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Drexler R, Ricklefs FL, Pantel T, Göttsche J, Nitzschke R, Zöllner C, Westphal M, Dührsen L. Association of the classification of intraoperative adverse events (ClassIntra) with complications and neurological outcome after neurosurgical procedures: a prospective cohort study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2023; 165:2015-2027. [PMID: 37407852 PMCID: PMC10409660 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-023-05672-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the reliability of the classification of intraoperative adverse events (ClassIntra) to reflect intraoperative complications of neurosurgical procedures and the potential to predict the postoperative outcome including the neurological performance. The ClassIntra classification was recently introduced and found to be reliable for assessing intraoperative adverse events and predicting postoperative complications across different surgical disciplines. Nevertheless, its potential role for neurosurgical procedures remains elusive. METHODS This is a prospective, monocentric cohort study assessing the ClassIntra in 422 adult patients who underwent a neurosurgical procedure and were hospitalized between July 1, 2021, to December 31, 2021. The primary outcome was the occurrence of intraoperative complications graded according to ClassIntra and the association with postoperative outcome reflected by the Clavien-Dindo classification and comprehensive complication index (CCI). The ClassIntra is defined as intraoperative adverse events as any deviation from the ideal course on a grading scale from grade 0 (no deviation) to grade V (intraoperative death) and was set at sign-out in agreement between neurosurgeon and anesthesiologist. Secondary outcomes were the neurological outcome after surgery as defined by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), modified Rankin scale (mRS), Neurologic Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (NANO) scale, National Institute Health of Strokes Scale (NIHSS), and Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS), and need for unscheduled brain scan. RESULTS Of 442 patients (mean [SD] age, 56.1 [16.2]; 235 [55.7%] women and 187 [44.3%] men) who underwent a neurosurgical procedure, 169 (40.0%) patients had an intraoperative adverse event (iAE) classified as ClassIntra I or higher. The NIHSS score at admission (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.03-1.63, female gender (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.23-0.84), extracranial procedures (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.08-0.61), and emergency cases (OR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.53-3.78) were independent risk factors for a more severe iAE. A ClassIntra ≥ II was associated with increased odds of postoperative complications classified as Clavien-Dindo (p < 0.01), neurological deterioration at discharge (p < 0.01), prolonged hospital (p < 0.01), and ICU stay (p < 0.01). For elective craniotomies, severity of ClassIntra was associated with the CCI (p < 0.01) and need for unscheduled CT or MRI scan (p < 0.01). The proportion of a ClassIntra ≥ II was significantly higher for emergent craniotomies (56.2%) and associated with in-hospital mortality, and an unfavorable neurological outcome (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Findings of this study suggest that the ClassIntra is sensitive for assessing intraoperative adverse events and sufficient to identify patients with a higher risk for developing postoperative complications after a neurosurgical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Drexler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franz L Ricklefs
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Pantel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Göttsche
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Nitzschke
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Zöllner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Westphal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lasse Dührsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Impact of system approach and personal performance on preventable morbidity and mortality events in neurosurgery patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2022; 164:2811-2818. [PMID: 36044084 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-022-05357-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adverse events in neurosurgery are a serious problem. The approach for seeking solutions for adverse events has shifted from a personal approach to a systemic approach. However, to some extent, preventable morbidity events could be related to personal performance. This study aimed to clarify the impact of personal performance and systematic failure on the occurrence of morbidity and mortality events in neurosurgery patients. METHODS All morbidity and mortality conference data stored within our department over a 9-year period were analyzed. There were 4580 admitted patients and 3262 surgical procedures performed. We performed a three-step classification of morbidity and mortality events based on the possibility of prevention, root of the event, and personal or systemic issues. RESULTS As a result of the first step, 214 preventable and 278 unpreventable events were identified. Of the preventable events, two mortality and 212 morbidity events were analyzed. In the second step, 155 (72.4%), 34 (15.9%), 13 (6.1%), and 12 (5.6%) events were categorized as technical complications, critical events, judgment errors, and human factors, respectively. There were 179 events (83.6%) classified as personal performance issues and 35 events (16.4%) as systemic issues. The ratio of personal performance to systemic issues varied widely, with significant differences among the four categories (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Among neurosurgery patients who have preventable morbidity, issues related to personal performance were more frequent than systemic issues. Efforts to improve systems should be unwavering. However, the personal responsibility of neurosurgeons to avoid preventable complications should not be ignored.
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Luoma AMV, Douglas DR, D'Antona L, Toma AK, Smith M. Using the Postoperative Morbidity Survey to Measure Morbidity After Cranial Neurosurgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2022; 34:201-208. [PMID: 35255015 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of morbidity after cranial neurosurgery is significant, reported in up to a quarter of patients depending on methodology used. The Postoperative Morbidity Survey (POMS) is a reliable method for identifying clinically relevant postsurgical morbidity using 9 organ system domains. The primary aim of this study was to quantify early morbidity after cranial neurosurgery using POMS. The secondary aims were to identify non-POMS-defined morbidity and association of POMS with postoperative hospital length of stay (LOS). MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective electronic health care record review was conducted for all patients who underwent elective or expedited major cranial surgery over a 3-month period. Postsurgical morbidity was quantified on postoperative days (D) 1, 3, 5, 8, and 15 using POMS. A Poisson regression model was used to test the correlation between LOS and total POMS scores on D1, 3 and 5. A further regression model was used to test the association of LOS with specific POMS domains. RESULTS A total of 246 patients were included. POMS-defined morbidity was 40%, 30%, and 33% on D1, D3, and D8, respectively. The presence of POMS morbidity on these days was associated with longer median (range) LOS: D1 6 (1 to 49) versus 4 (2 to 45) days; D3 8 (4 to 89) versus 6 (4 to 35) days; D5 14 (5 to 49) versus 8.5 (6 to 32) days; D8 18 (9 to 49) versus 12.5 (9 to 32) days (P<0.05). Total POMS score correlated with overall LOS on D1 (P<0.001), D3 (P<0.001), and D5 (P<0.001). A positive response to the "infectious" (D1, 3), "pulmonary" (D1), and "renal" POMS items (D1) were associated with longer LOS. CONCLUSION Although our data suggests that POMS is a useful tool for measuring morbidity after cranial neurosurgery, some important morbidity items that impact on LOS are missed. A neurosurgery specific tool would be of value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astri M V Luoma
- Department of Neuroanaesthesia and Neurocritical Care, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Deborah R Douglas
- Department of Neuroanaesthesia and Neurocritical Care, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery
| | - Linda D'Antona
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ahmed K Toma
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Martin Smith
- Department of Neuroanaesthesia and Neurocritical Care, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Bjellvi J, Cross JH, Gogou M, Leclercq M, Rheims S, Ryvlin P, Sperling MR, Rydenhag B, Malmgren K. Classification of complications of epilepsy surgery and invasive diagnostic procedures: A proposed protocol and feasibility study. Epilepsia 2021; 62:2685-2696. [PMID: 34405890 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In epilepsy surgery, which aims to treat seizures and thereby to improve the lives of persons with drug-resistant epilepsy, the chances of attaining seizure relief must be carefully weighed against the risks of complications and expected adverse events. The interpretation of data regarding complications of epilepsy surgery and invasive diagnostic procedures is hampered by a lack of uniform definitions and method of data collection. METHODS Based on a review of previous definitions and classifications of complications, we developed a proposal for a new classification. This proposal was then subject to revisions after expert opinion within E-pilepsy, an EU-funded European pilot network of reference centers in refractory epilepsy and epilepsy surgery, later incorporated into the ERN (European Reference Network) EpiCARE. This version was discussed with recognized experts, and a final protocol was agreed to after further revision. The final protocol was evaluated in practical use over 1 year in three of the participating centers. One hundred seventy-four consecutive procedures were included with 35 reported complications. RESULTS This report presents a multidimensional classification of complications in epilepsy surgery and invasive diagnostic procedures, where complications are characterized in terms of their immediate effects, resulting permanent symptoms, and consequences on activities of daily living. SIGNIFICANCE We propose that the protocol will be helpful in the work to promote safety in epilepsy surgery and for future studies designed to identify risk factors for complications. Further work is needed to address the reporting of outcomes as regards neuropsychological function, activities of daily living, and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bjellvi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Helen Cross
- UCL-NIHR BRC Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, London, UK.,Young Epilepsy, Lingfield, UK
| | - Maria Gogou
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, London, UK
| | - Mathilde Leclercq
- Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology, Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Rheims
- Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology, Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Ryvlin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael R Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bertil Rydenhag
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Malmgren
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Terrapon APR, Zattra CM, Voglis S, Velz J, Vasella F, Akeret K, Held U, Schiavolin S, Bozinov O, Ferroli P, Broggi M, Sarnthein J, Regli L, Neidert MC. Adverse Events in Neurosurgery: The Novel Therapy-Disability-Neurology Grade. Neurosurgery 2021; 89:236-245. [PMID: 33887774 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most widely used classifications of adverse events (AEs) in neurosurgery define their severity according to the therapy used to treat them. This concept has substantial shortcomings because it does not reflect the severity of AEs that are not treated, such as new neurological deficits. OBJECTIVE To present a novel multidimensional and patient-centered classification of the severity of AE in neurosurgery and evaluate its applicability. METHODS The Therapy-Disability-Neurology (TDN) grading system classifies AEs depending on the associated therapy, disability, and neurological deficits. We conducted a 2-center retrospective observational study on 6071 interventions covering the whole neurosurgical spectrum with data prospectively recorded between 2013 and 2019 at 2 institutions from 2 countries. RESULTS Using the first patient cohort (4680 interventions), a positive correlation was found between severity of AE and LOS as well as treatment cost. Each grade was associated with a greater deterioration of the Karnofsky Performance Status Scale (KPS) at discharge and at follow-up. When using the same methods on the external validation cohort (1391 interventions), correlations between the grades of AE, LOS, and KPS at discharge were even more pronounced. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the TDN grade is consistent with clinical and economic repercussions of AE and thus reflects AE severity. It is easily interpreted and enables comparison between different medical centers. The standardized report of the severity of AE in the scientific literature could constitute an important step forward toward a more critical, patient-centered, and evidence-based decision-making in neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Paul Romain Terrapon
- Department of Neurosurgery and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen and Medical School St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Costanza Maria Zattra
- Department of Neurosurge, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefanos Voglis
- Department of Neurosurgery and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Velz
- Department of Neurosurgery and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Vasella
- Department of Neurosurgery and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Akeret
- Department of Neurosurgery and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Held
- Department of Biostatistics at Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Schiavolin
- Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Oliver Bozinov
- Department of Neurosurgery and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen and Medical School St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Ferroli
- Department of Neurosurge, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Morgan Broggi
- Department of Neurosurge, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Johannes Sarnthein
- Department of Neurosurgery and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Regli
- Department of Neurosurgery and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marian Christoph Neidert
- Department of Neurosurgery and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen and Medical School St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Kommers I, Ackermans L, Ardon H, van den Brink WA, Bouwknegt W, Balvers RK, van der Gaag N, Bosscher L, Kloet A, Koopmans J, Laan MT, Tewarie RN, Robe PA, van der Veer O, Wagemakers M, Zwinderman AH, De Witt Hamer PC. Between-hospital variation in rates of complications and decline of patient performance after glioblastoma surgery in the dutch Quality Registry Neuro Surgery. J Neurooncol 2021; 152:289-298. [PMID: 33511509 PMCID: PMC7997839 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction For decisions on glioblastoma surgery, the risk of complications and decline in performance is decisive. In this study, we determine the rate of complications and performance decline after resections and biopsies in a national quality registry, their risk factors and the risk-standardized variation between institutions. Methods Data from all 3288 adults with first-time glioblastoma surgery at 13 hospitals were obtained from a prospective population-based Quality Registry Neuro Surgery in the Netherlands between 2013 and 2017. Patients were stratified by biopsies and resections. Complications were categorized as Clavien-Dindo grades II and higher. Performance decline was considered a deterioration of more than 10 Karnofsky points at 6 weeks. Risk factors were evaluated in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Patient-specific expected and observed complications and performance declines were summarized for institutions and analyzed in funnel plots. Results For 2271 resections, the overall complication rate was 20 % and 16 % declined in performance. For 1017 biopsies, the overall complication rate was 11 % and 30 % declined in performance. Patient-related characteristics were significant risk factors for complications and performance decline, i.e. higher age, lower baseline Karnofsky, higher ASA classification, and the surgical procedure. Hospital characteristics, i.e. case volume, university affiliation and biopsy percentage, were not. In three institutes the observed complication rate was significantly less than expected. In one institute significantly more performance declines were observed than expected, and in one institute significantly less. Conclusions Patient characteristics, but not case volume, were risk factors for complications and performance decline after glioblastoma surgery. After risk-standardization, hospitals varied in complications and performance declines. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11060-021-03697-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar Kommers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Location VUmc, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda Ackermans
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Hilko Ardon
- Department of Neurosurgery, St Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | | | - Wim Bouwknegt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center Slotervaart, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rutger K Balvers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Niels van der Gaag
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Lisette Bosscher
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwest Clinics, Alkmaar, Netherlands
| | - Alfred Kloet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Jan Koopmans
- Department of Neurosurgery, Martini Hospital, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mark Ter Laan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rishi Nandoe Tewarie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Pierre A Robe
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Michiel Wagemakers
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philip C De Witt Hamer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Location VUmc, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Al Saiegh F, Mazza J, Hafazalla K, Baldassari MP, Theofanis T, Ye D, Hoelscher C, Harrop JS, Evans JJ, Jabbour P, Rosenwasser RH, Sharan AD. Developing standardized titles to classify the adverse events in 7,418 cranial and spinal neurosurgical procedures. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 198:106121. [PMID: 32818755 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurosurgical procedures are life- and function-saving but carry a risk of adverse events (AE) which can cause permanent neurologic deficits. Unfortunately, there is lack of clearly defined AEs associated with given procedures, and their reporting is non-uniform and often arbitrary. However, with an increasing number of neurosurgical procedures performed, there is a need for standardization of AEs for systematic tracking. Such a system would establish a baseline for future quality improvement strategies. OBJECTIVE To review our institutional AEs and devise standardized titles specific to the spine, tumor, functional, and vascular neurosurgery divisions. METHODS A review of prospective monthly-reported morbidity and mortality (M&M) conference data within the Department of Neurological Surgery was conducted from January 2017 to December 2019. An AE was defined as any mortality, an "unintended and undesirable diagnostic or therapeutic event", "an event that prolongs the patient's hospital stay", or an outcome with permanent or transient neurologic deficit. RESULTS A total of 1096 AEs from 7418 total procedures (14.8 %) were identified. Of those, 418 (5.6 %) were in cerebrovascular, 249 (3.4 %) were in neuro-oncology and 429 (5.8 %) were in the spine & functional divisions. The most common AEs across all divisions were infection (17 %), hemorrhage (11 %) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak (7.8 %). Other AEs were indirectly related to the neurosurgical procedure, such as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (2.7 %), or pneumothorax (0.3 %). CONCLUSION This work illustrates standardized AEs can be implemented universally across the spectrum of neurological surgery. Standardization can help identify recurring AE patterns through better tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Al Saiegh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jacob Mazza
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Karim Hafazalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael P Baldassari
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thana Theofanis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Donald Ye
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christian Hoelscher
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James S Harrop
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James J Evans
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pascal Jabbour
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert H Rosenwasser
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashwini D Sharan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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