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Suthar JK, Vaidya A, Ravindran S. Size, Surface Properties, and Ion Release of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Effects on Cytotoxicity, Dopaminergic Gene Expression, and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition in Neuronal PC-12 Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2254-2271. [PMID: 37713055 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The extensive applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have resulted in a substantial risk of human exposure. However, the knowledge of the toxicity of these NPs in the nervous system is still limited. A comparative analysis of ZnO NPs of various sizes and NPs of the same size, with and without surface coating, and the potential role of released zinc ions is yet to be thoroughly explored. As a result, we have studied the cellular toxicity of two different-sized ZnO NPs, ZnO-22 (22 nm) and ZnO-43 (43 nm), and NPs with similar size but with polyvinylpyrrolidone coating (ZnO-P, 45 nm). The findings from our study suggested a time-, size-, and surface coating-dependent cytotoxicity in PC-12 cells at a concentration ≥ 10 μg/ml. ZnO NP treatment significantly elevated reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species, thereby increasing oxidative stress. The exposure of ZnO-22 and ZnO-43 significantly upregulated the expression of monoamine oxidase-A and downregulated the α-synuclein gene expression associated with the dopaminergic system. The interaction of NPs enzymes in the nervous system is also hazardous. Therefore, the inhibition activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme was also studied for its interaction with these NPs, and the results indicated a dose-dependent inhibition of enzyme activity. Particle size, coating, and cellular interactions modulate ZnO NP's cytotoxicity; smaller sizes enhance cellular uptake and reactivity, while coating reduces cytotoxicity by limiting direct cell contact and potentially mitigating oxidative stress. Furthermore, the study of released zinc ions from the NPs suggested no significant contribution to the observed cytotoxicity compared to the NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar Suthar
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed) University, Pune, India
| | - Anuradha Vaidya
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research, Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed) University, Pune, India
| | - Selvan Ravindran
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed) University, Pune, India.
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Venkatesan D, Iyer M, Raj N, Gopalakrishnan AV, Narayanasamy A, Kumar NS, Vellingiri B. Assessment of tRNA Thr and tRNA Gln Variants and Mitochondrial Functionality in Parkinson's Disease (PD) Patients of Tamil Nadu Population. J Mol Neurosci 2023; 73:912-920. [PMID: 37845428 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-023-02154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is speculated with genetic and environmental factors. At molecular level, the mitochondrial impact is stated to be one of the causative reasons for PD. In this study, we investigated the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels along with mitochondrial tRNA alterations among three age categories of PD. By determining the genetic and organellar functionality using molecular techniques, the ROS levels were reported to be high with decreased MMP and ATP in the late-onset age group than in other two age categories. Likewise, the tRNA significancy in tRNAThr and tRNAGln was noticed with C4335T and G15927A mutations in late-onset and early-onset PD groups respectively. Therefore, from the findings, ageing has shown a disruption in tRNA metabolism leading to critical functioning of ATP synthesis and MMP, causing oxidative stress in PD patients. These physiological outcomes show that ageing has a keen role in the divergence of mitochondrial function, thereby proving a correlation with ageing and maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Venkatesan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, 641021, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, 641021, India
| | - Neethu Raj
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India.
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3
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Pattern of Mitochondrial Respiration in Peripheral Blood Cells of Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810863. [PMID: 36142777 PMCID: PMC9506016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are central in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), as they are involved in oxidative stress, synaptopathy, and other immunometabolic pathways. Accordingly, they are emerging as a potential neuroprotection target, although further human-based evidence is needed for therapeutic advancements. This study aims to shape the pattern of mitochondrial respiration in the blood leukocytes of PD patients in relation to both clinical features and the profile of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of neurodegeneration. Mitochondrial respirometry on the peripheral blood mononucleate cells (PBMCs) of 16 PD patients and 14 controls was conducted using Seahorse Bioscience technology. Bioenergetic parameters were correlated either with standard clinical scores for motor and non-motor disturbances or with CSF levels of α-synuclein, amyloid-β peptides, and tau proteins. In PD, PBMC mitochondrial basal respiration was normal; maximal and spare respiratory capacities were both increased; and ATP production was higher, although not significantly. Maximal and spare respiratory capacity was directly correlated with disease duration, MDS-UPDRS part III and Hoehn and Yahr motor scores; spare respiratory capacity was correlated with the CSF amyloid-β-42 to amyloid-β-42/40 ratio. We provided preliminary evidence showing that mitochondrial respiratory activity increases in the PBMCs of PD patients, probably following the compensatory adaptations to disease progression, in contrast to the bases of the neuropathological substrate.
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Qadri R, Goyal V, Behari M, Subramanian A, Datta SK, Mukhopadhyay AK. Alteration of Mitochondrial Function in Oxidative Stress in Parkinsonian Neurodegeneration: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2021; 24:506-512. [PMID: 34728942 PMCID: PMC8513980 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_392_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Appropriate mitochondrial function and oxidative balance are critical to neuronal survival. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species leads to oxidative stress that can cause free radical damage to biomolecules of the cell components and the molecules in the cellular milieu that eventually lead to a variety of chronic diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondrial dysfunction initiates neuronal apoptosis thereby leading to neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). Aim: To evaluate oxidative stress vis-a-vis mitochondrial function (Cytochrome C oxidase activity) in PD patients, Parkinson plus syndrome (PPS) patients in comparison with healthy controls (HCs). Settings and Design: Cross-sectional Study Methods: We assessed oxidative stress by chemiluminescence using luminol, and cytochrome c oxidase activity (CCO) by CCO kit using spectrophotometry in PD patients (n = 80), PPS patients (n = 40), and HCs (n = 40). Statistical Analysis: Data were presented as number (%) or mean ± SD/median as approximate. Quantitative baseline variables were compared among the groups using one-way ANOVA and qualitative variables were compared using Chi-square test. The difference in median was compared using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Post-hoc Bonferronni correction. Results: Compared to HCs (Median 7.53 ± 15.58 RLU/sec/cell), ROS level in PD (14.13 ± 29.5), and PPS (17.43 ± 15.91) patients was significantly higher (P = 0.0029: HC vs, PD & P = 0.0500: HC vs. PPS). Also, ROS in PD patients (14.13 ± 29.5) was higher that PPS patients (17. 43 ± 15.91) but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.84). The CCO activity was found to be diminished in PD (Median: 0.025 ± 0.013 units/ml) and PPS patients (0.027 ± 0.008) in comparison to HCs (0.117 ± 0.049). Conclusion: Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress is associated with PD and PPS and may play an important role in etiopathogenesis. Though the cause–effect conundrum has not been comprehensively probed but addressing oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage may serve as an adjunctive therapy for PD and PPS. Iron metabolism as reflected in the red cell indices may aid in differentiating PD from PPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Qadri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Goyal
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Madhuri Behari
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arulselvi Subramanian
- Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudip Kumar Datta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Asok Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Department of Pathology, North DMC Medical College and Hindu Rao Hospital, Delhi, India
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Nikbakhtzadeh M, Shaerzadeh F, Ashabi G. Highlighting the protective or degenerative role of AMPK activators in dementia experimental models. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 20:786-801. [PMID: 34042039 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210526160214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a serine/threonine kinase and a driving or deterrent factor in the development of neurodegenerative diseases and dementia. AMPK affects intracellular proteins like the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α (among others) contributes to a wide range of intracellular activities based on its downstream molecules such as energy balancing (ATP synthesis), extracellular inflammation, cell growth, and neuronal cell death (such as apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis). Several studies have looked at the dual role of AMPK in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Huntington disease (HD) but the exact effect of this enzyme on dementia, stroke, and motor neuron dysfunction disorders has not been elucidated yet. In this article, we review current research on the effects of AMPK on the brain to give an overview of the relationship. More specifically, we review the neuroprotective or neurodegenerative effects of AMPK or AMPK activators like metformin, resveratrol, and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside on neurological diseases and dementia, which exert through the intracellular molecules involved in neuronal survival or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Nikbakhtzadeh
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shaerzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, United States
| | - Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Clark EH, Vázquez de la Torre A, Hoshikawa T, Briston T. Targeting mitophagy in Parkinson's disease. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100209. [PMID: 33372898 PMCID: PMC7948953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.014294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetics and pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) strongly implicate mitochondria in disease aetiology. Elegant studies over the last two decades have elucidated complex molecular signaling governing the identification and removal of dysfunctional mitochondria from the cell, a process of mitochondrial quality control known as mitophagy. Mitochondrial deficits and specifically reduced mitophagy are evident in both sporadic and familial PD. Mendelian genetics attributes loss-of-function mutations in key mitophagy regulators PINK1 and Parkin to early-onset PD. Pharmacologically enhancing mitophagy and accelerating the removal of damaged mitochondria are of interest for developing a disease-modifying PD therapeutic. However, despite significant understanding of both PINK1-Parkin-dependent and -independent mitochondrial quality control pathways, the therapeutic potential of targeting mitophagy remains to be fully explored. Here, we provide a summary of the genetic evidence supporting the role for mitophagy failure as a pathogenic mechanism in PD. We assess the tractability of mitophagy pathways and prospects for drug discovery and consider intervention points for mitophagy enhancement. We explore the numerous hit molecules beginning to emerge from high-content/high-throughput screening as well as the biochemical and phenotypic assays that enabled these screens. The chemical and biological properties of these reference compounds suggest many could be used to interrogate and perturb mitochondrial biology to validate promising drug targets. Finally, we address key considerations and challenges in achieving preclinical proof-of-concept, including in vivo mitophagy reporter methodologies and disease models, as well as patient stratification and biomarker development for mitochondrial forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Clark
- Hatfield Research Laboratories, Neurology Innovation Centre, Eisai Ltd, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tamaki Hoshikawa
- Hatfield Research Laboratories, Neurology Innovation Centre, Eisai Ltd, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Briston
- Hatfield Research Laboratories, Neurology Innovation Centre, Eisai Ltd, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
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7
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Runtsch MC, Ferrara G, Angiari S. Metabolic determinants of leukocyte pathogenicity in neurological diseases. J Neurochem 2020; 158:36-58. [PMID: 32880969 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the recruitment of circulating blood-borne innate and adaptive immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS). These leukocytes sustain the detrimental response in the CNS by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators that induce activation of local glial cells, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and neural cell death. However, infiltrating peripheral immune cells could also dampen CNS inflammation and support tissue repair. Recent advances in the field of immunometabolism demonstrate the importance of metabolic reprogramming for the activation and functionality of such innate and adaptive immune cell populations. In particular, an increasing body of evidence suggests that the activity of metabolites and metabolic enzymes could influence the pathogenic potential of immune cells during neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of intracellular metabolic cues in regulating leukocyte-mediated CNS damage in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke, highlighting the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting metabolic pathways for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marah C Runtsch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Stefano Angiari
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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8
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Vieira SRL, Toffoli M, Campbell P, Schapira AHV. Biofluid Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease: Clarity Amid Controversy. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1128-1133. [PMID: 32220025 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia R L Vieira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Toffoli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Campbell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Pain S, Deguil J, Belin J, Barraud P, Ragot S, Houeto JL. Regulation of Protein Synthesis and Apoptosis in Lymphocytes of Parkinson Patients: The Effect of Dopaminergic Treatment. NEURODEGENER DIS 2020; 19:178-183. [PMID: 32146463 DOI: 10.1159/000505750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, presumably due to increased apoptosis. In previous studies, we showed altered expression of proteins involved in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) antiapoptotic and double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) apoptotic pathways of translational control in experimental cellular and animal models of PD. RESULTS In this work, our results showed clear modifications in the expression of kinases involved in mTOR and PKR apoptosis pathways, in lymphocytes of PD patients treated or not with anti-PD treatment (levodopa), which confirmed the role played by apoptosis in the pathogenesis of this disease and the positive effect of treatment with medication on this parameter. Others proteins involved in apo-ptosis were also evaluated in lymphocytes of patients as the expression of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor and caspase-3. CONCLUSION Translational control is altered in PD and hence its evaluation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells may serve as an early marker of apoptosis and indicate the efficacy of the dopaminergic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Pain
- INSERM U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, LNEC, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France, .,Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France,
| | - Julie Deguil
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jeremie Belin
- Centre Expert Parkinson, Service de Neurologie, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Pauline Barraud
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Stéphanie Ragot
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,INSERM, CIC 1402, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Luc Houeto
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Service de Neurologie, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,INSERM, CIC 1402, Poitiers, France
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The Role of the Antioxidant Response in Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Degenerative Diseases: Cross-Talk between Antioxidant Defense, Autophagy, and Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6392763. [PMID: 31057691 PMCID: PMC6476015 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6392763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is an essential organelle important for the generation of ATP for cellular function. This is especially critical for cells with high energy demands, such as neurons for signal transmission and cardiomyocytes for the continuous mechanical work of the heart. However, deleterious reactive oxygen species are generated as a result of mitochondrial electron transport, requiring a rigorous activation of antioxidative defense in order to maintain homeostatic mitochondrial function. Indeed, recent studies have demonstrated that the dysregulation of antioxidant response leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in human degenerative diseases affecting the nervous system and the heart. In this review, we outline and discuss the mitochondrial and oxidative stress factors causing degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and Friedreich's ataxia. In particular, the pathological involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in relation to oxidative stress, energy metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and cell death will be explored. Understanding the pathology and the development of these diseases has highlighted novel regulators in the homeostatic maintenance of mitochondria. Importantly, this offers potential therapeutic targets in the development of future treatments for these degenerative diseases.
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