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Cheng J, Qu JY, Hamblin MR, Hao D, Wen X. Disseminated disease caused by Mycobacterium marseillense: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35781. [PMID: 37904420 PMCID: PMC10615457 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Among numerous types of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, Mycobacterium avium complex is a related group of species, which can cause various diseases in humans. Mycobacterium marseillense is a member of the Mycobacterium avium complex, which accounts for only a small proportion of species, but causes rare diseases affecting the lungs, lymph nodes, skin, and tendon sheath. So far, very few cases have been reported. PATIENT CONCERNS A 76-year-old male of peculiar skin infection. Metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing and bacterial culture of skin secretions revealed M marseillense. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first patient diagnosed with disseminated M marseillense infection. Here, we identified only 8 other reports of patients with M marseillense infection. DIAGNOSES Disseminated M marseillense infection. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with clarithromycin, rifampicin, moxifloxacin, and ethambutol. OUTCOMES The skin lesions of the patient showed significant improvement, and his pruritus and limb pain were notably reduced after 7 months of follow-up. LESSONS Metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing may be a useful tool to diagnose M marseillense infection, but the results should be confirmed by culture and mycobacterial identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Centre for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Yan Qu
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Dan Hao
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Centre for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Centre for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Kitaura S, Okamoto K, Wakabayashi Y, Okada Y, Okazaki A, Ikeda M, Okugawa S, Fujimoto F, Bujo C, Minatsuki S, Tsushima K, Chikamatsu K, Mitarai S, Moriya K. A cold-blooded tiptoer: non-resolving cellulitis in an immunocompromised patient. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac074. [PMID: 35308485 PMCID: PMC8926000 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium haemophilum is a nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) with a predilection for skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) in the immunocompromised host. We report a case of disseminated M haemophilum infection initially presenting as a nonresolving subacute cellulitis of bilateral lower extremities. Genetic sequencing was used for final identification, while a commercially available polymerase chain reaction test returned a false-positive result for Mycobacterium intracellulare. Consequently, we highlight the importance of M haemophilum as a major differential diagnosis of SSTI in the immunocompromised host and the need for careful interpretation of rapid diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kitaura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koh Okamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuta Okada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aiko Okazaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mahoko Ikeda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Okugawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumie Fujimoto
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Bujo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Minatsuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tsushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinuyo Chikamatsu
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mitarai
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoji Moriya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Nomura Y, Okamoto K, Ohama Y, Higurashi Y, Harada S, Moriya K. Tenosynovitis caused by Mycobacterium marseillense, initially identified as Mycobacterium avium complex using AccuProbe and COBAS TaqMan. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1092. [PMID: 34688259 PMCID: PMC8542306 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium marseillense is a new species of the Mycobacterium avium complex. There has been only a few human infections caused by M. marseillense worldwide. Case presentation We report a case of tenosynovitis caused by M. marseillense in an immunocompetent adult in Japan. The isolate was initially identified as M. intracellulare using commercial real time polymerase chain reaction assays and later identified as M. marseillense with sequencing of the the rpoB and hsp65 regions, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Conclusions This is the first case reporting on M. marseillense generating a positive result with commercial real time PCR assays targeting MAC. Human infections associated by M. marseillense might be underreported due to similarities with Mycobacterium intracellulare. To accurately identify M. marseillese, MALDI-TOF MS might provide a rapid and reliable method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nomura
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koh Okamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8655, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuki Ohama
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Higurashi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sohei Harada
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoji Moriya
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8655, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu CF, Song YM, He WC, Liu DX, He P, Bao JJ, Wang XY, Li YM, Zhao YL. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in China: incidence and antimicrobial resistance spectrum from a nationwide survey. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:59. [PMID: 33926548 PMCID: PMC8082609 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on the prevalence and resistance spectrum of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in China is mainly based on regional or local data. To estimate the proportion of NTM cases in China, a national survey of NTM pulmonary disease was carried out based on acid-fast positive sputum samples collected in 2013. METHODS Sputum samples collected from enrolled presumptive cases in 72 nationwide tuberculosis surveillance sites from the 31 provinces in the mainland of China were cultured using L-J medium at the National tuberculosis reference laboratory (NTRL). MALDI-TOF MS identified the species of re-cultured strains, and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined to evaluate the drug susceptibility of NTM isolates. Data analysis used statistical software SPSS version 22.0 for Windows statistical package. RESULTS Of 4917 mycobacterial isolates cultured, 6.4% [317/4917, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.8%-7.2%] were confirmed as NTM, among which 7.7% (287/3709, 95% CI 6.9%-8.6%) were from the southern region. In inland and coastal China, 87.7% (95% CI 78.7%-93.2%) and 50.0% (95% CI 43.7%-56.3%) of isolates, respectively, were slow-growing mycobacteria (SGM), with the remaining rapid growing mycobacteria (RGM). A total of 29 species were detected, Mycobacterium abscessus had higher clarithromycin-inducible resistance rates than M. massiliense (65.67% vs 2.22%). M. kansasii presented lower resistance rates in linezolid and moxifloxacin than M. avium-intracellulare complex (3.23% vs 66.67%, 0 vs 47.22%) and other SGM (3.23% vs 38%, 0 vs 26%). CONCLUSIONS More NTM pulmonary disease was observed in the south and coastal China (P < 0.01). SGM was widely distributed, and more RGM are present in southern and coastal China (P < 0.01). The antimicrobial resistance spectrum of different NTM species was significantly different and accurate species identification would be facilitated to NTM pulmonary disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fa Liu
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changbai Road 155, Changping, Beijing102206, China
| | - Yi-Meng Song
- National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Dongdandahua Road 1, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wen-Cong He
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Dong-Xin Liu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong, 518112, China
| | - Ping He
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jing-Jing Bao
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, 010110, China
| | - Xin-Yang Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Yan-Ming Li
- National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Dongdandahua Road 1, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Yan-Lin Zhao
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changbai Road 155, Changping, Beijing102206, China.
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Dimopoulou D, Dimopoulou A, Kontos F, Fessatou S, Proikas K, Agniadis E, Zavras N, Attilakos A, Papaevangelou V. Mycobacterium marseillense lymphadenitis: A newly identified strain in the pediatric population. Infect Dis Now 2021; 51:684-685. [PMID: 33798729 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Dimopoulou
- Third department of pediatrics, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12642 Athens, Greece.
| | - Anastasia Dimopoulou
- Department of pediatric surgery, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Fanourios Kontos
- Laboratory of microbiology, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Smaragdi Fessatou
- Third department of pediatrics, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12642 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Proikas
- Second ENT department, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Agniadis
- Third department of pediatrics, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12642 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Zavras
- Department of pediatric surgery, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Achilleas Attilakos
- Third department of pediatrics, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12642 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Papaevangelou
- Third department of pediatrics, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Chaidari, 12642 Athens, Greece
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Extensor Tenosynovitis due to Mycobacterium marseillense Infection in a Renal Transplant Recipient. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEONS GLOBAL RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2021; 5:01979360-202101000-00002. [PMID: 33448712 PMCID: PMC7808464 DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-20-00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Renal transplant recipients are at an increased risk of atypical nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections. Infections caused by NTM are uncommon in the general population, rarely occurring in immunocompetent individuals. NTM infections are an uncommon cause of tenosynovitis. Mycobacterium marseillense is a rare, atypical mycobacteria that has been reported to cause pulmonary and cutaneous infections; however, no previous reports of this pathogen causing tenosynovitis exist. This case reports a 73-year-old male renal transplant recipient who presented with chronic extensor tenosynovitis of the right hand caused by M marseillense. The patient was treated with radical extensor tenosynovectomy and 6 months of antibiotic treatment. A review of literature on tenosynovitis caused by atypical mycobacteria was performed. The patient successfully responded to treatment with no complications or recurrence of infection at the 18-month follow-up. Tenosynovitis of the hand caused by atypical mycobacteria is rare. A high index of suspicion is required to prevent a delay in diagnosis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
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Xie B, Chen Y, Wang J, Gao W, Jiang H, Sun J, Jin X, Sang X, Yu X, Wang H. Mycobacterium marseillense Infection in Human Skin, China, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:1991-1993. [PMID: 31538923 PMCID: PMC6759254 DOI: 10.3201/eid2510.190695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of facial skin infection and sinusitis caused by Mycobacterium marseillense in an immunocompetent woman in China in 2018. The infection was cleared with clarithromycin, moxifloxacin, and amikacin. Antimicrobial drug treatments could not be predicted by genetic analyses; further genetic characterization would be required to do so.
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Sánchez-Cárdenas CD, Zambrano MT, Martínez-Chavarria LC, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Arenas R, Hernández-Castro R. Cutaneous infection due to Mycobacterium marseillense acquired following acupuncture. Acupunct Med 2020; 38:205-206. [DOI: 10.1177/0964528419883278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luary C Martínez-Chavarria
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Xicohtencatl-Cortes
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México “Dr. Federico Gómez,” Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Roberto Arenas
- Sección de Micología, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González,” Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Hernández-Castro
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González,” Ciudad de México, Mexico
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GenoType NTM-DR Performance Evaluation for Identification of Mycobacterium avium Complex and Mycobacterium abscessus and Determination of Clarithromycin and Amikacin Resistance. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.00516-19. [PMID: 31167842 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00516-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the GenoType NTM-DR (NTM-DR) line probe assay for identifying Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) species and Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies and for determining clarithromycin and amikacin resistance. Thirty-eight reference strains and 145 clinical isolates (58 MAC and 87 M. abscessus isolates), including 54 clarithromycin- and/or amikacin-resistant strains, were involved. The performance of the NTM-DR assay in rapid identification was evaluated by comparison with results of multigene sequence-based typing, whereas performance in rapid detection of clarithromycin and amikacin resistance was evaluated by comparison with sequencing of the erm(41), rrl, and rrs genes and drug susceptibility testing (DST). The accuracies of MAC and M. abscessus (sub)species identification were 92.1% (35/38) and 100% (145/145) for the 38 reference strains and 145 clinical isolates, respectively. Three MAC strains other than M. intracellulare were found to cross-react with the M. intracellulare probe in the assay. Regarding clarithromycin resistance, NTM-DR detected rrl mutations in 52 isolates and yielded 99.3% (144/145) and 98.6% (143/145) concordant results with sequencing and DST, respectively. NTM-DR sensitivity and specificity in the detection of clarithromycin resistance were 96.3% (52/54) and 100% (91/91), respectively. The NTM-DR yielded accurate erm(41) genotype results for all 87 M. abscessus isolates. Regarding amikacin resistance, NTM-DR detected rrs mutations in five isolates and yielded 99.3% (144/145) and 97.9% (142/145) concordant results with sequencing and DST, respectively. Our results indicate that the NTM-DR assay is a straightforward and accurate approach for discriminating MAC and M. abscessus (sub)species and for detecting clarithromycin and amikacin resistance mutations and that it is a useful tool in the clinical setting.
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Azzali A, Montagnani C, Simonetti MT, Spinelli G, de Martino M, Galli L. First case of Mycobacterium marseillense lymphadenitis in a child. Ital J Pediatr 2017; 43:92. [PMID: 29017528 PMCID: PMC5635610 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-017-0413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are pathogens that commonly affect the paediatric population and its most frequent manifestation is a cervicofacial lymphadenopathy. With the improvement of technologies, new species have been recently identified. Case presentation We report the first case of NMT lymphadenitis in a child caused by Mycobacterium marseillense, a newly described species belonging to Mycobacterium avium complex. Conclusions Improving the identification of these newly discovered mycobacteria, further information will be available about their clinical involvement and their best treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Azzali
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini, 24, I-50139, Florence, Italy
| | - C Montagnani
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - M T Simonetti
- Tuscany Regional Reference Centre for Mycobacteria, Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - G Spinelli
- Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit, Neurosensorial Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - M de Martino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini, 24, I-50139, Florence, Italy
| | - L Galli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini, 24, I-50139, Florence, Italy. .,Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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Avian Mycobacteriosis: Still Existing Threat to Humans. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4387461. [PMID: 27556033 PMCID: PMC4983314 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4387461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The nontuberculous mycobacteria are typically environmental organisms residing in soil and water. These microorganisms can cause a wide range of clinical diseases; pulmonary disease is most frequent, followed by lymphadenitis in children, skin and soft tissue disease, and rare extra pulmonary or disseminated infections. Mycobacterium avium complex is the second most common cause of pulmonary mycobacterioses after M. tuberculosis. This review covers the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of infection caused by the members of this complex and particularities for the treatment of different disease types and patient populations.
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Microbiological features and clinical relevance of new species of the genus Mycobacterium. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 27:727-52. [PMID: 25278573 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00035-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are present in the environment, mainly in water, and are occasionally responsible for opportunistic infections in humans. Despite the fact that NTM are characterized by a moderate pathogenicity, the diseases caused by NTM at various body sites are increasing on a worldwide level. Among over 150 officially recognized NTM species, only two or three dozen are familiar to clinicians, and even to most microbiologists. In this paper, approximately 50 new species described in the last 8 years are reviewed, and their role in human infections is assessed on the basis of reported clinical cases. The small number of reports concerning most of the "new" mycobacterial species is responsible for the widespread conviction that they are very rare. Their role is actually largely underestimated, mainly because they often remain unrecognized and misidentified. Aiming to minimize such bias, emphasis has been placed on more common identification pitfalls. Together with new NTM, new members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex described in the last few years are also an object of the present review.
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