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Correnti M, Gammella E, Cairo G, Recalcati S. Iron Absorption: Molecular and Pathophysiological Aspects. Metabolites 2024; 14:228. [PMID: 38668356 PMCID: PMC11052485 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for growth among all branches of life, but while iron is among the most common elements, bioavailable iron is a relatively scarce nutrient. Since iron is fundamental for several biological processes, iron deficiency can be deleterious. On the other hand, excess iron may lead to cell and tissue damage. Consequently, iron balance is strictly regulated. As iron excretion is not physiologically controlled, systemic iron homeostasis is maintained at the level of absorption, which is mainly influenced by the amount of iron stores and the level of erythropoietic activity, the major iron consumer. Here, we outline recent advances that increased our understanding of the molecular aspects of iron absorption. Moreover, we examine the impact of these recent insights on dietary strategies for maintaining iron balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gaetano Cairo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (E.G.); (S.R.)
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Matsuoka T, Abe M, Kobayashi H. Iron Metabolism and Inflammatory Mediators in Patients with Renal Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3745. [PMID: 38612557 PMCID: PMC11012052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects around 850 million people worldwide, posing significant challenges in healthcare due to complications like renal anemia, end-stage kidney disease, and cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on the intricate interplay between iron metabolism, inflammation, and renal dysfunction in CKD. Renal anemia, prevalent in CKD, arises primarily from diminished erythropoietin (EPO) production and iron dysregulation, which worsens with disease progression. Functional and absolute iron deficiencies due to impaired absorption and chronic inflammation are key factors exacerbating erythropoiesis. A notable aspect of CKD is the accumulation of uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate (IS), which hinder iron metabolism and worsen anemia. These toxins directly affect renal EPO synthesis and contribute to renal hypoxia, thus playing a critical role in the pathophysiology of renal anemia. Inflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-α and IL-6, further exacerbate CKD progression and disrupt iron homeostasis, thereby influencing anemia severity. Treatment approaches have evolved to address both iron and EPO deficiencies, with emerging therapies targeting hepcidin and employing hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers showing potential. This review underscores the importance of integrated treatment strategies in CKD, focusing on the complex relationship between iron metabolism, inflammation, and renal dysfunction to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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Galy B, Conrad M, Muckenthaler M. Mechanisms controlling cellular and systemic iron homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:133-155. [PMID: 37783783 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, hundreds of proteins use iron in a multitude of cellular functions, including vital processes such as mitochondrial respiration, gene regulation and DNA synthesis or repair. Highly orchestrated regulatory systems control cellular and systemic iron fluxes ensuring sufficient iron delivery to target proteins is maintained, while limiting its potentially deleterious effects in iron-mediated oxidative cell damage and ferroptosis. In this Review, we discuss how cells acquire, traffick and export iron and how stored iron is mobilized for iron-sulfur cluster and haem biogenesis. Furthermore, we describe how these cellular processes are fine-tuned by the combination of various sensory and regulatory systems, such as the iron-regulatory protein (IRP)-iron-responsive element (IRE) network, the nuclear receptor co-activator 4 (NCOA4)-mediated ferritinophagy pathway, the prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)-hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) axis or the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) regulatory hub. We further describe how these pathways interact with systemic iron homeostasis control through the hepcidin-ferroportin axis to ensure appropriate iron fluxes. This knowledge is key for the identification of novel therapeutic opportunities to prevent diseases of cellular and/or systemic iron mismanagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Galy
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Virus-associated Carcinogenesis (F170), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martina Muckenthaler
- Department of Paediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Gundacker A, Glat M, Wais J, Stoehrmann P, Pollak A, Pollak DD. Early-life iron deficiency persistently disrupts affective behaviour in mice. Ann Med 2023; 55:1265-1277. [PMID: 37096819 PMCID: PMC10132221 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2191003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common nutrient deficiency, affecting two billion people worldwide, including about 30% of pregnant women. During gestation, the brain is particularly vulnerable to environmental insults, which can irrevocably impair critical developmental processes. Consequently, detrimental consequences of early-life ID for offspring brain structure and function have been described. Although early life ID has been associated with an increased long-term risk for several neuropsychiatric disorders, the effect on depressive disorders has remained unresolved. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mouse model of moderate foetal and neonatal ID was established by keeping pregnant dams on an iron-deficient diet throughout gestation until postnatal day 10. The ensuing significant decrease of iron content in the offspring brain, as well as the impact on maternal behaviour and offspring vocalization was determined in the first postnatal week. The consequences of early-life ID for depression- and anxiety-like behaviour in adulthood were revealed employing dedicated behavioural assays. miRNA sequencing of hippocampal tissue of offspring revealed specific miRNAs signatures accompanying the behavioural deficits of foetal and neonatal ID in the adult brain. RESULTS Mothers receiving iron-deficient food during pregnancy and lactation exhibited significantly less licking and grooming behaviour, while active pup retrieval and pup ultrasonic vocalizations were unaltered. Adult offspring with a history of foetal and neonatal ID showed an increase in depression- and anxiety-like behaviour, paralleled by a deranged miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus, specifically levels of miR200a and miR200b. CONCLUSION ID during the foetal and neonatal periods has life-long consequences for affective behaviour in mice and leaves a specific and persistent mark on the expression of miRNAs in the brain. Foetal and neonatal ID needs to be further considered as risk factor for the development of depression and anxiety disorders later in life.Key MessagesMarginal reduction of gestational alimentary iron intake decreases brain iron content of the juvenile offspring.Early-life ID is associated with increased depression- and anxiety-like behaviour in adulthood.Reduction of maternal alimentary iron intake during pregnancy is reflected in an alteration of miRNA signatures in the adult offspring brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gundacker
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Micaela Glat
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan Wais
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Stoehrmann
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arnold Pollak
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela D. Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Walter S, Mertens C, Muckenthaler MU, Ott C. Cardiac iron metabolism during aging - Role of inflammation and proteolysis. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 215:111869. [PMID: 37678569 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Iron is the most abundant trace element in the human body. Since iron can switch between its 2-valent and 3-valent form it is essential in various physiological processes such as energy production, proliferation or DNA synthesis. Especially high metabolic organs such as the heart rely on iron-associated iron-sulfur and heme proteins. However, due to switches in iron oxidation state, iron overload exhibits high toxicity through formation of reactive oxygen species, underlining the importance of balanced iron levels. Growing evidence demonstrates disturbance of this balance during aging. While age-associated cardiovascular diseases are often related to iron deficiency, in physiological aging cardiac iron accumulates. To understand these changes, we focused on inflammation and proteolysis, two hallmarks of aging, and their role in iron metabolism. Via the IL-6-hepcidin axis, inflammation and iron status are strongly connected often resulting in anemia accompanied by infiltration of macrophages. This tight connection between anemia and inflammation highlights the importance of the macrophage iron metabolism during inflammation. Age-related decrease in proteolytic activity additionally affects iron balance due to impaired degradation of iron metabolism proteins. Therefore, this review accentuates alterations in iron metabolism during aging with regards to inflammation and proteolysis to draw attention to their implications and associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Walter
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Wuppertal, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Mertens
- Center for Translational Biomedical Iron Research, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Immunology, and Hematology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Center for Translational Biomedical Iron Research, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Immunology, and Hematology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Ott
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Wuppertal, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Sangkhae V, Fisher AL, Ganz T, Nemeth E. Iron Homeostasis During Pregnancy: Maternal, Placental, and Fetal Regulatory Mechanisms. Annu Rev Nutr 2023; 43:279-300. [PMID: 37253681 PMCID: PMC10723031 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-061021-030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy entails a large negative balance of iron, an essential micronutrient. During pregnancy, iron requirements increase substantially to support both maternal red blood cell expansion and the development of the placenta and fetus. As insufficient iron has long been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes, universal iron supplementation is common practice before and during pregnancy. However, in high-resource countries with iron fortification of staple foods and increased red meat consumption, the effects of too much iron supplementation during pregnancy have become a concern because iron excess has also been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this review, we address physiologic iron homeostasis of the mother, placenta, and fetus and discuss perturbations in iron homeostasis that result in pathological pregnancy. As many mechanistic regulatory systems have been deduced from animal models, we also discuss the principles learned from these models and how these may apply to human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Sangkhae
- Center for Iron Disorders, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA;
| | - Allison L Fisher
- Endocrine Unit and Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tomas Ganz
- Center for Iron Disorders, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA;
| | - Elizabeta Nemeth
- Center for Iron Disorders, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA;
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Ganz T, Nemeth E. Pathogenic Mechanisms in Thalassemia II: Iron Overload. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2023; 37:353-363. [PMID: 36907608 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron overload remains a lethal complication of β-thalassemia and other anemias caused by ineffective erythropoiesis. This review discusses the pathogenetic mechanisms of iron overload in thalassemia, at organismal, cellular, and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Ganz
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690, USA.
| | - Elizabeta Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690, USA
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Oliero M, Hajjar R, Cuisiniere T, Fragoso G, Calvé A, Santos MM. Inulin impacts tumorigenesis promotion by colibactin-producing Escherichia coli in ApcMin/+ mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1067505. [PMID: 36819017 PMCID: PMC9932902 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1067505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The prebiotic inulin has previously shown both protective and tumor-promoting effects in colorectal cancer (CRC). These inconsistencies may be due to the gut microbial composition as several bacteria have been associated with CRC. Specifically, polyketide synthase-positive (pks+) Escherichia coli promotes carcinogenesis and facilitates CRC progression through the production of colibactin, a genotoxin that induces double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). We investigated whether colibactin-producing Escherichia coli changed the protection conferred by inulin against tumor growth and progression using the ApcMin/+ mouse model of CRC. Methods Mice received a 2% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution followed by oral gavage with the murine pks + E. coli strain NC101 (EcNC101) and were fed a diet supplemented with 10% cellulose as control or 10% inulin for 4 weeks. Results Inulin supplementation led to increase EcNC101 colonization compared to mice receiving the control diet. The increased colonization of EcNC101 resulted in more DSBs, tumor burden, and tumor progression in ApcMin/+ mice. The tumorigenic effect of EcN101 in ApcMin/+ mice mediated by inulin was dependent on colibactin production. Pasteurized E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), a probiotic, suppressed the inulin-driven EcNC101 expansion and impacted tumor progression. Discussion Our results suggest that the presence of pks + E. coli influences the outcome of inulin supplementation in CRC and that microbiota-targeted interventions may mitigate this effect. Given the prevalence of pks + E. coli in both healthy and CRC populations and the importance of a fiber-rich diet, inulin supplementation in individuals colonized with pks + bacteria should be considered with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Oliero
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Institut du cancer de Montréal, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Roy Hajjar
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Institut du cancer de Montréal, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thibault Cuisiniere
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Institut du cancer de Montréal, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriela Fragoso
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Institut du cancer de Montréal, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Calvé
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Institut du cancer de Montréal, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Manuela M. Santos
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Institut du cancer de Montréal, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Manuela M. Santos, ✉
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Abbas M, Hayirli Z, Drakesmith H, Andrews SC, Lewis MC. Effects of iron deficiency and iron supplementation at the host-microbiota interface: Could a piglet model unravel complexities of the underlying mechanisms? Front Nutr 2022; 9:927754. [PMID: 36267902 PMCID: PMC9577221 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.927754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is the most prevalent human micronutrient deficiency, disrupting the physiological development of millions of infants and children. Oral iron supplementation is used to address iron-deficiency anemia and reduce associated stunting but can promote infection risk since restriction of iron availability serves as an innate immune mechanism against invading pathogens. Raised iron availability is associated with an increase in enteric pathogens, especially Enterobacteriaceae species, accompanied by reductions in beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and may skew the pattern of gut microbiota development. Since the gut microbiota is the primary driver of immune development, deviations from normal patterns of bacterial succession in early life can have long-term implications for immune functionality. There is a paucity of knowledge regarding how both iron deficiency and luminal iron availability affect gut microbiota development, or the subsequent impact on immunity, which are likely to be contributors to the increased risk of infection. Piglets are naturally iron deficient. This is largely due to their low iron endowments at birth (primarily due to large litter sizes), and their rapid growth combined with the low iron levels in sow milk. Thus, piglets consistently become iron deficient within days of birth which rapidly progresses to anemia in the absence of iron supplementation. Moreover, like humans, pigs are omnivorous and share many characteristics of human gut physiology, microbiota and immunity. In addition, their precocial nature permits early maternal separation, individual housing, and tight control of nutritional intake. Here, we highlight the advantages of piglets as valuable and highly relevant models for human infants in promoting understanding of how early iron status impacts physiological development. We also indicate how piglets offer potential to unravel the complexities of microbiota-immune responses during iron deficiency and in response to iron supplementation, and the link between these and increased risk of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munawar Abbas
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Zeynep Hayirli
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C. Andrews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Marie C. Lewis
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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Li H, Fan X, Wu X, Han W, Amistadi MK, Liu P, Zhang D, Chorover J, Ding X, Zhang QY. Differential Effects of Arsenic in Drinking Water on Mouse Hepatic and Intestinal Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1835. [PMID: 36139908 PMCID: PMC9495312 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic exposure has been associated with the risks of various diseases, including cancers and metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of arsenic exposure via drinking water on the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a major responsive gene to arsenic-induced oxidative stress, in mouse intestinal epithelial cells which is the first site of exposure for ingested arsenic, and the liver, a known target of arsenic toxicity. The expression of HO-1 was determined at mRNA, protein, or enzymic activity levels in mice exposed to sodium arsenite through drinking water, at various doses (0, 2.5, 10, 25, 100 ppm), and for various time periods (1, 3, 7, or 28 days). HO-1 was significantly induced in the intestine, but not liver, at arsenic doses of 25 ppm or lower. The intestinal HO-1 induction was seen in both males and females, plateaued within 1-3 days of exposure, and was accompanied by increases in microsomal HO activity. In mice exposed to 25-ppm of arsenite for 7 days, total arsenic and As(III) levels in intestinal epithelial cells were significantly higher than in the liver. These findings identify intestinal epithelial cells as likely preferential targets for arsenic toxicity and support further studies on the functional consequences of intestinal HO-1 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Xiangmeng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Weiguo Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Mary Kay Amistadi
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Donna Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Abstract
An abundant metal in the human body, iron is essential for key biological pathways including oxygen transport, DNA metabolism, and mitochondrial function. Most iron is bound to heme but it can also be incorporated into iron-sulfur clusters or bind directly to proteins. Iron's capacity to cycle between Fe2+ and Fe3+ contributes to its biological utility but also renders it toxic in excess. Heme is an iron-containing tetrapyrrole essential for diverse biological functions including gas transport and sensing, oxidative metabolism, and xenobiotic detoxification. Like iron, heme is essential yet toxic in excess. As such, both iron and heme homeostasis are tightly regulated. Here we discuss molecular and physiologic aspects of iron and heme metabolism. We focus on dietary absorption; cellular import; utilization; and export, recycling, and elimination, emphasizing studies published in recent years. We end with a discussion on current challenges and needs in the field of iron and heme biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Dutt
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Flores SRL, Nelson S, Woloshun RR, Wang X, Ha JH, Lee JK, Yu Y, Merlin D, Collins JF. Intestinal iron absorption is appropriately modulated to match physiological demand for iron in wild-type and iron-loaded Hamp (hepcidin) knockout rats during acute colitis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252998. [PMID: 34143808 PMCID: PMC8213193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal damage, barrier breach, inflammation, and iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) typify ulcerative colitis (UC) in humans. The anemia in UC appears to mainly relate to systemic inflammation. The pathogenesis of this ‘anemia of inflammation’ (AI) involves cytokine-mediated transactivation of hepatic Hamp (encoding the iron-regulatory hormone, hepcidin). In AI, high hepcidin represses iron absorption (and iron release from stores), thus lowering serum iron, and restricting iron for erythropoiesis (causing anemia). In less-severe disease states, inflammation may be limited to the intestine, but whether this perturbs iron homeostasis is uncertain. We hypothesized that localized gut inflammation will increase overall iron demand (to support the immune response and tissue repair), and that hepatic Hamp expression will decrease in response, thus derepressing (i.e., enhancing) iron absorption. Accordingly, we developed a rat model of mild, acute colitis, and studied iron absorption and homeostasis. Rats exposed (orally) to DSS (4%) for 7 days had intestinal (but not systemic) inflammation, and biomarker analyses demonstrated that iron utilization was elevated. Iron absorption was enhanced (by 2-3-fold) in DSS-treated, WT rats of both sexes, but unexpectedly, hepatic Hamp expression was not suppressed. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of regulation of iron absorption during acute colitis, Hamp KO rats were used for further experimentation. The severity of DSS-colitis was similar in Hamp KOs as in WT controls. In the KOs, increased iron requirements associated with the physiological response to colitis were satisfied by mobilizing hepatic storage iron, rather than by increasing absorption of enteral iron (as occurred in WT rats). In conclusion then, in both sexes and genotypes of rats, iron absorption was appropriately modulated to match physiological demand for dietary iron during acute intestinal inflammation, but regulatory mechanisms may not involve hepcidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen R. L. Flores
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Savannah Nelson
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Regina R. Woloshun
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Jennifer K. Lee
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Yang Yu
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Didier Merlin
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States of America
| | - James F. Collins
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Altamura S, Marques O, Colucci S, Mertens C, Alikhanyan K, Muckenthaler MU. Regulation of iron homeostasis: Lessons from mouse models. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 75:100872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Identification of The Canidae Iron Regulatory Hormone Hepcidin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19400. [PMID: 31852911 PMCID: PMC6920140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55009-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidins are an evolutionarily conserved class of liver-expressed peptide, from which the twenty-five amino acid hormone, hepcidin-25 (herein hepcidin), has gained significant notoriety as the master regulator of iron homeostasis in mammals. Hepcidin maintains iron homeostasis by controlling the dietary absorption of iron and the mechanisms of recycling cellular iron stores. With the physiological significance of this hormone well established, it has emerged as an informative biomarker. In a comparison of the genome, transcriptome and peptidome of Canis lupis familiaris, we reveal the size of the hepcidin peptide in the canine, previous reports of which were contradictory to the evolutionary conservation predicted by genome annotation. Here, measurement of the peptide by mass spectrometry, following isolation from greyhound blood serum, revealed an amino acid sequence and peptide mass, differing from all accounts to date, yet demonstrating perfect sequence identity to that of the greater Canidae lineage of the Carnivora. Importantly, in the greyhound, the measured hepcidin peptide showed a similar temporal pattern to total serum iron, consistent with our understanding of hepcidin regulating iron homeostasis, in agreement with human diagnostics, and providing added translational evidence of the measured peptide being the iron regulatory hormone of the Canidae.
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15
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Iron homeostasis and oxidative stress: An intimate relationship. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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La Carpia F, Wojczyk BS, Annavajhala MK, Rebbaa A, Culp-Hill R, D’Alessandro A, Freedberg DE, Uhlemann AC, Hod EA. Transfusional iron overload and intravenous iron infusions modify the mouse gut microbiota similarly to dietary iron. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2019; 5:26. [PMID: 31583109 PMCID: PMC6760189 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-019-0097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for both microorganisms and their hosts. Although effects of dietary iron on gut microbiota have been described, the effect of systemic iron administration has yet to be explored. Here, we show that dietary iron, intravenous iron administration, and chronic transfusion in mice increase the availability of iron in the gut. These iron interventions have consistent and reproducible effects on the murine gut microbiota; specifically, relative abundance of the Parabacteroides and Lactobacillus genera negatively correlate with increased iron stores, whereas members of the Clostridia class positively correlate with iron stores regardless of the route of iron administration. Iron levels also affected microbial metabolites, in general, and indoles, in particular, circulating in host plasma and in stool pellets. Taken together, these results suggest that by shifting the balance of the microbiota, clinical interventions that affect iron status have the potential to alter biologically relevant microbial metabolites in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca La Carpia
- Department of Pathology and Cell biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Boguslaw S. Wojczyk
- Department of Pathology and Cell biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Medini K. Annavajhala
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Irving Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY USA
- Columbia Medicine Microbiome and Pathogen Genomic core, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Abdelhadi Rebbaa
- Department of Pathology and Cell biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Rachel Culp-Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Daniel E. Freedberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Irving Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY USA
| | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Irving Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY USA
| | - Eldad A. Hod
- Department of Pathology and Cell biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
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Charlebois E, Fillebeen C, Pantopoulos K. Hepatocellular heme oxygenase 1 deficiency does not affect inflammatory hepcidin regulation in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219835. [PMID: 31295319 PMCID: PMC6623421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin is an iron regulatory peptide hormone that is secreted from hepatocytes and inhibits iron efflux from tissues to plasma. Under inflammatory conditions, hepcidin is transcriptionally induced by IL-6/STAT3 signaling and promotes hypoferremia, an innate immune response to infection. If this pathway remains unresolved, chronic overexpression of hepcidin contributes to the anemia of inflammation, a common medical condition. Previous work showed that carbon monoxide (CO) releasing drugs (CORMs) can attenuate inflammatory induction of hepcidin. Because CO is physiologically generated during heme degradation by heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), an IL-6-inducible enzyme with anti-inflammatory properties, we hypothesized that hepatocellular HO-1 may operate as a physiological feedback regulator of hepcidin that resolves inflammatory signaling. To address this, we generated and analyzed hepatocyte-specific HO-1 knockout (Hmox1Alb-Cre) mice. We show that these animals mount appropriate hepcidin-mediated hypoferremic response to LPS-induced inflammation, with kinetics similar to those of control Hmox1fl/fl mice. Likewise, primary hepatocytes from Hmox1Alb-Cre and Hmox1fl/fl mice exhibit similar degree and kinetics of hepcidin induction following IL-6 treatment. We conclude that hepatocellular HO-1 has no physiological function on hepcidin regulation by the inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Charlebois
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carine Fillebeen
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kostas Pantopoulos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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18
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Curcumin induces mild anemia in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model maintained on an iron-sufficient diet. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208677. [PMID: 31026259 PMCID: PMC6485613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is frequently encountered in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), decreasing the quality of life and significantly worsening the prognosis of the disease. The pathogenesis of anemia in IBD is multifactorial and results mainly from intestinal blood loss in inflamed mucosa and impaired dietary iron absorption. Multiple studies have proposed the use of the polyphenolic compound curcumin to counteract IBD pathogenesis since it has significant preventive and therapeutic properties as an anti-inflammatory agent and very low toxicity, even at high dosages. However, curcumin has been shown to possess properties consistent with those of an iron-chelator, such as the ability to modulate proteins of iron metabolism and decrease spleen and liver iron content. Thus, this property may further contribute to the development and severity of anemia of inflammation and iron deficiency in IBD. Herein, we evaluate the effects of curcumin on systemic iron balance in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of colitis in C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mouse strains that were fed an iron-sufficient diet. In these conditions, curcumin supplementation caused mild anemia, lowered iron stores, worsened colitis and significantly decreased overall survival, independent of the mouse strain. These findings suggest that curcumin usage as an anti-inflammatory supplement should be accompanied by monitoring of erythroid parameters to avoid exacerbation of iron deficiency anemia in IBD.
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19
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Transferrin receptor 1 controls systemic iron homeostasis by fine-tuning hepcidin expression to hepatocellular iron load. Blood 2018; 133:344-355. [PMID: 30538134 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-05-850404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transferrin receptor 1 (Tfr1) mediates uptake of circulating transferrin-bound iron to developing erythroid cells and other cell types. Its critical physiological function is highlighted by the embryonic lethal phenotype of Tfr1-knockout (Tfrc-/-) mice and the pathologies of several tissue-specific knockouts. We generated TfrcAlb-Cre mice bearing hepatocyte-specific ablation of Tfr1 to explore implications in hepatocellular and systemic iron homeostasis. TfrcAlb-Cre mice are viable and do not display any apparent liver pathology. Nevertheless, their liver iron content (LIC) is lower compared with that of control Tfrcfl/fl littermates as a result of the reduced capacity of Tfr1-deficient hepatocytes to internalize iron from transferrin. Even though liver Hamp messenger RNA (mRNA) and serum hepcidin levels do not differ between TfrcAlb-Cre and Tfrcfl/fl mice, Hamp/LIC and hepcidin/LIC ratios are significantly higher in the former. Importantly, this is accompanied by modest hypoferremia and microcytosis, and it predisposes TfrcAlb-Cre mice to iron-deficiency anemia. TfrcAlb-Cre mice appropriately regulate Hamp expression following dietary iron manipulations or holo-transferrin injection. Holo-transferrin also triggers proper induction of Hamp mRNA, ferritin, and Tfr2 in primary TfrcAlb-Cre hepatocytes. We further show that these cells can acquire 59Fe from 59Fe-transferrin, presumably via Tfr2. We conclude that Tfr1 is redundant for basal hepatocellular iron supply but essential for fine-tuning hepcidin responses according to the iron load of hepatocytes. Our data are consistent with an inhibitory function of Tfr1 on iron signaling to hepcidin via its interaction with Hfe. Moreover, they highlight hepatocellular Tfr1 as a link between cellular and systemic iron-regulatory pathways.
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20
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Szudzik M, Starzyński RR, Jończy A, Mazgaj R, Lenartowicz M, Lipiński P. Iron Supplementation in Suckling Piglets: An Ostensibly Easy Therapy of Neonatal Iron Deficiency Anemia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:E128. [PMID: 30467279 PMCID: PMC6315738 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In pigs, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent deficiency disorder during the early postnatal period, frequently developing into a serious illness. On the other hand, in humans, only low-birth-weight infants, including premature infants, are especially susceptible to developing IDA. In both human and pig neonates, the initial cause of IDA is low birth iron stores. In piglets this shortage of stored iron results mainly from genetic selection over the past few decades for large litter sizes and high birth weights. As a consequence, pregnant sows cannot provide a sufficient amount of iron to the increasing number of developing fetuses. Supplementation with iron is a common practice for the treatment of IDA in piglets. For decades, the preferred procedure for delivering iron supplements during early life stages has been through the intramuscular injection of a large amount of iron dextran. However, this relatively simple therapy, which in general, efficiently corrects IDA, may generate toxic effects, and by inducing hepcidin expression, may decrease bioavailability of supplemental iron. New iron supplements are considered herein with the aim to combine the improvement of hematological status, blunting of hepcidin expression, and minimizing the toxicity of the administered iron. We propose that iron-deficient piglets constitute a convenient animal model for performing pre-clinical studies with iron supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Szudzik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Rafał R Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Aneta Jończy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Rafał Mazgaj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
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21
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Doguer C, Ha JH, Collins JF. Intersection of Iron and Copper Metabolism in the Mammalian Intestine and Liver. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1433-1461. [PMID: 30215866 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron and copper have similar physiochemical properties; thus, physiologically relevant interactions seem likely. Indeed, points of intersection between these two essential trace minerals have been recognized for many decades, but mechanistic details have been lacking. Investigations in recent years have revealed that copper may positively influence iron homeostasis, and also that iron may antagonize copper metabolism. For example, when body iron stores are low, copper is apparently redistributed to tissues important for regulating iron balance, including enterocytes of upper small bowel, the liver, and blood. Copper in enterocytes may positively influence iron transport, and hepatic copper may enhance biosynthesis of a circulating ferroxidase, ceruloplasmin, which potentiates iron release from stores. Moreover, many intestinal genes related to iron absorption are transactivated by a hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF2α), during iron deficiency. Interestingly, copper influences the DNA-binding activity of the HIF factors, thus further exemplifying how copper may modulate intestinal iron homeostasis. Copper may also alter the activity of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. Furthermore, copper depletion has been noted in iron-loading disorders, such as hereditary hemochromatosis. Copper depletion may also be caused by high-dose iron supplementation, raising concerns particularly in pregnancy when iron supplementation is widely recommended. This review will cover the basic physiology of intestinal iron and copper absorption as well as the metabolism of these minerals in the liver. Also considered in detail will be current experimental work in this field, with a focus on molecular aspects of intestinal and hepatic iron-copper interplay and how this relates to various disease states. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1433-1461, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Doguer
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Florida, Gainesville, USA.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University Note: Caglar Doguer and Jung-Heun Ha have contributed equally to this work., Gwangju, Korea
| | - James F Collins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Florida, Gainesville, USA
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22
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Hepcidin-mediated hypoferremic response to acute inflammation requires a threshold of Bmp6/Hjv/Smad signaling. Blood 2018; 132:1829-1841. [PMID: 30213871 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-03-841197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic iron balance is controlled by hepcidin, a liver hormone that limits iron efflux to the bloodstream by promoting degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin in target cells. Iron-dependent hepcidin induction requires hemojuvelin (HJV), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) coreceptor that is disrupted in juvenile hemochromatosis, causing dramatic hepcidin deficiency and tissue iron overload. Hjv-/- mice recapitulate phenotypic hallmarks of hemochromatosis but exhibit blunted hepcidin induction following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. We show that Hjv-/- mice fail to mount an appropriate hypoferremic response to acute inflammation caused by LPS, the lipopeptide FSL1, or Escherichia coli infection because residual hepcidin does not suffice to drastically decrease macrophage ferroportin levels. Hfe-/- mice, a model of milder hemochromatosis, exhibit almost wild-type inflammatory hepcidin expression and associated effects, whereas double Hjv-/-Hfe-/- mice phenocopy single Hjv-/- counterparts. In primary murine hepatocytes, Hjv deficiency does not affect interleukin-6 (IL-6)/Stat, and only slightly inhibits BMP2/Smad signaling to hepcidin; however, it severely impairs BMP6/Smad signaling and thereby abolishes synergism with the IL-6/Stat pathway. Inflammatory induction of hepcidin is suppressed in iron-deficient wild-type mice and recovers after the animals are provided overnight access to an iron-rich diet. We conclude that Hjv is required for inflammatory induction of hepcidin and controls the acute hypoferremic response by maintaining a threshold of Bmp6/Smad signaling. Our data highlight Hjv as a potential pharmacological target against anemia of inflammation.
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23
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Hubler MJ, Erikson KM, Kennedy AJ, Hasty AH. MFe hi adipose tissue macrophages compensate for tissue iron perturbations in mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C319-C329. [PMID: 29768045 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00103.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Resident adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) play multiple roles to maintain tissue homeostasis, such as removing excess free fatty acids and regulation of the extracellular matrix. The phagocytic nature and oxidative resiliency of macrophages not only allows them to function as innate immune cells but also to respond to specific tissue needs, such as iron homeostasis. MFehi ATMs are a subtype of resident ATMs that we recently identified to have twice the intracellular iron content as other ATMs and elevated expression of iron-handling genes. Although studies have demonstrated that iron homeostasis is important for adipocyte health, little is known about how MFehi ATMs may respond to and influence adipose tissue iron availability. Two methodologies were used to address this question: dietary iron supplementation and intraperitoneal iron injection. Upon exposure to high dietary iron, MFehi ATMs accumulated excess iron, whereas the iron content of MFelo ATMs and adipocytes remained unchanged. In this model of chronic iron excess, MFehi ATMs exhibited increased expression of genes involved in iron storage. In the injection model, MFehi ATMs incorporated high levels of iron, and adipocytes were spared iron overload. This acute model of iron overload was associated with increased numbers of MFehi ATMs; 17% could be attributed to monocyte recruitment and 83% to MFelo ATM incorporation into the MFehi pool. The MFehi ATM population maintained its low inflammatory profile and iron-cycling expression profile. These studies expand the field's understanding of ATMs and confirm that they can respond as a tissue iron sink in models of iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merla J Hubler
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Keith M Erikson
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Arion J Kennedy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
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24
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Dietary hemoglobin rescues young piglets from severe iron deficiency anemia: Duodenal expression profile of genes involved in heme iron absorption. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181117. [PMID: 28704474 PMCID: PMC5514692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is an efficient source of iron in the diet, and heme preparations are used to prevent and cure iron deficiency anemia in humans and animals. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for heme absorption remain only partially characterized. Here, we employed young iron-deficient piglets as a convenient animal model to determine the efficacy of oral heme iron supplementation and investigate the pathways of heme iron absorption. The use of bovine hemoglobin as a dietary source of heme iron was found to efficiently counteract the development of iron deficiency anemia in piglets, although it did not fully rebalance their iron status. Our results revealed a concerted increase in the expression of genes responsible for apical and basolateral heme transport in the duodenum of piglets fed a heme-enriched diet. In these animals the catalytic activity of heme oxygenase 1 contributed to the release of elemental iron from the protoporphyrin ring of heme within enterocytes, which may then be transported by the strongly expressed ferroportin across the basolateral membrane to the circulation. We hypothesize that the well-recognized high bioavailability of heme iron may depend on a split pathway mediating the transport of heme-derived elemental iron and intact heme from the interior of duodenal enterocytes to the bloodstream.
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25
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Li Y, Jiang H, Huang G. Protein Hydrolysates as Promoters of Non-Haem Iron Absorption. Nutrients 2017; 9:E609. [PMID: 28617327 PMCID: PMC5490588 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for human growth and health. Organic iron is an excellent iron supplement due to its bioavailability. Both amino acids and peptides improve iron bioavailability and absorption and are therefore valuable components of iron supplements. This review focuses on protein hydrolysates as potential promoters of iron absorption. The ability of protein hydrolysates to chelate iron is thought to be a key attribute for the promotion of iron absorption. Iron-chelatable protein hydrolysates are categorized by their absorption forms: amino acids, di- and tri-peptides and polypeptides. Their structural characteristics, including their size and amino acid sequence, as well as the presence of special amino acids, influence their iron chelation abilities and bioavailabilities. Protein hydrolysates promote iron absorption by keeping iron soluble, reducing ferric iron to ferrous iron, and promoting transport across cell membranes into the gut. We also discuss the use and relative merits of protein hydrolysates as iron supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Han Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Guangrong Huang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
- Key Lab of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310018, China.
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Quality Controlling Technology and Instrument for Marine Food, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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26
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Abstract
The regulation of iron metabolism in biological systems centers on providing adequate iron for cellular function while limiting iron toxicity. Because mammals cannot excrete iron, mechanisms have evolved to control iron acquisition, storage, and distribution at both systemic and cellular levels. Hepcidin, the master regulator of iron homeostasis, controls iron flows into plasma through inhibition of the only known mammalian cellular iron exporter ferroportin. Hepcidin is feedback-regulated by iron status and strongly modulated by inflammation and erythropoietic demand. This review highlights recent advances that have changed our understanding of iron metabolism and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Coffey
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1690
| | - Tomas Ganz
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1690.
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27
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Knutson MD. Iron transport proteins: Gateways of cellular and systemic iron homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12735-12743. [PMID: 28615441 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r117.786632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular iron homeostasis is maintained by iron and heme transport proteins that work in concert with ferrireductases, ferroxidases, and chaperones to direct the movement of iron into, within, and out of cells. Systemic iron homeostasis is regulated by the liver-derived peptide hormone, hepcidin. The interface between cellular and systemic iron homeostasis is readily observed in the highly dynamic iron handling of four main cell types: duodenal enterocytes, erythrocyte precursors, macrophages, and hepatocytes. This review provides an overview of how these cell types handle iron, highlighting how iron and heme transporters mediate the exchange and distribution of body iron in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D Knutson
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-03170.
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28
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Iron Supplements Modulate Colon Microbiota Composition and Potentiate the Protective Effects of Probiotics in Dextran Sodium Sulfate-induced Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:753-766. [PMID: 28368910 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is an important nutrient for both the host and colonizing bacteria. Oral iron supplementation may impact the composition of the microbiota and can be particularly damaging to patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, patients with IBD may require iron supplementation to treat their anemia. METHODS We fed mice with diets supplemented with ferrous sulfate at different doses (5, 50, and 500 mg of iron/kg chow) and with different iron formulations (ferrous sulfate, ferrous bisglycinate and ferric ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [FEDTA]), and analyzed the effects on the composition of the gut microbiota by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Using the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model, we investigated the effects of iron supplementation in colitis severity, as well as the use of the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) in combination with iron supplementation. RESULTS Iron supplementation at different doses induced shifts in the gut microbial communities and inferred metabolic pathways. However, depending on the iron formulation used in the diets, iron supplementation during dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis was either beneficial (ferrous bisglycinate) or highly detrimental (FEDTA). Finally, the beneficial effect of the probiotic EcN in the dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis model was potentiated by oral iron supplementation with ferrous sulfate. CONCLUSIONS These results show that the iron formulations used to treat iron deficiency influence the gut microbiota and colitis in mice and suggest that distinct iron compounds may be of particular relevance to patients with IBD. In addition, the beneficial action of probiotics in IBD may be enhanced by oral iron supplementation.
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29
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Steppeler C, Sødring M, Egelandsdal B, Kirkhus B, Oostindjer M, Alvseike O, Gangsei LE, Hovland EM, Pierre F, Paulsen JE. Effects of dietary beef, pork, chicken and salmon on intestinal carcinogenesis in A/J Min/+ mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176001. [PMID: 28426718 PMCID: PMC5398569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified red meat as “probably carcinogenic to humans” (Group 2A). In mechanistic studies exploring the link between intake of red meat and CRC, heme iron, the pigment of red meat, is proposed to play a central role as a catalyzer of luminal lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity. In the present work, the novel A/J Min/+ mouse was used to investigate the effects of dietary beef, pork, chicken, or salmon (40% muscle food (dry weight) and 60% powder diet) on Apc-driven intestinal carcinogenesis, from week 3–13 of age. Muscle food diets did not differentially affect carcinogenesis in the colon (flat ACF and tumors). In the small intestine, salmon intake resulted in a lower tumor size and load than did meat from terrestrial animals (beef, pork or chicken), while no differences were observed between the effects of white meat (chicken) and red meat (pork and beef). Additional results indicated that intestinal carcinogenesis was not related to dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, intestinal formation of lipid peroxidation products (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS), or cytotoxic effects of fecal water on Apc-/+ cells. Notably, the amount of heme reaching the colon appeared to be relatively low in this study. The greatest tumor load was induced by the reference diet RM1, underlining the importance of the basic diets in experimental CRC. The present study in A/J Min/+ mice does not support the hypothesis of a role of red meat in intestinal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Steppeler
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Marianne Sødring
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørg Egelandsdal
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Bente Kirkhus
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Marije Oostindjer
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ole Alvseike
- Animalia–Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Fabrice Pierre
- INRA UMR1331 Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jan Erik Paulsen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Laftah AH, Simpson RJ, Latunde-Dada GO. Intestinal heme absorption in hemochromatosis gene knock-out mice. World J Hematol 2017; 6:17-23. [DOI: 10.5315/wjh.v6.i1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigat the influence of hemochromatosis gene (Hfe) mutation on 59Fe labelled duodenal heme absorption in mice.
METHODS Heme absorption was measured in Hfe wild type and Hfe(-/-) mice by the duodenal tied loop and by oral gavage methods. The mRNA expression of heme oxygenase (HO-1), Abcg2 and Flvcr1 genes and levels were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS Heme absorption was significantly increased in homozygous Hfe(-/-) mice despite significant hepatic and splenic iron overload. While duodenal HO-1 mRNA was highly expressed in the wild type and Hfe(-/-) heme-treated group following 24 h heme administration, Flvcr1a mRNA decreased. However, Abcg2 mRNA expression levels in duodenum remained unchanged.
CONCLUSION Heme absorption was enhanced in Hfe(-/-) mice from both duodenal tied-loop segments and by oral gavage methods. HO-1 mRNA levels were enhanced in mice duodenum after 24 h of heme feeding and may account for enhanced heme absorption in Hfe(-/-) mice. Implications for dietary recommendations on heme intake by Hfe subjects to modulate iron loading are important clinical considerations.
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31
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Zhuo Z, Fang S, Hu Q, Huang D, Feng J. Digital gene expression profiling analysis of duodenum transcriptomes in SD rats administered ferrous sulfate or ferrous glycine chelate by gavage. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37923. [PMID: 27901057 PMCID: PMC5128800 DOI: 10.1038/srep37923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The absorption of different iron sources is a trending research topic. Many studies have revealed that organic iron exhibits better bioavailability than inorganic iron, but the concrete underlying mechanism is still unclear. In the present study, we examined the differences in bioavailability of ferrous sulfate and ferrous glycinate in the intestines of SD rats using Illumina sequencing technology. Digital gene expression analysis resulted in the generation of almost 128 million clean reads, with expression data for 17,089 unigenes. A total of 123 differentially expressed genes with a |log2(fold change)| >1 and q-value < 0.05 were identified between the FeSO4 and Fe-Gly groups. Gene Ontology functional analysis revealed that these genes were involved in oxidoreductase activity, iron ion binding, and heme binding. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis also showed relevant important pathways. In addition, the expression patterns of 9 randomly selected genes were further validated by qRT-PCR, which confirmed the digital gene expression results. Our study showed that the two iron sources might share the same absorption mechanism, and that differences in bioavailability between FeSO4 and Fe-Gly were not only in the absorption process but also during the transport and utilization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Shenglin Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Danping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
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Kontoghiorghe CN, Kolnagou A, Kontoghiorghes GJ. Dietary and pharmacological factors affecting iron absorption in mice and man (Comment for a Letter to the editor). Haematologica 2016; 101:e120-1. [PMID: 26928250 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.138255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Annita Kolnagou
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - George J Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, Limassol, Cyprus
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Fillebeen C, Gkouvatsos K, Fragoso G, Calvé A, Garcia-Santos D, Buffler M, Becker C, Schümann K, Ponka P, Santos MM, Pantopoulos K. Response to: Dietary and pharmacological factors affecting iron absorption in mice and man. Haematologica 2016; 101:e122. [PMID: 26928251 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.139741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Fillebeen
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, QC, Canada
| | - Konstantinos Gkouvatsos
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriela Fragoso
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montŕeal, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montŕeal (CRCHUM), QC, Canada
| | - Annie Calvé
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montŕeal, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montŕeal (CRCHUM), QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Garcia-Santos
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montŕeal, QC, Canada
| | - Marzell Buffler
- Science Center Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christiane Becker
- Science Center Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Klaus Schümann
- Science Center Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Prem Ponka
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montŕeal, QC, Canada
| | - Manuela M Santos
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montŕeal, and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montŕeal (CRCHUM), QC, Canada
| | - Kostas Pantopoulos
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, QC, Canada
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