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Koutantou M, Drancourt M, Angelakis E. Prevalence of Lyme Disease and Relapsing Fever Borrelia spp. in Vectors, Animals, and Humans within a One Health Approach in Mediterranean Countries. Pathogens 2024; 13:512. [PMID: 38921809 PMCID: PMC11206712 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Borrelia has been divided into Borreliella spp., which can cause Lyme Disease (LD), and Borrelia spp., which can cause Relapsing Fever (RF). The distribution of genus Borrelia has broadened due to factors such as climate change, alterations in land use, and enhanced human and animal mobility. Consequently, there is an increasing necessity for a One Health strategy to identify the key components in the Borrelia transmission cycle by monitoring the human-animal-environment interactions. The aim of this study is to summarize all accessible data to increase our understanding and provide a comprehensive overview of Borrelia distribution in the Mediterranean region. Databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google were searched to determine the presence of Borreliella and Borrelia spp. in vectors, animals, and humans in countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A total of 3026 were identified and screened and after exclusion of papers that did not fulfill the including criteria, 429 were used. After examination of the available literature, it was revealed that various species associated with LD and RF are prevalent in vectors, animals, and humans in Mediterranean countries and should be monitored in order to effectively manage and prevent potential infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Koutantou
- Diagnostic Department and Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Emmanouil Angelakis
- Diagnostic Department and Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
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Del Giudice P, Freychet F, Kopec L, Fenollar F, Eldin C, Velin M, Hubiche T, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Erythema Migrans Caused by Borrelia spielmanii, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2366-2369. [PMID: 37877610 PMCID: PMC10617338 DOI: 10.3201/eid2911.230149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a rare case of early Lyme borreliosis in France caused by Borrelia spielmanii, which manifested as a large erythema chronicum migrans rash. The patient completely recovered after a 15-day course of amoxicillin. Absence of pathognomonic signs prevented distinguishing B. spielmanii from other etiologies as cause in this case-patient.
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Myszkowska-Torz A, Frydrychowicz M, Tomaszewski M, Figlerowicz M, Mania A, Mazur-Melewska K. Neuroborreliosis and Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome: Focus on Children. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040900. [PMID: 37109429 PMCID: PMC10145507 DOI: 10.3390/life13040900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroborreliosis is a form of Lyme Borreliosis (LB) that affects various structures of the central and peripheral nervous system. Although most cases of LB can be cured with a course of antibiotics, some children can present prolonged symptoms, which may constitute post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). The aim of our analysis was the long-term observation of children with NB and the determination of their risk of PTLDS. The clinical observation was supplemented by a laboratory study based on the assessment of the dynamics of anti-VlsE (variable major protein-like sequence, expressed) IgG antibodies in children with NB after antibiotic therapy. The prospective survey based on 40 children presented 1–2 forms of NB. The control group consisted of 36 patients with analogical symptoms for whom LB was excluded. Our long-term observation showed a low risk of developing long-term complications in children who received antibiotic therapy in accordance with the recommendations. The concentration of anti-VlsE IgG demonstrates a statistical significance for differences between the control and the study groups for each measurement period. Higher values of anti-VlsE IgG were observed in the study group, and the concentration decreased from the first measurement period to the next. The article emphasizes the importance of the long-term follow-up of children with neuroborreliosis.
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Ji Z, Jian M, Yue P, Cao W, Xu X, Zhang Y, Pan Y, Yang J, Chen J, Liu M, Fan Y, Su X, Wen S, Kong J, Li B, Dong Y, Zhou G, Liu A, Bao F. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodidae Tick around Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020143. [PMID: 35215089 PMCID: PMC8879681 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease (LD) is a common arthropod-borne inflammatory disorder prevalent in the northern hemisphere. LD is caused by a spirochete named Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., which is transmitted to humans by ticks. Climate, environment, and other factors affect land use; recreational-behavior changes affect human contact with infected ticks. Studies in Europe and North America have looked at these aspects, but studies in Asia have not. We searched databases to identify all relevant abstracts published until March 2021. A meta-analysis was undertaken using the standard methods and procedures established by the Cochrane Collaboration. Ninety-one articles were included in our meta-analysis. The literature search identified data from nine countries (China, Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia Siberia region, South Korea, Thailand and Turkey). Furthermore, 53,003 ticks from six genera (Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes and Rhipicephalus) were inspected for infection with B. burgdorferi. The pooled prevalence was 11.1% (95% CI = 8.3–14.2%). Among the nine countries, China had the most studies (56) and Malaysia had the highest infection rate (46.2%). Most infected ticks were from the genera Ixodes and Haemaphysalis. Ticks of the genus Ixodes had the highest infection rate (16.9%). Obvious heterogeneity was noted in our meta-analysis. We analyzed the heterogeneity with regard to countries, genera, time points, and detection methods. This study suggests that Ixodes, Haemaphysalis and Dermacentor may be the most common tike of B. burgdorferi-positive in Asia. The highest proportion of ticks infected by B. burgdorferi were from the genus Ixodes. This meta-analysis is the first attempt to explain the B. burgdorferi infection of hard-body ticks in Asia. The infection rate for each country and infection rate of different tick genera were analyzed: there were large differences between them. The literature is concentrates mainly on East Asia, and data are limited. Our study can provide a reference for a more comprehensive and in-depth investigation of ticks in Asia infected by B. burgdorferi spirochetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Ji
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Cancer Hospital), Kunming 650100, China
| | - Miaomiao Jian
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Peng Yue
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Wenjing Cao
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Xin Xu
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Yingyi Pan
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Jiaru Yang
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Children’s Major Diseases Research, The Affiliated Children Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650030, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Meixiao Liu
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Yuxin Fan
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Xuan Su
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Shiyuan Wen
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Children’s Major Diseases Research, The Affiliated Children Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650030, China
| | - Jing Kong
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Bingxue Li
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Children’s Major Diseases Research, The Affiliated Children Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650030, China
| | - Yan Dong
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guozhong Zhou
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Aihua Liu
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Children’s Major Diseases Research, The Affiliated Children Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650030, China
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Fukai Bao
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.J.); (M.J.); (P.Y.); (W.C.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.Y.); (J.C.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.S.); (S.W.); (J.K.); (B.L.); (Y.D.); (G.Z.)
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Children’s Major Diseases Research, The Affiliated Children Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650030, China
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (F.B.)
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Trevisan G, Cinco M, Trevisini S, di Meo N, Chersi K, Ruscio M, Forgione P, Bonin S. Borreliae Part 1: Borrelia Lyme Group and Echidna-Reptile Group. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101036. [PMID: 34681134 PMCID: PMC8533607 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Borreliae are spirochaetes, which represent a heterogeneous phylum within bacteria. Spirochaetes are indeed distinguished from other bacteria for their spiral shape, which also characterizes Borreliae. This review describes briefly the organization of the phylum Spirocheteales with a digression about its pathogenicity and historical information about bacteria isolation and characterization. Among spirochaetes, Borrelia genus is here divided into three groups, namely the Lyme group (LG), the Echidna-Reptile group (REPG) and the Relapsing Fever group (RFG). Borreliae Part 1 deals with Lyme group and Echidna-Reptile group Borreliae, while the subject of Borreliae Part 2 is Relapsing Fever group and unclassified Borreliae. Lyme group Borreliae is organized here in sections describing ecology, namely tick vectors and animal hosts, epidemiology, microbiology, and Borrelia genome organization and antigen characterization. Furthermore, the main clinical manifestations in Lyme borreliosis are also described. Although included in the Lyme group due to their particular clinical features, Borrelia causing Baggio Yoshinari syndrome and Borrelia mayonii are described in dedicated paragraphs. The Borrelia Echidna-Reptile group has been recently characterized including spirochaetes that apparently are not pathogenic to humans, but infect reptiles and amphibians. The paragraph dedicated to this group of Borreliae describes their vectors, hosts, geographical distribution and their characteristics. Abstract Borreliae are divided into three groups, namely the Lyme group (LG), the Echidna-Reptile group (REPG) and the Relapsing Fever group (RFG). Currently, only Borrelia of the Lyme and RF groups (not all) cause infection in humans. Borreliae of the Echidna-Reptile group represent a new monophyletic group of spirochaetes, which infect amphibians and reptiles. In addition to a general description of the phylum Spirochaetales, including a brief historical digression on spirochaetosis, in the present review Borreliae of Lyme and Echidna-Reptile groups are described, discussing the ecology with vectors and hosts as well as microbiological features and molecular characterization. Furthermore, differences between LG and RFG are discussed with respect to the clinical manifestations. In humans, LG Borreliae are organotropic and cause erythema migrans in the early phase of the disease, while RFG Borreliae give high spirochaetemia with fever, without the development of erythema migrans. With respect of LG Borreliae, recently Borrelia mayonii, with intermediate characteristics between LG and RFG, has been identified. As part of the LG, it gives erythema migrans but also high spirochaetemia with fever. Hard ticks are vectors for both LG and REPG groups, but in LG they are mostly Ixodes sp. ticks, while in REPG vectors do not belong to that genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusto Trevisan
- DSM—Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.T.); (N.d.M.)
| | - Marina Cinco
- DSV—Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Sara Trevisini
- ASUGI—Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, 34129 Trieste, Italy; (S.T.); (K.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Nicola di Meo
- DSM—Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.T.); (N.d.M.)
- ASUGI—Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, 34129 Trieste, Italy; (S.T.); (K.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Karin Chersi
- ASUGI—Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, 34129 Trieste, Italy; (S.T.); (K.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Maurizio Ruscio
- ASUGI—Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, 34129 Trieste, Italy; (S.T.); (K.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Patrizia Forgione
- UOSD Dermatologia, Centro Rif. Regionale Malattia di Hansen e Lyme, P.O. dei Pellegrini, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, 80145 Naples, Italy;
| | - Serena Bonin
- DSM—Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.T.); (N.d.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-040-3993266
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Abstract
The Borrelia spp. are tick-borne pathogenic spirochetes that include the agents of Lyme disease and relapsing fever. As part of their life cycle, the spirochetes traffic between the tick vector and the vertebrate host, which requires significant physiological changes and remodeling of their outer membranes and proteome. This crucial proteome resculpting is carried out by a diverse set of proteases, adaptor proteins, and related chaperones. Despite its small genome, Borrelia burgdorferi has dedicated a large percentage of its genome to proteolysis, including a full complement of ATP-dependent proteases. Energy-driven proteolysis appears to be an important physiological feature of this dual-life-cycle bacterium. The proteolytic arsenal of Borrelia is strategically deployed for disposal of proteins no longer required as they move from one stage to another or are transferred from one host to another. Likewise, the Borrelia spp. are systemic organisms that need to break down and move through host tissues and barriers, and so their unique proteolytic resources, both endogenous and borrowed, make movement more feasible. Both the Lyme disease and relapsing fever Borrelia spp. bind plasminogen as well as numerous components of the mammalian plasminogen-activating system. This recruitment capacity endows the spirochetes with a borrowed proteolytic competency that can lead to increased invasiveness.
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Scott JD. Presentation of Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans Rashes on Lyme Disease Patients in Canada. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:E157. [PMID: 32512846 PMCID: PMC7349802 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis) is a complex multisystem illness with varying clinical manifestations. This tick-borne zoonosis is caused by the spirochetal bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) and, worldwide, presents with at least 20 different types of rashes. Certain cutaneous rashes are inherently interconnected to various stages of Lyme disease. In this study, five Canadian Lyme disease patients from a multi-age range presented various phases of the acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA) rash. In each case of ACA, the underlying etiological pathogen was the Lyme disease spirochete. Although ACA rashes are normally found on the lower extremities, this study illustrates that ACA rashes are not directly correlated with a tick bite, geographic area, age, Bbsl genospecies, exercise, or any given surface area of the body. Case 4 provides confirmation for an ACA rash and gestational Lyme disease. One patient (Case 5) puts forth a Bbsl and Bartonella sp. co-infection with a complex ACA rash. This study documents ACA rashes on Lyme disease patients for the first time in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Scott
- International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society, 2 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 700, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-7007, USA
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Chronic Lyme Disease: An Evidence-Based Definition by the ILADS Working Group. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040269. [PMID: 31888310 PMCID: PMC6963229 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Chronic Lyme disease has been a poorly defined term and often dismissed as a fictitious entity. In this paper, the International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society (ILADS) provides its evidence-based definition of chronic Lyme disease. Definition: ILADS defines chronic Lyme disease (CLD) as a multisystem illness with a wide range of symptoms and/or signs that are either continuously or intermittently present for a minimum of six months. The illness is the result of an active and ongoing infection by any of several pathogenic members of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex (Bbsl). The infection has variable latency periods and signs and symptoms may wax, wane and migrate. CLD has two subcategories, CLD, untreated (CLD-U) and CLD, previously treated (CLD-PT). The latter requires that CLD manifestations persist or recur following treatment and are present continuously or in a relapsing/remitting pattern for a duration of six months or more. Methods: Systematic review of over 250 peer reviewed papers in the international literature to characterize the clinical spectrum of CLD-U and CLD-PT. Conclusion: This evidence-based definition of chronic Lyme disease clarifies the term's meaning and the literature review validates that chronic and ongoing Bbsl infections can result in chronic disease. Use of this CLD definition will promote a better understanding of the infection and facilitate future research of this infection.
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Szekeres S, Docters van Leeuwen A, Tóth E, Majoros G, Sprong H, Földvári G. Road-killed mammals provide insight into tick-borne bacterial pathogen communities within urban habitats. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:277-286. [PMID: 30230270 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Small- and medium-sized mammals play an important role in the life cycle of tick-borne pathogens in urban habitats. Our aim was to apply the general protocol, DAMA (documentation-assessment-monitoring-action), which is an integrated proposal to build a proactive capacity to understand, anticipate, and respond to the outcomes of accelerating environmental change. Here we tested whether road-killed carcasses in urban areas are useful sources of tissue and parasite samples to investigate these species' contribution to the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases. We collected 29 road-killed and 6 carcasses with different causes of mortality (23 northern white-breasted hedgehogs and 12 from seven other mammal species) mainly from Budapest, Hungary. We used quantitative and conventional PCRs to determine pathogens in 90 collected tissues (52 from hedgehogs; 38 from other species) and 417 ticks that were only found on hedgehogs. Tissue samples revealed a wide range of bacteria including human zoonotic pathogens identified as Anaplasma phagocytophilum ecotype I, Borrelia afzelii, B. spielmanii, Borrelia miyamotoi, Rickettsia helvetica, and Bartonella species. Among the 23 collected hedgehog carcasses, 17 (74%) were infected with A. phagocytophilum, 6 (26%) with Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., 12 (52%) with R. helvetica, and 15 (65%) with Rickettsia sp. Furthermore, we report the first detection of Rickettsia sp. infection in European moles and lesser weasel and R. helvetica in stone marten. Through sequencing B. afzelii, R. helvetica, R. monacensis and A. phagocytophilum ecotype I were identified in the ticks removed from the carcasses. We showed that road-killed urban mammal species are exposed to multiple tick-borne pathogens but further studies have to clarify whether they, in fact, also have a role in their maintenance and spread. Our study also demonstrates that roadkill can be used in the risk assessment of potential human infection and in the implementation of the DAMA protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Szekeres
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arieke Docters van Leeuwen
- Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Evelin Tóth
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Majoros
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hein Sprong
- Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gábor Földvári
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary.,Evolutionary Systems Research Group, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary
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Kannangara DW, Patel P. Report of Non-Lyme, Erythema Migrans Rashes from New Jersey with a Review of Possible Role of Tick Salivary Toxins. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:641-652. [PMID: 30129909 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythema migrans (EM) rashes once considered pathognomonic of Lyme disease (LD) have been reported following bites of arthropods that do not transmit LD and in areas with no LD. Also, EM rashes have been reported in association with organisms other than members of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. Arthropod saliva has chemicals that have effects on the host and pathogen transmission. Tick saliva has protein families similar to spiders and scorpions and even substances homologous to those found in snakes and other venomous animals. Ticks "invertebrate pharmacologists" have a sophisticated arsenal of chemicals that assist in blood feeding, pathogen transmission, and suppressing host defenses. No organisms have been isolated from many EM rashes. We propose that tick salivary toxins may play a role in the causation of rashes and laboratory abnormalities in tick-borne diseases. The role of tick salivary toxins needs further exploration. Cases of Lyme-like EM rashes referred to as STARI (Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness) following bites of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, in the United States have been reported predominantly in Southeastern Missouri and a few in South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, and one case each in Mississippi and Long Island, New York. Although there is one report of Borrelia lonestari in a patient with a rash, biopsies of 31 cases of STARI, with cultures and PCR, failed to show a relationship. Distribution of A. americanum, whose bites are associated with STARI, now extends along the East Coast of the United States, including New Jersey, up to the Canadian border. As far as we are aware, there have been no prior reports of Lyme-like rashes in New Jersey. In this study, we present case examples of 2 Lyme-like rashes, variations of EM rashes, and a brief review of studies that suggest a role of tick salivary toxins in tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pritiben Patel
- St Luke's Health NetWork , Warren Campus, Phillipsburg, New Jersey
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11
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Miraglia CM. A Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Guidelines for the Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis of Lyme Disease. J Chiropr Med 2016; 15:272-280. [PMID: 27857635 PMCID: PMC5106438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to review information regarding the current guidelines for the clinical laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease as set forth by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to chiropractic physicians and to discuss the clinical utility of this testing. METHODS The CDC's website was reviewed to determine what their current recommendations are for the clinical laboratory testing of Lyme disease. RESULTS The CDC's established guidelines recommend the use of a 2-tiered serologic testing algorithm for the evaluation of patients with suspected Lyme disease. CONCLUSION This review provides doctors of chiropractic with information to remain current with the CDC's recommended guidelines for Lyme disease testing because patients may present to their office with the associated signs and symptoms of Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina M. Miraglia
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Department of Medical Laboratory Science, North Dartmouth, MA
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12
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Szekeres S, Coipan EC, Rigó K, Majoros G, Jahfari S, Sprong H, Földvári G. Eco-epidemiology of Borrelia miyamotoi and Lyme borreliosis spirochetes in a popular hunting and recreational forest area in Hungary. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:309. [PMID: 26048373 PMCID: PMC4458039 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Borrelia miyamotoi, the newly discovered human pathogenic relapsing fever spirochete, and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato are maintained in natural rodent populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the natural cycle of B. miyamotoi and B. burgdorferi s.l. in a forest habitat with intensive hunting, forestry work and recreational activity in Southern Hungary. Methods We collected rodents with modified Sherman-traps during 2010–2013 and questing ticks with flagging in 2012. Small mammals were euthanized, tissue samples were collected and all ectoparasites were removed and stored. Samples were screened for pathogens with multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting a part of flagellin gene, then analysed with conventional PCRs and sequencing. Results 177 spleen and 348 skin samples of six rodent species were individually analysed. Prevalence in rodent tissue samples was 0.2 % (skin) and 0.5 % (spleen) for B. miyamotoi and 6.6 % (skin) and 2.2 % (spleen) for B. burgdorferi s.l. Relapsing fever spirochetes were detected in Apodemus flavicollis males, B. burgdorferi s.l. in Apodemus spp. and Myodes glareolus samples. Borrelia miyamotoi was detected in one questing Ixodes ricinus nymph and B. burgdorferi s.l in nymphs and adults. In the ticks removed from rodents DNA amplification of both pathogens was successful from I. ricinus larvae (B. miyamotoi 5.6 %, B. burgdorferi s.l. 11.1 %) and one out of five nymphs while from Ixodes acuminatus larvae, and nymph only B. burgdorferi s.l. DNA was amplified. Sequencing revealed B. lusitaniae in a questing I. ricinus nymph and altogether 17 B. afzelii were identified in other samples. Two Dermacentor marginatus engorged larva pools originating from uninfected hosts were also infected with B. afzelii. Conclusions This is the first report of B. miyamotoi occurrence in a natural population of A. flavicollis as well as in Hungary. We provide new data about circulation of B. burgdorferi s.l. in rodent and tick communities including the role of I. acuminatus ticks in the endophilic pathogen cycle. Our results highlight the possible risk of infection with relapsing fever and Lyme borreliosis spirochetes in forest habitats especially in the high-risk groups of hunters, forestry workers and hikers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Szekeres
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, 2 István Street H-1078, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Elena Claudia Coipan
- Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, 9 Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan, P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Krisztina Rigó
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, 2 István Street H-1078, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Majoros
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, 2 István Street H-1078, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Setareh Jahfari
- Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, 9 Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan, P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Hein Sprong
- Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, 9 Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan, P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Gábor Földvári
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, 2 István Street H-1078, Budapest, Hungary.
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Human seroprevalence against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in two comparable regions of the eastern Alps is not correlated to vector infection rates. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 6:221-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Lyme disease: A rigorous review of diagnostic criteria and treatment. J Autoimmun 2015; 57:82-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Rizzoli A, Silaghi C, Obiegala A, Rudolf I, Hubálek Z, Földvári G, Plantard O, Vayssier-Taussat M, Bonnet S, Spitalská E, Kazimírová M. Ixodes ricinus and Its Transmitted Pathogens in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas in Europe: New Hazards and Relevance for Public Health. Front Public Health 2014; 2:251. [PMID: 25520947 PMCID: PMC4248671 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases represent major public and animal health issues worldwide. Ixodes ricinus, primarily associated with deciduous and mixed forests, is the principal vector of causative agents of viral, bacterial, and protozoan zoonotic diseases in Europe. Recently, abundant tick populations have been observed in European urban green areas, which are of public health relevance due to the exposure of humans and domesticated animals to potentially infected ticks. In urban habitats, small and medium-sized mammals, birds, companion animals (dogs and cats), and larger mammals (roe deer and wild boar) play a role in maintenance of tick populations and as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens. Presence of ticks infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus and high prevalence of ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., causing Lyme borreliosis, have been reported from urbanized areas in Europe. Emerging pathogens, including bacteria of the order Rickettsiales (Anaplasma phagocytophilum, "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis," Rickettsia helvetica, and R. monacensis), Borrelia miyamotoi, and protozoans (Babesia divergens, B. venatorum, and B. microti) have also been detected in urban tick populations. Understanding the ecology of ticks and their associations with hosts in a European urbanized environment is crucial to quantify parameters necessary for risk pre-assessment and identification of public health strategies for control and prevention of tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapaola Rizzoli
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige , Trento , Italy
| | - Cornelia Silaghi
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Munich , Germany ; Vetsuisse-Faculty, Swiss National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute for Parasitology, University of Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Anna Obiegala
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Munich , Germany ; Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Ivo Rudolf
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Hubálek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Gábor Földvári
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Olivier Plantard
- INRA, UMR1300 BioEpAR , Nantes , France ; LUNAM Université, Oniris, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, UMR BioEpAR , Nantes , France
| | - Muriel Vayssier-Taussat
- USC BIPAR, INRA, ANSES - French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety , Maisons-Alfort , France
| | - Sarah Bonnet
- USC BIPAR, INRA, ANSES - French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety , Maisons-Alfort , France
| | - Eva Spitalská
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Mária Kazimírová
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
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16
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Comstedt P, Hanner M, Schüler W, Meinke A, Lundberg U. Design and development of a novel vaccine for protection against Lyme borreliosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113294. [PMID: 25409015 PMCID: PMC4237411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no Lyme borreliosis vaccine available for humans, although it has been shown that the disease can be prevented by immunization with an OspA-based vaccine (LYMErix). Outer surface protein A (OspA) is one of the dominant antigens expressed by the spirochetes when present in a tick. The Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis in Europe express different OspA serotypes on their surface, B. burgdorferi (serotype 1), B. afzelii (serotype 2), B. garinii (serotypes, 3, 5 and 6) and B. bavariensis (serotype 4), while only B. burgdorferi is present in the US. In order to target all these pathogenic Borrelia species, we have designed a multivalent OspA-based vaccine. The vaccine includes three proteins, each containing the C-terminal half of two OspA serotypes linked to form a heterodimer. In order to stabilize the C-terminal fragment and thus preserve important structural epitopes at physiological temperature, disulfide bonds were introduced. The immunogenicity was increased by introduction of a lipidation signal which ensures the addition of an N-terminal lipid moiety. Three immunizations with 3.0 µg adjuvanted vaccine protected mice from a challenge with spirochetes expressing either OspA serotype 1, 2 or 5. Mice were protected against both challenge with infected ticks and in vitro grown spirochetes. Immunological analyses (ELISA, surface binding and growth inhibition) indicated that the vaccine can provide protection against the majority of Borrelia species pathogenic for humans. This article presents the approach which allows for the generation of a hexavalent vaccine that can potentially protect against a broad range of globally distributed Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis.
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17
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Rizzoli A, Silaghi C, Obiegala A, Rudolf I, Hubálek Z, Földvári G, Plantard O, Vayssier-Taussat M, Bonnet S, Spitalská E, Kazimírová M. Ixodes ricinus and Its Transmitted Pathogens in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas in Europe: New Hazards and Relevance for Public Health. Front Public Health 2014. [PMID: 25520947 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00251.pmid:25520947;pmcid:pmc4248671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases represent major public and animal health issues worldwide. Ixodes ricinus, primarily associated with deciduous and mixed forests, is the principal vector of causative agents of viral, bacterial, and protozoan zoonotic diseases in Europe. Recently, abundant tick populations have been observed in European urban green areas, which are of public health relevance due to the exposure of humans and domesticated animals to potentially infected ticks. In urban habitats, small and medium-sized mammals, birds, companion animals (dogs and cats), and larger mammals (roe deer and wild boar) play a role in maintenance of tick populations and as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens. Presence of ticks infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus and high prevalence of ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., causing Lyme borreliosis, have been reported from urbanized areas in Europe. Emerging pathogens, including bacteria of the order Rickettsiales (Anaplasma phagocytophilum, "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis," Rickettsia helvetica, and R. monacensis), Borrelia miyamotoi, and protozoans (Babesia divergens, B. venatorum, and B. microti) have also been detected in urban tick populations. Understanding the ecology of ticks and their associations with hosts in a European urbanized environment is crucial to quantify parameters necessary for risk pre-assessment and identification of public health strategies for control and prevention of tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapaola Rizzoli
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige , Trento , Italy
| | - Cornelia Silaghi
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Munich , Germany ; Vetsuisse-Faculty, Swiss National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute for Parasitology, University of Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Anna Obiegala
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Munich , Germany ; Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Ivo Rudolf
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Hubálek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Gábor Földvári
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Olivier Plantard
- INRA, UMR1300 BioEpAR , Nantes , France ; LUNAM Université, Oniris, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, UMR BioEpAR , Nantes , France
| | - Muriel Vayssier-Taussat
- USC BIPAR, INRA, ANSES - French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety , Maisons-Alfort , France
| | - Sarah Bonnet
- USC BIPAR, INRA, ANSES - French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety , Maisons-Alfort , France
| | - Eva Spitalská
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Mária Kazimírová
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
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18
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Versatile roles of CspA orthologs in complement inactivation of serum-resistant Lyme disease spirochetes. Infect Immun 2013; 82:380-92. [PMID: 24191298 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01094-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CspA of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi represents a key molecule in immune evasion, protecting borrelial cells from complement-mediated killing. As previous studies focused almost exclusively on CspA of B. burgdorferi, here we investigate the different binding capacities of CspA orthologs of Borrelia burgdorferi, B. afzelii, and B. spielmanii for complement regulator factor H and plasminogen and their ability to inhibit complement activation by either binding these host-derived plasma proteins or independently by direct interaction with components involved in formation of the lethal, pore-like terminal complement complex. To further examine their function in serum resistance in vivo, a serum-sensitive B. garinii strain was used to generate spirochetes, ectopically producing functional CspA orthologs. Irrespective of their species origin, all three CspA orthologs impart resistance to complement-mediated killing when produced in a serum-sensitive B. garinii surrogate strain. To analyze the inhibitory effect on complement activation and to assess the potential to inactivate C3b by binding of factor H and plasminogen, recombinant CspA orthologs were also investigated. All three CspA orthologs simultaneously bound factor H and plasminogen but differed in regard to their capacity to inactivate C3b via bound plasmin(ogen) and inhibit formation of the terminal complement complex. CspA of B. afzelii binds plasmin(ogen) and inhibits the terminal complement complex more efficiently than CspA of B. burgdorferi and B. spielmanii. Taken together, CspA orthologs of serum-resistant Lyme disease spirochetes act as multifunctional evasion molecules that inhibit complement on two central activation levels, C3b generation and assembly of the terminal complement complex.
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Abstract
Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease) is caused by spirochaetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex, which are transmitted by ticks. The most common clinical manifestation is erythema migrans, which eventually resolves, even without antibiotic treatment. However, the infecting pathogen can spread to other tissues and organs, causing more severe manifestations that can involve a patient's skin, nervous system, joints, or heart. The incidence of this disease is increasing in many countries. Laboratory evidence of infection, mainly serology, is essential for diagnosis, except in the case of typical erythema migrans. Diagnosed cases are usually treated with antibiotics for 2-4 weeks and most patients make an uneventful recovery. No convincing evidence exists to support the use of antibiotics for longer than 4 weeks, or for the persistence of spirochaetes in adequately treated patients. Prevention is mainly accomplished by protecting against tick bites. There is no vaccine available for human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerold Stanek
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria.
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20
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Lenčáková DH, Schulte-Spechtel U, Fingerle V, Pet'ko B, Wilske B. Detection of a large linear plasmid in Borrelia spielmanii isolate. Can J Microbiol 2012; 57:343-6. [PMID: 21491987 DOI: 10.1139/w11-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Borrelia spielmanii belongs to human pathogenic species within the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex in Europe, which is a causative agent of Lyme disease. So far, the human disease caused by B. spielmanii has been associated with skin manifestations. The aim of the study was to analyze 4 human B. spielmanii isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and to localize genes of 3 important Borrelia proteins: OspA, DbpA, and VlsE. The analysis revealed variation within linear plasmid profiles among the strains; isolate PSigII contained a large plasmid of 100 kb compared with a 50 kb plasmid present in the 3 other B. spielmanii isolates, all carried the genes ospA and dbpA. Differences in the size of linear plasmids among the Borrelia strains may be a result of host-pathogen interactions, as the PSigII strain was the only strain of the 4 tested strains to be isolated from a patient with a previous history of Lyme disease, whereas 3 other patients were diagnosed with this disease for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Handžáková Lenčáková
- National Reference Center for Borreliae, Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
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Santos M, Haddad Júnior V, Ribeiro-Rodrigues R, Talhari S. Lyme borreliosis. An Bras Dermatol 2011; 85:930-8. [PMID: 21308327 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962010000600029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Borreliosis is an infectious disease caused by spirochetes of the genus Borrelia. Lyme borreliosis, also known as Lyme disease, is a non-contagious infectious disease caused by spirochetes belonging to the complex Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and more often transmitted by the bite of infected ticks of the genus Ixodes.The disease is characterized by a varied clinical profile, which can trigger cutaneous, articular, neurological and cardiac manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Santos
- Tropical Medicine Foundation of Amazonas, State University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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22
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Chu CY, Jiang BG, He J, Gao Y, Zhang PH, Wu XM, Zhang WY, Shi H, Gaowa HS, Wang JB, Foley JE, Liu W, Cao WC. Genetic Diversity ofBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Lato Isolates from Northeastern China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
- PLA Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Gui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Pan-He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hua Shi
- PLA Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ha-Sen Gaowa
- The Forest Central Anti-Epidemic Station of Da Xing-An Mountains, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Yakeshi, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Bo Wang
- The Forest Central Anti-Epidemic Station of Da Xing-An Mountains, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Yakeshi, P.R. China
| | - Janet E. Foley
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
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Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in sheep keds (Melophagus ovinus), Tibet, China. Vet Microbiol 2011; 149:526-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Reservoir competence of various rodents for the lyme disease Spirochete Borrelia spielmanii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3565-70. [PMID: 21460106 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00022-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether the pathogenic Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia spielmanii is adapted exclusively to garden dormice, we compared the reservoir competence of various rodent species for this spirochete, including sympatric and peridomestic rodents. The different kinds of rodents varied in their attractiveness to nymphal ticks and their level of susceptibility to tick-borne B. spielmanii infection, but only the edible dormouse appeared to be refractory. Although hazel dormice and Norway rats became infectious to ticks somewhat later than did garden dormice, they remained infectious for a longer period of time. During the course of a tick season, garden and hazel dormice contributed theoretically more than twice as many B. spielmanii-infected ticks than the somewhat less susceptible Norway rats and wood or yellow-necked mice. Hazel dormice appeared to be extraordinarily competent as reservoir hosts for B. spielmanii. Because peridomestic rodents proved to be reservoir competent, urban foci of transmission of B. spielmanii may affect the health of townspeople.
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Siegel C, Hallström T, Skerka C, Eberhardt H, Uzonyi B, Beckhaus T, Karas M, Wallich R, Stevenson B, Zipfel PF, Kraiczy P. Complement factor H-related proteins CFHR2 and CFHR5 represent novel ligands for the infection-associated CRASP proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13519. [PMID: 20975954 PMCID: PMC2958145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One virulence property of Borrelia burgdorferi is its resistance to innate immunity, in particular to complement-mediated killing. Serum-resistant B. burgdorferi express up to five distinct complement regulator-acquiring surface proteins (CRASP) which interact with complement regulator factor H (CFH) and factor H-like protein 1 (FHL1) or factor H-related protein 1 (CFHR1). In the present study we elucidate the role of the infection-associated CRASP-3 and CRASP-5 protein to serve as ligands for additional complement regulatory proteins as well as for complement resistance of B. burgdorferi. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To elucidate whether CRASP-5 and CRASP-3 interact with various human proteins, both borrelial proteins were immobilized on magnetic beads. Following incubation with human serum, bound proteins were eluted and separated by Glycine-SDS-PAGE. In addition to CFH and CFHR1, complement regulators CFHR2 and CFHR5 were identified as novel ligands for both borrelial proteins by employing MALDI-TOF. To further assess the contributions of CRASP-3 and CRASP-5 to complement resistance, a serum-sensitive B. garinii strain G1 which lacks all CFH-binding proteins was used as a valuable model for functional analyses. Both CRASPs expressed on the B. garinii outer surface bound CFH as well as CFHR1 and CFHR2 in ELISA. In contrast, live B. garinii bound CFHR1, CFHR2, and CFHR5 and only miniscute amounts of CFH as demonstrated by serum adsorption assays and FACS analyses. Further functional analysis revealed that upon NHS incubation, CRASP-3 or CRASP-5 expressing borreliae were killed by complement. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In the absence of CFH and the presence of CFHR1, CFHR2 and CFHR5, assembly and integration of the membrane attack complex was not efficiently inhibited indicating that CFH in co-operation with CFHR1, CFHR2 and CFHR5 supports complement evasion of B. burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Siegel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Teresia Hallström
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Hannes Eberhardt
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Barbara Uzonyi
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Beckhaus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Michael Karas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Reinhard Wallich
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brian Stevenson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Peter F. Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Kraiczy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Franke J, Moldenhauer A, Hildebrandt A, Dorn W. Are birds reservoir hosts for Borrelia afzelii? Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2010; 1:109-12. [PMID: 21771517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is known that birds are competent reservoir hosts of particular Borrelia species like B. garinii and B. valaisiana but not for B. afzelii, a rodent-associated genospecies. Since they can carry infected ticks over long distances, they are also important covectors for Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes. To assess the role of different bird species in transmission and dispersal of Borrelia OspA types, we examined 191 Ixodes ricinus ticks from 99 birds, captured on a German conservation island in the Baltic Sea in spring 2007. Surprisingly, more than one third of the 27 positive samples were identified as B. afzelii. The cause for this unusually high prevalence remains unknown, indicating the need of further studies on bird-feeding ticks that should include a higher sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Franke
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 29, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Prevalence and seasonality of tick-borne pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from Luxembourg. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2923-31. [PMID: 20228110 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03061-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, ixodid ticks are important arthropod vectors of human and animal pathogens, but comprehensive studies of the prevalence of all relevant pathogens in Central Europe are scarce. As a result of ecological changes, the incidences of tick-borne infections are expected to increase. In this study, 1,394 nymphal and adult Ixodes ricinus ticks sampled monthly during the active season from 33 ecologically distinct collection sites throughout Luxembourg were screened for all human tick-borne pathogens relevant in Central Europe. Species were identified by sequence analysis of detection PCR amplicons. Mean infection rates of ticks were 11.3% for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, 5.1% for Rickettsia sp., 2.7% for Babesia sp., and 1.9% for Anaplasma phagocytophilum. No tick was found to be infected with Coxiella sp., Francisella tularensis subsp., or Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). A total of 3.2% of ticks were infected with more than one pathogen species, including mixed Borrelia infections (1.5%). Seasonal variations of tick infection rates were observed for Borrelia, Babesia, and Anaplasma, possibly reflecting a behavioral adaptation strategy of questing ticks. A positive correlation between the grade of urbanization and Borrelia infection rate of ticks was observed, suggesting an established urban zoonotic cycle. We also found Hepatozoon canis (0.1%) and Bartonella henselae (0.3%), which so far have not been found in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks in Central Europe.
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Diversity of Borrelia genospecies in Ixodes ricinus ticks in a Lyme borreliosis endemic area in Switzerland identified by using new probes for reverse line blotting. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2009; 1:23-9. [PMID: 21771508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In Europe, 7 Borrelia species belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex have been reported in Ixodes ricinus ticks. In addition, another Borrelia, related to the relapsing fever spirochaetes, has also been described. In the present study, we designed probes for reverse line blotting allowing detection and identification of all these Borrelia species after amplification of the variable spacer region between the 23S and 5S ribosomal genes. These new probes allowed us investigate the diversity of Borrelia in 915 I. ricinus collected on the south-facing slope of Chaumont (Switzerland). Among the 159 infected ticks, 7 Borrelia species were identified, and B. spielmanii and relapsing fever-like (RFL) spirochaetes were identified in this area for the first time. B. valaisiana and B. spielmanii were significantly less present in male than in female or nymphal ticks. Mixed infection with RFL spirochaetes and Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes were detected in 4 ticks. In addition, the set of probes could identify the recently described species, B. bavariensis.
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Földvári G, Rigó K, Majláthová V, Majláth I, Farkas R, Pet'ko B. Detection ofBorrelia burgdorferisensu lato in Lizards and Their Ticks from Hungary. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2009; 9:331-6. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Földvári
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Rigó
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Igor Majláth
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Róbert Farkas
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Branislav Pet'ko
- Parasitological Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
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Abstract
Most 25 éve, 1984-ben észleltük az első hazai Lyme-betegeket, és pontosan 20 éve, hogy a László Kórházban megnyitottuk a Lyme-ambulanciát, és éppen 15 éve, hogy magánpraxis keretében megnyitottuk a Kullancsbetegségek Ambulanciáját. Az itt végzett munka legfontosabb állomásai: egy új, kullancs által terjesztett Rickettsia-fertőzés (tick-borne lymphadenopathy) leírása, egy Lyme-immunoblotkit és a hozzá kapcsolódó automata immunoblot reader kifejlesztése. Leírtunk egy új és a korábbiaknál egyszerűbb, megbízhatóbb módszert az intrathecalis borrelia antitest meghatározására, ami nélkülözhetetlen a neuroborreliosis alátámasztására. Rutinszerűen alkalmazzuk az általunk kifejlesztett összehasonlító immunoblot-vizsgálatot (comparative immunoblot assay), ami alkalmas annak a kiderítésére, hogy a szeropozitív lelet hátterében egy jelenleg is fennálló vagy épp régen lezajlott és gyógyult fertőzésről van-e szó. Terhességi Lyme-fertőzéseket vizsgálva elsőként bizonyítottuk be, hogy a kezeletlenül maradtak esetében gyakoribbak a magzati károsodások.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Lakos
- 1 Kullancsbetegségek Ambulanciája Budapest Visegrádi u. 14. 1132
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32
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Barandika JF, Hurtado A, García-Sanmartín J, Juste RA, Anda P, García-Pérez AL. Prevalence of tick-borne zoonotic bacteria in questing adult ticks from northern Spain. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2009; 8:829-35. [PMID: 18759563 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 691 questing adult ixodid ticks of the genera Ixodes, Haemaphysalis, Dermacentor, and Rhipicephalus were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse line blot (RLB) for the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Coxiella burnetii, Borrelia spp., and spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae. Ticks were collected by blanket dragging during 2 sampling years (2003-2005) in 10 recreational areas in the Basque Country (Northern Spain). Adult ticks were collected every month of the year and eight different species were identified among which Ixodes ricinus was the most abundant and widespread. Three pathogens for humans, Borrelia burgdorferi, A. phagocytophilum, and C. burnetii, as well as rickettsiae of unknown pathogenicity were detected. The latter were identified as Rickettsia sp. RpA4/DnS14 by sequencing of the citrate synthase (gltA) gene. The infection rates varied from 0.1%-6.9%. DNA of A. phagocytophilum was detected mainly in I. ricinus, but also in Haemaphysalis punctata, H. concinna, and Rhipicephalus bursa. Coxiella burnetii was detected in only one specimen of H. punctata, and Borrelia spp. in eight ticks. Furthermore, PCR-RLB analysis specific for B. burgdorferi sensu lato detected one H. punctata with positive hybridization with the B. burgdorferi sensu stricto probe, and two I. ricinus positive for B. afzelii and B. garinii. SFG rickettsiae were the pathogens most frequently found, present in 48 of 97 D. reticulatus analyzed. Mixed infections were not found in any of the analyzed ticks. These results are compared and discussed with data obtained in previous studies carried out in the same and other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus F Barandika
- Department of Animal Health and Production, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 53:1281-4. [PMID: 19075048 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01247-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten isolates of the recently delineated genospecies Borrelia spielmanii were tested against antimicrobial agents used to treat Lyme disease and compared to eight isolates of the other three human-pathogenic borrelial genospecies. Despite some small but significant differences in four out of eight antibiotic agents, the susceptibility pattern of B. spielmanii mainly parallels that of the other known human-pathogenic members of the B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex.
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34
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Schneider BS, Schriefer ME, Dietrich G, Dolan MC, Morshed MG, Zeidner NS. Borrelia bissettii isolates induce pathology in a murine model of disease. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008; 8:623-33. [PMID: 18454594 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2007.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi is a tick-borne pathogen that causes Lyme disease. Although B. burgdorferi sensu lato is a diverse group of bacteria, only three genospecies, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii, are known to be pathogenic and commonly recognized to cause human disease. To assess the potential of another common genospecies, Borrelia bissettii, to induce disease, a mouse model was employed. Two Colorado isolates of B. bissettii (CO-Bb) induced lesions of the bladder, heart, and femorotibial joint 8 weeks after inoculation into mice. In contrast, two British Columbia (BC-Bb) isolates, could not be cultured or amplified by PCR from target organs, and did not induce lesions. Consistent with pathology and culture results, the antibody response in mice to BC-Bb was minimal compared to CO-Bb, indicating either transient localized infection or rapid immune clearance of BC-Bb. Although sequence analysis of the rrf (5S)-rrl (23S) intergenic spacer region indicated 99% homology between CO-Bb and BC-Bb, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis indicated five distinct protein differences between these low-passage isolates. These studies support the prospect that B. bissettii may indeed be the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis cases in Eastern Europe, associated with the atypical Borrelia strain 25015, and in other regions. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that B. bissettii can induce pathology in a vertebrate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Schneider
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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35
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Chu CY, Jiang BG, Liu W, Zhao QM, Wu XM, Zhang PH, Zhan L, Yang H, Cao WC. Presence of pathogenic Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks and rodents in Zhejiang, south-east China. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:980-985. [PMID: 18628499 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular epidemiological survey was conducted to investigate the presence of pathogenic Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) species in the forest areas of Zhejiang province, south-east China. A total of 182 ticks of 6 species and 200 rodents of 8 species were collected and individually examined for the presence of B. burgdorferi s.l. DNA by nested PCR targeting the 5S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer. Forty-one ticks of four species, Haemaphysalis concinna, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Rhipicephalus microplus and Haemaphysalis warburconi, were infected with B. burgdorferi s.l., with an overall infection rate of 23 %. Sixteen rodents of four species, Nivivener confucianus, Nivivener coxingi, Apodemus sylvaticus and Rattus losea, were positive for B. burgdorferi s.l., with an overall prevalence of 8 %. MseI RFLP analysis and sequence analysis of the positive PCR products showed that Borrelia spirochaetes in specimens consisted of Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia valaisiana-related group. Forty (98 %) of the B. burgdorferi s.l.-positive ticks were infected with B. garinii and one (2 %) was infected with B. afzelii. Twelve (75 %) of the positive rodents were infected with B. garinii and four (25 %) were infected with the Borrelia spirochaete belonging to B. valaisiana-related group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Chu
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Bao-Gui Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Qiu-Min Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Pan-He Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Lin Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
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Majláthová V, Majláth I, Hromada M, Tryjanowski P, Bona M, Antczak M, Víchová B, Dzimko Š, Mihalca A, Peťko B. The role of the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) in the transmission cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Int J Med Microbiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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37
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Siegel C, Herzberger P, Skerka C, Brade V, Fingerle V, Schulte-Spechtel U, Wilske B, Zipfel PF, Wallich R, Kraiczy P. Binding of complement regulatory protein factor H enhances serum resistance of Borrelia spielmanii sp. nov. Int J Med Microbiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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38
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Blaschitz M, Narodoslavsky-Gföller M, Kanzler M, Walochnik J, Stanek G. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks in Austria. Int J Med Microbiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Milutinović M, Masuzawa T, Tomanović S, Radulović Z, Fukui T, Okamoto Y. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Francisella tularensis and their co-infections in host-seeking Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in Serbia. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2008; 45:171-183. [PMID: 18551370 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-008-9166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the prevalence rate of tick-borne bacterial pathogens, unfed adult Ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from vegetation in 2001, 2003, and 2004 at 18 localities throughout Serbia. A total of 287 ticks were examined by PCR technique for the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Francisella tularensis. The highest prevalence rate was that for B. burgdorferi sensu lato (42.5%), followed by A. phagocytophilum (13.9%) and F. tularensis (3.8%). The presence of five B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies, namely, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. lusitaniae, and B. valaisiana was identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The most frequent B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies was B. lusitaniae, followed by B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. Co-infection by B. burgdorferi sensu stricto and B. lusitaniae was frequently observed. Co-infection by B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum and co-infection by B. burgdorferi sensu lato and F. tularensis appeared in 24 ticks. Sequencing of p44/msp2 paralogs of Serbian A. phagocytophilum showed that they were unique and distinct from those of A. phagocytophilum in US and UK. This is the first report of B. garinii, B. lusitaniae, B. valaisiana, as well as A. phagocytophilum and F. tularensis infected ticks in Serbia. These findings indicate a public health threat in Serbia of tick-borne diseases caused by B. burgdorferi sensu lato, A. phagocytophilum and F. tularensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Milutinović
- Laboratory for Medical Arachnoentomology, Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 102, Dr. Subotića 4, 11129, Belgrade, Serbia.
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40
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Ružić-Sabljić E, Zore A, Strle F. Characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis after MluI restriction of genomic DNA. Res Microbiol 2008; 159:441-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Eisendle K, Baltaci M, Kutzner H, Zelger B. Detection of spirochaetal microorganisms by focus floating microscopy in necrobiosis lipoidica in patients from central Europe. Histopathology 2008; 52:877-84. [PMID: 18462358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.03051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Necrobiosis lipoidica (NL) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with unknown aetiology. The aim was to determine the presence of spirochaetal microorganisms in NL. METHODS AND RESULTS Focus-floating microscopy (FFM) is a modified immunohistochemical technique that was developed to detect borrelial spirochaetes within tissue sections. It has proven to be more sensitive for the detection of spirochaetes than polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fifty-six cases of NL as well as 44 negative and 33 positive controls were investigated for the presence of Borrelia within tissue specimens. Using FFM, Borrelia could be detected in 42 cases (75.0%) and were seen significantly more often in histologically active inflammatory-rich (38/41, 92.7%) than in inflammatory-poor (4/15, 26.7%) cases of NL (P < 0.001). Seven cases investigated with a Borrelia-specific PCR (23s-RNA) remained negative. In contrast, FFM was positive in 30 of 33 (90.9%) positive controls of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans and 15 of the positive controls (45.5%) were also positive with PCR, whereas no negative controls revealed any microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS Detection of spirochaetes in NL points to a specific involvement of B. burgdorferi or other similar strains in the development of or trigger for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Eisendle
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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42
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Fingerle V, Schulte-Spechtel UC, Ruzic-Sabljic E, Leonhard S, Hofmann H, Weber K, Pfister K, Strle F, Wilske B. Epidemiological aspects and molecular characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. from southern Germany with special respect to the new species Borrelia spielmanii sp. nov. Int J Med Microbiol 2008; 298:279-90. [PMID: 17616434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 475 Borrelia-infected Ixodes ricinus (2155 ticks investigated) from southern Germany the most common Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species was B. garinii (34.3%) followed by B. afzelii (25.1%), B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (22.0%), and B. valaisiana (12.7%). B. spielmanii sp. nov. was detected in 5.9% of the 475 infected ticks. Hints for a focal distribution were found for B. spielmanii sp. nov. and B. garinii OspA type 4. In 242 patient isolates, dominance (66.9%) of B. afzelii for skin could be confirmed, while frequency of B. garinii in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) isolates (51.1%) was comparable to the frequency in nymphal ticks (51.6%). Four patient isolates from southern Germany and two from Slovenia, all isolated from erythema migrans, could be assigned to B. spielmanii sp. nov. Within this new species high sequence identities were found for rrs, fla, and ospA while rrf-rrl, ospC, and dbpA were less conserved: three new ospC and two new dbpA sequence types were found. This genetic heterogeneity reveals that B. spielmanii sp. nov. did not evolve just recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Fingerle
- National Reference Center for Borreliae, Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
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Zelger B, Eisendle K, Mensing C, Zelger B. Detection of spirochetal micro-organisms by focus-floating microscopy in necrobiotic xanthogranuloma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57:1026-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Eisendle K, Grabner T, Zelger B. Morphoea: a manifestation of infection with Borrelia species? Br J Dermatol 2007; 157:1189-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Földvári G, Márialigeti M, Solymosi N, Lukács Z, Majoros G, Kósa JP, Farkas R. Hard Ticks Infesting Dogs in Hungary and their Infection with Babesia and Borrelia Species. Parasitol Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Herzberger P, Siegel C, Skerka C, Fingerle V, Schulte-Spechtel U, van Dam A, Wilske B, Brade V, Zipfel PF, Wallich R, Kraiczy P. Human pathogenic Borrelia spielmanii sp. nov. resists complement-mediated killing by direct binding of immune regulators factor H and factor H-like protein 1. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4817-25. [PMID: 17635869 PMCID: PMC2044541 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00532-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia spielmanii sp. nov. has recently been shown to be a novel human pathogenic genospecies that causes Lyme disease in Europe. In order to elucidate the immune evasion mechanisms of B. spielmanii, we compared the abilities of isolates obtained from Lyme disease patients and tick isolate PC-Eq17 to escape from complement-mediated bacteriolysis. Using a growth inhibition assay, we show that four B. spielmanii isolates, including PC-Eq17, are serum resistant, whereas a single isolate, PMew, was more sensitive to complement-mediated lysis. All isolates activated complement in vitro, as demonstrated by covalent attachment of C3 fragments; however, deposition of the later activation products C6 and C5b-9 was restricted to the moderately serum-resistant isolate PMew and the serum-sensitive B. garinii isolate G1. Furthermore, serum adsorption experiments revealed that all B. spielmanii isolates acquired the host alternative pathway regulators factor H and factor H-like protein (FHL-1) from human serum. Both complement regulators retained their factor I-mediated C3b inactivation activities when bound to spirochetes. In addition, two distinct factor H and FHL-1 binding proteins, BsCRASP-1 and BsCRASP-2, were identified, which we estimated to be approximately 23 to 25 kDa in mass. A further factor H binding protein, BsCRASP-3, was found exclusively in the tick isolate, PC-Eq17. This is the first report describing an immune evasion mechanism utilized by B. spielmanii sp. nov., and it demonstrates the capture of human immune regulators to resist complement-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Herzberger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany
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Majláthová V, Majláth I, Derdáková M, Víchová B, Pet'ko B. Borrelia lusitaniae and green lizards (Lacerta viridis), Karst Region, Slovakia. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 12:1895-901. [PMID: 17326941 PMCID: PMC3291370 DOI: 10.3201/eid1212.060784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, spirochetes within the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex are transmitted by Ixodes ricinus ticks. Specific associations are described between reservoir hosts and individual genospecies. We focused on green lizard (Lacerta viridis) as a host for ticks and potential host for borreliae. In 2004 and 2005, a total of 146 green lizards infested by ticks were captured, and 469 I. ricinus ticks were removed. Borrelial infection was detected in 16.6% of ticks from lizards. Of 102 skin biopsy specimens collected from lizards, 18.6% tested positive. The most frequently detected genospecies was B. lusitaniae (77.9%-94.7%). More than 19% of questing I. ricinus collected in areas where lizards were sampled tested positive for borreliae. B. garinii was the dominant species, and B. lusitaniae represented 11.1%. The presence of B. lusitaniae in skin biopsy specimens and in ticks that had fed on green lizards implicates this species in the transmission cycle of B. lusitaniae.
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Vorou RM, Papavassiliou VG, Tsiodras S. Emerging zoonoses and vector-borne infections affecting humans in Europe. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135:1231-47. [PMID: 17445320 PMCID: PMC2870710 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807008527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess and describe the current spectrum of emerging zoonoses between 2000 and 2006 in European countries. A computerized search of the Medline database from January 1966 to August 2006 for all zoonotic agents in European countries was performed using specific criteria for emergence. Fifteen pathogens were identified as emerging in Europe from 2000 to August 2006: Rickettsiae spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella spp., Francisella tularensis, Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, Hantavirus, Toscana virus, Tick-borne encephalitis virus group, West Nile virus, Sindbis virus, Highly Pathogenic Avian influenza, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Trichinella spp., and Echinococus multilocularis. Main risk factors included climatic variations, certain human activities as well as movements of animals, people or goods. Multi-disciplinary preventive strategies addressing these pathogens are of public health importance. Uniform harmonized case definitions should be introduced throughout Europe as true prevalence and incidence estimates are otherwise impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Vorou
- Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece.
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Koci J, Movila A, Taragel'ová V, Toderas I, Uspenskaia I, Derdáková M, Labuda M. First report of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and its co-infections with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Republic of Moldova. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2007; 41:147-52. [PMID: 17342346 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-007-9048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We examined 198 questing Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in Chisinau City, Republic of Moldova by PCR assays for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and co-infection of both pathogens, which were detected in 9%, 25.2% and 2.5% of tested ticks, respectively. B. burgdorferi s.l. genotyping revealed the presence of five genospecies with dominance of B. garinii. Our preliminary study provides evidence about occurrence of both pathogens in this populated area, which represent a potential health risk for inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Koci
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 84245, Slovakia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Maraspin
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Franc Strle
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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