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Mastenbroek SE, Sala A, Vállez García D, Shekari M, Salvadó G, Lorenzini L, Pieperhoff L, Wink AM, Lopes Alves I, Wolz R, Ritchie C, Boada M, Visser PJ, Bucci M, Farrar G, Hansson O, Nordberg AK, Ossenkoppele R, Barkhof F, Gispert JD, Rodriguez-Vieitez E, Collij LE. Continuous β-Amyloid CSF/PET Imbalance Model to Capture Alzheimer Disease Heterogeneity. Neurology 2024; 103:e209419. [PMID: 38862136 PMCID: PMC11244744 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Discordance between CSF and PET biomarkers of β-amyloid (Aβ) might reflect an imbalance between soluble and aggregated species, possibly reflecting disease heterogeneity. Previous studies generally used binary cutoffs to assess discrepancies in CSF/PET biomarkers, resulting in a loss of information on the extent of discordance. In this study, we (1) jointly modeled Aβ-CSF/PET data to derive a continuous measure of the imbalance between soluble and fibrillar pools of Aβ, (2) investigated factors contributing to this imbalance, and (3) examined associations with cognitive trajectories. METHODS Across 822 cognitively unimpaired (n = 261) and cognitively impaired (n = 561) Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative individuals (384 [46.7%] females, mean age 73.0 ± 7.4 years), we fitted baseline CSF-Aβ42 and global Aβ-PET to a hyperbolic regression model, deriving a participant-specific Aβ-aggregation score (standardized residuals); negative values represent more soluble relative to aggregated Aβ and positive values more aggregated relative to soluble Aβ. Using linear models, we investigated whether methodological factors, demographics, CSF biomarkers, and vascular burden contributed to Aβ-aggregation scores. With linear mixed models, we assessed whether Aβ-aggregation scores were predictive of cognitive functioning. Analyses were repeated in an early independent validation cohort of 383 Amyloid Imaging to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease Prognostic and Natural History Study individuals (224 [58.5%] females, mean age 65.2 ± 6.9 years). RESULTS The imbalance model could be fit (pseudo-R2 = 0.94) in both cohorts, across CSF kits and PET tracers. Although no associations were observed with the main methodological factors, lower Aβ-aggregation scores were associated with larger ventricular volume (β = 0.13, p < 0.001), male sex (β = -0.18, p = 0.019), and homozygous APOE-ε4 carriership (β = -0.56, p < 0.001), whereas higher scores were associated with increased uncorrected CSF p-tau (β = 0.17, p < 0.001) and t-tau (β = 0.16, p < 0.001), better baseline executive functioning (β = 0.12, p < 0.001), and slower global cognitive decline (β = 0.14, p = 0.006). In the validation cohort, we replicated the associations with APOE-ε4, CSF t-tau, and, although modestly, with cognition. DISCUSSION We propose a novel continuous model of Aβ CSF/PET biomarker imbalance, accurately describing heterogeneity in soluble vs aggregated Aβ pools in 2 independent cohorts across the full Aβ continuum. Aβ-aggregation scores were consistently associated with genetic and AD-associated CSF biomarkers, possibly reflecting disease heterogeneity beyond methodological influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Mastenbroek
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arianna Sala
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Vállez García
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mahnaz Shekari
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Salvadó
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Lorenzini
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leonard Pieperhoff
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alle Meije Wink
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isadora Lopes Alves
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Wolz
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Ritchie
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mercè Boada
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Bucci
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gill Farrar
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oskar Hansson
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Agneta K Nordberg
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rik Ossenkoppele
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Domingo Gispert
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Rodriguez-Vieitez
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lyduine E Collij
- From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (S.E.M., D.V.G., L.L., L.P., A.M.W., F.B., L.E.C.), Brain Imaging, the Netherlands; Clinical Memory Research Unit (S.E.M., G.S., O.H., R.O., L.E.C.), Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University; Division of Clinical Geriatrics (A.S., M. Bucci, A.K.N., E.R.-V.), Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Coma Science Group (A.S.), GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège; Centre du Cerveau2 (A.S.), University Hospital of Liège, Belgium; Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (M.S., G.S., J.D.G.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (M.S., J.D.G.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (M.S., J.D.G.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (M.S.), Barcelona, Spain; Brain Research Center (I.L.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; IXICO (R.W.), London; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (C.R.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona (M. Boada), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (M. Boada), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam (P.J.V., R.O.), Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc; Amsterdam Neuroscience (P.J.V.), Neurodegeneration; Alzheimer Center Limburg (P.J.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Division of Neurogeriatrics (P.J.V.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Aging (M. Bucci, A.K.N.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare (G.F.), Amersham, United Kingdom; Memory Clinic (O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and Centre for Medical Image Computing (F.B.), and Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Souza IDD, Lanças FM, Hallak JEC, Queiroz MEC. Fiber-in-tube SPME-CapLC-MS/MS method to determine Aβ peptides in cerebrospinal fluid obtained from Alzheimer's patients. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1723:464913. [PMID: 38642449 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is characterized by its high sensitivity, ability to measure very low analyte concentrations, specificity to distinguish between closely related compounds, availability to generate high-throughput methods for screening, and high multiplexing capacity. This technique has been used as a platform to analyze fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. However, more effective sample preparation procedures, preferably antibody-independent, and more automated mass spectrometry platforms with improved sensitivity, chromatographic separation, and high throughput are needed for this purpose. This short communication discusses the development of a fiber-in-tube SPME-CapLC-MS/MS method to determine Aβ peptides in cerebrospinal fluid obtained from Alzheimer's disease patients. To obtain the fiber-in-tube SPME capillary, we longitudinally packed 22 nitinol fibers coated with a zwitterionic polymeric ionic liquid into the same length of the PEEK tube. In addition, this communication compares this fiber-in-tube SPME method with the conventional HPLC scale (HPLC-MS/MS) and when directly coupled to CapESI-MS/MS without chromatographic separation, and, as a case study, discusses the benefits and challenges inherent in miniaturizing the flow scale of the sample preparation technique (fiber-in-tube SPME) to the CapLC-MS/MS system. Fiber-in-tube SPME-CapLC-MS/MS provided LLOQ ranging from 0.09 to 0.10 ng mL-1, accuracy ranging from 91 to 117 % (recovery), and reproducibility of less than 18 % (RSD). Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid samples obtained from Alzheimer's disease patients evidenced that the method is robust. At the capillary scale (10 µL min-1), this innovative method presented higher analytical sensitivity than the conventional HPLC-MS/MS scale. Although fiber-in-tube SPME directly coupled to CapESI-MS/MS offers advantages in terms of high throughput, the sample was dispersed and non-quantitatively desorbed from the capillary at low flow rate. These results highlighted that chromatographic separation is important to decrease the matrix effect and to achieve higher detectability, which is indispensable for bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Donizeti de Souza
- Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (DQ-FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fernando M Lanças
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos (IQSC), Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaime E Cecílio Hallak
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria E Costa Queiroz
- Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (DQ-FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Winfree RL, Nolan E, Dumitrescu L, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Gifford KA, Pechman KR, Seto M, Petyuk VA, Wang Y, Schneider J, Bennett DA, Jefferson AL, Hohman TJ. Variants in the MS4A cluster interact with soluble TREM2 expression on biomarkers of neuropathology. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:41. [PMID: 38760857 PMCID: PMC11101336 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00727-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetic risk variants (rs1582763 and rs6591561) of the MS4A locus are genome-wide significant regulators of soluble TREM2 levels such that the minor allele of the protective variant (rs1582763) is associated with higher sTREM2 and lower AD risk while the minor allele of (rs6591561) relates to lower sTREM2 and higher AD risk. Our group previously found that higher sTREM2 relates to higher Aβ40, worse blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity (measured with the CSF/plasma albumin ratio), and higher CSF tau, suggesting strong associations with amyloid abundance and both BBB and neurodegeneration complicate interpretation. We expand on this work by leveraging these common variants as genetic tools to tune the interpretation of high CSF sTREM2, and by exploring the potential modifying role of these variants on the well-established associations between CSF sTREM2 as well as TREM2 transcript levels in the brain with AD neuropathology. Biomarker analyses leveraged data from the Vanderbilt Memory & Aging Project (n = 127, age = 72 ± 6.43) and were replicated in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (n = 399, age = 73 ± 7.39). Autopsy analyses were performed leveraging data from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project (n = 577, age = 89 ± 6.46). We found that the protective variant rs1582763 attenuated the association between CSF sTREM2 and Aβ40 (β = -0.44, p-value = 0.017) and replicated this interaction in ADNI (β = -0.27, p = 0.017). We did not observe this same interaction effect between TREM2 mRNA levels and Aβ peptides in brain (Aβ total β = -0.14, p = 0.629; Aβ1-38, β = 0.11, p = 0.200). In contrast to the effects on Aβ, the minor allele of this same variant seemed to enhance the association with blood-brain barrier dysfunction (β = 7.0e-4, p = 0.009), suggesting that elevated sTREM2 may carry a much different interpretation in carriers vs. non-carriers of this allele. When evaluating the risk variant (rs6591561) across datasets, we did not observe a statistically significant interaction against any outcome in VMAP and observed opposing directions of associations in ADNI and ROS/MAP on Aβ levels. Together, our results suggest that the protective effect of rs1582763 may act by decoupling the associations between sTREM2 and amyloid abundance, providing important mechanistic insight into sTREM2 changes and highlighting the need to incorporate genetic context into the analysis of sTREM2 levels, particularly if leveraged as a clinical biomarker of disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Winfree
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Pharmacology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Emma Nolan
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epidemiology Doctoral Program, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Logan Dumitrescu
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 431 41, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 431 41, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katherine A Gifford
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly R Pechman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mabel Seto
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vladislav A Petyuk
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julie Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angela L Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Pharmacology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epidemiology Doctoral Program, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Virág D, Schlosser G, Borbély A, Gellén G, Papp D, Kaleta Z, Dalmadi-Kiss B, Antal I, Ludányi K. A Mass Spectrometry Strategy for Protein Quantification Based on the Differential Alkylation of Cysteines Using Iodoacetamide and Acrylamide. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4656. [PMID: 38731875 PMCID: PMC11083099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has become the most prominent yet evolving technology in quantitative proteomics. Today, a number of label-free and label-based approaches are available for the relative and absolute quantification of proteins and peptides. However, the label-based methods rely solely on the employment of stable isotopes, which are expensive and often limited in availability. Here we propose a label-based quantification strategy, where the mass difference is identified by the differential alkylation of cysteines using iodoacetamide and acrylamide. The alkylation reactions were performed under identical experimental conditions; therefore, the method can be easily integrated into standard proteomic workflows. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, the feasibility of this approach was assessed with a set of tryptic peptides of human serum albumin. Several critical questions, such as the efficiency of labeling and the effect of the differential alkylation on the peptide retention and fragmentation, were addressed. The concentration of the quality control samples calculated against the calibration curves were within the ±20% acceptance range. It was also demonstrated that heavy labeled peptides exhibit a similar extraction recovery and matrix effect to light ones. Consequently, the approach presented here may be a viable and cost-effective alternative of stable isotope labeling strategies for the quantification of cysteine-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Virág
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (D.V.); (B.D.-K.); (I.A.)
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (A.B.); (G.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Adina Borbély
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (A.B.); (G.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Gabriella Gellén
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (A.B.); (G.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Dávid Papp
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (G.S.); (A.B.); (G.G.); (D.P.)
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kaleta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Borbála Dalmadi-Kiss
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (D.V.); (B.D.-K.); (I.A.)
| | - István Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (D.V.); (B.D.-K.); (I.A.)
| | - Krisztina Ludányi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre utca 7., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (D.V.); (B.D.-K.); (I.A.)
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5
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Gobom J, Brinkmalm A, Brinkmalm G, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Alzheimer's Disease Biomarker Analysis Using Targeted Mass Spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100721. [PMID: 38246483 PMCID: PMC10926085 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by several neuropathological changes, mainly extracellular amyloid aggregates (plaques), intraneuronal inclusions of phosphorylated tau (tangles), as well as neuronal and synaptic degeneration, accompanied by tissue reactions to these processes (astrocytosis and microglial activation) that precede neuronal network disturbances in the symptomatic phase of the disease. A number of biomarkers for these brain tissue changes have been developed, mainly using immunoassays. In this review, we discuss how targeted mass spectrometry (TMS) can be used to validate and further characterize classes of biomarkers reflecting different AD pathologies, such as tau- and amyloid-beta pathologies, synaptic dysfunction, lysosomal dysregulation, and axonal damage, and the prospect of using TMS to measure these proteins in clinical research and diagnosis. TMS advantages and disadvantages in relation to immunoassays are discussed, and complementary aspects of the technologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gobom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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6
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Howard E, Moody JN, Prieto S, Hayes JP. Higher Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Amyloid-β40 Following Traumatic Brain Injury Relate to Confrontation Naming Performance. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 100:539-550. [PMID: 38943392 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may confer risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) through amyloid-β (Aβ) overproduction. However, the relationship between TBI and Aβ levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) remains unclear. Objective To explore whether Aβ overproduction is implicated in the relationship between TBI and AD, we compared CSF levels of Aβ in individuals with a TBI history versus controls (CTRLs) and related CSF Aβ levels to cognitive markers associated with preclinical AD. Methods Participants were 112 non-impaired Veterans (TBI = 56, CTRL = 56) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-Department of Defense database with available cognitive data (Boston Naming Test [BNT], Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test [AVLT]) and CSF measures of Aβ42, Aβ40, and Aβ38. Mediation models explored relationships between TBI history and BNT scores with Aβ peptides as mediators. Results The TBI group had higher CSF Aβ40 (t = -2.43, p = 0.017) and Aβ38 (t = -2.10, p = 0.038) levels than the CTRL group, but groups did not differ in CSF Aβ42 levels or Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios (p > 0.05). Both Aβ peptides negatively correlated with BNT (Aβ40: rho = -0.20, p = 0.032; Aβ38: rho = -0.19, p = 0.048) but not AVLT (p > 0.05). Aβ40 had a significant indirect effect on the relationship between TBI and BNT performance (β= -0.16, 95% CI [-0.393, -0.004], PM = 0.54). Conclusions TBI may increase AD risk and cognitive vulnerability through Aβ overproduction. Biomarker models incorporating multiple Aβ peptides may help identify AD risk among those with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Howard
- Psychology Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jena N Moody
- Psychology Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Prieto
- Psychology Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jasmeet P Hayes
- Psychology Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Chronic Brain Injury Initiative, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Oztug M, Vatansever B, Altin G, Akgoz M, Can SZ. An LC-MS/MS-based platform for the quantification of multiple amyloid beta peptides in surrogate cerebrospinal fluid. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2024; 31:40-48. [PMID: 38375485 PMCID: PMC10874986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The accurate quantification of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is crucial for Alzheimer's disease (AD) research, particularly in terms of preclinical and biomarker studies. Traditional methods, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), have limitations. These include high costs, labor intensity, lengthy processes, and the possibility of cross-reactivity. Objectives The primary objectives of this research were twofold: to comprehensively characterize Aβ peptides and to develop a reliable and accurate method for the simultaneous quantification of Aβ 1-40 and Aβ 1-42 peptides in surrogate CSF that is traceable to the International System of Units (SI). Methods We developed a novel method that combined solid phase extraction (SPE) with isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC/MSMS). SPE was employed to efficiently eliminate matrix interferences, while [15N] Aβ1-40 and [15N] Aβ1-42 served as internal standards to improve accuracy. In addition, we introduced Peptide Impurity Corrected Amino Acid Analysis (PICAA) to ensure traceability to the SI and reliable quantification of Aβ peptides. Results The developed platform demonstrated a linear calibration range of 300-20000 pg/ml for both Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 peptides, accompanied by strong correlation coefficients greater than 0.995. Quality Control (QC) samples demonstrated an accuracy of at least 90.0 %. Conclusion The enhanced specificity and flexibility of the developed platform potentially have implications for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and future investigations of novel Aβ peptide biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Oztug
- TUBITAK National Metrology Institute (TUBITAK UME), Kocaeli, Turkey
| | | | - Gonca Altin
- TUBITAK National Metrology Institute (TUBITAK UME), Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Muslum Akgoz
- TUBITAK National Metrology Institute (TUBITAK UME), Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Z. Can
- TUBITAK National Metrology Institute (TUBITAK UME), Kocaeli, Turkey
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Goodman MJ, Li XR, Livschitz J, Huang CC, Bendlin BB, Granadillo ED. Comparing Symmetric Dimethylarginine and Amyloid-β42 as Predictors of Alzheimer's Disease Development. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:1427-1444. [PMID: 38225970 PMCID: PMC10789286 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Physicians may soon be able to diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD) in its early stages using fluid biomarkers like amyloid. However, it is acknowledged that additional biomarkers need to be characterized which would facilitate earlier monitoring of AD pathogenesis. Objective To determine if a potential novel inflammation biomarker for AD, symmetric dimethylarginine, has utility as a baseline serum biomarker for discriminating prodromal AD from cognitively unimpaired controls in comparison to cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β42 (Aβ42). Methods Data including demographics, magnetic resonance imaging and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography scans, Mini-Mental State Examination and Functional Activities Questionnaire scores, and biomarker concentrations were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative for a total of 146 prodromal AD participants and 108 cognitively unimpaired controls. Results Aβ42 (p = 0.65) and symmetric dimethylarginine (p = 0.45) were unable to predict age-matched cognitively unimpaired controls and prodromal AD participants. Aβ42 was negatively associated with regional brain atrophy and hypometabolism as well as cognitive and functional decline in cognitively unimpaired control participants (p < 0.05) that generally decreased in time. There were no significant associations between Aβ42 and symmetric dimethylarginine with imaging or neurocognitive biomarkers in prodromal AD patients. Conclusions Correlations were smaller between Aβ42 and neuropathological biomarkers over time and were absent in prodromal AD participants, suggesting a plateau effect dependent on age and disease stage. Evidence supporting symmetric dimethylarginine as a novel biomarker for AD as a single measurement was not found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Ran Li
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elias D. Granadillo
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Coppens S, Lehmann S, Hopley C, Hirtz C. Neurofilament-Light, a Promising Biomarker: Analytical, Metrological and Clinical Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11624. [PMID: 37511382 PMCID: PMC10380627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofilament-light chain (Nf-L) is a non-specific early-stage biomarker widely studied in the context of neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) and traumatic brain injuries (TBI), which can be measured in biofluids after axonal damage. Originally measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), Nf-L can now be quantified in blood with the emergence of ultrasensitive assays. However, to ensure successful clinical implementation, reliable clinical thresholds and reference measurement procedures (RMP) should be developed. This includes establishing and distributing certified reference materials (CRM). As a result of the complexity of Nf-L and the number of circulating forms, a clear definition of what is measured when immunoassays are used is also critical to achieving standardization to ensure the long-term success of those assays. The use of powerful tools such as mass spectrometry for developing RMP and defining the measurand is ongoing. Here, we summarize the current methods in use for quantification of Nf-L in biofluid showing potential for clinical implementation. The progress and challenges in developing RMP and defining the measurand for Nf-L standardization of diagnostic tests are addressed. Finally, we discuss the impact of pathophysiological factors on Nf-L levels and the establishment of a clinical cut-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Coppens
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Limited, Teddington TW11 0LY, UK
- Univ. Montpellier, IRMB-PPC, INM, CHU Montpellier, INSERM CNRS, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Univ. Montpellier, IRMB-PPC, INM, CHU Montpellier, INSERM CNRS, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Christophe Hirtz
- Univ. Montpellier, IRMB-PPC, INM, CHU Montpellier, INSERM CNRS, 34295 Montpellier, France
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10
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Advances in sample preparation and HPLC-MS/MS methods for determining amyloid-β peptide in biological samples: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04631-9. [PMID: 36877264 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurological disorder, is a major public health concern and the most common form of dementia. Its typical symptoms include memory loss, confusion, changes in personality, and cognitive impairment, which result in patients gradually losing independence. Over the last decades, some studies have focused on searching for effective biomarkers as early diagnostic indicators of AD. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides have been consolidated as reliable AD biomarkers and have been incorporated into modern diagnostic research criteria. However, quantitative analysis of Aβ peptides in biological samples remains a challenge because both the sample and the physical-chemical properties of these peptides are complex. During clinical routine, Aβ peptides are measured in the cerebrospinal fluid by immunoassays, but the availability of a specific antibody is critical-in some cases, an antibody may not exist, or its specificity may be inadequate, leading to low sensitivity and false results. HPLC-MS/MS has been reported as a sensitive and selective method for determining different fragments of Aβ peptides in biological samples simultaneously. Developments in sample preparation techniques (preconcentration platforms) such as immunoprecipitation, 96-well plate SPME, online SPME, and fiber-in-tube SPME have enabled not only effective enrichment of Aβ peptides present at trace levels in biological samples, but also efficient exclusion of interferents from the sample matrix (sample cleanup). This high extraction efficiency has provided MS platforms with higher sensitivity. Recently, methods affording LLOQ values as low as 5 pg mL-1 have been reported. Such low LLOQ values are adequate for quantifying Aβ peptides in complex matrixes including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples. This review summarizes the advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for quantifying Aβ peptides and covers the period 1992-2022. Important considerations regarding the development of the HPLC-MS/MS method such as the sample preparation step, optimization of the HPLC-MS/MS parameters, and matrix effects are described. Clinical applications, difficulties related to analysis of plasma samples, and future trends of these MS/MS-based methods are also discussed.
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11
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Souza ID, Anderson JL, Tumas V, Queiroz MEC. Direct coupling of fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction with tandem mass spectrometry to determine amyloid beta peptides as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease in cerebrospinal fluid samples. Talanta 2023; 254:124186. [PMID: 36521326 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current research efforts at neurological diseases have focused on identifying novel biomarkers to aid in diagnosis, to provide accurate prognostic information, and to monitor disease progression. This study presents the direct coupling of fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction to tandem mass spectrometry as a reliable method to determine amyloid beta peptides (Aβ38, Aβ40, and Aβ42) as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. To obtain the biocompatible fiber-in-tube SPME capillary, a PEEK tube segment was longitudinally packed with fine fibers [nitinol wires coated with a zwitterionic polymeric ionic liquid], to act as selective extraction medium. The fiber-in-tube SPME-MS/MS method integrated analyte extraction/enrichment and sample cleanup (exclusion of interferents) into one step. The method provided lower limits of quantification (LLOQ: 0.2 ng mL-1 for Aβ38 and 0.1 ng mL-1 for Aβ40 and Aβ42), high precision (CV lower than 11.6%), and high accuracy (relative standard deviation lower than 15.1%). This method was successfully applied to determine Aβ peptides in CSF samples obtained from AD patients (n = 8) and controls (healthy volunteers, n = 10). Results showed that Aβ42 levels in the CSF samples obtained from AD patients were significantly lower compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). On the basis of the ROC analysis results, the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio (AUC = 0.950, p < 0.01; 95%) performed significantly better than Aβ42 alone (AUC = 0.913, p < 0.01; 95%) in discriminating between AD patients and healthy controls and presented better diagnostic ability for AD. The novelties of this study are not only related to evaluating Aβ peptides as AD biomarkers, but also to demonstrating direct online coupling of fiber-in-tube SPME with MS/MS as a quantitative high-throughput method for bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel D Souza
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Vitor Tumas
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Eugênia C Queiroz
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Zou Y, Yu S, Ma X, Ma C, Mao C, Mu D, Li L, Gao J, Qiu L. How far is the goal of applying β-amyloid in cerebrospinal fluid for clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease with standardization of measurements? Clin Biochem 2023; 112:33-42. [PMID: 36473516 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) β-amyloid (Aβ) is important for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the cohort distributions and cut-off values have large variation across different analytical assays, kits, and laboratories. In this review, we summarize the cut-off values and diagnostic performance for CSF Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40, and explore the important effect factors. Based on the Alzheimer's Association external quality control program (AAQC program), the peer group coefficient of variation of manual ELISA assays for CSF Aβ1-42 was unsatisfied (>20%). Fully automated platforms with better performance have recently been developed, but still not widely applied. In 2020, the certified reference material (CRM) for CSF Aβ1-42 was launched; however, the AAQC 2021-round results did not show effective improvements. Thus, further development and popularization of CRM for CSF Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 are urgently required. Standardizing the diagnostic procedures of AD and related status and the pre-analytical protocols of CSF samples, improving detection performance of analytical assays, and popularizing the application of fully automated platforms are also important for the establishment of uniform cut-off values. Moreover, each laboratory should verify the applicability of uniform cut-off values, and evaluate whether it is necessary to establish its own population- and assay-specific cut-off values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Songlin Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China; Medical Science Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chaochao Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chenhui Mao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Danni Mu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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13
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Leuzy A, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Cullen NC, Stomrud E, Palmqvist S, La Joie R, Iaccarino L, Zetterberg H, Rabinovici G, Blennow K, Janelidze S, Hansson O. Robustness of CSF Aβ42/40 and Aβ42/P-tau181 measured using fully automated immunoassays to detect AD-related outcomes. Alzheimers Dement 2023. [PMID: 36681387 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated the comparability of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cutoffs for Elecsys immunoassays for amyloid beta (Aβ)42/Aβ40 or Aβ42/phosphorylated tau (p-tau)181 and the effects of measurement variability when predicting Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related outcomes (i.e., Aβ-positron emission tomography [PET] visual read and AD neuropathology). METHODS We studied 750 participants (BioFINDER study, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative [ADNI], and University of California San Francisco [UCSF]). Youden's index was used to identify cutoffs and to calculate accuracy (Aβ-PET visual read as outcome). Using longitudinal variability in Aβ-negative controls, we identified a gray zone around cut-points where the risk of an inconsistent predicted outcome was >5%. RESULTS For Aβ42/Aβ40, cutoffs across cohorts were <0.059 (BioFINDER), <0.057 (ADNI), and <0.058 (UCSF). For Aβ42/p-tau181, cutoffs were <41.90 (BioFINDER), <39.20 (ADNI), and <46.02 (UCSF). Accuracy was ≈90% for both Aβ42/Aβ40 and Aβ42/p-tau181 using these cutoffs. Using Aβ-PET as an outcome, 8.7% of participants fell within a gray zone interval for Aβ42/Aβ40, compared to 4.5% for Aβ42/p-tau181. Similar findings were observed using a measure of overall AD neuropathologic change (7.7% vs. 3.3%). In a subset with CSF and plasma Aβ42/40, the number of individuals within the gray zone was ≈1.5 to 3 times greater when using plasma Aβ42/40. DISCUSSION CSF Aβ42/p-tau181 was more robust to the effects of measurement variability, suggesting that it may be the preferred Elecsys-based measure in clinical practice and trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Leuzy
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Niklas Mattsson-Carlgren
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicholas C Cullen
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Erik Stomrud
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Palmqvist
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Renaud La Joie
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Leonardo Iaccarino
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gil Rabinovici
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Shorena Janelidze
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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14
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) characterization has progressed from being indexed using clinical symptomatology followed by neuropathological examination at autopsy to in vivo signatures using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and positron emission tomography. The core AD biomarkers reflect amyloid-β plaques (A), tau pathology (T) and neurodegeneration (N), following the ATN schedule, and are now being introduced into clinical routine practice. This is an important development, as disease-modifying treatments are now emerging. Further, there are now reproducible data on CSF biomarkers which reflect synaptic pathology, neuroinflammation and common co-pathologies. In addition, the development of ultrasensitive techniques has enabled the core CSF biomarkers of AD pathophysiology to be translated to blood (e.g., phosphorylated tau, amyloid-β and neurofilament light). In this chapter, we review where we stand with both core and novel CSF biomarkers, as well as the explosion of data on blood biomarkers. Also, we discuss potential applications in research aiming to better understand the disease, as well as possible use in routine clinical practice and therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Simrén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anders Elmgren
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Winfree RL, Dumitrescu L, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Gifford KA, Pechman KR, Jefferson AL, Hohman TJ. Biological correlates of elevated soluble TREM2 in cerebrospinal fluid. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 118:88-98. [PMID: 35908327 PMCID: PMC9707345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (sTREM2) is an emerging biomarker of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet, sTREM2 expression has not been systematically evaluated in relation to concomitant drivers of neuroinflammation. While associations between sTREM2 and tau in CSF are established, we sought to determine additional biological correlates of CSF sTREM2 during the prodromal stages of AD by evaluating CSF Aβ species (Aβx-40), a fluid biomarker of blood-brain barrier integrity (CSF/plasma albumin ratio), and CSF biomarkers of neurodegeneration measured in 155 participants from the Vanderbilt Memory and Aging Project. A novel association between high CSF levels of both sTREM2 and Aβx-40 was observed and replicated in an independent dataset. Aβx-40 levels, as well as the CSF/plasma albumin ratio, explained additional and unique variance in sTREM2 levels above and beyond that of CSF biomarkers of neurodegeneration. The component of sTREM2 levels correlated with Aβx-40 levels best predicted future cognitive performance. We highlight potential contributions of Aβ homeostasis and blood-brain barrier integrity to elevated CSF sTREM2, underscoring novel biomarker associations relevant to disease progression and clinical outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Winfree
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Pharmacology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Logan Dumitrescu
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Katherine A Gifford
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly R Pechman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Angela L Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Pharmacology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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16
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McKenzie C, Bucks RS, Weinborn M, Bourgeat P, Salvado O, Gavett BE. Residual reserve index modifies the effect of amyloid pathology on fluorodeoxyglucose metabolism: Implications for efficiency and capacity in cognitive reserve. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:943823. [PMID: 36034126 PMCID: PMC9413056 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.943823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The residual approach to measuring cognitive reserve (using the residual reserve index) aims to capture cognitive resilience conferred by cognitive reserve, but may be confounded by factors representing brain resilience. We sought to distinguish between brain and cognitive resilience by comparing interactions between the residual reserve index and amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration ["AT(N)"] biomarkers when predicting executive function. We hypothesized that the residual reserve index would moderate at least one path from an AT(N) biomarker to executive function (consistent with cognitive resilience), as opposed to moderating a path between two AT(N) biomarkers (suggestive of brain resilience). Methods Participants (N = 332) were from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. The residual reserve index represented the difference between observed and predicted memory performance (a positive residual reserve index suggests higher cognitive reserve). AT(N) biomarkers were: CSF β-amyloid1-42/β-amyloid1-40 (A), plasma phosphorylated tau-181 (T), and FDG metabolism in AD-specific regions ([N]). AT(N) biomarkers (measured at consecutive time points) were entered in a sequential mediation model testing the indirect effects from baseline amyloid to executive function intercept (third annual follow-up) and slope (baseline to seventh follow-up), via tau and/or FDG metabolism. The baseline residual reserve index was entered as a moderator of paths between AT(N) biomarkers (e.g., amyloid-tau), and paths between AT(N) biomarkers and executive function. Results The residual reserve index interacted with amyloid pathology when predicting FDG metabolism: the indirect effect of amyloid → FDG metabolism → executive function intercept and slope varied as a function of the residual reserve index. With lower amyloid pathology, executive function performance was comparable at different levels of the residual reserve index, but a higher residual reserve index was associated with lower FDG metabolism. With higher amyloid pathology, a higher residual reserve index predicted better executive function via higher FDG metabolism. Conclusion The effect of the residual reserve index on executive function performance via FDG metabolism was consistent with cognitive resilience. This suggests the residual reserve index captures variation in cognitive reserve; specifically, neural efficiency, and neural capacity to upregulate metabolism to enhance cognitive resilience in the face of greater amyloid pathology. Implications for future research include the potential bidirectionality between neural efficiency and amyloid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn McKenzie
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Romola S. Bucks
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Weinborn
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Pierrick Bourgeat
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Olivier Salvado
- Data61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brandon E. Gavett
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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17
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Keshavan A, O'Shea F, Chapman MD, Hart MS, Lunn MP, Paterson RW, Rohrer JD, Mummery CJ, Fox NC, Zetterberg H, Schott JM. CSF biomarkers for dementia. Pract Neurol 2022; 22:285-294. [PMID: 35301255 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2021-003310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker testing is incorporated into some current guidelines for the diagnosis of dementia (such as England's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)), it is not widely accessible for most patients for whom biomarkers could potentially change management. Here we share our experience of running a clinical cognitive CSF service and discuss recent developments in laboratory testing including the use of the CSF amyloid-β 42/40 ratio and automated assay platforms. We highlight the importance of collaborative working between clinicians and laboratory staff, of preanalytical sample handling, and discuss the various factors influencing interpretation of the results in appropriate clinical contexts. We advocate for broadening access to CSF biomarkers by sharing clinical expertise, protocols and interpretation with colleagues working in psychiatry and elderly care, especially when access to CSF may be part of a pathway to disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashvini Keshavan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Frankie O'Shea
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Miles D Chapman
- Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.,Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Melanie S Hart
- Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.,Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Michael Pt Lunn
- Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.,MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ross W Paterson
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Catherine J Mummery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Fluid Biomarkers Laboratory, UK DRI at University College London, UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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18
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Faldu KG, Shah JS. Alzheimer's disease: a scoping review of biomarker research and development for effective disease diagnosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:681-703. [PMID: 35855631 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2104639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is regarded as the foremost reason for neurodegeneration that prominently affects the geriatric population. Characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ), intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), and neuronal degeneration that causes impairment of memory and cognition. Amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration (ATN) classification is utilized for research purposes and involves amyloid, tau, and neuronal injury staging through MRI, PET scanning, and CSF protein concentration estimations. CSF sampling is invasive, and MRI and PET scanning requires sophisticated radiological facilities which limit its widespread diagnostic use. ATN classification lacks effectiveness in preclinical AD. AREAS COVERED This publication intends to collate and review the existing biomarker profile and the current research and development of a new arsenal of biomarkers for AD pathology from different biological samples, microRNA (miRNA), proteomics, metabolomics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning for AD screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of AD treatments. EXPERT OPINION It is an accepted observation that AD-related pathological changes occur over a long period of time before the first symptoms are observed providing ample opportunity for detection of biological alterations in various biological samples that can aid in early diagnosis and modify treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Govind Faldu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigna Samir Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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19
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Chen YH, Lin RR, Huang HF, Xue YY, Tao QQ. Microglial Activation, Tau Pathology, and Neurodegeneration Biomarkers Predict Longitudinal Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease Continuum. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:848180. [PMID: 35847667 PMCID: PMC9280990 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.848180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Biomarkers used for predicting longitudinal cognitive change in Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum are still elusive. Tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration are the leading candidate predictors. We aimed to determine these three aspects of biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma to predict longitudinal cognition status using Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort. Patients and Methods A total of 430 subjects including, 96 cognitive normal (CN) with amyloid β (Aβ)-negative, 54 CN with Aβ-positive, 195 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with Aβ-positive, and 85 AD with amyloid-positive (Aβ-positive are identified by CSF Aβ42/Aβ40 < 0.138). Aβ burden was evaluated by CSF and plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio; tau pathology was evaluated by CSF and plasma phosphorylated-tau (p-tau181); microglial activation was measured by CSF soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) and progranulin (PGRN); neurodegeneration was measured by CSF and plasma t-tau and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); cognition was examined annually over the subsequent 8 years using the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Cognition 13-item scale (ADAS13) and Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE). Linear mixed-effects models (LME) were applied to assess the correlation between biomarkers and longitudinal cognition decline, as well as their effect size on the prediction of longitudinal cognitive decline. Results Baseline CSF Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio was decreased in MCI and AD compared to CN, while CSF p-tau181 and t-tau increased. Baseline CSF sTREM2 and PGRN did not show any differences in MCI and AD compared to CN. Baseline brain volumes (including the hippocampal, entorhinal, middle temporal lobe, and whole-brain) decreased in MCI and AD groups. For the longitudinal study, there were significant interaction effects of CSF p-tau181 × time, plasma p-tau181 × time, CSF sTREM2 × time, and brain volumes × time, indicating CSF, and plasma p-tau181, CSF sTREM2, and brain volumes could predict longitudinal cognition deterioration rate. CSF sTREM2, CSF, and plasma p-tau181 had similar medium prediction effects, while brain volumes showed stronger effects in predicting cognition decline. Conclusion Our study reported that baseline CSF sTREM2, CSF, and plasma p-tau181, as well as structural MRI, could predict longitudinal cognitive decline in subjects with positive AD pathology. Plasma p-tau181 can be used as a relatively noninvasive reliable biomarker for AD longitudinal cognition decline prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-He Chen
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Rong Lin
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Feng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Lishui Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Lishui, China
| | - Yan-Yan Xue
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Qing Tao
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Validation and application of hybridization liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for quantitative bioanalysis of antisense oligonucleotides. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:589-601. [PMID: 35545949 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), an emerging modality in drug research and development, demands accurate and sensitive bioanalysis to understand its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Results: By combining the advantages of both ligand binding and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/tandem mass (LC-MS/MS), hybridization LC-MS/MS methods were successfully developed and validated/qualified in a good lab practice (GLP) environment for the quantitation of an ASO drug candidate in monkey serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and tissues in the range of 0.5-500 ng/ml. Special treatment of CSF samples was employed to mitigate nonspecific binding, improve long-term storage stability and enable the usage of artificial CSF as a more accessible surrogate matrix. The method was also qualified and applied to ASO quantitation in various monkey tissue samples using a cocktail tissue homogenate as a surrogate matrix. Conclusion: This work was the first reported GLP validation and application of ASO bioanalysis using the hybridization LC-MS/MS platform.
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21
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Vromen EM, de Boer SCM, Teunissen CE, Rozemuller A, Sieben A, Bjerke M, Visser PJ, Bouwman FH, Engelborghs S, Tijms BM. Biomarker A+T-: is this Alzheimer's disease or not? A combined CSF and pathology study. Brain 2022; 146:1166-1174. [PMID: 35511164 PMCID: PMC9976983 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological definition of Alzheimer's disease using CSF biomarkers requires abnormal levels of both amyloid (A) and tau (T). However, biomarkers and corresponding cutoffs may not always reflect the presence or absence of pathology. Previous studies suggest that up to 32% of individuals with autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer's disease show normal CSF p-tau levels in vivo, but these studies are sparse and had small sample sizes. Therefore, in three independent autopsy cohorts, we studied whether or not CSF A+T- excluded Alzheimer's disease based on autopsy. We included 215 individuals, for whom ante-mortem CSF collection and autopsy had been performed, from three cohorts: (i) the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort (ADC) [n = 80, 37 (46%) Alzheimer's disease at autopsy, time between CSF collection and death 4.5 ± 2.9 years]; (ii) the Antwerp Dementia Cohort (DEM) [n = 92, 84 (91%) Alzheimer's disease at autopsy, time CSF collection to death 1.7 ± 2.3 years]; and (iii) the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) [n = 43, 31 (72%) Alzheimer's disease at autopsy, time CSF collection to death 5.1 ± 2.5 years]. Biomarker profiles were based on dichotomized CSF Aβ1-42 and p-tau levels. The accuracy of CSF AT profiles to detect autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer's disease was assessed. Lastly, we investigated whether the concordance of AT profiles with autopsy diagnosis improved when CSF was collected closer to death in 9 (10%) DEM and 30 (70%) ADNI individuals with repeated CSF measurements available. In total, 50-73% of A+T- individuals and 100% of A+T+ individuals had Alzheimer's disease at autopsy. Amyloid status showed the highest accuracy to detect autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer's disease (accuracy, sensitivity and specificity in the ADC: 88%, 92% and 84%; in the DEM: 87%, 94% and 12%; and in the ADNI cohort: 86%, 90% and 75%, respectively). The addition of CSF p-tau did not further improve these estimates. We observed no differences in demographics or degree of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology between A+T- and A+T+ individuals with autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer's disease. All individuals with repeated CSF measurements remained stable in Aβ1-42 status during follow-up. None of the Alzheimer's disease individuals with a normal p-tau status changed to abnormal; however, four (44%) DEM individuals and two (7%) ADNI individuals changed from abnormal to normal p-tau status over time, and all had Alzheimer's disease at autopsy. In summary, we found that up to 73% of A+T- individuals had Alzheimer's disease at autopsy. This should be taken into account in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora M Vromen
- Correspondence to: E. M. Vromen de Boelelaan 1118, 1081HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands E-mail:
| | - Sterre C M de Boer
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUMC,Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Sieben
- Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maria Bjerke
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel and Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Femke H Bouwman
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium,Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel and Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Betty M Tijms
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Soluble amyloid-beta isoforms predict downstream Alzheimer's disease pathology. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:204. [PMID: 34895338 PMCID: PMC8665586 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in soluble amyloid-beta (Aβ) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are detectable at early preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, whether Aβ levels can predict downstream AD pathological features in cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals remains unclear. With this in mind, we aimed at investigating whether a combination of soluble Aβ isoforms can predict tau pathology (T+) and neurodegeneration (N+) positivity. Methods We used CSF measurements of three soluble Aβ peptides (Aβ1–38, Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42) in CU individuals (n = 318) as input features in machine learning (ML) models aiming at predicting T+ and N+. Input data was used for building 2046 tuned predictive ML models with a nested cross-validation technique. Additionally, proteomics data was employed to investigate the functional enrichment of biological processes altered in T+ and N+ individuals. Results Our findings indicate that Aβ isoforms can predict T+ and N+ with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.929 and 0.936, respectively. Additionally, proteomics analysis identified 17 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in individuals wrongly classified by our ML model. More specifically, enrichment analysis of gene ontology biological processes revealed an upregulation in myelinization and glucose metabolism-related processes in CU individuals wrongly predicted as T+. A significant enrichment of DEPs in pathways including biosynthesis of amino acids, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, carbon metabolism, cell adhesion molecules and prion disease was also observed. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that, by applying a refined ML analysis, a combination of Aβ isoforms can predict T+ and N+ with a high AUC. CSF proteomics analysis highlighted a promising group of proteins that can be further explored for improving T+ and N+ prediction. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00712-3.
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23
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Forgrave LM, van der Gugten JG, Nguyen Q, DeMarco ML. Establishing pre-analytical requirements and maximizing peptide recovery in the analytical phase for mass spectrometric quantification of amyloid-β peptides 1-42 and 1-40 in CSF. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 60:198-206. [PMID: 34881836 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), including Aβ42 (residues 1-42) and Aβ40 (residues 1-40), are utilized as biomarkers in the diagnostic workup of Alzheimer's disease. Careful consideration has been given to the pre-analytical and analytical factors associated with measurement of these peptides via immunoassays; however, far less information is available for mass spectrometric methods. As such, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of pre-analytical and analytical factors specific to Aβ quantification using mass spectrometry. METHODS Using our quantitative mass spectrometry assay for Aβ42 and Aβ40 in CSF, we investigated the potential for interference from hemolysate, bilirubin, lipids, and anti-Aβ-antibodies. We also optimized the composition of the calibrator surrogate matrix and Aβ recovery during and after solid phase extraction (SPE). RESULTS There was no interreference observed with total protein up to 12 g/L, hemolysate up to 10% (v/v), bilirubin up to 0.5% (v/v), intralipid up to 1% (v/v), or anti-Aβ-antibodies at expected therapeutic concentrations. For hemolysate, bilirubin and lipids, visual CSF contamination thresholds were established. In the analytical phase, Aβ recovery was increased by ∼50% via SPE solvent modifications and by over 150% via modification of the SPE collection plate, which also extended analyte stability in the autosampler. CONCLUSIONS Attention to mass spectrometric-specific pre-analytical and analytical considerations improved analytical sensitivity and reproducibility, as well as, established CSF specimen acceptance and rejection criteria for use by the clinical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Forgrave
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - J Grace van der Gugten
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mari L DeMarco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, Canada
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24
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Matuszyk MM, Garwood CJ, Ferraiuolo L, Simpson JE, Staniforth RA, Wharton SB. Biological and methodological complexities of beta-amyloid peptide: Implications for Alzheimer's disease research. J Neurochem 2021; 160:434-453. [PMID: 34767256 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although controversial, the amyloid cascade hypothesis remains central to the Alzheimer's disease (AD) field and posits amyloid-beta (Aβ) as the central factor initiating disease onset. In recent years, there has been an increase in emphasis on studying the role of low molecular weight aggregates, such as oligomers, which are suggested to be more neurotoxic than fibrillary Aβ. Other Aβ isoforms, such as truncated Aβ, have also been implicated in disease. However, developing a clear understanding of AD pathogenesis has been hampered by the complexity of Aβ biochemistry in vitro and in vivo. This review explores factors contributing to the lack of consistency in experimental approaches taken to model Aβ aggregation and toxicity and provides an overview of the different techniques available to analyse Aβ, such as electron and atomic force microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, dye-based assays, size exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry and SDS-PAGE. The review also explores how different types of Aβ can influence Aβ aggregation and toxicity, leading to variation in experimental outcomes, further highlighting the need for standardisation in Aβ preparations and methods used in current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna M Matuszyk
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claire J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Julie E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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25
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Korecka M, Shaw LM. Mass spectrometry-based methods for robust measurement of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in biological fluids. J Neurochem 2021; 159:211-233. [PMID: 34244999 PMCID: PMC9057379 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting 60%-70% of people afflicted with this disease. Accurate antemortem diagnosis is urgently needed for early detection of AD to enable reliable estimation of prognosis, intervention, and monitoring of the disease. The National Institute on Aging/Alzheimer's Association sponsored the 'Research Framework: towards a biological definition of AD', which recommends using different biomarkers in living persons for a biomarker-based definition of AD regardless of clinical status. Fluid biomarkers represent one of key groups of them. Since cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is in direct contact with brain and many proteins present in the brain can be detected in CSF, this fluid has been regarded as the best biofluid in which to measure AD biomarkers. Recently, technological advancements in protein detection made possible the effective study of plasma AD biomarkers despite their significantly lower concentrations versus to that in CSF. This and other challenges that face plasma-based biomarker measurements can be overcome by using mass spectrometry. In this review, we discuss AD biomarkers which can be reliably measured in CSF and plasma using targeted mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (LC/MS/MS). We describe progress in LC/MS/MS methods' development, emphasize the challenges, and summarize major findings. We also highlight the role of mass spectrometry and progress made in the process of global standardization of the measurement of Aβ42/Aβ40. Finally, we briefly describe exploratory proteomics which seek to identify new biomarkers that can contribute to detection of co-pathological processes that are common in sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Korecka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Perlman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Leslie M. Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Perlman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
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26
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Domingo G, Benussi L, Saraceno C, Bertuzzi M, Nicsanu R, Longobardi A, Bellini S, Cagnotto A, Salmona M, Binetti G, Ghidoni R. N-Terminally Truncated and Pyroglutamate-Modified Aβ Forms Are Measurable in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid and Are Potential Markers of Disease Progression in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:708119. [PMID: 34393717 PMCID: PMC8358181 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.708119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a pathology characterized by the accumulation in the brain of intracellular and extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates, especially of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 peptides. It is known that N-terminally truncated or modified Aβ forms also exist in AD brains and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and they play a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Herein, we developed an antibody-free method based on Solid-Phase Extraction and Electrospray Ionization Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry for the identification and quantitation in human CSF of Aβ isoforms. In human CSF, we could detect and quantify a panel of 19 Aβ isoforms, including N-terminally truncated and pyroglutamate-modified forms, never quantified before in CSF. Among these, we identified novel N-terminally truncated Aβ species: four bound to copper and two phosphorylated forms, which were found to be the most common proteoforms in human CSF along with Aβ1-40, Aβ3-40, and AβpE11-42. We tested the newly developed and validated method in a pilot study on CSF from elderly individuals with subjective memory complaints (SMCs, n = 9), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 18), and AD (n = 15); along with Aβ1-42, five N-terminally truncated forms (Aβ11-40, Aβ3-42, AβpE11-42, AβpE3-40, and Aβ4-40 Cu2+) are altered in AD/MCI. Thus, we demonstrated that N-terminally truncated and pyroglutamate-modified Aβ can be quantified in human CSF, and five of them, along with Aβ1-42, are potential markers of AD progression. The described method could represent a useful tool for patients' stratification and monitoring. Moreover, the newly identified Aβ CSF species might represent new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Domingo
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Saraceno
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Bertuzzi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roland Nicsanu
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Longobardi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sonia Bellini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Cagnotto
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliano Binetti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,MAC-Memory Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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27
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Michno W, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Brinkmalm G. Refining the amyloid β peptide and oligomer fingerprint ambiguities in Alzheimer's disease: Mass spectrometric molecular characterization in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and plasma. J Neurochem 2021; 159:234-257. [PMID: 34245565 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery, amyloid-β (Aβ) has been the principal target of investigation of in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Over the years however, no clear correlation was found between the Aβ plaque burden and location, and AD-associated neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Instead, diagnostic potential of specific Aβ peptides and/or their ratio, was established. For instance, a selective reduction in the concentration of the aggregation-prone 42 amino acid-long Aβ peptide (Aβ42) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was put forward as reflective of Aβ peptide aggregation in the brain. With time, Aβ oligomers-the proposed toxic Aβ intermediates-have emerged as potential drivers of synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration in the disease process. Oligomers are commonly agreed upon to come in different shapes and sizes, and are very poorly characterized when it comes to their composition and their "toxic" properties. The concept of structural polymorphism-a diversity in conformational organization of amyloid aggregates-that depends on the Aβ peptide backbone, makes the characterization of Aβ aggregates and their role in AD progression challenging. In this review, we revisit the history of Aβ discovery and initial characterization and highlight the crucial role mass spectrometry (MS) has played in this process. We critically review the common knowledge gaps in the molecular identity of the Aβ peptide, and how MS is aiding the characterization of higher order Aβ assemblies. Finally, we go on to present recent advances in MS approaches for characterization of Aβ as single peptides and oligomers, and convey our optimism, as to how MS holds a promise for paving the way for progress toward a more comprehensive understanding of Aβ in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Michno
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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28
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Jakaria M, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Barreto GE, Perveen A, Hafeez A, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM, Ashraf GM. Exploring the Potential of Neuroproteomics in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:2263-2278. [PMID: 32493192 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200603112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is progressive brain amyloidosis that damages brain regions associated with memory, thinking, behavioral and social skills. Neuropathologically, AD is characterized by intraneuronal hyperphosphorylated tau inclusions as neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and buildup of extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide as senile plaques. Several biomarker tests capturing these pathologies have been developed. However, for the full clinical expression of the neurodegenerative events of AD, there exist other central molecular pathways. In terms of understanding the unidentified underlying processes for the progression and development of AD, a complete comprehension of the structure and composition of atypical aggregation of proteins is essential. Presently, to aid the prognosis, diagnosis, detection, and development of drug targets in AD, neuroproteomics is elected as one of the leading essential tools for the efficient exploratory discovery of prospective biomarker candidates estimated to play a crucial role. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present the role of neuroproteomics to analyze the complexity of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Jakaria
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Chile,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia,Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ghulam M Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Budelier MM, Bateman RJ. Biomarkers of Alzheimer Disease. J Appl Lab Med 2021; 5:194-208. [PMID: 31843944 DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2019.030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease (AD) was once a clinical diagnosis confirmed by postmortem autopsy. Today, with the development of AD biomarkers, laboratory assays to detect AD pathology are able to complement clinical diagnosis in symptomatic individuals with uncertain diagnosis. A variety of commercially available assays are performed as laboratory-developed tests, and many more are in development for both clinical and research purposes. CONTENT The role of laboratory medicine in diagnosing and managing AD is expanding; thus, it is important for laboratory professionals and ordering physicians to understand the strengths and limitations of both existing and emerging AD biomarker assays. In this review, we will provide an overview of the diagnosis of AD, discuss existing laboratory assays for AD and their recommended use, and examine the clinical performance of emerging AD biomarkers. SUMMARY The field of AD biomarker discovery and assay development is rapidly evolving, with recent studies promising to improve both the diagnosis of symptomatic individuals and enrollment and monitoring of asymptomatic individuals in research studies. However, care must be taken to ensure proper use and interpretation of these assays. For clinical purposes, these assays are meant to aid in diagnosis but are not themselves diagnostic. For individuals without symptoms, AD biomarker tests are still only appropriate for research purposes. Additionally, there are analytical challenges that require careful attention, especially for longitudinal use of AD tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Budelier
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Hansson O, Batrla R, Brix B, Carrillo MC, Corradini V, Edelmayer RM, Esquivel RN, Hall C, Lawson J, Bastard NL, Molinuevo JL, Nisenbaum LK, Rutz S, Salamone SJ, Teunissen CE, Traynham C, Umek RM, Vanderstichele H, Vandijck M, Wahl S, Weber CJ, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. The Alzheimer's Association international guidelines for handling of cerebrospinal fluid for routine clinical measurements of amyloid β and tau. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1575-1582. [PMID: 33788410 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The core cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers amyloid beta (Aβ42 and Aβ40), total tau, and phosphorylated tau, have been extensively clinically validated, with very high diagnostic performance for AD, including the early phases of the disease. However, between-center differences in pre-analytical procedures may contribute to variability in measurements across laboratories. To resolve this issue, a workgroup was led by the Alzheimer's Association with experts from both academia and industry. The aim of the group was to develop a simplified and standardized pre-analytical protocol for CSF collection and handling before analysis for routine clinical use, and ultimately to ensure high diagnostic performance and minimize patient misclassification rates. Widespread application of the protocol would help minimize variability in measurements, which would facilitate the implementation of unified cut-off levels across laboratories, and foster the use of CSF biomarkers in AD diagnostics for the benefit of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Lawson
- Fujirebio Diagnostics Inc, Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - José Luis Molinuevo
- BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,AD and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Simone Wahl
- Saladax Biomedical, Inc. Bethlehem, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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31
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Seino Y, Nakamura T, Harada T, Nakahata N, Kawarabayashi T, Ueda T, Takatama M, Shoji M. Quantitative Measurement of Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid-β Species by Mass Spectrometry. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 79:573-584. [PMID: 33337370 PMCID: PMC7902963 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: High sensitivity liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was recently introduced to measure amyloid-β (Aβ) species, allowing for a simultaneous assay that is superior to ELISA, which requires more assay steps with multiple antibodies. Objective: We validated the Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, and Aβ1-43 assay by LC-MS/MS and compared it with ELISA using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples to investigate its feasibility for clinical application. Methods: CSF samples from 120 subjects [8 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with dementia (ADD), 2 mild cognitive dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease (ADMCI), 14 cognitively unimpaired (CU), and 96 neurological disease subjects] were analyzed. Aβ species were separated using the Shimadzu Nexera X2 system and quantitated using a Qtrap 5500 LC-MS/MS system. Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 levels were validated using ELISA. Results: CSF levels in CU were 666±249 pmol/L in Aβ1-38, 2199±725 pmol/L in Aβ1-40, 153.7±79.7 pmol/L in Aβ1-42, and 9.78±4.58 pmol/L in Aβ1-43. The ratio of the amounts of Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, and Aβ1-43 was approximately 68:225:16:1. Linear regression analyses showed correlations among the respective Aβ species. Both Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 values were strongly correlated with ELISA measurements. No significant differences were observed in Aβ1-38 or Aβ1-40 levels between AD and CU. Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 levels were significantly lower, whereas the Aβ1-38/1-42, Aβ1-38/1-43, and Aβ1-40/Aβ1-43 ratios were significantly higher in AD than in CU. The basic assay profiles of the respective Aβ species were adequate for clinical usage. Conclusion: A quantitative LC-MS/MS assay of CSF Aβ species is as reliable as specific ELISA for clinical evaluation of CSF biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Seino
- Department of Neurology, Hirosaki National Hospital, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Takumi Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tomoo Harada
- Bioanalysis Department, LSI Medience Corporation, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakahata
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Therapy, Hirosaki University of Health and Welfare, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Ueda
- Bioanalysis Department, LSI Medience Corporation, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Takatama
- Dementia Center, Geriatrics Research Institute and Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mikio Shoji
- Dementia Center, Geriatrics Research Institute and Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Volumetric distribution of perivascular space in relation to mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 99:28-43. [PMID: 33422892 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vascular contributions to early cognitive decline are increasingly recognized, prompting further investigation into the nature of related changes in perivascular spaces (PVS). Using magnetic resonance imaging, we show that, compared to a cognitively normal sample, individuals with early cognitive dysfunction have altered PVS presence and distribution, irrespective of Amyloid-β. Surprisingly, we noted lower PVS presence in the anterosuperior medial temporal lobe (asMTL) (1.29 times lower PVS volume fraction in cognitively impaired individuals, p < 0.0001), which was associated with entorhinal neurofibrillary tau tangle deposition (beta (standard error) = -0.98 (0.4); p = 0.014), one of the hallmarks of early Alzheimer's disease pathology. We also observed higher PVS volume fraction in centrum semi-ovale of the white matter, but only in female participants (1.47 times higher PVS volume fraction in cognitively impaired individuals, p = 0.0011). We also observed PVS changes in participants with history of hypertension (higher in the white matter and lower in the asMTL). Our results suggest that anatomically specific alteration of the PVS is an early neuroimaging feature of cognitive impairment in aging adults, which is differentially manifested in female.
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Visser PJ, Reus LM, Gobom J, Jansen I, Dicks E, Tsolaki M, Verhey FRJ, Popp J, Martinez-Lage P, Vandenberghe R, Lleó A, Molinuevo JL, Engelborghs S, Freund-Levi Y, Froelich L, Sleegers K, Dobricic V, Hong S, Lovestone S, Streffer J, Vos SJB, Bos I, Smit AB, Blennow K, Scheltens P, Teunissen CE, Bertram L, Zetterberg H, Tijms BM. Cerebrospinal fluid total tau levels indicate aberrant neuronal plasticity in Alzheimer's disease. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [PMID: 33173883 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.29.20211920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by abnormal amyloid beta and tau processing. Previous studies reported that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total tau (t-tau) levels vary between patients. Here we show that CSF t-tau variability is associated with distinct impairments in neuronal plasticity mediated by gene repression factors SUZ12 and REST. AD individuals with abnormal t-tau levels have increased CSF concentrations of plasticity proteins regulated by SUZ12 and REST. AD individuals with normal t-tau, on the contrary, have decreased concentrations of these plasticity proteins and increased concentrations in proteins associated with blood-brain and blood CSF-barrier dysfunction. Genomic analyses suggested that t-tau levels in part depend on genes involved in gene expression. The distinct plasticity abnormalities in AD as signaled by t-tau urge the need for personalised treatment.
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Leuzy A, Lilja J, Buckley CJ, Ossenkoppele R, Palmqvist S, Battle M, Farrar G, Thal DR, Janelidze S, Stomrud E, Strandberg O, Smith R, Hansson O. Derivation and utility of an Aβ-PET pathology accumulation index to estimate Aβ load. Neurology 2020; 95:e2834-e2844. [PMID: 33077542 PMCID: PMC7734735 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a novel β-amyloid (Aβ)-PET-based quantitative measure (Aβ accumulation index [Aβ index]), including the assessment of its ability to discriminate between participants based on Aβ status using visual read, CSF Aβ42/Aβ40, and post-mortem neuritic plaque burden as standards of truth. METHODS One thousand one hundred twenty-one participants (with and without cognitive impairment) were scanned with Aβ-PET: Swedish BioFINDER, n = 392, [18F]flutemetamol; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), n = 692, [18F]florbetapir; and a phase 3 end-of-life study, n = 100, [18F]flutemetamol. The relationships between Aβ index and standardized uptake values ratios (SUVR) from Aβ-PET were assessed. The diagnostic performances of Aβ index and SUVR were compared with visual reads, CSF Aβ42/Aβ40, and Aβ histopathology used as reference standards. RESULTS Strong associations were observed between Aβ index and SUVR (R 2: BioFINDER 0.951, ADNI 0.943, end-of-life, 0.916). Both measures performed equally well in differentiating Aβ-positive from Aβ-negative participants, with areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.979 to 0.991 to detect abnormal visual reads, AUCs of 0.961 to 0.966 to detect abnormal CSF Aβ42/Aβ40, and AUCs of 0.820 to 0.823 to detect abnormal Aβ histopathology. Both measures also showed a similar distribution across postmortem-based Aβ phases (based on anti-Aβ 4G8 antibodies). Compared to models using visual read alone, the addition of the Aβ index resulted in a significant increase in AUC and a decrease in Akaike information criterion to detect abnormal Aβ histopathology. CONCLUSION The proposed Aβ index showed a tight association to SUVR and carries an advantage over the latter in that it does not require the definition of regions of interest or the use of MRI. Aβ index may thus prove simpler to implement in clinical settings and may also facilitate the comparison of findings using different Aβ-PET tracers. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that the Aβ accumulation index accurately differentiates Aβ-positive from Aβ-negative participants compared to Aβ-PET visual reads, CSF Aβ42/Aβ40, and Aβ histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Leuzy
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.L., J.L., R.O., S.P., S.J., E.S., O.S., R.S., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Surgical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine and PET (J.L.), Uppsala University; Hermes Medical Solutions (J.L.), Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare Life Sciences (C.J.B., M.B., G.F.), Amersham, UK; VU University Medical Center (R.O.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.P., R.S.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Imaging and Pathology (D.R.T.), Laboratory of Neuropathology, and Leuven Brain Institute (D.R.T.), Campus Gasthuisberg; and Department of Pathology (D.R.T.), UZ-Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Johan Lilja
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.L., J.L., R.O., S.P., S.J., E.S., O.S., R.S., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Surgical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine and PET (J.L.), Uppsala University; Hermes Medical Solutions (J.L.), Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare Life Sciences (C.J.B., M.B., G.F.), Amersham, UK; VU University Medical Center (R.O.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.P., R.S.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Imaging and Pathology (D.R.T.), Laboratory of Neuropathology, and Leuven Brain Institute (D.R.T.), Campus Gasthuisberg; and Department of Pathology (D.R.T.), UZ-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christopher J Buckley
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.L., J.L., R.O., S.P., S.J., E.S., O.S., R.S., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Surgical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine and PET (J.L.), Uppsala University; Hermes Medical Solutions (J.L.), Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare Life Sciences (C.J.B., M.B., G.F.), Amersham, UK; VU University Medical Center (R.O.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.P., R.S.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Imaging and Pathology (D.R.T.), Laboratory of Neuropathology, and Leuven Brain Institute (D.R.T.), Campus Gasthuisberg; and Department of Pathology (D.R.T.), UZ-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Ossenkoppele
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.L., J.L., R.O., S.P., S.J., E.S., O.S., R.S., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Surgical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine and PET (J.L.), Uppsala University; Hermes Medical Solutions (J.L.), Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare Life Sciences (C.J.B., M.B., G.F.), Amersham, UK; VU University Medical Center (R.O.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.P., R.S.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Imaging and Pathology (D.R.T.), Laboratory of Neuropathology, and Leuven Brain Institute (D.R.T.), Campus Gasthuisberg; and Department of Pathology (D.R.T.), UZ-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Palmqvist
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.L., J.L., R.O., S.P., S.J., E.S., O.S., R.S., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Surgical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine and PET (J.L.), Uppsala University; Hermes Medical Solutions (J.L.), Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare Life Sciences (C.J.B., M.B., G.F.), Amersham, UK; VU University Medical Center (R.O.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.P., R.S.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Imaging and Pathology (D.R.T.), Laboratory of Neuropathology, and Leuven Brain Institute (D.R.T.), Campus Gasthuisberg; and Department of Pathology (D.R.T.), UZ-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Battle
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.L., J.L., R.O., S.P., S.J., E.S., O.S., R.S., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Surgical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine and PET (J.L.), Uppsala University; Hermes Medical Solutions (J.L.), Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare Life Sciences (C.J.B., M.B., G.F.), Amersham, UK; VU University Medical Center (R.O.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.P., R.S.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Imaging and Pathology (D.R.T.), Laboratory of Neuropathology, and Leuven Brain Institute (D.R.T.), Campus Gasthuisberg; and Department of Pathology (D.R.T.), UZ-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gill Farrar
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.L., J.L., R.O., S.P., S.J., E.S., O.S., R.S., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Surgical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine and PET (J.L.), Uppsala University; Hermes Medical Solutions (J.L.), Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare Life Sciences (C.J.B., M.B., G.F.), Amersham, UK; VU University Medical Center (R.O.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.P., R.S.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Imaging and Pathology (D.R.T.), Laboratory of Neuropathology, and Leuven Brain Institute (D.R.T.), Campus Gasthuisberg; and Department of Pathology (D.R.T.), UZ-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dietmar R Thal
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.L., J.L., R.O., S.P., S.J., E.S., O.S., R.S., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Surgical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine and PET (J.L.), Uppsala University; Hermes Medical Solutions (J.L.), Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare Life Sciences (C.J.B., M.B., G.F.), Amersham, UK; VU University Medical Center (R.O.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.P., R.S.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Imaging and Pathology (D.R.T.), Laboratory of Neuropathology, and Leuven Brain Institute (D.R.T.), Campus Gasthuisberg; and Department of Pathology (D.R.T.), UZ-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shorena Janelidze
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.L., J.L., R.O., S.P., S.J., E.S., O.S., R.S., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Surgical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine and PET (J.L.), Uppsala University; Hermes Medical Solutions (J.L.), Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare Life Sciences (C.J.B., M.B., G.F.), Amersham, UK; VU University Medical Center (R.O.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.P., R.S.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Imaging and Pathology (D.R.T.), Laboratory of Neuropathology, and Leuven Brain Institute (D.R.T.), Campus Gasthuisberg; and Department of Pathology (D.R.T.), UZ-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Stomrud
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.L., J.L., R.O., S.P., S.J., E.S., O.S., R.S., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Surgical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine and PET (J.L.), Uppsala University; Hermes Medical Solutions (J.L.), Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare Life Sciences (C.J.B., M.B., G.F.), Amersham, UK; VU University Medical Center (R.O.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.P., R.S.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Imaging and Pathology (D.R.T.), Laboratory of Neuropathology, and Leuven Brain Institute (D.R.T.), Campus Gasthuisberg; and Department of Pathology (D.R.T.), UZ-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olof Strandberg
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.L., J.L., R.O., S.P., S.J., E.S., O.S., R.S., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Surgical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine and PET (J.L.), Uppsala University; Hermes Medical Solutions (J.L.), Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare Life Sciences (C.J.B., M.B., G.F.), Amersham, UK; VU University Medical Center (R.O.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.P., R.S.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Imaging and Pathology (D.R.T.), Laboratory of Neuropathology, and Leuven Brain Institute (D.R.T.), Campus Gasthuisberg; and Department of Pathology (D.R.T.), UZ-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruben Smith
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.L., J.L., R.O., S.P., S.J., E.S., O.S., R.S., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Surgical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine and PET (J.L.), Uppsala University; Hermes Medical Solutions (J.L.), Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare Life Sciences (C.J.B., M.B., G.F.), Amersham, UK; VU University Medical Center (R.O.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.P., R.S.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Imaging and Pathology (D.R.T.), Laboratory of Neuropathology, and Leuven Brain Institute (D.R.T.), Campus Gasthuisberg; and Department of Pathology (D.R.T.), UZ-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oskar Hansson
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.L., J.L., R.O., S.P., S.J., E.S., O.S., R.S., O.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Department of Surgical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine and PET (J.L.), Uppsala University; Hermes Medical Solutions (J.L.), Stockholm, Sweden; GE Healthcare Life Sciences (C.J.B., M.B., G.F.), Amersham, UK; VU University Medical Center (R.O.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.P., R.S.) and Memory Clinic (E.S., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Imaging and Pathology (D.R.T.), Laboratory of Neuropathology, and Leuven Brain Institute (D.R.T.), Campus Gasthuisberg; and Department of Pathology (D.R.T.), UZ-Leuven, Belgium
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Feng L, Huo Z, Xiong J, Li H. Certification of Amyloid-Beta (Aβ) Certified Reference Materials by Amino Acid-Based Isotope Dilution High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and Sulfur-Based High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Isotope Dilution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13229-13237. [PMID: 32847351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of amyloid-beta (Aβ) biomarkers could contribute to an early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, there are still large variations among results from different assays. This variability can be overcome by standardization of those assays through the use of certified reference materials (CRMs) and the establishment of a traceability chain. In this study, Aβ40 (GBW09874) and Aβ42 (GBW09875) solution CRMs with the certified values and uncertainties of 7.58 ± 0.30 and 7.62 ± 0.30 μg g-1 were developed with high-purity Aβ as raw materials. For the first time, isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ID-ICP-MS) strategies were employed to certify the candidate Aβ solution CRMs. The two candidate CRMs showed good homogeneity, and good stability was also demonstrated for at least 5 days at -20 °C and 14 months at -70 °C. These CRMs are primarily intended to be used for value assignment to secondary calibrators or CRMs with a clinical matrix, which will help in early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxing Feng
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhongzhong Huo
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China.,College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jinping Xiong
- College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
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Carreño F, Helfer VE, Staudt KJ, Olivo LB, Barreto F, Herrmann AP, Rates SMK, Dalla Costa T. Quantification of neurotransmitters in microdialysate samples following quetiapine dosing to schizophrenia phenotyped rats using a validated LC-MS/MS method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1155:122282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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37
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Sheline YI, Snider BJ, Beer JC, Seok D, Fagan AM, Suckow RF, Lee JM, Waligorska T, Korecka M, Aselcioglu I, Morris JC, Shaw LM, Cirrito JR. Effect of escitalopram dose and treatment duration on CSF Aβ levels in healthy older adults: A controlled clinical trial. Neurology 2020; 95:e2658-e2665. [PMID: 32913021 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether treatment with escitalopram compared with placebo would lower CSF β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42) levels. RATIONALE Serotonin signaling suppresses Aβ42 in animal models of Alzheimer disease (AD) and young healthy humans. In a prospective study in older adults, we examined dose and treatment duration effects of escitalopram. METHODS Using lumbar punctures to sample CSF levels before and after a course of escitalopram treatment, cognitively normal older adults (n = 114) were assigned to placebo, 20 mg escitalopram × 2 weeks, 20 mg escitalopram × 8 weeks, or 30 mg escitalopram × 8 weeks; CSF sampled pretreatment and posttreatment and within-subject percent change in Aβ42 was used as the primary outcome in subsequent analyses. RESULTS An overall 9.4% greater reduction in CSF Aβ42 was found in escitalopram-treated compared with placebo-treated groups (p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.9%-14.2%, d = 0.81). Positive baseline Aβ status (CSF Aβ42 levels <250 pg/mL) was associated with smaller Aβ42 reduction (p = 0.006, 95% CI -16.7% to 0.5%, d = -0.52) compared with negative baseline amyloid status (CSF Aβ42 levels >250 pg/mL). CONCLUSIONS Short-term longitudinal doses of escitalopram decreased CSF Aβ42 in cognitively normal older adults, the target group for AD prevention. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT02161458. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that for cognitively normal older adults, escitalopram decreases CSF Aβ42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette I Sheline
- From the Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (Y.I.S., D.S., I.A.), and Departments of Radiology (Y.I.S.), Neurology (Y.I.S.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics (J.C.B.), and Pathology (T.W., M.K., L.M.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, The Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (B.J.S., A.M.F., J.-M.L., J.C.M., J.R.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis MO; and New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.S.), Columbia University, New York.
| | - B Joy Snider
- From the Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (Y.I.S., D.S., I.A.), and Departments of Radiology (Y.I.S.), Neurology (Y.I.S.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics (J.C.B.), and Pathology (T.W., M.K., L.M.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, The Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (B.J.S., A.M.F., J.-M.L., J.C.M., J.R.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis MO; and New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.S.), Columbia University, New York
| | - Joanne C Beer
- From the Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (Y.I.S., D.S., I.A.), and Departments of Radiology (Y.I.S.), Neurology (Y.I.S.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics (J.C.B.), and Pathology (T.W., M.K., L.M.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, The Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (B.J.S., A.M.F., J.-M.L., J.C.M., J.R.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis MO; and New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.S.), Columbia University, New York
| | - Darsol Seok
- From the Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (Y.I.S., D.S., I.A.), and Departments of Radiology (Y.I.S.), Neurology (Y.I.S.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics (J.C.B.), and Pathology (T.W., M.K., L.M.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, The Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (B.J.S., A.M.F., J.-M.L., J.C.M., J.R.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis MO; and New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.S.), Columbia University, New York
| | - Anne M Fagan
- From the Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (Y.I.S., D.S., I.A.), and Departments of Radiology (Y.I.S.), Neurology (Y.I.S.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics (J.C.B.), and Pathology (T.W., M.K., L.M.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, The Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (B.J.S., A.M.F., J.-M.L., J.C.M., J.R.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis MO; and New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.S.), Columbia University, New York
| | - Raymond F Suckow
- From the Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (Y.I.S., D.S., I.A.), and Departments of Radiology (Y.I.S.), Neurology (Y.I.S.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics (J.C.B.), and Pathology (T.W., M.K., L.M.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, The Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (B.J.S., A.M.F., J.-M.L., J.C.M., J.R.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis MO; and New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.S.), Columbia University, New York
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- From the Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (Y.I.S., D.S., I.A.), and Departments of Radiology (Y.I.S.), Neurology (Y.I.S.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics (J.C.B.), and Pathology (T.W., M.K., L.M.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, The Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (B.J.S., A.M.F., J.-M.L., J.C.M., J.R.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis MO; and New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.S.), Columbia University, New York
| | - Teresa Waligorska
- From the Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (Y.I.S., D.S., I.A.), and Departments of Radiology (Y.I.S.), Neurology (Y.I.S.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics (J.C.B.), and Pathology (T.W., M.K., L.M.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, The Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (B.J.S., A.M.F., J.-M.L., J.C.M., J.R.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis MO; and New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.S.), Columbia University, New York
| | - Magdalena Korecka
- From the Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (Y.I.S., D.S., I.A.), and Departments of Radiology (Y.I.S.), Neurology (Y.I.S.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics (J.C.B.), and Pathology (T.W., M.K., L.M.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, The Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (B.J.S., A.M.F., J.-M.L., J.C.M., J.R.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis MO; and New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.S.), Columbia University, New York
| | - Irem Aselcioglu
- From the Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (Y.I.S., D.S., I.A.), and Departments of Radiology (Y.I.S.), Neurology (Y.I.S.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics (J.C.B.), and Pathology (T.W., M.K., L.M.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, The Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (B.J.S., A.M.F., J.-M.L., J.C.M., J.R.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis MO; and New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.S.), Columbia University, New York
| | - John C Morris
- From the Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (Y.I.S., D.S., I.A.), and Departments of Radiology (Y.I.S.), Neurology (Y.I.S.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics (J.C.B.), and Pathology (T.W., M.K., L.M.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, The Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (B.J.S., A.M.F., J.-M.L., J.C.M., J.R.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis MO; and New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.S.), Columbia University, New York
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- From the Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (Y.I.S., D.S., I.A.), and Departments of Radiology (Y.I.S.), Neurology (Y.I.S.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics (J.C.B.), and Pathology (T.W., M.K., L.M.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, The Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (B.J.S., A.M.F., J.-M.L., J.C.M., J.R.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis MO; and New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.S.), Columbia University, New York
| | - John R Cirrito
- From the Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry (Y.I.S., D.S., I.A.), and Departments of Radiology (Y.I.S.), Neurology (Y.I.S.), Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics (J.C.B.), and Pathology (T.W., M.K., L.M.S.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, The Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (B.J.S., A.M.F., J.-M.L., J.C.M., J.R.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis MO; and New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.S.), Columbia University, New York
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Guo T, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Jagust WJ, Landau SM. Association of CSF Aβ, amyloid PET, and cognition in cognitively unimpaired elderly adults. Neurology 2020; 95:e2075-e2085. [PMID: 32759202 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare CSF β-amyloid (Aβ) and florbetapir PET measurements in cognitively unimpaired (CU) elderly adults in order to detect the earliest abnormalities and compare their predictive effect for cognitive decline. METHODS A total of 259 CU individuals were categorized as abnormal (+) or normal (-) on CSF Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 analyzed with mass spectrometry and Aβ PET measured with 18F-florbetapir. Simultaneous longitudinal measurements of CSF and PET were compared for 39 individuals who were unambiguously Aβ-negative at baseline (CSF-/PET-). We also examined the relationship between baseline CSF/PET group membership and longitudinal changes in CSF Aβ, Aβ PET, and cognition. RESULTS The proportions of individuals in each discordant group were similar (8.1% CSF+/PET- and 7.7% CSF-/PET+). Among baseline Aβ-negative (CSF-/PET-) individuals with longitudinal CSF and PET measurements, a larger proportion subsequently worsened on CSF Aβ (odds ratio 4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1, 22.1], p = 0.035) than Aβ PET over 3.5 ± 1.0 years. Compared to CSF-/PET- individuals, CSF+/PET- individuals had faster (estimate 0.009 [95% CI 0.005, 0.013], p < 0.001) rates of Aβ PET accumulation over 4.4 ± 1.7 years, while CSF-/PET+ individuals had faster (estimate -0.492 [95% CI -0.861, -0.123], p = 0.01) rates of cognitive decline over 4.5 ± 1.9 years. CONCLUSIONS The proportions of discordant PET and CSF Aβ-positive individuals were similar cross-sectionally. However, unambiguously Aβ-negative (CSF-/PET-) individuals are more likely to show subsequent worsening on CSF than PET, supporting the idea that CSF detects the earliest Aβ changes. In discordant cases, only PET abnormality predicted cognitive decline, suggesting that abnormal Aβ PET changes are a later phenomenon in cognitively normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Guo
- From the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (T.G., W.J.J., S.M.L.), University of California; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging (T.G., W.J.J., S.M.L.), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- From the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (T.G., W.J.J., S.M.L.), University of California; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging (T.G., W.J.J., S.M.L.), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- From the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (T.G., W.J.J., S.M.L.), University of California; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging (T.G., W.J.J., S.M.L.), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - William J Jagust
- From the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (T.G., W.J.J., S.M.L.), University of California; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging (T.G., W.J.J., S.M.L.), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Susan M Landau
- From the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (T.G., W.J.J., S.M.L.), University of California; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging (T.G., W.J.J., S.M.L.), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (L.M.S., J.Q.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Boulo S, Kuhlmann J, Andreasson U, Brix B, Venkataraman I, Herbst V, Rutz S, Manuilova E, Vandijck M, Dekeyser F, Bjerke M, Pannee J, Charoud-Got J, Auclair G, Mazoua S, Pinski G, Trapmann S, Schimmel H, Emons H, Quaglia M, Portelius E, Korecka M, Shaw LM, Lame M, Chambers E, Vanderstichele H, Stoops E, Leinenbach A, Bittner T, Jenkins RG, Kostanjevecki V, Lewczuk P, Gobom J, Zetterberg H, Zegers I, Blennow K. First amyloid β1-42 certified reference material for re-calibrating commercial immunoassays. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1493-1503. [PMID: 32755010 PMCID: PMC7984389 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reference materials based on human cerebrospinal fluid were certified for the mass concentration of amyloid beta (Aβ)1-42 (Aβ42 ). They are intended to be used to calibrate diagnostic assays for Aβ42 . METHODS The three certified reference materials (CRMs), ERM-DA480/IFCC, ERM-DA481/IFCC and ERM-DA482/IFCC, were prepared at three concentration levels and characterized using isotope dilution mass spectrometry methods. Roche, EUROIMMUN, and Fujirebio used the three CRMs to re-calibrate their immunoassays. RESULTS The certified Aβ42 mass concentrations in ERM-DA480/IFCC, ERM-DA481/IFCC, and ERM-DA482/IFCC are 0.45, 0.72, and 1.22 μg/L, respectively, with expanded uncertainties (k = 2) of 0.07, 0.11, and 0.18 μg/L, respectively. Before re-calibration, a good correlation (Pearson's r > 0.97), yet large biases, were observed between results from different commercial assays. After re-calibration the between-assay bias was reduced to < 5%. DISCUSSION The Aβ42 CRMs can ensure the equivalence of results between methods and across platforms for the measurement of Aβ42 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Boulo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | - Julia Kuhlmann
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Bjerke
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biology and Center for Neurosciences, UZ Brussel and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Josef Pannee
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Guy Auclair
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Mazoua
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | - Gregor Pinski
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | | | - Heinz Schimmel
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Emons
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | | | - Erik Portelius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Korecka
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary Lame
- Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rand G Jenkins
- PPD Laboratories, Department of Chromatographic Sciences, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Piotr Lewczuk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Johan Gobom
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Ingrid Zegers
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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DeMarco ML, Nguyen Q, Fok A, Hsiung GR, van der Gugten JG. An automated clinical mass spectrometric method for identification and quantification of variant and wild-type amyloid-β 1-40 and 1-42 peptides in CSF. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 12:e12036. [PMID: 32617385 PMCID: PMC7327131 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We developed an automated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for multiplex quantification of wild-type (wt) amyloid β (Aβ) peptides 1-40 (Aβ40) and 1-42 (Aβ42) and detection of variant Aβ peptides in cerebrospinal fluid. METHODS The multiplex Aβ HPLC-MS/MS assay was validated in a clinically accredited laboratory following regulatory guidelines, with Aβ42 calibration assigned to the ERM/IFCC certified reference material; sequence variants were additionally multiplexed into the method. RESULTS Sample preparation was fully automated on a liquid handler. The assay quantified wt-Aβ42 and wt-Aβ40 and detected sequence variants, when present, within the Aβ42 sequence. DISCUSSION Extension of the HPLC-MS/MS approach for quantification of wt-Aβ42 and wt-Aβ40 to include known sequence variants increases analytical accuracy of the mass spectrometric approach and enables identification of cases of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Development of an automated workflow and selection of appropriate instrumentation enabled deployment of this method in routine clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari L. DeMarco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineProvidence Health CareVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Alice Fok
- Division of NeurologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | - J. Grace van der Gugten
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineProvidence Health CareVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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Holmes DT, Romney MG, Angel P, DeMarco ML. Proteomic applications in pathology and laboratory medicine: Present state and future prospects. Clin Biochem 2020; 82:12-20. [PMID: 32442429 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical mass spectrometry applications have traditionally focused on small molecules, particularly in the areas of therapeutic drug monitoring, toxicology, and measurement of endogenous and exogenous steroids. More recently, the use of matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry for the identification of microbial pathogens has been widely implemented. Following this evolution, there has been an expanding role for the measurement of peptides and proteins in pathology and laboratory medicine. This review explores the current state of protein measurement by clinical mass spectrometry and the analytical strategies employed, as well as emerging applications in clinical chemistry, clinical microbiology and anatomical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Holmes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; University of British Columbia Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada.
| | - Marc G Romney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; University of British Columbia Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada.
| | - Peggi Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charelston, SC 29425 Canada.
| | - Mari L DeMarco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; University of British Columbia Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada.
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Blanco ME, Mayo OB, Bandiera T, De Pietri Tonelli D, Armirotti A. LC-MS/MS analysis of twelve neurotransmitters and amino acids in mouse cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 341:108760. [PMID: 32428622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND So far, analytical investigation of neuroactive molecules in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rodent models has been limited to rats, given the intrinsic anatomic difficulties related to mice sampling and the corresponding tiny amounts of CSF obtained. This poses a challenge for the research in neuroscience, where many, if not most, animal models for neuronal disorders rely on mice. NEW METHOD We introduce a new, sensitive and robust LC-MS/MS method to analyze a panel of twelve neuroactive molecules (NM) from mouse CSF (aspartic acid, serine, glycine, glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, epinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine and its metabolite 1-metylhistamine). The paper describes the sampling procedure that allows the collection of 1-2 microliters of pure CSF from individual mouse specimens. RESULTS To test its applicability, we challenged our method on the field, by sampling 37 individual animals, thus demonstrating its strength and reliability. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Compared to other methods, our procedure does not involve any extraction nor derivatization steps: samples are simply diluted and analyzed as such by LC-MS/MS, using a dedicated ion pairing agent in the chromatographic setup. The panel of neuroactive molecules that is analyzed in a single run is also significantly higher compared to other methods. CONCLUSIONS Given the number of mouse models used in the neuroscience research, we believe that our work will pave new ways to more advanced research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Encarnación Blanco
- Graphene Labs, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy; D3-Pharmachemistry, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Olga Barca Mayo
- Neuro miRNA Lab, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- D3-Pharmachemistry, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Armirotti
- Graphene Labs, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy; Analytical Chemistry and In-vivo Pharmacology Facility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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Korecka M, Figurski MJ, Landau SM, Brylska M, Alexander J, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Jagust WJ, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM. Analytical and Clinical Performance of Amyloid-Beta Peptides Measurements in CSF of ADNIGO/2 Participants by an LC-MS/MS Reference Method. Clin Chem 2020; 66:587-597. [PMID: 32087019 PMCID: PMC7108496 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ42) reliably detects brain amyloidosis based on its high concordance with plaque burden at autopsy and with amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) ligand retention observed in several studies. Low CSF Aβ42 concentrations in normal aging and dementia are associated with the presence of fibrillary Aβ across brain regions detected by amyloid PET imaging. METHODS An LC-MS/MS reference method for Aβ42, modified by adding Aβ40 and Aβ38 peptides to calibrators, was used to analyze 1445 CSF samples from ADNIGO/2 participants. Seventy runs were completed using 2 different lots of calibrators. For preparation of Aβ42 calibrators and controls spiking solution, reference Aβ42 standard with certified concentration was obtained from EC-JRC-IRMM (Belgium). Aβ40 and Aβ38 standards were purchased from rPeptide. Aβ42 calibrators' accuracy was established using CSF-based Aβ42 Certified Reference Materials (CRM). RESULTS CRM-adjusted Aβ42 calibrator concentrations were calculated using the regression equation Y (CRM-adjusted) = 0.89X (calibrators) + 32.6. Control samples and CSF pools yielded imprecision ranging from 6.5 to 10.2% (Aβ42) and 2.2 to 7.0% (Aβ40). None of the CSF pools showed statistically significant differences in Aβ42 concentrations across 2 different calibrator lots. Comparison of Aβ42 with Aβ42/Aβ40 showed that the ratio improved concordance with concurrent [18F]-florbetapir PET as a measure of fibrillar Aβ (n = 766) from 81 to 88%. CONCLUSIONS Long-term performance assessment substantiates our modified LC-MS/MS reference method for 3 Aβ peptides. The improved diagnostic performance of the CSF ratio Aβ42/Aβ40 suggests that Aβ42 and Aβ40 should be measured together and supports the need for an Aβ40 CRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Korecka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michal J Figurski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Susan M Landau
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Magdalena Brylska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jacob Alexander
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - William J Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute on Aging, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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44
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Obrocki P, Khatun A, Ness D, Senkevich K, Hanrieder J, Capraro F, Mattsson N, Andreasson U, Portelius E, Ashton NJ, Blennow K, Schöll M, Paterson RW, Schott JM, Zetterberg H. Perspectives in fluid biomarkers in neurodegeneration from the 2019 biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases course-a joint PhD student course at University College London and University of Gothenburg. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:20. [PMID: 32111242 PMCID: PMC7049194 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Until relatively recently, a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders was principally based on clinical presentation, with post-mortem examination remaining a gold standard for disease confirmation. This is in sharp contrast to other areas of medicine, where fluid biomarkers, such as troponin levels in myocardial infarction, form an integral part of the diagnostic and treatment criteria. There is a pressing need for such quantifiable and easily accessible tools in neurodegenerative diseases.In this paper, based on lectures given at the 2019 Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases Course, we provide an overview of a range of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood biomarkers in neurodegenerative disorders, including the 'core' AD biomarkers amyloid β (Aβ) and tau, as well as other disease-specific and general markers of neuroaxonal injury. We then highlight the main challenges in the field, and how those could be overcome with the aid of new methodological advances, such as assay automation, mass spectrometry and ultrasensitive immunoassays.As we hopefully move towards an era of disease-modifying treatments, reliable biomarkers will be essential to increase diagnostic accuracy, allow for earlier diagnosis, better participant selection and disease activity and treatment effect monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Obrocki
- Department of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - Ayesha Khatun
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Deborah Ness
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Konstantin Senkevich
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Jörg Hanrieder
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Federica Capraro
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Niklas Mattsson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erik Portelius
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Michael Schöll
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ross W Paterson
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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45
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Shaw LM, Korecka M, Figurski M, Toledo J, Irwin D, Kang JH, Trojanowski JQ. Detection of Alzheimer Disease Pathology in Patients Using Biochemical Biomarkers: Prospects and Challenges for Use in Clinical Practice. J Appl Lab Med 2020; 5:183-193. [PMID: 31848218 PMCID: PMC7246169 DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2019.029587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thirty-four years ago, amyloid-β 1-42 peptide was identified in amyloid plaques from brain tissue obtained from patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome. This finding led to development of immunoassays for this marker of amyloid plaque burden in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) approximately 10 years later. Subsequently, research immunoassays were developed for total τ protein and τ phosphorylated at the threonine 181 position. Subsequent studies documented the clinical utility of these biomarkers of amyloid plaque burden or τ tangle pathology in cohorts of living patients. CONTENT We describe the following: (a) clinical utility of AD biomarkers; (b) measurement challenges, including development of mass spectrometry-based reference methods and automated immunoassays; (c) development of "appropriate use criteria" (AUC) guidelines for safe/appropriate use of CSF testing for diagnosis of AD developed by neurologists, a neuroethicist, and laboratorians; (d) a framework, sponsored by the National Institute of Aging-Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA), that defines AD on the basis of CSF and imaging methods for detecting amyloid plaque burden, τ tangle pathology, and neurodegeneration. This framework's purpose was investigative but has important implications for future clinical practice; (e) recognition of copathologies in AD patients and challenges for developing methods to detect these in living patients. SUMMARY The field can expect availability of validated research tools for detection of AD pathology that support clinical treatment trials of disease-modifying agents and, ultimately, use in clinical practice. Validated methods are becoming available for CSF testing; emergence of validated methods for AD biomarkers in plasma can be expected in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Magdalena Korecka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michal Figurski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jon Toledo
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital,
Houston, TX
| | - David Irwin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ju Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology,
College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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46
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Huang K, Lin Y, Yang L, Wang Y, Cai S, Pang L, Wu X, Huang L. A multipredictor model to predict the conversion of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease by using a predictive nomogram. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:358-366. [PMID: 31634898 PMCID: PMC6901533 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the probability of converting from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still a challenging task. This study aims at providing a personalized MCI-to-AD conversion estimation by using a multipredictor nomogram that integrates neuroimaging features, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker, and clinical assessments. To do so, 290 MCI patients were collected from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), of whom 76 has converted to AD and 214 remained with MCI. All subjects were randomly divided into a primary and validation cohort. Radiomics signature (Rad-sig) was obtained based on 17 cerebral cortex features selected by using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) algorithm. Clinical factors and amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) concentration were selected by using Spearman correlation between the converted and not-converted patients. Then, a nomogram that combines image features, clinical factor, and Aβ concentration was constructed and validated. Furthermore, we explored the associations between various predictors from the macro- to the microperspective by assessing gene expression patterns. Our results showed that the multipredictor nomogram (C-index 0.978 and 0.956 in both cohorts, respectively) outperformed the nomogram using either Rad-sig or Aβ concentration as individual predictors. Significant associations were found between neuropsychological scores, cerebral cortex features, Aβ levels, and underlying gene pathways. Our study may have a clinical impact as a powerful predictive tool for predicting the conversion probability of MCI and providing associations between cognitive impairment, structural changes, Aβ levels, and underlying biological patterns from the macro- to the microperspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
| | - Yubo Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
| | - Suping Cai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
| | - Liaojun Pang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Liyu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, P. R. China.
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47
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Shaw LM, Hansson O, Manuilova E, Masters CL, Doecke JD, Li QX, Rutz S, Widmann M, Leinenbach A, Blennow K. Method comparison study of the Elecsys® β-Amyloid (1-42) CSF assay versus comparator assays and LC-MS/MS. Clin Biochem 2019; 72:7-14. [PMID: 31129181 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers, such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-β (1-42; Aβ42), can provide high diagnostic accuracy. Several immunoassays are available for Aβ42 quantitation, but standardisation across assays remains an issue. We compared the Elecsys® β-Amyloid (1-42) CSF assay with three assays and two liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. METHODS Three method comparison studies evaluated the correlation between the Elecsys® β-Amyloid (1-42) CSF assay versus: INNOTEST® β-AMYLOID(1-42) (860 samples) and the Roche Diagnostics-developed LC-MS/MS method (250 samples); INNO-BIA AlzBio3 and the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn)-developed LC-MS/MS method (250 samples); and ADx-EUROIMMUN Beta-Amyloid (1-42) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (49 samples). RESULTS High correlation was demonstrated between Elecsys® β-Amyloid (1-42) CSF and comparator assays: INNOTEST® β-AMYLOID(1-42) (Spearman's ρ, 0.954); INNO-BIA AlzBio3 (Spearman's ρ, 0.864); ADx-EUROIMMUN Beta-Amyloid (1-42) ELISA (Pearson's r, 0.925). Elecsys® assay and LC-MS/MS measurements were highly correlated: Pearson's r, 0.949 (Roche Diagnostics-developed method) and 0.943 (UPenn-developed method). CONCLUSION Findings from this multicentre evaluation further support use of the Elecsys® β-Amyloid (1-42) CSF assay to aid AD diagnosis. CSF-based certified reference materials should improve agreement across assays and mass spectrometry-based methods, which is essential to establish a global uniform CSF Aβ42 cut-off to detect amyloid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, VO Minnessjukdomar, Simrisbanv 14/4, 212 24 Malmö, Sweden; Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Inga Marie Nilssons gata 47, 214 21 Malmö, Sweden.
| | | | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - James D Doecke
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation/Australian E-Health Research Centre, Butterfield St & Bowen Bridge Rd, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia.
| | - Qiao-Xin Li
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Sandra Rutz
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Monika Widmann
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Sandhofer Str. 116, 68305 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Andreas Leinenbach
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Inselkammerstraße 8, 82008 Unterhaching, Munich, Germany.
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborgsvägen 31, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 431 41 Mölndal, Sweden.
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48
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Spodzieja M, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Szymanska A. Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Techniques in the Diagnosis of Amyloidosis. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:104-120. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171003113019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidoses are a group of diseases caused by the extracellular deposition of proteins forming amyloid fibrils. The amyloidosis is classified according to the main protein or peptide that constitutes the amyloid fibrils. The most effective methods for the diagnosis of amyloidosis are based on mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry enables confirmation of the identity of the protein precursor of amyloid fibrils in biological samples with very high sensitivity and specificity, which is crucial for proper amyloid typing. Due to the fact that biological samples are very complex, mass spectrometry is usually connected with techniques such as liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis, which enable the separation of proteins before MS analysis. Therefore mass spectrometry constitutes an important part of the so called “hyphenated techniques” combining, preferentially in-line, different analytical methods to provide comprehensive information about the studied problem. Hyphenated methods are very useful in the discovery of biomarkers in different types of amyloidosis. In systemic forms of amyloidosis, the analysis of aggregated proteins is usually performed based on the tissues obtained during a biopsy of an affected organ or a subcutaneous adipose tissue. In some cases, when the diagnostic biopsy is not possible due to the fact that amyloid fibrils are formed in organs like the brain (Alzheimer’s disease), the study of biomarkers presented in body fluids can be carried out. Currently, large-scale studies are performed to find and validate more effective biomarkers, which can be used in diagnostic procedures. We would like to present the methods connected with mass spectrometry which are used in the diagnosis of amyloidosis based on the analysis of proteins occurring in tissues, blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Spodzieja
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Rodziewicz-Motowidło
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aneta Szymanska
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
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49
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Cilento EM, Jin L, Stewart T, Shi M, Sheng L, Zhang J. Mass spectrometry: A platform for biomarker discovery and validation for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. J Neurochem 2019; 151:397-416. [PMID: 30474862 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate, reliable, and objective biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and related age-associated neurodegenerative disorders are urgently needed to assist in both diagnosis, particularly at early stages, and monitoring of disease progression. Technological advancements in protein detection platforms over the last few decades have resulted in a plethora of reported molecular biomarker candidates for both AD and PD; however, very few of these candidates are developed beyond the discovery phase of the biomarker development pipeline, a reflection of the current bottleneck within the field. In this review, the expanded use of selected reaction monitoring (SRM) targeted mass spectrometry will be discussed in detail as a platform for systematic verification of large panels of protein biomarker candidates prior to costly validation testing. We also advocate for the coupling of discovery-based proteomics with modern targeted MS-based approaches (e.g., SRM) within a single study in future workflows to expedite biomarker development and validation for AD and PD. It is our hope that improving the efficiency within the biomarker development process by use of an SRM pipeline may ultimately hasten the development of biomarkers that both decrease misdiagnosis of AD and PD and ultimately lead to detection at early stages of disease and objective assessment of disease progression. This article is part of the special issue "Proteomics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene M Cilento
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lorrain Jin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tessandra Stewart
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lifu Sheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University Third Hospital and Peking Key Laboratory for Early Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Beijing, China
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50
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Canzi EF, Lopes BR, Robeldo T, Borra R, Da Silva MFGF, Oliveira RV, Maia BHNS, Cass QB. Prostaglandins E 2 and F 2α levels in human menstrual fluid by online Solid Phase Extraction coupled to Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1109:60-66. [PMID: 30731263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports an online SPE-LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGF2α) in menstrual fluid samples. To meet this goal human peripheral serum was used as surrogate matrix. The analytes were trapped on an OASIS HLB cartridge for 3 min, for sample cleanup and enrichment, and then transferred during only 42 s to an HSS T3 C18 analytical column, for separation and analysis. Prostaglandins (PGs) were detected by selected reaction monitoring in negative ion mode, PGE2 (m/z 351 → 315) and PGF2α (m/z 353 → 193) using isotope-labeled internal standard (PGE2-d4, m/z 355 → 319). The concentration linear range was of 10.34-1.034 ng mL-1 and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 10.34 ng mL-1 for both PGs. Validation parameters were successfully assessed according to the European Medicines Agency guideline (EMA), also comprising the FDA normative. The method showed no matrix effect and process efficiency around 100%, in addition to only 15 min of analysis time with lower solvent consumption. The method application was carried out using two menstrual fluid sample groups: control (n = 15) and treatment group (n = 7; samples from women that used Tahiti lemon juice). The PGF2α levels were found to be higher in treated group than in control group (p ≤ 0.05), denoting an effect of the intake of Tahiti lemon juice on the menstrual inflammatory process. The on-line method herein reported could be useful for the analysis of PGs from large research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edione F Canzi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR 81531-990, Brazil; Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Bianca Rebelo Lopes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Thaiane Robeldo
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Borra
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Maria Fatima G F Da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Regina V Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Helena N S Maia
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Quezia B Cass
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
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