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Sagong M, Kang YM, Kim NY, Noh EB, Heo GB, An SH, Lee YJ, Choi YK, Lee KN. Development of a Novel Korean H9-Specific rRT-PCR Assay and Its Application for Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance in Korea. J Microbiol 2023; 61:929-936. [PMID: 38010587 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Since the 2000s, the Y439 lineage of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been the predominant strain circulating in poultry in Korea; however, in 2020, the Y280 lineage emerged and spread rapidly nationwide, causing large economic losses. To prevent further spread and circulation of such viruses, rapid detection and diagnosis through active surveillance programs are crucial. Here, we developed a novel H9 rRT-PCR assay that can detect a broad range of H9Nx viruses in situations in which multiple lineages of H9 AIVs are co-circulating. We then evaluated its efficacy using a large number of clinical samples. The assay, named the Uni Kor-H9 assay, showed high sensitivity for Y280 lineage viruses, as well as for the Y439 lineage originating in Korean poultry and wild birds. In addition, the assay showed no cross-reactivity with other subtypes of AIV or other avian pathogens. Furthermore, the Uni Kor-H9 assay was more sensitive, and had higher detection rates, than reference H9 rRT-PCR methods when tested against a panel of domestically isolated H9 AIVs. In conclusion, the novel Uni Kor-H9 assay enables more rapid and efficient diagnosis than the "traditional" method of virus isolation followed by subtyping RT-PCR. Application of the new H9 rRT-PCR assay to AI active surveillance programs will help to control and manage Korean H9 AIVs more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeong Kim
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bi Noh
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Beom Heo
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hee An
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Borkenhagen LK, Aung PP, Htay T, Thein ZW, Tin OS, Mon TS, Myint W, Bailey ES, Wanninger TG, Kandeil AM, Webby RJ, Gray GC. A cross-sectional study of avian influenza A virus in Myanmar live bird markets: Detection of a newly introduced H9N2? Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13111. [PMID: 36843223 PMCID: PMC9970615 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic influenza surveillance in Myanmar is sparse, despite the risks of introduction of such viruses from neighboring countries that could impact the poultry industry and lead to spillover to humans. METHODS In July and August 2019, our multi-institutional partnership conducted a One Health-oriented, cross-sectional surveillance (weekly for 3 weeks) for influenza A and influenza D viruses at the three largest live bird markets in Yangon, Myanmar. RESULTS The 27 bioaerosols, 90 bird cage swabs, 90 bird oropharyngeals, and 90 human nasopharyngeal samples yielded molecular influenza A detections in 8 bioaerosols (30.0%), 16 bird cages (17.8%), 15 bird oropharyngeals (16.7%), and 1 human nasopharyngeal (1.1%) samples. No influenza D was detected. Seven of the influenza A virus detections were found to be subtype A/H9N2, and one human nasopharyngeal sample was found to be subtype A/H1pdm. Among all IAV-positive samples, three of the A/H9N2-positive samples yielded live viruses from egg culture and their whole genome sequences revealing they belonged to the G9/Y280 lineage of A/H9N2 viruses. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these A/H9N2 sequences clustered separately from A/H9N2 viruses that were previously detected in Myanmar, supporting the notion that A/H9N2 viruses similar to those seen in wider Southeast Asia may have been introduced to Myanmar on multiple occasions. CONCLUSIONS These findings call for increased surveillance efforts in Myanmar to monitor for the introduction of novel influenza viruses in poultry, as well as possible reassortment and zoonotic virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Borkenhagen
- Duke Global Health InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Poe Poe Aung
- Duke Global Health Institute Myanmar ProgramYangonMyanmar
| | - Thura Htay
- Duke Global Health Institute Myanmar ProgramYangonMyanmar
| | - Zaw Win Thein
- Duke Global Health Institute Myanmar ProgramYangonMyanmar
| | - Ommar Swe Tin
- National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical ServicesMinistry of HealthYangonMyanmar
| | - Thet Su Mon
- Special Disease Control UnitDepartment of Public Health, Ministry of HealthNaypyitawMyanmar
| | - Win Myint
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary DepartmentMinistry of Agriculture, Livestock and IrrigationYangonMyanmar
| | - Emily S. Bailey
- Duke Global Health InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Timothy G. Wanninger
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Ahmed M. Kandeil
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza VirusesNational Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- Duke Global Health InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases)University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
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3
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Sagong M, Lee KN, Lee EK, Kang H, Choi YK, Lee YJ. Current situation and control strategies of H9N2 avian influenza in South Korea. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e5. [PMID: 36560837 PMCID: PMC9899936 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza (AI) has become endemic in poultry in many countries since the 1990s, which has caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. Considering the long history of the low pathogenicity H9N2 AI in many countries, once H9N2 AI is introduced, it is more difficult to eradicate than high pathogenicity AI. Various preventive measures and strategies, including vaccination and active national surveillance, have been used to control the Y439 lineage of H9N2 AI in South Korea, but it took a long time for the H9N2 virus to disappear from the fields. By contrast, the novel Y280 lineage of H9N2 AI was introduced in June 2020 and has spread nationwide. This study reviews the history, genetic and pathogenic characteristics, and control strategies for Korean H9N2 AI. This review may provide some clues for establishing control strategies for endemic AIV and a newly introduced Y280 lineage of H9N2 AI in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Hyunmi Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.
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4
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Zhang X, Li Y, Jin S, Wang T, Sun W, Zhang Y, Li F, Zhao M, Sun L, Hu X, Feng N, Xie Y, Zhao Y, Yang S, Xia X, Gao Y. H9N2 influenza virus spillover into wild birds from poultry in China bind to human-type receptors and transmit in mammals via respiratory droplets. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:669-684. [PMID: 33566453 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 influenza virus has been reported worldwide for several decades, and it has evolved into multiple genotypes among domestic poultry. However, the study involving ecology and evolution of low pathogenic avian influenza virus H9N2 in wild birds in China is limited. Here, we carried out surveillance of avian influenza virus H9N2 in wild birds along with the East Asian-Australian migratory flyway in China in 2017. To estimate the prevalence of H9N2 avian virus in wild birds, information on exposure of wild bird populations to H9N2 viruses using serology, in addition to virology, would greatly improve monitoring capabilities. In this study, we also present serological data of H9N2 among wild birds in China during 2013-2016. We report the identification of poultry-derived H9N2 isolates from asymptomatic infected multispecies wild birds such as Common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), Little owl (Athene noctua) and Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) in North China in June 2017. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that Tianjin H9N2 isolates belong to the G81 and carry internal genes highly homologous to human H10N8 and H7N9. The isolates could directly infect mice without adaptation but were restricted to replicate in the respiratory system. Glycan-binding preference analyses suggested that the H9N2 isolates have acquired a binding affinity for the human-like receptor. Notably, results from transmission experiment in guinea pigs and ferrets demonstrated the wild birds-derived H9N2 influenza virus exhibits efficient transmission phenotypes in mammalian models via respiratory droplets. Our results indicate that the H9N2 AIVs continued to circulate extensively in wild bird populations and migratory birds play an important role in the spread and genetic diversification of H9N2 AIVs. The pandemic potential of H9N2 viruses demonstrated by aerosol transmission in mammalian models via respiratory droplets highlights the importance of monitoring influenza viruses in these hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghai Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanguo Li
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Song Jin
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Weiyang Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Fangxu Li
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Menglin Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Leiyun Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Na Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Xie
- Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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5
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Abstract
The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) has become endemic in poultry globally; however due to its low pathogenicity, it is not under primary surveillance and control in many countries. Recent reports of human infection caused by H9N2 AIV has increased public concern. This study investigated the genetic and antigenic characteristics of H9N2 AIV isolated from local markets in nine provinces in Southern China from 2013 to 2018. We detected an increasing annual isolation rate of H9N2 AIV. Phylogenetic analyses of hemagglutinin (HA) genes suggests that isolated strains were rooted in BJ94 lineage but have evolved into new subgroups (II and III), which derived from subgroup I. The estimated substitution rate of the subgroup III strains was 6.23 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year, which was 1.5-fold faster than that of the average H9N2 HA rate (3.95 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year). Based on the antigenic distances, subgroup II and III strains resulted in two clear antigenic clusters 2 and 3, separated from the vaccine strain F98, cluster 1. New antigenic properties of subgroup III viruses were associated with 11 amino acid changes in the HA protein, suggesting antigenic drift in H9N2 viruses. Our phylogenetic and antigenic analyses of the H9N2 strains circulating in local markets in Southern China provide new insights on the antigenic diversification of H9N2 viruses. IMPORTANCE The H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus has become endemic in poultry globally. In several Asian countries, vaccination against H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) was approved to reduce economic losses in the poultry industry. However, surveillance programs initiated after the introduction of vaccination identified the persistence of H9N2 AIV in poultry (especially in chicken in South Korea and China). Recent reports of human infection caused by H9N2 AIV has increased public concern. Surveillance of H9N2 circulating in poultry in the fields or markets was essential to update the vaccination strategies. This study investigated the genetic and antigenic characteristics of H9N2 AIVs isolated from local markets in nine provinces in Southern China from 2013 to 2018. The discovery of mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene that result in antigenic changes provides a baseline reference for evolutionary studies of H9N2 viruses and vaccination strategies in poultry.
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6
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Yang Z, Murata S, Fujisawa S, Takehara M, Katakura K, Hmoon MM, Win SY, Bawm S, Konnai S, Ohashi K. Molecular detection and genetic characterization of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in poultry in Myanmar. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:453. [PMID: 33228640 PMCID: PMC7685572 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious viral disease that causes severe economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. In Southeast Asian countries, including Myanmar, poultry farming is a major industry. Although it is known that infectious respiratory pathogens, including infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), are a major threat to poultry farms, there are no data currently available on the epidemiology of ILTV in Myanmar. Therefore, in this study, we conducted a molecular detection of ILTV in 20 poultry farms in Myanmar. RESULTS Of the 57 tested oropharyngeal swabs, 10 were positive for ILTV by polymerase chain reaction of a 647 bp region of the thymidine kinase (TK) gene, giving a prevalence of ILTV of 17.5% (10/57). Further sequencing analysis of infected cell protein 4 (ICP4) gene and glycoprotein B, G, and J (gB, gG, and gJ) genes indicated that these isolates were field strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Myanmar strains clustered together in a single branch and were closely related to other reference strains isolated from Asian countries. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the presence of ILTV in poultry farms in Myanmar. The genetic characterization analysis performed provides the fundamental data for epidemiological studies that monitor circulating strains of ILTV in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Yang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiro Murata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Sotaro Fujisawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Takehara
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Katakura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Shwe Yee Win
- University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Saw Bawm
- University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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7
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Sims LD, Tripodi A, Swayne DE. Spotlight on avian pathology: can we reduce the pandemic threat of H9N2 avian influenza to human and avian health? Avian Pathol 2020; 49:529-531. [PMID: 32720513 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1796139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 should be a "call to arms" for the poultry industry to reassess containment of the H9N2 subtype of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Strains of this virus are a human pandemic threat and a severe economic burden on poultry production. Over the past 20 years they have spread throughout Asia, Africa, Middle East and parts of Europe. As a global industry, a critical need is to re-imagine production and marketing chains, especially in low and middle-income countries, where the structure of much of the industry facilitates virus transmission, especially, but not only, in improperly managed live poultry markets and related value chains. Better, appropriately matched vaccines are needed to support this process but such vaccines cannot, alone, overcome the existing defects in biosecurity, including high farm densities. None of this will occur unless the threat posed by this virus to global health security is recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie D Sims
- Asia Pacific Veterinary Information Services Pty. Ltd., Montmorency, Australia
| | | | - David E Swayne
- United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
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8
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Thurain K, Mon PP, Nasamran C, Charoenkul K, Boonyapisitsopa S, Tun TN, San YY, Aye AM, Amonsin A. Surveillance of influenza A virus subtype H5N1 in a live bird market in Yangon, Myanmar: 2017-2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2667-2678. [PMID: 32386461 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A survey of influenza A viruses (IAVs) in the Mingalar Taung Nyunt live bird market (MTN-LBM), Yangon, Myanmar, was conducted from December 2017 to December 2018. During the survey, 455 swab samples were collected from broilers, layers, backyard chickens and ducks from the MTN-LBM. Ninety-one pooled samples were screened for IAVs by real-time RT-PCR specific to the M gene. Positive pooled samples were individually retested for IAVs. In total, 2.63% of individual samples (12/455) were positive for IAVs. Out of 12 samples, seven samples from layer chickens and the environment were identified as IAV subtype H5N1. In this study, four IAVs were successfully isolated and further characterized by whole genome sequencing. Whole genome sequence analysis revealed that the viruses were characterized as highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 (HPAIV-H5N1) of clade 2.3.2.1c. Phylogenetic and genetic analyses showed that Myanmar HPAIV-H5N1 was closely related to HPAIV-H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c isolated from China and Vietnam in 2014. Our results suggested that the live bird market in Myanmar represents a significant risk of HPAIV-H5N1 transmission in poultry and humans. Moreover, HPAIV-H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c is widely distributed in South-East Asia including Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Thurain
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Pont Pont Mon
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Chanakarn Nasamran
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamonpan Charoenkul
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supanat Boonyapisitsopa
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Than Naing Tun
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Yin Yin San
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Aung Myo Aye
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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9
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Almayahi ZK, Al Kindi H, Davies CT, Al-Rawahi B, Al-Jardani A, Al-Yaqoubi F, Jang Y, Jones J, Barnes JR, Davis W, Bo S, Lynch B, Wentworth DE, Al-Maskari Z, Maani AA, Al-Abri S. First report of human infection with avian influenza A(H9N2) virus in Oman: The need for a One Health approach. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 91:169-173. [PMID: 31765821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the detection of the first human case of avian influenza A subtype H9N2 in 1998, more than 40 cases were diagnosed worldwide. However, the spread of the virus has been more remarkable and significant in global poultry populations, causing notable economic losses despite its low pathogenicity. Many surveillance studies and activities conducted in several countries have shown the predominance of this virus subtype. We present the case of a 14-month-old female in Oman with an A(H9N2) virus infection. This is the first human case of A(H9N2) reported from Oman and the Gulf Cooperation Countries, and Oman is the second country outside of southern and eastern Asia to report a case (cases have also been detected in Egypt). The patient had bronchial asthma and presented with a high-grade temperature and symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection that necessitated admission to a high dependency unit in a tertiary care hospital. It is of urgency that a multisector One Health approach be established to combat the threat of avian influenza at the animal-human interface. In addition to enhancements of surveillance and control in poultry, there is a need to develop screening and preventive programs for high-risk occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayid K Almayahi
- Directorate General for Health Services in South Batinah Governorate, MoH, Rustaq, Oman.
| | - Hanan Al Kindi
- Central Public Health Laboratories, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Oman.
| | - C Todd Davies
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Bader Al-Rawahi
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Amina Al-Jardani
- Central Public Health Laboratories, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Oman.
| | - Fatma Al-Yaqoubi
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Yunho Jang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Joyce Jones
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - John R Barnes
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - William Davis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Shu Bo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Brian Lynch
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | | | - Amal Al Maani
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Seif Al-Abri
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman.
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10
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Fujisawa S, Murata S, Takehara M, Katakura K, Hmoon MM, Win SY, Ohashi K. Molecular detection and genetic characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplama synoviae, and infectious bronchitis virus in poultry in Myanmar. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:261. [PMID: 31345206 PMCID: PMC6659308 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Southeast Asian countries, including Myanmar, poultry farming is a major industry. In order to manage and maintain stable productivity, it is important to establish policies for biosecurity. Infectious respiratory diseases are a major threat to poultry farming. Avian influenza and Newcastle disease have been reported in Myanmar, but no scientific information is available for other respiratory pathogens, such as mycoplasmas and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Identifying the genotypes and serotypes of IBVs is especially important to inform vaccination programs. In this study, we detected Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), M. synoviae (MS), and IBV in several poultry farms in Myanmar. RESULTS Samples were collected from 20 farms in three major poultry farming areas in Myanmar, and MG, MS, and IBV were detected on two, four, and eight farms, respectively, by polymerase chain reaction. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the observed MG and MS isolates were not identical to vaccine strains. Three different genotypes of IBV were detected, but none was an unknown variant. CONCLUSIONS Mycoplasmas and IBV were detected on poultry farms in Myanmar. Periodic surveillance is required to establish the distribution of each pathogen, and to institute better vaccine protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Fujisawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Masaki Takehara
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Katakura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Shwe Yee Win
- University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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A Global Perspective on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070620. [PMID: 31284485 PMCID: PMC6669617 DOI: 10.3390/v11070620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses have become globally widespread in poultry over the last two decades and represent a genuine threat both to the global poultry industry but also humans through their high rates of zoonotic infection and pandemic potential. H9N2 viruses are generally hyperendemic in affected countries and have been found in poultry in many new regions in recent years. In this review, we examine the current global spread of H9N2 avian influenza viruses as well as their host range, tropism, transmission routes and the risk posed by these viruses to human health.
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12
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Suttie A, Karlsson EA, Deng YM, Hurt AC, Greenhill AR, Barr IG, Dussart P, Horwood PF. Avian influenza in the Greater Mekong Subregion, 2003-2018. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 74:103920. [PMID: 31201870 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The persistent circulation of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) is an ongoing problem for many countries in South East Asia, causing large economic losses to both the agricultural and health sectors. This review analyses AIV diversity, evolution and the risk of AIV emergence in humans in countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam (excluding China). The analysis was based on AIV sequencing data, serological studies, published journal articles and AIV outbreak reports available from January 2003 to December 2018. All countries of the GMS have suffered losses due repeated outbreaks of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 that has also caused human cases in all GMS countries. In Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam AIV outbreaks in domestic poultry have also been caused by clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6. A diverse range of low pathogenic AIVs (H1-H12) have been detected in poultry and wild bird species, though surveillance for and characterization of these subtypes is limited. Subtype H3, H4, H6 and H11 viruses have been detected over prolonged periods; whilst H1, H2, H7, H8, H10 and H12 viruses have only been detected transiently. H9 AIVs circulate endemically in Cambodia and Vietnam with seroprevalence data indicating human exposure to H9 AIVs in Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. As surveillance studies focus heavily on the detection of H5 AIVs in domestic poultry further research is needed to understand the true level of AIV diversity and the risk AIVs pose to humans in the GMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Suttie
- Virology Unit, Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
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13
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Genome-wide profiling of microRNAs reveals novel insights into the interactions between H9N2 avian influenza virus and avian dendritic cells. Oncogene 2018; 37:4562-4580. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Human infection with H9N2 avian influenza in northern China. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 24:321-323. [PMID: 29104171 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Brown I, Mulatti P, Smietanka K, Staubach C, Willeberg P, Adlhoch C, Candiani D, Fabris C, Zancanaro G, Morgado J, Verdonck F. Avian influenza overview October 2016-August 2017. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05018. [PMID: 32625308 PMCID: PMC7009863 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The A(H5N8) highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic occurred in 29 European countries in 2016/2017 and has been the largest ever recorded in the EU in terms of number of poultry outbreaks, geographical extent and number of dead wild birds. Multiple primary incursions temporally related with all major poultry sectors affected but secondary spread was most commonly associated with domestic waterfowl species. A massive effort of all the affected EU Member States (MSs) allowed a descriptive epidemiological overview of the cases in poultry, captive birds and wild birds, providing also information on measures applied at the individual MS level. Data on poultry population structure are required to facilitate data and risk factor analysis, hence to strengthen science-based advice to risk managers. It is suggested to promote common understanding and application of definitions related to control activities and their reporting across MSs. Despite a large number of human exposures to infected poultry occurred during the ongoing outbreaks, no transmission to humans has been identified. Monitoring the avian influenza (AI) situation in other continents indicated a potential risk of long-distance spread of HPAI virus (HPAIV) A(H5N6) from Asia to wintering grounds towards Western Europe, similarly to what happened with HPAIV A(H5N8) and HPAIV A(H5N1) in previous years. Furthermore, the HPAI situation in Africa with A(H5N8) and A(H5N1) is rapidly evolving. Strengthening collaborations at National, EU and Global levels would allow close monitoring of the AI situation, ultimately helping to increase preparedness. No human case was reported in the EU due to AIVs subtypes A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H7N9) and A(H9N2). Direct transmission of these viruses to humans has only been reported in areas, mainly in Asia and Egypt, with a substantial involvement of wild bird and/or poultry populations. It is suggested to improve the collection and reporting of exposure events of people to AI.
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