1
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Ahlstrom CA, Torchetti MK, Lenoch J, Beckmen K, Boldenow M, Buck EJ, Daniels B, Dilione K, Gerlach R, Lantz K, Matz A, Poulson RL, Scott LC, Sheffield G, Sinnett D, Stallknecht DE, Stimmelmayr R, Taylor E, Williams AR, Ramey AM. Genomic characterization of highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses from Alaska during 2022 provides evidence for genotype-specific trends of spatiotemporal and interspecies dissemination. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2406291. [PMID: 39287422 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2406291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The ongoing panzootic of highly pathogenic H5 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza (HPAI) spread to North America in late 2021, with detections of HPAI viruses in Alaska beginning in April 2022. HPAI viruses have since spread across the state, affecting many species of wild birds as well as domestic poultry and wild mammals. To better understand the dissemination of HPAI viruses spatiotemporally and among hosts in Alaska and adjacent regions, we compared the genomes of 177 confirmed HPAI viruses detected in Alaska during April-December 2022. Results suggest multiple viral introductions into Alaska between November 2021 and August or September 2022, as well as dissemination to areas within and outside of the state. Viral genotypes differed in their spatiotemporal spread, likely influenced by timing of introductions relative to population immunity. We found evidence for dissemination of HPAI viruses between wild bird species, wild birds and domestic poultry, as well as wild birds and wild mammals. Continued monitoring for and genomic characterization of HPAI viruses in Alaska can improve our understanding of the evolution and dispersal of these economically costly and ecologically relevant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- US Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, US
| | - Julianna Lenoch
- US Department of Agriculture, APHIS Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, CO, US
| | | | | | - Evan J Buck
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, US
| | - Bryan Daniels
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Bethel, AK, US
| | - Krista Dilione
- US Department of Agriculture, APHIS Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, CO, US
| | - Robert Gerlach
- Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Anchorage, AK, US
| | - Kristina Lantz
- US Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, US
| | - Angela Matz
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK, US
| | | | - Laura C Scott
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, US
| | - Gay Sheffield
- Marine Advisory Program, Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Nome, AK, US
| | - David Sinnett
- US Department of Agriculture, APHIS Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Disease Program, Palmer, AK, US
| | | | - Raphaela Stimmelmayr
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Utqiagvik, AK, US
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK, US
| | - Eric Taylor
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK, US
| | - Alison R Williams
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Cold Bay, AK, US
| | - Andrew M Ramey
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, US
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2
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Kwon T, Trujillo JD, Carossino M, Lyoo EL, McDowell CD, Cool K, Matias-Ferreyra FS, Jeevan T, Morozov I, Gaudreault NN, Balasuriya UB, Webby RJ, Osterrieder N, Richt JA. Pigs are highly susceptible to but do not transmit mink-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2353292. [PMID: 38712345 PMCID: PMC11132737 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2353292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACTRapid evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is driven by antigenic drift but also by reassortment, which might result in robust replication in and transmission to mammals. Recently, spillover of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIV to mammals including humans, and their transmission between mammalian species has been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity and transmissibility of a mink-derived clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV isolate from Spain in pigs. Experimental infection caused interstitial pneumonia with necrotizing bronchiolitis with high titers of virus present in the lower respiratory tract and 100% seroconversion. Infected pigs shed limited amount of virus, and importantly, there was no transmission to contact pigs. Notably, critical mammalian-like adaptations such as PB2-E627 K and HA-Q222L emerged at low frequencies in principal-infected pigs. It is concluded that pigs are highly susceptible to infection with the mink-derived clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV and provide a favorable environment for HPAIV to acquire mammalian-like adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Eu Lim Lyoo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chester D. McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Konner Cool
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Franco S. Matias-Ferreyra
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Udeni B.R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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3
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Graziosi G, Lupini C, Favera FD, Martini G, Dosa G, Garavini G, Trevisani G, Mannelli A, Catelli E. Potential biosecurity breaches in poultry farms: Presence of free-ranging mammals near laying-hen houses assessed through a camera-trap study. Vet Anim Sci 2024; 26:100393. [PMID: 39290683 PMCID: PMC11403447 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Diligent application and implementation of biosecurity measures stand as the most effective measures to prevent disease transmission through direct or indirect interactions between poultry and free-ranging animals. Among these, free-ranging mammals can be hosts or disseminators of several pathogens relevant to poultry and of public health concern. Moreover, evidence of susceptibility to avian influenza virus infection in non-human mammals has raised questions about their potential role in the virus' epidemiology at the domestic animal-wildlife interface. Given this background, this study aimed to identify mammal species occurring near laying-hen houses and characterize the spatiotemporal patterns of these visits. Seven camera traps were deployed for a year-long period in three commercial poultry farms in a densely populated poultry area in Northern Italy. Various methods, including time series analysis and generalized linear models, were employed to analyze daily mammal visits. A total of 1,867 camera trap nights yielded 567 videos of seven species of wild mammals, and 1,866 videos showed domestic pet species (cats and dogs). Coypus (Myocastor coypus) and cats were the two mammals more frequently observed near poultry houses. For wild mammals, visits significantly increased at night, and slightly decreased during the spring season. Overall, the data hereby provided lay the groundwork for designing novel surveillance and intervention strategies to prevent cross-species disease transmission. Moreover, the utilization of visual evidence depicting free-ranging animals approaching poultry houses could assist health authorities in educating and raising awareness among stakeholders about potential risks of pathogen spillover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Graziosi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, BO, Italy
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, BO, Italy
| | - Francesco Dalla Favera
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, BO, Italy
| | - Gabriella Martini
- Veterinary Services, Local Health Unit of Imola (A.U.S.L. di Imola), Imola, 40026, BO, Italy
| | - Geremia Dosa
- Veterinary Services, Local Health Unit of Imola (A.U.S.L. di Imola), Imola, 40026, BO, Italy
| | - Gloria Garavini
- Veterinary Services of Eurovo Group, Imola, 40026, BO, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Mannelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, BO, Italy
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4
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Zhao Y, Chen P, Hu Y, Liu J, Jiang Y, Zeng X, Deng G, Shi J, Li Y, Tian G, Liu J, Chen H. Recombinant duck enteritis virus bearing the hemagglutinin genes of H5 and H7 influenza viruses is an ideal multivalent live vaccine in ducks. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2284301. [PMID: 37966272 PMCID: PMC10769552 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2284301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the fact that many avian influenza viruses that kill chickens are not lethal to ducks, farmers are reluctant to use avian influenza inactivated vaccines on ducks. Large numbers of unvaccinated ducks play an important role in the transmission of avian influenza viruses from wild birds to domestic poultry, creating a substantial challenge to vaccination strategies for avian influenza control. To solve this problem, we constructed a recombinant duck enteritis virus (DEV), rDEV-dH5/H7, using a live attenuated DEV vaccine strain (vDEV) as a vector. rDEV-dH5/H7 carries the hemagglutinin gene of two H5 viruses [GZ/S4184/17 (H5N6) (clade 2.3.4.4 h) and LN/SD007/17 (H5N1) (clade 2.3.2.1d)] and an H7 virus [GX/SD098/17 (H7N9)]. These three hemagglutinin genes were stably inherited in rDEV-dH5/H7 and expressed in rDEV-dH5/H7-infected cells. Animal studies revealed that rDEV-dH5/H7 and vDEV induced similar neutralizing antibody responses and protection against lethal DEV challenge. Importantly, rDEV-dH5/H7 induced strong and long-lasting hemagglutinin inhibition antibodies against different H5 and H7 viruses and provided complete protection against challenges with homologous and heterologous highly pathogenic H5 and H7 influenza viruses in ducks. Our study shows that rDEV-dH5/H7 could serve as an ideal live attenuated vaccine to protect ducks against infection with lethal DEV and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pucheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guobin Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinxiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Hu X, Saxena A, Magstadt DR, Gauger PC, Burrough ER, Zhang J, Siepker C, Mainenti M, Gorden PJ, Plummer PJ, Li G. Genomic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 virus newly emerged in dairy cattle. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2380421. [PMID: 39008278 PMCID: PMC11271078 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2380421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In March 2024, the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) infections in dairy cattle was detected in the United Sates for the first time. We genetically characterize HPAI viruses from dairy cattle showing an abrupt drop in milk production, as well as from two cats, six wild birds, and one skunk. They share nearly identical genome sequences, forming a new genotype B3.13 within the 2.3.4.4b clade. B3.13 viruses underwent two reassortment events since 2023 and exhibit critical mutations in HA, M1, and NS genes but lack critical mutations in PB2 and PB1 genes, which enhance virulence or adaptation to mammals. The PB2 E627 K mutation in a human case associated with cattle underscores the potential for rapid evolution post infection, highlighting the need for continued surveillance to monitor public health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Anugrah Saxena
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Drew R. Magstadt
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eric R. Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Chris Siepker
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Marta Mainenti
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Patrick J. Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Paul J. Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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6
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Webby RJ, Uyeki TM. An Update on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus, Clade 2.3.4.4b. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:533-542. [PMID: 39283944 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the resurgence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b, during 2021, these viruses have spread widely among birds worldwide, causing poultry outbreaks and infections of a wide range of terrestrial and marine mammal species. During 2024, HPAI A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b, was detected in dairy cattle for the first time and caused an ongoing multistate outbreak, with high levels of virus documented in raw cow milk. Human infections with clade 2.3.4.4b viruses from exposures to infected poultry or dairy cattle have resulted in a wide spectrum of illness severity, from conjunctivitis or mild respiratory illness to severe and fatal pneumonia in different countries. Vigilance, and stronger global virologic surveillance among birds, poultry, terrestrial and marine mammals, and humans, with virus characterization and rapid data sharing, is needed to inform the threat of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, as they continue to evolve, to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Webby
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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7
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Tiwari A, Meriläinen P, Lindh E, Kitajima M, Österlund P, Ikonen N, Savolainen-Kopra C, Pitkänen T. Avian Influenza outbreaks: Human infection risks for beach users - One health concern and environmental surveillance implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 943:173692. [PMID: 38825193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite its popularity for water activities, such as swimming, surfing, fishing, and rafting, inland and coastal bathing areas occasionally experience outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI), including A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b. Asymptomatic infections and symptomatic outbreaks often impact many aquatic birds, which increase chances of spill-over events to mammals and pose concerns for public health. This review examined the existing literature to assess avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission risks to beachgoers and the general population. A comprehensive understanding of factors governing such crossing of the AIV host range is currently lacking. There is limited knowledge on key factors affecting risk, such as species-specific interactions with host cells (including binding, entry, and replication via viral proteins hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, nucleoprotein, and polymerase basic protein 2), overcoming host restrictions, and innate immune response. AIV efficiently transmits between birds and to some extent between marine scavenger mammals in aquatic environments via consumption of infected birds. However, the current literature lacks evidence of zoonotic AIV transmission via contact with the aquatic environment or consumption of contaminated water. The zoonotic transmission risk of the circulating A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus to the general population and beachgoers is currently low. Nevertheless, it is recommended to avoid direct contact with sick or dead birds and to refrain from bathing in locations where mass bird mortalities are reported. Increasing reports of AIVs spilling over to non-human mammals have raised valid concerns about possible virus mutations that lead to crossing the species barrier and subsequent risk of human infections and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Tiwari
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio FI-70701, Finland; Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Päivi Meriläinen
- Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio FI-70701, Finland
| | - Erika Lindh
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Niina Ikonen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Carita Savolainen-Kopra
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio FI-70701, Finland; Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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8
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Medina-Armenteros Y, Cajado-Carvalho D, das Neves Oliveira R, Apetito Akamatsu M, Lee Ho P. Recent Occurrence, Diversity, and Candidate Vaccine Virus Selection for Pandemic H5N1: Alert Is in the Air. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1044. [PMID: 39340074 PMCID: PMC11435632 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12091044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in wild birds that migrate all over the world has resulted in the dissemination of this virus across Asia, Europe, Africa, North and South America, the Arctic continent, and Antarctica. So far, H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4.b has reached an almost global distribution, with the exception of Australia and New Zealand for autochthonous cases. H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4.b, derived from the broad-host-range A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) lineage, has evolved, adapted, and spread to species other than birds, with potential mammal-to-mammal transmission. Many public health agencies consider H5N1 influenza a real pandemic threat. In this sense, we analyzed H5N1 hemagglutinin sequences from recent outbreaks in animals, clinical samples, antigenic prototypes of candidate vaccine viruses, and licensed human vaccines for H5N1 with the aim of shedding light on the development of an H5N1 vaccine suitable for a pandemic response, should one occur in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Milena Apetito Akamatsu
- Centro BioIndustrial, Instituto Butantan and Fundação Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (Y.M.-A.); (D.C.-C.); (R.d.N.O.)
| | - Paulo Lee Ho
- Centro BioIndustrial, Instituto Butantan and Fundação Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (Y.M.-A.); (D.C.-C.); (R.d.N.O.)
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9
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Snoeck CJ, Sausy A, Bourg M, Hübschen JM. Comparison of Extraction Methods for the Detection of Avian Influenza Virus RNA in Cattle Milk. Viruses 2024; 16:1442. [PMID: 39339917 PMCID: PMC11437502 DOI: 10.3390/v16091442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Since early 2024, a multistate outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 has been affecting dairy cattle in the USA. The influenza viral RNA concentrations in milk make it an ideal matrix for surveillance purposes. However, viral RNA detection in multi-component fluids such as milk can be complex, and optimization of influenza detection methods is thus required. Raw bulk tank milk and mastitis milk samples were artificially contaminated with an avian influenza strain and subjected to five extraction methods. HCoV-229E and synthetic RNA were included as exogenous internal process controls. Given the high viral load usually observed in individual raw milk samples, four out of five tested methods would enable influenza detection in milk with normal texture, over a time window of at least 2 weeks post-onset of clinical signs. Nevertheless, sample dilution 1:3 in molecular transport medium prior to RNA extraction provided the best results for dilution of inhibitory substances and a good recovery rate of influenza RNA, that reached 12.5 ± 1.2% and 10.4 ± 3.8% in two independent experiments in bulk milk and 11.2 ± 3.6% and 10.0 ± 2.9% on two cohorts of mastitis milk samples. We have also shown compatibility of an influenza RT-qPCR system with synthetic RNA detection for simultaneous validation of the RNA extraction and RT-qPCR processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal J. Snoeck
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Aurélie Sausy
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Manon Bourg
- Laboratoire de Médecine Vétérinaire de l’Etat, Luxembourg Veterinary and Food Administration (ALVA), L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Judith M. Hübschen
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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10
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Chaves M, Hashish A, Osemeke O, Sato Y, Suarez DL, El-Gazzar M. Evaluation of Commercial RNA Extraction Protocols for Avian Influenza Virus Using Nanopore Metagenomic Sequencing. Viruses 2024; 16:1429. [PMID: 39339905 PMCID: PMC11437427 DOI: 10.3390/v16091429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is a significant threat to the poultry industry, necessitating rapid and accurate diagnosis. The current AIV diagnostic process relies on virus identification via real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Subsequently, the virus is further characterized using genome sequencing. This two-step diagnostic process takes days to weeks, but it can be expedited by using novel sequencing technologies. We aim to optimize and validate nucleic acid extraction as the first step to establishing Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) as a rapid diagnostic tool for identifying and characterizing AIV from clinical samples. This study compared four commercially available RNA extraction protocols using AIV-known-positive clinical samples. The extracted RNA was evaluated using total RNA concentration, viral copies as measured by rRT-PCR, and purity as measured by a 260/280 absorbance ratio. After NGS testing, the number of total and influenza-specific reads and quality scores of the generated sequences were assessed. The results showed that no protocol outperformed the others on all parameters measured; however, the magnetic particle-based method was the most consistent regarding CT value, purity, total yield, and AIV reads, and it was less error-prone. This study highlights how different RNA extraction protocols influence ONT sequencing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chaves
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.C.); (A.H.); (O.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Amro Hashish
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.C.); (A.H.); (O.O.); (Y.S.)
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Onyekachukwu Osemeke
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.C.); (A.H.); (O.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.C.); (A.H.); (O.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - David L. Suarez
- US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA;
| | - Mohamed El-Gazzar
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.C.); (A.H.); (O.O.); (Y.S.)
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11
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Root JJ, Porter SM, Lenoch JB, Ellis JW, Bosco-Lauth AM. Susceptibilities and viral shedding of peridomestic wildlife infected with clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1). Virology 2024; 600:110231. [PMID: 39278105 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
We tested the ability of six peridomestic wildlife species to replicate a highly pathogenic (HP) clade 2.3.4.4b AIV (H5N1) isolated in the U.S. during 2022. All tested species replicated and shed virus, at least to some degree. Of the six species evaluated (house sparrows (Passer domesticus), European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), feral pigeons (Columba livia), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and cottontails (Sylvilagus sp.)), striped skunks and Virginia opossums shed the highest viral titers of 106.3 PFU/mL and 105.0 PFU/mL, respectively. Overall, the results of this study indicate that certain peridomestic species could pose a biosecurity threat to poultry operations in some situations. In addition, this study and field reports indicate that the HP AIVs circulating in the U.S. during 2022-2024 may have an extremely broad range of species that can be impacted by and/or replicate and shed these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jeffrey Root
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Stephanie M Porter
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Julianna B Lenoch
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jeremy W Ellis
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Angela M Bosco-Lauth
- Colorado State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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12
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Misra S, Gilbride E, Ramasamy S, Pond SLK, Kuchipudi SV. Enhanced Diversifying Selection on Polymerase Genes in H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b: A Key Driver of Altered Species Tropism and Host Range Expansion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.19.606826. [PMID: 39229076 PMCID: PMC11370473 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.19.606826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses have shown unprecedented host range and pathogenicity, including infections in cattle, previously not susceptible to H5N1. We investigated whether selection pressures on clade 2.3.4.4b viral genes could shed light on their unique epidemiological features. Our analysis revealed that while the gene products of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 primarily undergo purifying selection, there are notable instances of episodic diversifying selection. Specifically, the polymerase genes PB2, PB1, and PA exhibit significantly greater selection pressures in clade 2.3.4.4b than all earlier H5N1 virus clades. Polymerases play critical roles in influenza virus adaptation, including viral fitness, interspecies transmission, and virulence. Our findings provide evidence that significant selection pressures have shaped the evolution of the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, facilitating their expanded host tropism and the potential for further adaptation to mammalian hosts. We discuss how exogenous factors, such as altered bird migration patterns and increased host susceptibility, may have contributed to the expanded host range. As H5N1 viruses continue to infect new hosts, there is a greater risk of emergent novel variants with increased pathogenicity in humans and animals. Thus, comprehensive One Health surveillance is critical to monitor transmission among avian and mammalian hosts.
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13
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Halwe NJ, Cool K, Breithaupt A, Schön J, Trujillo JD, Nooruzzaman M, Kwon T, Ahrens AK, Britzke T, McDowell CD, Piesche R, Singh G, dos Reis VP, Kafle S, Pohlmann A, Gaudreault NN, Corleis B, Ferreyra FM, Carossino M, Balasuriya UB, Hensley L, Morozov I, Covaleda LM, Diel D, Ulrich L, Hoffmann D, Beer M, Richt JA. Outcome of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in calves and lactating cows. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.09.607272. [PMID: 39149352 PMCID: PMC11326275 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.09.607272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
In March 2024, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 infections in dairy cows were first reported from Texas, USA. Rapid dissemination to more than 190 farms in 13 states followed. Here, we provide results of two independent clade 2.3.4.4b experimental infection studies evaluating (i) oronasal susceptibility and transmission in calves to a US H5N1 bovine isolate genotype B3.13 (H5N1 B3.13) and (ii) susceptibility of lactating cows following direct mammary gland inoculation of either H5N1 B3.13 or a current EU H5N1 wild bird isolate genotype euDG (H5N1 euDG). Inoculation of the calves resulted in moderate nasal replication and shedding with no severe clinical signs or transmission to sentinel calves. In dairy cows, infection resulted in no nasal shedding, but severe acute mammary gland infection with necrotizing mastitis and high fever was observed for both H5N1 genotypes/strains. Milk production was rapidly and drastically reduced and the physical condition of the cows was severely compromised. Virus titers in milk rapidly peaked at 108 TCID50/mL, but systemic infection did not ensue. Notably, adaptive mutation PB2 E627K emerged after intramammary replication of H5N1 euDG. Our data suggest that in addition to H5N1 B3.13, other HPAIV H5N1 strains have the potential to replicate in the udder of cows and that milk and milking procedures, rather than respiratory spread, are likely the primary routes of H5N1 transmission between cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Joel Halwe
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Konner Cool
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jacob Schön
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ann Kathrin Ahrens
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Tobias Britzke
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Chester D. McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ronja Piesche
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Vinicius Pinho dos Reis
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sujan Kafle
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Björn Corleis
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Franco Matias Ferreyra
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Udeni B.R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Lisa Hensley
- Zoonotic and Emerging Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lina M. Covaleda
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Diego Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lorenz Ulrich
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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14
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Kang M, Wang LF, Sun BW, Wan WB, Ji X, Baele G, Bi YH, Suchard MA, Lai A, Zhang M, Wang L, Zhu YH, Ma L, Li HP, Haerheng A, Qi YR, Wang RL, He N, Su S. Zoonotic infections by avian influenza virus: changing global epidemiology, investigation, and control. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:e522-e531. [PMID: 38878787 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus continues to pose zoonotic, epizootic, and pandemic threats worldwide, as exemplified by the 2020-23 epizootics of re-emerging H5 genotype avian influenza viruses among birds and mammals and the fatal jump to humans of emerging A(H3N8) in early 2023. Future influenza pandemic threats are driven by extensive mutations and reassortments of avian influenza viruses rooted in frequent interspecies transmission and genetic mixing and underscore the urgent need for more effective actions. We examine the changing global epidemiology of human infections caused by avian influenza viruses over the past decade, including dramatic increases in both the number of reported infections in humans and the spectrum of avian influenza virus subtypes that have jumped to humans. We also discuss the use of advanced surveillance, diagnostic technologies, and state-of-the-art analysis methods for tracking emerging avian influenza viruses. We outline an avian influenza virus-specific application of the One Health approach, integrating enhanced surveillance, tightened biosecurity, targeted vaccination, timely precautions, and timely clinical management, and fostering global collaboration to control the threats of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Kang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Clinical Research Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Fang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Wen Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Bo Wan
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yu-Hai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Lai
- School of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhu
- Department of Scientific Research Management, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Scientific Research Management, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Peng Li
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ayidana Haerheng
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Rui Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Lan Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na He
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Su
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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15
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de Oliveira CBS, Andrade JMDA, Akter S, da Silva MK, Fulco UL, Oliveira JIN. Investigating whether H5N1 is a risk to human populations in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2024; 57:e01100. [PMID: 39082530 PMCID: PMC11290869 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0056-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shahina Akter
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Maria Karolaynne da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Umberto Laino Fulco
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Jonas Ivan Nobre Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Natal, RN, Brasil
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16
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Caserta LC, Frye EA, Butt SL, Laverack M, Nooruzzaman M, Covaleda LM, Thompson AC, Koscielny MP, Cronk B, Johnson A, Kleinhenz K, Edwards EE, Gomez G, Hitchener G, Martins M, Kapczynski DR, Suarez DL, Alexander Morris ER, Hensley T, Beeby JS, Lejeune M, Swinford AK, Elvinger F, Dimitrov KM, Diel DG. Spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to dairy cattle. Nature 2024:10.1038/s41586-024-07849-4. [PMID: 39053575 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus clade 2.3.4.4b has caused the death of millions of domestic birds and thousands of wild birds in the USA since January 2022 (refs. 1-4). Throughout this outbreak, spillovers to mammals have been frequently documented5-12. Here we report spillover of the HPAI H5N1 virus to dairy cattle across several states in the USA. The affected cows displayed clinical signs encompassing decreased feed intake, altered faecal consistency, respiratory distress and decreased milk production with abnormal milk. Infectious virus and viral RNA were consistently detected in milk from affected cows. Viral distribution in tissues via immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed a distinct tropism of the virus for the epithelial cells lining the alveoli of the mammary gland in cows. Whole viral genome sequences recovered from dairy cows, birds, domestic cats and a raccoon from affected farms indicated multidirectional interspecies transmissions. Epidemiological and genomic data revealed efficient cow-to-cow transmission after apparently healthy cows from an affected farm were transported to a premise in a different state. These results demonstrate the transmission of the HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus at a non-traditional interface, underscoring the ability of the virus to cross species barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo C Caserta
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elisha A Frye
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Salman L Butt
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Laverack
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lina M Covaleda
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Melanie Prarat Koscielny
- Ohio Animal Disease and Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH, USA
| | - Brittany Cronk
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Johnson
- Ohio Animal Disease and Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH, USA
| | - Katie Kleinhenz
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Canyon, TX, USA
| | - Erin E Edwards
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel Gomez
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gavin Hitchener
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mathias Martins
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Darrell R Kapczynski
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David L Suarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Terry Hensley
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - John S Beeby
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Manigandan Lejeune
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Amy K Swinford
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - François Elvinger
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kiril M Dimitrov
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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17
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Lee J, Lee CW, Suarez DL, Lee SA, Kim T, Spackman E. Efficacy of commercial recombinant HVT vaccines against a North American clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307100. [PMID: 39012858 PMCID: PMC11251577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of clade 2.3.4.4b H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in North America that started in 2021 has increased interest in applying vaccination as a strategy to help control and prevent the disease in poultry. Two commercially available vaccines based on the recombinant herpes virus of turkeys (rHVT) vector were tested against a recent North American clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HPAI virus isolate: A/turkey/Indiana/22-003707-003/2022 H5N1 in specific pathogen free white leghorn (WL) chickens and commercial broiler chickens. One rHVT-H5 vaccine encodes a hemagglutinin (HA) gene designed by the computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen method (COBRA-HVT vaccine). The other encodes an HA gene of a clade 2.2 virus (2.2-HVT vaccine). There was 100% survival of both chicken types COBRA-HVT vaccinated groups and in the 2.2-HVT vaccinated groups there was 94.8% and 90% survival of the WL and broilers respectively. Compared to the 2.2-HVT vaccinated groups, WL in the COBRA-HVT vaccinated group shed significantly lower mean viral titers by the cloacal route and broilers shed significantly lower titers by the oropharyngeal route than broilers. Virus titers detected in oral and cloacal swabs were otherwise similar among both vaccine groups and chicken types. To assess antibody-based tests to identify birds that have been infected after vaccination (DIVA-VI), sera collected after the challenge were tested with enzyme-linked lectin assay-neuraminidase inhibition (ELLA-NI) for N1 neuraminidase antibody detection and by commercial ELISA for detection of antibodies to the NP protein. As early as 7 days post challenge (DPC) 100% of the chickens were positive by ELLA-NI. ELISA was less sensitive with a maximum of 75% positive at 10DPC in broilers vaccinated with 2.2-HVT. Both vaccines provided protection from challenge to both types of chickens and ELLA-NI was sensitive at identifying antibodies to the challenge virus therefore should be evaluated further for DIVA-VI.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chickens/virology
- Chickens/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- North America
- Vaccination
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Poultry Diseases/virology
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Meleagrid/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Meleagrid/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Lee
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David L. Suarez
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Lee
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Taejoong Kim
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Endemic Poultry Viral Diseases Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Erica Spackman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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18
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Kim DH, Lee SH, Kim J, Lee J, Jeong JH, Kim JY, Song SU, Lee H, Cho AY, Hyeon JY, Youk S, Song CS. Efficacy of live and inactivated recombinant Newcastle disease virus vaccines expressing clade 2.3.4.4b H5 hemagglutinin against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in SPF chickens, Broilers, and domestic ducks. Vaccine 2024; 42:3756-3767. [PMID: 38724417 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
A Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-vectored vaccine expressing clade 2.3.4.4b H5 Hemagglutinin was developed and assessed for efficacy against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, broilers, and domestic ducks. In SPF chickens, the live recombinant NDV-vectored vaccine, rK148/22-H5, achieved complete survival against HPAI and NDV challenges and significantly reduced viral shedding. Notably, the live rK148/22-H5 vaccine conferred good clinical protection in broilers despite the presence of maternally derived antibodies. Good clinical protection was observed in domestic ducks, with decreased viral shedding. It demonstrated complete survival and reduced cloacal viral shedding when used as an inactivated vaccine from SPF chickens. The rK148/22-H5 vaccine is potentially a viable and supportive option for biosecurity measure, effectively protecting in chickens against the deadly clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HPAI and NDV infections. Furthermore, it aligns with the strategy of Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chickens/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Newcastle disease virus/immunology
- Newcastle disease virus/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Ducks/virology
- Ducks/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Virus Shedding
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Poultry Diseases/virology
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Newcastle Disease/prevention & control
- Newcastle Disease/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Hwan Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea; KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiho Lee
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Jei-Hyun Jeong
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea; KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Kim
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Un Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyukchae Lee
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Andrew Y Cho
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Hyeon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungsu Youk
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea; KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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19
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Burrough ER, Magstadt DR, Petersen B, Timmermans SJ, Gauger PC, Zhang J, Siepker C, Mainenti M, Li G, Thompson AC, Gorden PJ, Plummer PJ, Main R. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Domestic Dairy Cattle and Cats, United States, 2024. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1335-1343. [PMID: 38683888 PMCID: PMC11210653 DOI: 10.3201/eid3007.240508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We report highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in dairy cattle and cats in Kansas and Texas, United States, which reflects the continued spread of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses that entered the country in late 2021. Infected cattle experienced nonspecific illness, reduced feed intake and rumination, and an abrupt drop in milk production, but fatal systemic influenza infection developed in domestic cats fed raw (unpasteurized) colostrum and milk from affected cows. Cow-to-cow transmission appears to have occurred because infections were observed in cattle on Michigan, Idaho, and Ohio farms where avian influenza virus-infected cows were transported. Although the US Food and Drug Administration has indicated the commercial milk supply remains safe, the detection of influenza virus in unpasteurized bovine milk is a concern because of potential cross-species transmission. Continued surveillance of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in domestic production animals is needed to prevent cross-species and mammal-to-mammal transmission.
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20
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Nelli RK, Harm TA, Siepker C, Groeltz-Thrush JM, Jones B, Twu NC, Nenninger AS, Magstadt DR, Burrough ER, Piñeyro PE, Mainenti M, Carnaccini S, Plummer PJ, Bell TM. Sialic Acid Receptor Specificity in Mammary Gland of Dairy Cattle Infected with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1361-1373. [PMID: 38861554 PMCID: PMC11210646 DOI: 10.3201/eid3007.240689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In March 2024, the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service reported detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in dairy cattle in the United States for the first time. One factor that determines susceptibility to HPAI H5N1 infection is the presence of specific virus receptors on host cells; however, little is known about the distribution of the sialic acid (SA) receptors in dairy cattle, particularly in mammary glands. We compared the distribution of SA receptors in the respiratory tract and mammary gland of dairy cattle naturally infected with HPAI H5N1. The respiratory and mammary glands of HPAI H5N1-infected dairy cattle are rich in SA, particularly avian influenza virus-specific SA α2,3-gal. Mammary gland tissues co-stained with sialic acids and influenza A virus nucleoprotein showed predominant co-localization with the virus and SA α2,3-gal. HPAI H5N1 exhibited epitheliotropism within the mammary gland, and we observed rare immunolabeling within macrophages.
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21
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Gadzhiev A, Petherbridge G, Sharshov K, Sobolev I, Alekseev A, Gulyaeva M, Litvinov K, Boltunov I, Teymurov A, Zhigalin A, Daudova M, Shestopalov A. Pinnipeds and avian influenza: a global timeline and review of research on the impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza on pinniped populations with particular reference to the endangered Caspian seal ( Pusa caspica). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1325977. [PMID: 39071164 PMCID: PMC11273096 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1325977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study reviews chronologically the international scientific and health management literature and resources relating to impacts of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses on pinnipeds in order to reinforce strategies for the conservation of the endangered Caspian seal (Pusa caspica), currently under threat from the HPAI H5N1 subtype transmitted from infected avifauna which share its haul-out habitats. Many cases of mass pinniped deaths globally have occurred from HPAI spill-overs, and are attributed to infected sympatric aquatic avifauna. As the seasonal migrations of Caspian seals provide occasions for contact with viruses from infected migratory aquatic birds in many locations around the Caspian Sea, this poses a great challenge to seal conservation. These are thus critical locations for the surveillance of highly pathogenic influenza A viruses, whose future reassortments may present a pandemic threat to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alimurad Gadzhiev
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Guy Petherbridge
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
- Caspian Centre for Nature Conservation, International Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Association of Universities and Research Centers of Caspian Region States, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Alekseev
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina Gulyaeva
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill Litvinov
- Laboratory of Ecological and Biological Research, Astrakhan State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Astrakhan, Russia
| | - Ivan Boltunov
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Abdulgamid Teymurov
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Alexander Zhigalin
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Madina Daudova
- Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Centre for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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22
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Prosser DJ, Kent CM, Sullivan JD, Patyk KA, McCool MJ, Torchetti MK, Lantz K, Mullinax JM. Using an adaptive modeling framework to identify avian influenza spillover risk at the wild-domestic interface. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14199. [PMID: 38902400 PMCID: PMC11189914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The wild to domestic bird interface is an important nexus for emergence and transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. Although the recent incursion of HPAI H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b into North America calls for emergency response and planning given the unprecedented scale, readily available data-driven models are lacking. Here, we provide high resolution spatial and temporal transmission risk models for the contiguous United States. Considering virus host ecology, we included weekly species-level wild waterfowl (Anatidae) abundance and endemic low pathogenic avian influenza virus prevalence metrics in combination with number of poultry farms per commodity type and relative biosecurity risks at two spatial scales: 3 km and county-level. Spillover risk varied across the annual cycle of waterfowl migration and some locations exhibited persistent risk throughout the year given higher poultry production. Validation using wild bird introduction events identified by phylogenetic analysis from 2022 to 2023 HPAI poultry outbreaks indicate strong model performance. The modular nature of our approach lends itself to building upon updated datasets under evolving conditions, testing hypothetical scenarios, or customizing results with proprietary data. This research demonstrates an adaptive approach for developing models to inform preparedness and response as novel outbreaks occur, viruses evolve, and additional data become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diann J Prosser
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA.
| | - Cody M Kent
- Volunteer to the U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Biology, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, MD, 21532, USA
| | - Jeffery D Sullivan
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Kelly A Patyk
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Strategy and Policy, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Mary-Jane McCool
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Strategy and Policy, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Kristina Lantz
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Jennifer M Mullinax
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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23
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Cho AY, Si YJ, Kim DJ, Seo YR, Lee DY, Kim D, Lee D, Son Y, Jeong H, Song CS, Lee DH. Novel Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus in Wild Birds, South Korea, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1285-1288. [PMID: 38703022 PMCID: PMC11139000 DOI: 10.3201/eid3006.240192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
We isolated novel reassortant avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses containing genes from clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus and low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in carcasses of whooper swans and bean geese in South Korea during December 2023. Neuraminidase gene was from a clade 2.3.4.4b H5N6 virus infecting poultry and humans in China.
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24
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Lair S, Quesnel L, Signore AV, Delnatte P, Embury-Hyatt C, Nadeau MS, Lung O, Ferrell ST, Michaud R, Berhane Y. Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Seals, St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1133-1143. [PMID: 38781927 PMCID: PMC11138997 DOI: 10.3201/eid3006.231033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe an unusual mortality event caused by a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b involving harbor (Phoca vitulina) and gray (Halichoerus grypus) seals in the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada, in 2022. Fifteen (56%) of the seals submitted for necropsy were considered to be fatally infected by HPAI H5N1 containing fully Eurasian or Eurasian/North American genome constellations. Concurrently, presence of large numbers of bird carcasses infected with HPAI H5N1 at seal haul-out sites most likely contributed to the spillover of infection to the seals. Histologic changes included meningoencephalitis (100%), fibrinosuppurative alveolitis, and multiorgan acute necrotizing inflammation. This report of fatal HPAI H5N1 infection in pinnipeds in Canada raises concerns about the expanding host of this virus, the potential for the establishment of a marine mammal reservoir, and the public health risks associated with spillover to mammals.Nous décrivons un événement de mortalité inhabituelle causé par un virus de l'influenza aviaire hautement pathogène A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b chez des phoques communs (Phoca vitulina) et gris (Halichoerus grypus) dans l'estuaire du Saint-Laurent au Québec, Canada, en 2022. Quinze (56%) des phoques soumis pour nécropsie ont été considérés comme étant fatalement infectés par le virus H5N1 de lignées eurasiennes ou de réassortiment eurasiennes/nord-américaines. Un grand nombre simultané de carcasses d'oiseaux infectés par le H5N1 sur les sites d'échouement a probablement contribué à la contamination de ces phoques. Les changements histologiques associés à cette infection incluaient : méningo-encéphalite (100%), alvéolite fibrinosuppurée et inflammation nécrosante aiguë multi-organique. Cette documentation soulève des préoccupations quant à l'émergence de virus mortels, à la possibilité d'établissement de réservoirs chez les mammifères marins, et aux risques pour la santé publique associés aux propagations du virus chez les mammifères.
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25
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Poulson RL, Reeves AB, Ahlstrom CA, Scott LC, Hubbard LE, Fojtik A, Carter DL, Stallknecht DE, Ramey AM. Infectivity of Wild-Bird Origin Influenza A Viruses in Minnesota Wetlands across Seasons. Pathogens 2024; 13:406. [PMID: 38787257 PMCID: PMC11124429 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The environmental tenacity of influenza A viruses (IAVs) in the environment likely plays a role in their transmission; IAVs are able to remain infectious in aquatic habitats and may have the capacity to seed outbreaks when susceptible wild bird hosts utilize these same environments months or even seasons later. Here, we aimed to assess the persistence of low-pathogenicity IAVs from naturally infected ducks in Northwestern Minnesota through a field experiment. Viral infectivity was measured using replicate samples maintained in distilled water in a laboratory setting as well as in filtered water from four natural water bodies maintained in steel perforated drums (hereafter, mesocosms) within the field from autumn 2020 to spring 2021. There was limited evidence for the extended persistence of IAVs held in mesocosms; from 65 initial IAV-positive samples, only six IAVs persisted to at least 202 days in the mesocosms compared to 17 viruses persisting at least this long when held under temperature-controlled laboratory settings in distilled water. When accounting for the initial titer of samples, viruses detected at a higher concentration at the initiation of the experiment persisted longer than those with a lower starting titer. A parallel experimental laboratory model was used to further explore the effects of water type on viral persistence, and the results supported the finding of reduced tenacity of IAVs held in mesocosms compared to distilled water. The results of this investigation provide evidence that many factors, including temperature and physicochemical properties, impact the duration of viral infectivity in natural settings, further extending our understanding of the potential and limitations of environmental-based methodologies to recover infectious IAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andrew B. Reeves
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Christina A. Ahlstrom
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Laura C. Scott
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Laura E. Hubbard
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Alinde Fojtik
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Deborah L. Carter
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David E. Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andrew M. Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
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26
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Graziosi G, Lupini C, Catelli E, Carnaccini S. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1372. [PMID: 38731377 PMCID: PMC11083745 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly contagious respiratory viruses of birds, leading to significant morbidity and mortality globally and causing substantial economic losses to the poultry industry and agriculture. Since their first isolation in 2013-2014, the Asian-origin H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) of clade 2.3.4.4b have undergone unprecedented evolution and reassortment of internal gene segments. In just a few years, it supplanted other AIV clades, and now it is widespread in the wild migratory waterfowl, spreading to Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Wild waterfowl, the natural reservoir of LPAIVs and generally more resistant to the disease, also manifested high morbidity and mortality with HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b. This clade also caused overt clinical signs and mass mortality in a variety of avian and mammalian species never reported before, such as raptors, seabirds, sealions, foxes, and others. Most notably, the recent outbreaks in dairy cattle were associated with the emergence of a few critical mutations related to mammalian adaptation, raising concerns about the possibility of jumping species and acquisition of sustained human-to-human transmission. The main clinical signs and anatomopathological findings associated with clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in birds and non-human mammals are hereby summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Graziosi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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27
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Azat C, Alvarado-Rybak M, Aguilera JF, Benavides JA. Spatio-temporal dynamics and drivers of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in Chile. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1387040. [PMID: 38756514 PMCID: PMC11096463 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1387040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b (hereafter H5N1) is causing vast impacts on biodiversity and poultry around the globe. In Chile, lethal H5N1 cases have been reported in a wide range of wild bird species, marine mammals, backyard and industrial poultry, and humans. This study describes the spatio-temporal patterns of the current epizootic of H5N1 in Chile and test drivers that could be associated with outbreak occurrence. Methods We used H5N1 cases reported by the Chilean National Animal Health Authority from 5 December 2022 to 5 April 2023. These included wild bird cases confirmed through an avian influenza-specific real-time reverse transcription PCR assay (RT-qPCR), obtained from passive and active surveillance. Data were analyzed to detect the presence of H5N1 clusters under space-time permutation probability modeling, the association of H5N1 with distance and days since the first outbreak through linear regression, and the correlation of H5N1 presence with a number of ecological and anthropogenic variables using general linear modeling. Results From 445 H5N1 identified outbreaks involving 613 individual cases in wild birds, a consistent wave-like spread of H5N1 from north to south was identified, which may help predict hotspots of outbreak risk. For instance, seven statistically significant clusters were identified in central and northern Chile, where poultry production and wildlife mortality are concentrated. The presence of outbreaks was correlated with landscape-scale variables, notably temperature range, bird richness, and human footprint. Discussion In less than a year, H5N1 has been associated with the unusual mortality of >100,000 individuals of wild animals in Chile, mainly coastal birds and marine mammals. It is urgent that scientists, the poultry sector, local communities, and national health authorities co-design and implement science-based measures from a One Health perspective to avoid further H5N1 spillover from wildlife to domestic animals and humans, including rapid removal and proper disposal of wild dead animals and the closure of public areas (e.g., beaches) reporting high wildlife mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Azat
- Sustainability Research Center & PhD in Conservation Medicine, Life Science Faculty, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Alvarado-Rybak
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - José F. Aguilera
- Sustainability Research Center & PhD in Conservation Medicine, Life Science Faculty, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio A. Benavides
- Sustainability Research Center & PhD in Conservation Medicine, Life Science Faculty, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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28
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Krueger A, Myles DJF, Rice CP, Taylor TK, Hurwitz C, Morris J, Robinson S. Responding to avian influenza A H5N1 detection on a hospital property in Maine-An interdisciplinary approach. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:331-335. [PMID: 38009284 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of infection with avian influenza A viruses currently circulating in wild and domestic birds in the Americas is considered low for the general public; however, detections in humans have been reported and warning signs of increased zoonotic potential have been identified. In December 2022, two Canada geese residing on the grounds of an urban hospital in Maine tested positive for influenza A H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b. AIMS Given the opportunity for exposure to staff and hospital visitors through potentially infected faeces on the property, public health authorities determined mitigation efforts were needed to prevent the spread of disease. The ensuing response relied on collaboration between the public health and animal health agencies to guide the hospital through efforts in preventing possible zoonotic transmission to humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mitigation efforts included staff communication and education, environmental cleaning and disinfection, enhanced illness surveillance among staff and patients, and exposure and source reduction. RESULTS No human H5N1 cases were identified, and no additional detections in birds on the property occurred. Hospital staff identified barriers to preparedness resulting from a lack of understanding of avian influenza A viruses and transmission prevention methods, including avian influenza risk in resident wild bird populations and proper wildlife management methods. CONCLUSION As this virus continues to circulate at the animal-human interface, this event and resulting response highlights the need for influenza A H5N1 risk awareness and guidance for facilities and groups not traditionally involved in avian influenza responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krueger
- Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Augusta, Maine, United States
| | - Devin J F Myles
- Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Augusta, Maine, United States
- MCD Global Health, Hallowell, Maine, United States
| | - Carrie P Rice
- Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Augusta, Maine, United States
- MCD Global Health, Hallowell, Maine, United States
| | - Tegwin K Taylor
- Maine Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife, Augusta, Maine, United States
| | - Carolyn Hurwitz
- Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry, Augusta, Maine, United States
| | - Jesse Morris
- United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Riverdale, Maryland, United States
| | - Sara Robinson
- Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Augusta, Maine, United States
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Wünschmann A, Franzen-Klein D, Torchetti M, Confeld M, Carstensen M, Hall V. Lesions and viral antigen distribution in bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and great horned owls naturally infected with H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:410-420. [PMID: 38197395 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231222227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
An epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) began in North America in the winter of 2021. The introduced Eurasian H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus subsequently reassorted with North American avian influenza strains. This postmortem study describes the lesions and influenza A virus antigen distribution in 3 species of raptors, including bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus, n = 6), red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis, n = 9), and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus, n = 8), naturally infected with this virus strain based on positive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and sequencing results from oropharyngeal swabs. The birds presented with severe neurologic signs and either died or were euthanized because of the severity of their clinical signs and suspected influenza virus infection. Gross lesions were uncommon and included forebrain hemorrhages in 2 eagles, myocarditis in 1 hawk, and multifocal pancreatic necrosis in 3 owls. Histological lesions were common and included encephalitis, myocarditis, multifocal pancreas necrosis, multifocal adrenal necrosis, histiocytic splenitis, and anterior uveitis in decreasing frequency. Influenza A viral antigen was detected in brain, heart, pancreas, adrenal gland, kidney, spleen, liver, and eye. In conclusion, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and great horned owls infected with the HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b virus strain and showing neurological signs of illness may develop severe or fatal disease with histologically detectable lesions in the brain that are frequently positive for viral antigen.
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Hall V, Cardona C, Mendoza K, Torchetti M, Lantz K, Bueno I, Franzen-Klein D. Surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) in a raptor rehabilitation center-2022. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299330. [PMID: 38683799 PMCID: PMC11057742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
An ongoing, severe outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) A H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has been circulating in wild and domestic bird populations throughout the world, reaching North America in 2021. This HPAI outbreak has exhibited unique characteristics when compared to previous outbreaks. The global distribution of disease, prolonged duration, extensive number of species and individual wild birds affected, and the large impact on the global poultry industry have all exceeded historical impacts of previous outbreaks in North America. In this study, we describe the results of HPAI surveillance conducted at The Raptor Center, a wildlife rehabilitation hospital at University of Minnesota (Saint Paul, MN, U.S.A.), from March 28th-December 31, 2022. All wild raptors admitted to the facility were tested for avian influenza viruses using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. All non-negative samples were submitted to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) National Veterinary Services Laboratories for confirmatory HPAI testing and genetic sequencing. During the study period, 996 individual birds representing 20 different species were tested for avian influenza, and 213 birds were confirmed HPAI positive. Highly pathogenic avian influenza surveillance conducted at The Raptor Center contributed 75% of the HPAI positive raptor detections within the state of Minnesota, located within the Mississippi flyway, significantly augmenting state wildlife surveillance efforts. The viral genotypes observed in birds sampled at The Raptor Center were representative of what was seen in wild bird surveillance within the Mississippi flyway during the same time frame. Wildlife rehabilitation centers provide an opportune situation to augment disease surveillance at the human, wildlife and domestic animal interface during ongoing infectious disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Hall
- The Raptor Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Carol Cardona
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kristelle Mendoza
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mia Torchetti
- United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kristina Lantz
- United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Irene Bueno
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, England
| | - Dana Franzen-Klein
- The Raptor Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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Cho AY, Si YJ, Lee DY, Kim DJ, Kim D, Jeong H, Song CS, Lee DH. Index case of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in wild birds, South Korea, November 2023. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1366082. [PMID: 38699674 PMCID: PMC11064161 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1366082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Yong Cho
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Wildlife Health Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Wildlife Disease Research Team, National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeop Lee
- Wildlife Health Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ju Kim
- Wildlife Disease Research Team, National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehun Kim
- Wildlife Disease Research Team, National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Jeong
- Wildlife Disease Research Team, National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Konkuk University Zoonotic Disease Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Wildlife Health Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Konkuk University Zoonotic Disease Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tomás G, Marandino A, Panzera Y, Rodríguez S, Wallau GL, Dezordi FZ, Pérez R, Bassetti L, Negro R, Williman J, Uriarte V, Grazioli F, Leizagoyen C, Riverón S, Coronel J, Bello S, Páez E, Lima M, Méndez V, Pérez R. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infections in pinnipeds and seabirds in Uruguay: Implications for bird-mammal transmission in South America. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae031. [PMID: 38756986 PMCID: PMC11096771 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b have caused unprecedented deaths in South American wild birds, poultry, and marine mammals. In September 2023, pinnipeds and seabirds appeared dead on the Uruguayan Atlantic coast. Sixteen influenza virus strains were characterized by real-time reverse transcription PCR and genome sequencing in samples from sea lions (Otaria flavescens), fur seals (Arctocephalus australis), and terns (Sterna hirundinacea). Phylogenetic and ancestral reconstruction analysis showed that these strains have pinnipeds most likely as the ancestral host, representing a recent introduction of clade 2.3.4.4b in Uruguay. The Uruguayan and closely related strains from Peru (sea lions) and Chile (sea lions and a human case) carry mammalian adaptative residues 591K and 701N in the viral polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2). Our findings suggest that clade 2.3.4.4b strains in South America may have spread from mammals to mammals and seabirds, revealing a new transmission route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Tomás
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Sirley Rodríguez
- Departamento de Virología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios ‘Miguel C. Rubino’, Dirección’General de Servicios Ganaderos, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 km 17,000, Montevideo 12100, Uruguay
| | - Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Departamento de Entomología, Núcleo de Bioinformática, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM)-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Moraes Rego, s/n, Campus da UFPE- Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco 50740-465, Brazil
- Department of Arbovirology and Entomology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | - Filipe Zimmer Dezordi
- Departamento de Entomología, Núcleo de Bioinformática, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM)-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Moraes Rego, s/n, Campus da UFPE- Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Pérez
- Departamento de Virología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios ‘Miguel C. Rubino’, Dirección’General de Servicios Ganaderos, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 km 17,000, Montevideo 12100, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Bassetti
- Departamento de Virología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios ‘Miguel C. Rubino’, Dirección’General de Servicios Ganaderos, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 km 17,000, Montevideo 12100, Uruguay
| | - Raúl Negro
- Departamento de Virología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios ‘Miguel C. Rubino’, Dirección’General de Servicios Ganaderos, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 km 17,000, Montevideo 12100, Uruguay
| | - Joaquín Williman
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Valeria Uriarte
- Dirección Nacional de Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos (DINABISE), Ministerio de Ambiente, Juncal 1385, Montevideo 11000, Uruguay
| | - Fabiana Grazioli
- Dirección Nacional de Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos (DINABISE), Ministerio de Ambiente, Juncal 1385, Montevideo 11000, Uruguay
| | - Carmen Leizagoyen
- Dirección Nacional de Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos (DINABISE), Ministerio de Ambiente, Juncal 1385, Montevideo 11000, Uruguay
| | - Sabrina Riverón
- Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos (DINARA), Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Constituyente 1497, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay
| | - Jaime Coronel
- Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos (DINARA), Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Constituyente 1497, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay
| | - Soledad Bello
- Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos (DINARA), Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Constituyente 1497, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay
| | - Enrique Páez
- Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos (DINARA), Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Constituyente 1497, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay
| | - Martín Lima
- Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos (DINARA), Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Constituyente 1497, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay
| | - Virginia Méndez
- Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos (DINARA), Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Constituyente 1497, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
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Arruda B, Baker ALV, Buckley A, Anderson TK, Torchetti M, Bergeson NH, Killian ML, Lantz K. Divergent Pathogenesis and Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) in Swine. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:738-751. [PMID: 38478379 PMCID: PMC10977838 DOI: 10.3201/eid3004.231141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have potential to cross species barriers and cause pandemics. Since 2022, HPAI A(H5N1) belonging to the goose/Guangdong 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin phylogenetic clade have infected poultry, wild birds, and mammals across North America. Continued circulation in birds and infection of multiple mammalian species with strains possessing adaptation mutations increase the risk for infection and subsequent reassortment with influenza A viruses endemic in swine. We assessed the susceptibility of swine to avian and mammalian HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b strains using a pathogenesis and transmission model. All strains replicated in the lung of pigs and caused lesions consistent with influenza A infection. However, viral replication in the nasal cavity and transmission was only observed with mammalian isolates. Mammalian adaptation and reassortment may increase the risk for incursion and transmission of HPAI viruses in feral, backyard, or commercial swine.
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Graziosi G, Lupini C, Gobbo F, Zecchin B, Quaglia G, Pedrazzoli S, Lizzi G, Dosa G, Martini G, Terregino C, Catelli E. Genetic Diversity of Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Waterbirds in Northeast Italy Using Two Different Sampling Strategies. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1018. [PMID: 38612257 PMCID: PMC11010841 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs), which circulate endemically in wild aquatic birds, pose a significant threat to poultry and raise concerns for their zoonotic potential. From August 2021 to April 2022, a multi-site cross-sectional study involving active AIV epidemiological monitoring was conducted in wetlands of the Emilia-Romagna region, northern Italy, adjacent to densely populated poultry areas. A total of 129 cloacal swab samples (CSs) and 407 avian faecal droppings samples (FDs) were collected, with 7 CSs (5.4%) and 4 FDs (1%) testing positive for the AIV matrix gene through rRT-PCR. A COI-barcoding protocol was applied to recognize the species of origin of AIV-positive FDs. Multiple low-pathogenic AIV subtypes were identified, and five of these were isolated, including an H5N3, an H1N1, and three H9N2 in wild ducks. Following whole-genome sequencing, phylogenetic analyses of the hereby obtained strains showed close genetic relationships with AIVs detected in countries along the Black Sea/Mediterranean migratory flyway. Notably, none of the analyzed gene segments were genetically related to HPAI H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from Italian poultry during the concurrent 2021-2022 epidemic. Overall, the detected AIV genetic diversity emphasizes the necessity for ongoing monitoring in wild hosts using diverse sampling strategies and whole-genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Graziosi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Federica Gobbo
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (F.G.); (B.Z.); (C.T.)
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (F.G.); (B.Z.); (C.T.)
| | - Giulia Quaglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Sara Pedrazzoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Gabriele Lizzi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Geremia Dosa
- Veterinary Services, Local Health Unit of Imola (A.U.S.L. di Imola), 40026 Imola, BO, Italy; (G.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Gabriella Martini
- Veterinary Services, Local Health Unit of Imola (A.U.S.L. di Imola), 40026 Imola, BO, Italy; (G.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (F.G.); (B.Z.); (C.T.)
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
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Zeng J, Du F, Xiao L, Sun H, Lu L, Lei W, Zheng J, Wang L, Shu S, Li Y, Zhang Q, Tang K, Sun Q, Zhang C, Long H, Qiu Z, Zhai K, Li Z, Zhang G, Sun Y, Wang D, Zhang Z, Lycett SJ, Gao GF, Shu Y, Liu J, Du X, Pu J. Spatiotemporal genotype replacement of H5N8 avian influenza viruses contributed to H5N1 emergence in 2021/2022 panzootic. J Virol 2024; 98:e0140123. [PMID: 38358287 PMCID: PMC10949427 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01401-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 2020, clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 and H5N1 viruses have swept through continents, posing serious threats to the world. Through comprehensive analyses of epidemiological, genetic, and bird migration data, we found that the dominant genotype replacement of the H5N8 viruses in 2020 contributed to the H5N1 outbreak in the 2021/2022 wave. The 2020 outbreak of the H5N8 G1 genotype instead of the G0 genotype produced reassortment opportunities and led to the emergence of a new H5N1 virus with G1's HA and MP genes. Despite extensive reassortments in the 2021/2022 wave, the H5N1 virus retained the HA and MP genes, causing a significant outbreak in Europe and North America. Furtherly, through the wild bird migration flyways investigation, we found that the temporal-spatial coincidence between the outbreak of the H5N8 G1 virus and the bird autumn migration may have expanded the H5 viral spread, which may be one of the main drivers of the emergence of the 2020-2022 H5 panzootic.IMPORTANCESince 2020, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 subtype variants of clade 2.3.4.4b have spread across continents, posing unprecedented threats globally. However, the factors promoting the genesis and spread of H5 HPAI viruses remain unclear. Here, we found that the spatiotemporal genotype replacement of H5N8 HPAI viruses contributed to the emergence of the H5N1 variant that caused the 2021/2022 panzootic, and the viral evolution in poultry of Egypt and surrounding area and autumn bird migration from the Russia-Kazakhstan region to Europe are important drivers of the emergence of the 2020-2022 H5 panzootic. These findings provide important targets for early warning and could help control the current and future HPAI epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zeng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanshu Du
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Linna Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Demonstration Center for Experimental Life Sciences & Biotechnology Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Honglei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Lu
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Weipan Lei
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Demonstration Center for Experimental Life Sciences & Biotechnology Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialu Zheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sicheng Shu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Tang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianru Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haoyu Long
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zekai Qiu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Zhai
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Geli Zhang
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengwang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Demonstration Center for Experimental Life Sciences & Biotechnology Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Samantha J. Lycett
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology of Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS)/Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjun Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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36
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Li Y, An Q, Sun Z, Gao X, Wang H. Multifaceted analysis of temporal and spatial distribution and risk factors of global poultry HPAI-H5N1, 2005-2023. Animal 2024; 18:101085. [PMID: 38364655 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of occurrence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (HPAI-H5N1) globally, understand its spatiotemporal characteristics, investigate the risk factors influencing outbreaks, and identify high-risk areas for disease occurrence. We collected the data on global poultry HPAI-H5N1 outbreaks from January 2005 to April 2023, and conducted a thorough analysis of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the disease through time series decomposition and directional distribution analysis. Additionally, an ecological niche model was established to explore the major factors influencing the occurrence of HPAI-H5N1 and to pinpoint high-risk areas. Our findings revealed that HPAI-H5N1 outbreaks were cyclical, and seasonal, exhibiting a rising trend, with a predominant northwest-southeast transmission direction. The ecological niche model highlighted that species factors and economic trade factors are critical in influencing the outbreak of HPAI-H5N1. Variables such as chicken and duck density, population density, isothermality, and road density, contributed to importantly risk of outbreaks. High-risk areas for HPAI-H5N1 occurrence were primarily identified in Europe, West Africa, Southeast Asia, and Southeast China. This study provided valuable insights into the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and risk factors of global poultry HPAI-H5N1 outbreaks. The identification of high-risk areas provides essential information that can be used to develop more effective prevention and control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi An
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Gartrell BD, Jolly MJ, Hunter SA. The risks and consequences of a high pathogenicity avian influenza outbreak in Aotearoa New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2024; 72:63-65. [PMID: 38228153 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2294915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- B D Gartrell
- Wildbase, Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M J Jolly
- Wildbase, Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S A Hunter
- Wildbase, Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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38
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Seo YR, Cho AY, Si YJ, Lee SI, Kim DJ, Jeong H, Kwon JH, Song CS, Lee DH. Evolution and Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Wild Birds, South Korea, 2022-2023. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:299-309. [PMID: 38215495 PMCID: PMC10826760 DOI: 10.3201/eid3002.231274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
During October 2022-March 2023, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus caused outbreaks in South Korea, including 174 cases in wild birds. To understand the origin and role of wild birds in the evolution and spread of HPAI viruses, we sequenced 113 HPAI isolates from wild birds and performed phylogenetic analysis. We identified 16 different genotypes, indicating extensive genetic reassortment with viruses in wild birds. Phylodynamic analysis showed that the viruses were most likely introduced to the southern Gyeonggi-do/northern Chungcheongnam-do area through whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) and spread southward. Cross-species transmission occurred between various wild bird species, including waterfowl and raptors, resulting in the persistence of HPAI in wild bird populations and further geographic spread as these birds migrated throughout South Korea. Enhanced genomic surveillance was an integral part of the HPAI outbreak response, aiding in timely understanding of the origin, evolution, and spread of the virus.
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39
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Goraichuk IV, Harden M, Spackman E, Suarez DL. The 28S rRNA RT-qPCR assay for host depletion evaluation to enhance avian virus detection in Illumina and Nanopore sequencing. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1328987. [PMID: 38351914 PMCID: PMC10864109 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1328987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Abundant host and bacterial sequences can obscure the detection of less prevalent viruses in untargeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). Efficient removal of these non-targeted sequences is vital for accurate viral detection. This study presents a novel 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) RT-qPCR assay designed to assess the efficiency of avian rRNA depletion before conducting costly NGS for the detection of avian RNA viruses. The comprehensive evaluation of this 28S-test focuses on substituting DNase I with alternative DNases in our established depletion protocols and finetuning essential parameters for reliable host rRNA depletion. To validate the effectiveness of the 28S-test, we compared its performance with NGS results obtained from both Illumina and Nanopore sequencing platforms. This evaluation utilized swab samples from chickens infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, subjected to established and modified depletion protocols. Both methods significantly reduced host rRNA levels, but using the alternative DNase had superior performance. Additionally, utilizing the 28S-test, we explored cost- and time-effective strategies, such as reduced probe concentrations and other alternative DNase usage, assessed the impact of filtration pre-treatment, and evaluated various experimental parameters to further optimize the depletion protocol. Our findings underscore the value of the 28S-test in optimizing depletion methods for advancing improvements in avian disease research through NGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna V. Goraichuk
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Mark Harden
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States
| | - Erica Spackman
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - David L. Suarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
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40
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Ramey AM, Scott LC, Ahlstrom CA, Buck EJ, Williams AR, Kim Torchetti M, Stallknecht DE, Poulson RL. Molecular detection and characterization of highly pathogenic H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza viruses among hunter-harvested wild birds provides evidence for three independent introductions into Alaska. Virology 2024; 589:109938. [PMID: 37977084 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
We detected and characterized highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses among hunter-harvested wild waterfowl inhabiting western Alaska during September-October 2022 using a molecular sequencing pipeline applied to RNA extracts derived directly from original swab samples. Genomic characterization of 10 H5 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza viruses detected with high confidence provided evidence for three independent viral introductions into Alaska. Our results highlight the utility and some potential limits of applying molecular processing approaches directly to RNA extracts from original swab samples for viral research and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, USA.
| | - Laura C Scott
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | | | - Evan J Buck
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Alison R Williams
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Cold Bay, Alaska, USA
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- U.S. Department of Agriculture National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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41
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Hubbard LE, Givens CE, Stelzer EA, Killian ML, Kolpin DW, Szablewski CM, Poulson RL. Environmental Surveillance and Detection of Infectious Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Iowa Wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2023; 10:1181-1187. [PMID: 38106530 PMCID: PMC10720465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) infect both wild birds and domestic poultry, resulting in economically costly outbreaks that have the potential to impact public health. Currently, a knowledge gap exists regarding the detection of infectious AIVs in the aquatic environment. In response to the 2021-2022 Eurasian strain highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 clade 2.3.4.4 lineage H5 outbreak, an AIV environmental outbreak response study was conducted using a One Health approach. An optimized method was used to temporally sample (April and May 2022) and analyze (culture and molecular methods) surface water from five water bodies (four wetlands and one lake used as a comparison location) in areas near confirmed HPAI detections in wild bird or poultry operations. Avian influenza viruses were isolated from water samples collected in April from all four wetlands (not from the comparison lake sample); HPAI H5N1 was isolated from one wetland. No virus was isolated from the May samples. Several factors, including increased water temperatures, precipitation, biotic and abiotic factors, and absence of AIV-contaminated fecal material due to fewer waterfowl present, may have contributed to the lack of virus isolation from May samples. Results demonstrate surface water as a plausible medium for transmission of AIVs, including the HPAI virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Hubbard
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science
Center, 1 Gifford Pinchot
Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Carrie E. Givens
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science
Center, 5840 Enterprise
Drive, Lansing, Michigan 48911 United States
| | - Erin A. Stelzer
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana
Water Science Center, 6460 Busch Blvd, Ste 100, Columbus, Ohio 43229 United States
| | - Mary L. Killian
- U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010 United States
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water
Science Center, 400 S.
Clinton Street, Rm 269, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | - Christine M. Szablewski
- Influenza
Division, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329 United States
| | - Rebecca L. Poulson
- Southeastern
Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health,
College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of Georgia, 589 D.W.
Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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42
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Molini U, Yabe J, Meki IK, Ouled Ahmed Ben Ali H, Settypalli TBK, Datta S, Coetzee LM, Hamunyela E, Khaiseb S, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Dundon WG. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus outbreak among Cape cormorants ( Phalacrocorax capensis) in Namibia, 2022. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2167610. [PMID: 36632773 PMCID: PMC9980411 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2167610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In January 2022, significant mortality was observed among Cape cormorants (Phalacrocorax capensis) on the west coast of Namibia. Samples collected were shown to be positive for H5N1 avian influenza by multiplex RT-qPCR. Full genome analysis and phylogenetic analysis identified the viruses as belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b and that it clustered with similar viruses identified in Lesotho and Botswana in 2021. This is the first genomic characterization of H5N1 viruses in Namibia and has important implications for poultry disease management and wildlife conservation in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - John Yabe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Irene K. Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hatem Ouled Ahmed Ben Ali
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tirumala B. K. Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sneha Datta
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E. Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - William G. Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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43
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Elsmo EJ, Wünschmann A, Beckmen KB, Broughton-Neiswanger LE, Buckles EL, Ellis J, Fitzgerald SD, Gerlach R, Hawkins S, Ip HS, Lankton JS, Lemley EM, Lenoch JB, Killian ML, Lantz K, Long L, Maes R, Mainenti M, Melotti J, Moriarty ME, Nakagun S, Ruden RM, Shearn-Bochsler V, Thompson D, Torchetti MK, Van Wettere AJ, Wise AG, Lim AL. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Clade 2.3.4.4b Infections in Wild Terrestrial Mammals, United States, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2451-2460. [PMID: 37987580 PMCID: PMC10683806 DOI: 10.3201/eid2912.230464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the pathology of natural infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus of Eurasian lineage Goose/Guangdong clade 2.3.4.4b in 67 wild terrestrial mammals throughout the United States during April 1‒July 21, 2022. Affected mammals include 50 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 6 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), 4 raccoons (Procyon lotor), 2 bobcats (Lynx rufus), 2 Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana), 1 coyote (Canis latrans), 1 fisher (Pekania pennanti), and 1 gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Infected mammals showed primarily neurologic signs. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis, interstitial pneumonia, and myocardial necrosis were the most common lesions; however, species variations in lesion distribution were observed. Genotype analysis of sequences from 48 animals indicates that these cases represent spillover infections from wild birds.
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Reischak D, Rivetti AV, Otaka JNP, Domingues CS, Freitas TDL, Cardoso FG, Montesino LO, da Silva ALS, Malta F, Amgarten D, Goés-Neto A, de Oliveira AF, Camargos MF. First report and genetic characterization of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in Cabot's tern ( Thalasseus acuflavidus), Brazil. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 22:100319. [PMID: 38022721 PMCID: PMC10652201 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2021, the H5N1 virus lineage 2.3.4.4b spread to the Americas, causing high mortality in wild and domestic avian populations. South American countries along the Pacific migratory route have reported wild bird deaths due to A/H5Nx virus since October 2022. However, limited genomic data resulted in no cases reported in Brazil until May 2023. Brazil reported its first case of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI A/H5N1) in May 2023. The virus was detected in Cabot's tern specimen in Marataízes, Espírito Santo. Cases were also found in backyard poultry and other wild birds, but no human or commercial poultry cases occurred. HPAI poses risks to the poultry industry, food security, and public health. Researchers used next-gen sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to study the Brazilian sample. It confirmed its affiliation with the 2.3.4.4b clade and proximity to sequences from Chile and Peru. This sheds light on the spread and evolution of HPAI A/H5N1 in the Americas, emphasizing continuous monitoring to mitigate risks for both avian and human populations. Understanding the virus's genetics and transmission allows implementing effective control measures to protect public health and the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilmara Reischak
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/SP, São Paulo 13100-105, Brazil
| | - Anselmo Vasconcelos Rivetti
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/MG, Minas Gerais 33250-220, Brazil
| | - Juliana Nabuco Pereira Otaka
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/SP, São Paulo 13100-105, Brazil
| | - Christian Steffe Domingues
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/SP, São Paulo 13100-105, Brazil
| | - Talita de Lima Freitas
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/SP, São Paulo 13100-105, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gomes Cardoso
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/SP, São Paulo 13100-105, Brazil
| | - Lucas Oliveira Montesino
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/SP, São Paulo 13100-105, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Savioli da Silva
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/SP, São Paulo 13100-105, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Malta
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Deyvid Amgarten
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Goés-Neto
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antônio Fonseca de Oliveira
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/MG, Minas Gerais 33250-220, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fernandes Camargos
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/MG, Minas Gerais 33250-220, Brazil
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45
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Wang Y, Wang M, Zhang H, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Shen J, Sun X, Xu H, Xie Y, Gao X, Cui P, Chu D, Li Y, Liu W, Peng P, Deng G, Guo J, Li X. Prevalence, evolution, replication and transmission of H3N8 avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory birds in eastern China from 2017 to 2021. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2184178. [PMID: 36913241 PMCID: PMC10013397 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2184178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The continued evolution and emergence of novel influenza viruses in wild and domestic animals poses an increasing public health risk. Two human cases of H3N8 avian influenza virus infection in China in 2022 have caused public concern regarding the risk of transmission between birds and humans. However, the prevalence of H3N8 avian influenza viruses in their natural reservoirs and their biological characteristics are largely unknown. To elucidate the potential threat of H3N8 viruses, we analyzed five years of surveillance data obtained from an important wetland region in eastern China and evaluated the evolutionary and biological characteristics of 21 H3N8 viruses isolated from 15,899 migratory bird samples between 2017 and 2021. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses showed that the H3N8 viruses circulating in migratory birds and ducks have evolved into different branches and have undergone complicated reassortment with viruses in waterfowl. The 21 viruses belonged to 12 genotypes, and some strains induced body weight loss and pneumonia in mice. All the tested H3N8 viruses preferentially bind to avian-type receptors, although they have acquired the ability to bind human-type receptors. Infection studies in ducks, chickens and pigeons demonstrated that the currently circulating H3N8 viruses in migratory birds have a high possibility of infecting domestic waterfowl and a low possibility of infecting chickens and pigeons. Our findings imply that circulating H3N8 viruses in migratory birds continue to evolve and pose a high infection risk in domestic ducks. These results further emphasize the importance of avian influenza surveillance at the wild bird and poultry interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Wang
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjing Wang
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Conghui Zhao
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Shen
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongke Xu
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Xie
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Gao
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Chu
- Biological Disaster Control and Prevention Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubao Li
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Peng
- Biological Disaster Control and Prevention Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Deng
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyong Li
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
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46
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Molini U, Yabe J, Meki IK, Ouled Ahmed Ben Ali H, Settypalli TBK, Datta S, Coetzee LM, Hamunyela E, Khaiseb S, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Dundon WG. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus outbreak among Cape cormorants ( Phalacrocorax capensis) in Namibia, 2022. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023. [PMID: 36632773 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2167610inpress] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
In January 2022, significant mortality was observed among Cape cormorants (Phalacrocorax capensis) on the west coast of Namibia. Samples collected were shown to be positive for H5N1 avian influenza by multiplex RT-qPCR. Full genome analysis and phylogenetic analysis identified the viruses as belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b and that it clustered with similar viruses identified in Lesotho and Botswana in 2021. This is the first genomic characterization of H5N1 viruses in Namibia and has important implications for poultry disease management and wildlife conservation in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.,Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - John Yabe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Irene K Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hatem Ouled Ahmed Ben Ali
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tirumala B K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sneha Datta
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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Barman S, Turner JCM, Kamrul Hasan M, Akhtar S, Jeevan T, Franks J, Walker D, Mukherjee N, Seiler P, Kercher L, McKenzie P, Webster RG, Feeroz MM, Webby RJ. Emergence of a new genotype of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses in Bangladesh. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:e2252510. [PMID: 37622753 PMCID: PMC10563617 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2252510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virological surveillance was conducted in Bangladesh from January to December 2021 in live poultry markets (LPMs) and in Tanguar Haor, a wetland region where domestic ducks have frequent contact with migratory birds. The predominant viruses circulating in LPMs were low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 and clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses. Additional LPAIs were found in both LPM (H4N6) and Tanguar Haor wetlands (H7N7). Genetic analyses of these LPAIs strongly suggested long-distance movement of viruses along the Central Asian migratory bird flyway. We also detected a novel clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus from ducks in free-range farms in Tanguar Haor that was similar to viruses first detected in October 2020 in The Netherlands but with a different PB2. Identification of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1 viruses in Tanguar Haor provides continued support of the role of migratory birds in transboundary movement of influenza A viruses (IAV), including HPAI viruses. Domestic ducks in free range farm in wetland areas, like Tangua Haor, serve as a conduit for the introduction of LPAI and HPAI viruses into Bangladesh. Clade 2.3.4.4b viruses have dominated in many regions of the world since mid-2021, and it remains to be seen if these viruses will replace the endemic clade 2.3.2.1a H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Barman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jasmine C. M. Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - M. Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nabanita Mukherjee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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48
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Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Spackman E, Leyson C, Youk S, Lee SA, Moon LM, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, Lenoch JB, Kapczynski DR, Swayne DE, Suarez DL. Pathogenicity in Chickens and Turkeys of a 2021 United States H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Wild Bird Virus Compared to Two Previous H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4 Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:2273. [PMID: 38005949 PMCID: PMC10674317 DOI: 10.3390/v15112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of subtype H5 of the Gs/GD/96 lineage remain a major threat to poultry due to endemicity in wild birds. H5N1 HPAIVs from this lineage were detected in 2021 in the United States (U.S.) and since then have infected many wild and domestic birds. We evaluated the pathobiology of an early U.S. H5N1 HPAIV (clade 2.3.4.4b, 2021) and two H5N8 HPAIVs from previous outbreaks in the U.S. (clade 2.3.4.4c, 2014) and Europe (clade 2.3.4.4b, 2016) in chickens and turkeys. Differences in clinical signs, mean death times (MDTs), and virus transmissibility were found between chickens and turkeys. The mean bird infective dose (BID50) of the 2021 H5N1 virus was approximately 2.6 log10 50% embryo infective dose (EID50) in chickens and 2.2 log10 EID50 in turkeys, and the virus transmitted to contact-exposed turkeys but not chickens. The BID50 for the 2016 H5N8 virus was also slightly different in chickens and turkeys (4.2 and 4.7 log10 EID50, respectively); however, the BID50 for the 2014 H5N8 virus was higher for chickens than turkeys (3.9 and ~0.9 log10 EID50, respectively). With all viruses, turkeys took longer to die (MDTs of 2.6-8.2 days for turkeys and 1-4 days for chickens), which increased the virus shedding period and facilitated transmission to contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Christina Leyson
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Sungsu Youk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott A. Lee
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Linda M. Moon
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Mia K. Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mary L. Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Julianna B. Lenoch
- Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Darrell R. Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - David E. Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - David L. Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
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49
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Pepin KM, Leach CB, Barrett NL, Ellis JW, VanDalen KK, Webb CT, Shriner SA. Environmental transmission of influenza A virus in mallards. mBio 2023; 14:e0086223. [PMID: 37768062 PMCID: PMC10653830 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00862-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Wild birds are the natural reservoir hosts of influenza A viruses. Highly pathogenic strains of influenza A viruses pose risks to wild birds, poultry, and human health. Thus, understanding how these viruses are transmitted between birds is critical. We conducted an experiment where we experimentally infected mallards which are ducks that are commonly exposed to influenza viruses. We exposed several contact ducks to the experimentally infected duck to estimate the probability that a contact duck would become infected from either exposure to the virus shed directly from the infected duck or shared water contaminated with the virus from the infected duck. We found that environmental transmission from contaminated water best predicted the probability of transmission to naïve contact ducks, relatively low levels of virus in the water were sufficient to cause infection, and the probability of a naïve duck becoming infected varied over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Pepin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Clinton B. Leach
- Department of Fish Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicole L. Barrett
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeremy W. Ellis
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kaci K. VanDalen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Colleen T. Webb
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan A. Shriner
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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50
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Murray M, Cox EC. Bromethalin Exposure and Possible Toxicosis in a Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:815-817. [PMID: 37578742 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
A free-living Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) displayed acute onset neurologic signs. Postmortem analysis of adipose tissue identified desmethylbromethalin, the active metabolite of bromethalin. Antemortem signs, detection of desmethylbromethalin, and results of other diagnostics support the possibility of secondary bromethalin toxicosis. Investigation of bromethalin's potential risk to wildlife is critically needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Murray
- Tufts Wildlife Clinic, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
| | - Elena C Cox
- Tufts Wildlife Clinic, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
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