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You X, Yao Y, Gao J, Liao Y. Corynebacterium bovis infection after autologous fat grafting in breast augmentation: a case report. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1265872. [PMID: 38145043 PMCID: PMC10739324 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1265872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, we present a case study of a rare human bacterium, Corynebacterium bovis, which caused an infection in a patient who had undergone autologous fat-based breast augmentation using cryopreserved fat. This infection occurred during a secondary fat grafting procedure. To identify the bacteria causing the infection, we used high-throughput DNA sequencing technology since this bacterium is seldomly reported in human infections. The patient was successfully treated with intravenous imipenem. We also discuss potential factors that may have contributed to this unusual bacterial infection and propose that DNA sequencing can be a useful tool in cases where standard culture techniques fail to identify the causative agent. Additionally, we highlight the importance of further research on the cryopreservation of fat. In summary, this case highlights the possibility of rare bacterial infections occurring after fat grafting procedures and emphasizes the importance of identifying the causative agent through advanced techniques such as DNA sequencing. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of the risks associated with cryopreservation of fat and to identify ways to prevent these types of infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - YunJun Liao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guang Zhou, Guang Dong, China
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Young BD, Rosales SM, Enochs IC, Kolodziej G, Formel N, Moura A, D'Alonso GL, Traylor-Knowles N. Different disease inoculations cause common responses of the host immune system and prokaryotic component of the microbiome in Acropora palmata. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286293. [PMID: 37228141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reef-building corals contain a complex consortium of organisms, a holobiont, which responds dynamically to disease, making pathogen identification difficult. While coral transcriptomics and microbiome communities have previously been characterized, similarities and differences in their responses to different pathogenic sources has not yet been assessed. In this study, we inoculated four genets of the Caribbean branching coral Acropora palmata with a known coral pathogen (Serratia marcescens) and white band disease. We then characterized the coral's transcriptomic and prokaryotic microbiomes' (prokaryiome) responses to the disease inoculations, as well as how these responses were affected by a short-term heat stress prior to disease inoculation. We found strong commonality in both the transcriptomic and prokaryiomes responses, regardless of disease inoculation. Differences, however, were observed between inoculated corals that either remained healthy or developed active disease signs. Transcriptomic co-expression analysis identified that corals inoculated with disease increased gene expression of immune, wound healing, and fatty acid metabolic processes. Co-abundance analysis of the prokaryiome identified sets of both healthy-and-disease-state bacteria, while co-expression analysis of the prokaryiomes' inferred metagenomic function revealed infected corals' prokaryiomes shifted from free-living to biofilm states, as well as increasing metabolic processes. The short-term heat stress did not increase disease susceptibility for any of the four genets with any of the disease inoculations, and there was only a weak effect captured in the coral hosts' transcriptomic and prokaryiomes response. Genet identity, however, was a major driver of the transcriptomic variance, primarily due to differences in baseline immune gene expression. Despite genotypic differences in baseline gene expression, we have identified a common response for components of the coral holobiont to different disease inoculations. This work has identified genes and prokaryiome members that can be focused on for future coral disease work, specifically, putative disease diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Young
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Cooperative Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Rosenstiel School of Marine Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M Rosales
- Cooperative Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Rosenstiel School of Marine Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ian C Enochs
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Graham Kolodziej
- Cooperative Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Rosenstiel School of Marine Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nathan Formel
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amelia Moura
- Coral Restoration Foundation, Tavernier, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Nikki Traylor-Knowles
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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Gabay S, Tene Y, Ben-Ami R, Shapira Y. Corynebacterium bovis surgical site infection and brain abscess: The first case report and literature review. IDCases 2023; 33:e01782. [PMID: 37273774 PMCID: PMC10236288 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium bovis is a mainly zoonotic pathogen, a common cause of bovine mastitis. It is however rarely pathogenic in humans, with only few cases reported in the literature. We present the first reported case of neurosurgical site infection due to c.bovis, resulting in a brain abscess. A 75-year-old female presented with dysphasia resulting from lung metastases. She underwent surgical resection, and four months later presented with swelling, tenderness and crusted exudate over the surgical site. Mri revealed surgical site infection and brain abscess, therefore the patient underwent urgent surgery. C.bovis was isolated from all specimens sent from different locations. The patient received appropriate antibiotic treatment without sequela. C. Bovis is being increasingly reported as a cause of various human infections, and should not automatically be considered to be a mere contaminant. It is imperative to be certain, prior to the antibiotics treatment, that this particular isolate is likely to be the pathogen, as it can be evident when there are multiple positive cultures of this pathogen from several locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segev Gabay
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Tene
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-aviv, Israel
| | - Ronen Ben-Ami
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Shapira
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-aviv, Israel
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Hall JM, Falcon IZ, Elward AM, Daniels EA, Greene SE, Cabler SS, Reich PJ, Storch GA. Petting Zoos as an Unsuspected Source of Pediatric Infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:346-349. [PMID: 36728537 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Children are at risk for infection following animal exposure at petting zoos owing to suboptimal hand hygiene and frequent hand-to-mucosal surface contact. Public health surveillance is limited, and infectious risk is likely underrecognized. Most reported infections are enteric. Here, we describe two children with unusual, nonenteric infections following petting zoo exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimee M Hall
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Isabelle Z Falcon
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Alexis M Elward
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Elizabeth A Daniels
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sarah E Greene
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Stephanie S Cabler
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Critical Care, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Patrick J Reich
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gregory A Storch
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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Fernández-Garayzábal JF, LaFrentz S, Casamayor A, Abarca E, Mohammed HH, Cuming RS, Arias CR, Domínguez L, Vela AI. Corynebacterium conjunctivae: A New Corynebacterium Species Isolated from the Ocular Surface of Healthy Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141827. [PMID: 35883374 PMCID: PMC9312174 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The identification of commensal bacteria in normal eyes is relevant because they contribute to ocular defense mechanisms. Studies focused on identifying the normal ocular flora in horses confirm that Gram-positive bacteria are predominant, with the genus Corynebacterium being among the most frequently identified. However, identification at the species level is uncommon, which limits precise knowledge about the diversity of the corynebacterial species in equine eyes. The purpose of this study was to characterize some commensal Corynebacterium-like organisms recovered from the conjunctival sac of healthy adult horses using phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular genetic methodologies. Based on the results obtained, we propose a new Corynebacterium species, Corynebacterium conjunctivae, as a commensal organism of the horse eye. Abstract Twenty-two unidentified Gram-positive, rod-shaped organisms were recovered from the conjunctival surface of apparently healthy horses and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Based on cellular morphology and biochemical criteria, the isolates were tentatively assigned to the genus Corynebacterium, although they did not match any recognized species. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies demonstrated that all of the isolates were phylogenetically members of the genus Corynebacterium. The isolates shared 99.4 to 100% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity among the strains and 96.5% similarity with Corynebacterium tapiri 2385/12T, which was the closest phylogenetically related species. The DNA G+C content was 58.4 mol%. The major fatty acids were C15:0, C16:0, C17:1ω8c and C18:1ω9c, while the predominant mycolic acids consisted of C30:0, C32:0 and C34:0. The isolates were distinguished from related Corynebacterium species by a number of phenotypic properties. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence, it is proposed that the unknown isolates from horses be classified in the genus Corynebacterium as Corynebacterium conjunctivae sp. nov. The type strain of C. conjunctivae is ICM19-01138T (DSM 109759T = CCUG 73728T).
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Affiliation(s)
- José F. Fernández-Garayzábal
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.F.-G.); (A.C.); (L.D.)
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary School, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stacey LaFrentz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36894, USA;
| | - Almudena Casamayor
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.F.-G.); (A.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Eva Abarca
- Servei d’Oftalmologia, ARS Veterinaria, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Haitham H. Mohammed
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt;
| | | | - Cova R. Arias
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36894, USA
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.F.-G.); (A.C.); (L.D.)
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary School, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Vela
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.F.-G.); (A.C.); (L.D.)
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary School, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Elsheikh M, Elsayed A, Bennett N, Connor M. Corynebacterium Bovis: A Rare Case of Persistent Bacterial Keratitis and Corneal Perforation. Cureus 2021; 13:e16913. [PMID: 34513486 PMCID: PMC8412843 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a rare case of severe, non-contact lens-related Corynebacterium bovis corneal infection on a background of viral keratitis, resulting in corneal abscess formation with subsequent corneal perforation. An 89-year-old Caucasian lady presented with a significant epithelial defect and a dense stromal infiltrates on a background of herpes zoster keratitis, ultimately resulting in corneal perforation. Enrichment culture obtained from corneal scraping isolated the unusual organism Corynebacterium bovis. This was treated with a combination of culture-directed, targeted course of antibiotics and surgical interventions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of profuse bacterial keratitis secondary to Corynebacterium bovis infiltration, on a background of viral keratitis, resulting in corneal abscess formation and subsequent perforation. This report highlights this rare bacterium’s characteristics including its pathogenicity in causing severe corneal disease, particularly in immunosuppressed environments such as in this case, apparent antibiotic sensitivities & resistance, and potential transmission route.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Elsayed
- Ophthalmology, NHS Dumfries & Galloway, Dumfries, GBR
| | | | - Martin Connor
- Microbiology, NHS Dumfries & Galloway, Dumfries, GBR
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Fagre AC, Pugazhenthi U, Cheleuitte-Nieves C, Crim MJ, Henderson KS, Fong DL, Leszczynski JK, Schurr MJ, Daniels JB, Manuel CA. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Corynebacterium bovis Isolates from Immunodeficient Rodents. Comp Med 2021; 71:210-214. [PMID: 33836843 PMCID: PMC8223865 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Corynebacterium bovis, the causative agent of hyperkeratotic dermatitis in immunodeficient mice, is a significant problem in preclinical oncology research. Infection results in lifelong skin colonization and a decrease in successful engraftment of patient-derived xenograft tumor models. The use of antimicrobial agents for C. bovis is controversial in light of reports of poor efficacy and the possibility of selection for resistant strains. The purpose of this study was to describe the antimicrobial susceptibilities of C. bovis isolates obtained exclusively from immunodeficient rodents in order to aid in antimicrobial dose determination. Between 1995 and 2018, 15 isolates were collected from 11 research institutions across the United States. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for 24 antimicrobials commonly used against gram-positive bacteria. Our results provide an updated understanding of the susceptibility profiles of rodent C. bovis isolates, indicating little variability between geographically and temporally distant isolates. These results will facilitate appropriate antimicrobial use to prevent and treat C. bovis infections in immunodeficient rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Fagre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Uma Pugazhenthi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christopher Cheleuitte-Nieves
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Marcus J Crim
- Molecular Diagnostics and Microbiology, IDEXX BioAnalytics, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kenneth S Henderson
- Research Animal Diagnostic Services, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts
| | - Derek L Fong
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jori K Leszczynski
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joshua B Daniels
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Christopher A Manuel
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado;,
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Cheleuitte-Nieves C, Heselpoth RD, Westblade LF, Lipman NS, Fischetti VA. Searching for a Bacteriophage Lysin to Treat Corynebacterium bovis in Immunocompromised Mice. Comp Med 2020; 70:328-335. [PMID: 32471521 PMCID: PMC7446641 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Corynebacterium bovis is the causative agent of Corynebacterium-associated hyperkeratosis in immunocompromised mice. The resulting skin pathology can be profound and can be associated with severe wasting, making the animals unsuitable for research. Although the administration of antibiotics is effective in resolving clinical symptoms, antibiotics do not eradicate the offending bacterium. Furthermore, antibiotic use may be contraindicated as it can affect tumor growth and is associated with Clostridioides difficile enterotoxemia in highly immunocompromised murine strains. Lysins, which are lytic enzymes obtained from bacteriophages, are novel antimicrobial agents for treating bacterial diseases. The advantage of lysins are its target specificity, with minimal off-target complications that could affect the host or the biology of the engrafted tumor. The aim of this study was to identify lysins active against C. bovis. Chemical activation of latent prophages by using mitomycin C in 3 C. bovis isolates did not cause bacteriophage induction as determined through plaque assays and transmission electron microscopy. As an alternative approach, 8 lysins associated with other bacterial species, including those from the closely related species C. falsenii, were tested for their lytic action against C. bovis but were unsuccessful. These findings were congruent with the previously reported genomic analysis of 21 C. bovis isolates, which failed to reveal bacteriophage sequences by using the PHAST and PHASTER web server tools. From these results, we suggest C. bovis is among those rare bacterial species devoid of lysogenic bacteriophages, thus making the identification of C. bovis-specific lysins more challenging. However, C. bovis may be a useful model organism for studying the effects of antiphage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cheleuitte-Nieves
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York; Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York;,
| | - Ryan D Heselpoth
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Lars F Westblade
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Neil S Lipman
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York; Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Vincent A Fischetti
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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Genotypic differences between strains of the opportunistic pathogen Corynebacterium bovis isolated from humans, cows, and rodents. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209231. [PMID: 30586440 PMCID: PMC6306256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium bovis is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen shown to cause eye and prosthetic joint infections as well as abscesses in humans, mastitis in dairy cattle, and skin disease in laboratory mice and rats. Little is known about the genetic characteristics and genomic diversity of C. bovis because only a single draft genome is available for the species. The overall aim of this study was to sequence and compare the genome of C. bovis isolates obtained from different species, locations, and time points. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted on 20 C. bovis isolates (six human, four bovine, nine mouse and one rat) using the Illumina MiSeq platform and submitted to various comparative analysis tools. Sequencing generated high-quality contigs (over 2.53 Mbp) that were comparable to the only reported assembly using C. bovis DSM 20582T (97.8 ± 0.36% completeness). The number of protein-coding DNA sequences (2,174 ± 12.4) was similar among all isolates. A Corynebacterium genus neighbor-joining tree was created, which revealed Corynebacterium falsenii as the nearest neighbor to C. bovis (95.87% similarity), although the reciprocal comparison shows Corynebacterium jeikeium as closest neighbor to C. falsenii. Interestingly, the average nucleotide identity demonstrated that the C. bovis isolates clustered by host, with human and bovine isolates clustering together, and the mouse and rat isolates forming a separate group. The average number of genomic islands and putative virulence factors were significantly higher (p<0.001) in the mouse and rat isolates as compared to human/bovine isolates. Corynebacterium bovis’ pan-genome contained a total of 3,067 genes of which 1,354 represented core genes. The known core genes of all isolates were primarily related to ‘‘metabolism” and ‘‘information storage/processing.” However, most genes were classified as ‘‘function unknown” or “unclassified”. Surprisingly, no intact prophages were found in any isolate; however, almost all isolates had at least one complete CRISPR-Cas system.
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