioral changes occur. Kaolin injection in the cisterna magna of rats produces an obstruction of CSF outflow and models one type of hydrocephalus. Previous research with this model shows that neonatal onset has mixed effects on Morris water maze (MWM) and motoric performance; we hypothesized that this might be because the severity of ventricular enlargement was not taken into consideration. In the present experiment, rats were injected with kaolin or saline on postnatal day (P)21 and analyzed in subgroups based on Evan's ratios (ERs) of the severity of ventricular enlargement at the end of testing to create 4 subgroups from least to most severe: ER0.4-0.5, ER0.51-0.6, ER0.61-0.7, and ER0.71-0.82, respectively. Locomotor activity (dry land and swimming), acoustic startle with prepulse inhibition (PPI), and MWM performance were tested starting on P28 (122cm maze) and again on P42 (244cm maze). Kaolin-treated animals weighed significantly less than controls at all times. Differences in locomotor activity were seen at P42 but not P28. On P28 there was an increase in PPI for all but the least severe kaolin-treated group, but no difference at P42 compared with controls. In the MWM at P28, all kaolin-treated groups had longer path lengths than controls, but comparable swim speeds. With the exception of the least severe group, probe trial performance was worse in the kaolin-treated animals. On P42, only the most severely affected kaolin-treated group showed deficits compared with control animals. This group showed no MWM learning and no memory for the platform position during probe trial testing. Swim speed was unaffected, indicating motor deficits were not responsible for impaired learning and memory. These findings indicate that kaolin-induced ventriculomegaly in rats interferes with cognition regardless of the final enlargement of the cerebral ventricles, but final size critically determines whether lasting locomotor, learning, and memory impairments occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Williams
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Amanda A Braun
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Robyn M Amos-Kroohs
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - James P McAllister
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
| | - Diana M Lindquist
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Division of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Francesco T Mangano
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Weihong Yuan
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Division of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
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Zhang S, Chen D, Huang C, Bao J, Wang Z. Expression of HGF, MMP-9 and TGF-β1 in the CSF and cerebral tissue of adult rats with hydrocephalus. Int J Neurosci 2013; 123:392-9. [PMID: 23270462 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2012.762363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) are important cytokines with modulatory actions in the nervous system. In this study, we attempted to investigate the role and expression of HGF, MMP-9 and TGF-β1 in the cerebral tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of adult rats with hydrocephalus induced via intraventricular kaolin injection. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: control group (n = 12) and experimental group (n = 20). Kaolin was injected into the lateral ventricle of experimental animals. Control rats underwent the same procedure but received sterile saline injection instead of kaolin. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess ventricle size. The CSF was studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the excised brains were studied by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analyses to measure the messenger RNA and protein expression level of HGF, MMP-9 and TGF-β1. RESULTS Hydrocephalus was induced in all the rats after kaolin injection into the lateral ventricle. After 2 weeks, the expressions of HGF, MMP-9 and TGF-β1 in the CSF and cerebral tissue were significantly increased in the experimental group compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS This results indicated that HGF, MMP-9 and TGF-β1 may participate in the formation and prognosis of hydrocephalus after kaolin induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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