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Qian B, Ishikawa K, Nakamura T, Kinoshita K, Masaki T, Matsuo T, Kawai F, Mori N. A Rare Cause of Empyema and Bacteremia Due to Shewanella Species in Alcoholic Cirrhosis Patients: A Case Report and Comprehensive Review of Literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2024; 25:e941952. [PMID: 38594894 PMCID: PMC11022664 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.941952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shewanella spp. are gram-negative facultative anaerobic, oxidase-positive, motile bacilli that are ubiquitous but commonly occur in seawater and can cause opportunistic infection. Reports on the risk factors for Shewanella infection, its severity, antibiotic susceptibility, and prognosis are limited. This report is of a 78-year-old man with alcoholic cirrhosis presenting with bacteremia and empyema due to infection with Shewanella spp. CASE REPORT A 78-year-old man with alcoholic cirrhosis (Child-Pugh B) presented to our emergency room with a high fever. He had eaten raw fish one week prior to admission. Chest computed tomography showed a right unilateral pleural effusion, and he was hospitalized with suspected empyema. Shewanella spp. was detected in the pleural effusion and blood cultures. We initiated piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin empirically and switched to ceftriaxone; the effusion was successfully treated using antibiotics and pleural drainage. However, on hospitalization day 53, the patient died of aspiration pneumonia. In our literature review, we extracted 125 reported cases (including our case) and found that men were disproportionately affected (81%); median age was 61.6 (56-75) years; underlying diseases included hepatobiliary disease (33%), malignancy (25%), and cardiac disease (24%); Shewanella spp. infection sites were skin and soft tissue (35%), respiratory system (18%), and hepatobiliary system (11%); and management included antibiotics (100%), drainage (16%), and debridement (16%). The survival rate was 74% with antibiotics alone. CONCLUSIONS Our case highlights that clinicians should recognize Shewanella spp. as a cause of empyema and bacteremia in patients with liver cirrhosis, and that microbiological diagnosis with antibiotic sensitivity testing and treatment should be undertaken urgently to prevent fatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohui Qian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ishikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nakamura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Thoracic Center, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Kinoshita
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Thoracic Center, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Masaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsuo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fujimi Kawai
- Library, Center for Academic Resources, St. Luke’s International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Mori
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Ng WWS, Shum HP, To KKW, Sridhar S. Emerging Infections Due to Shewanella spp.: A Case Series of 128 Cases Over 10 Years. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:850938. [PMID: 35573023 PMCID: PMC9100594 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.850938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundShewanella species are emerging pathogens that can cause severe hepatobiliary, skin and soft tissue, gastrointestinal, respiratory infections, and bacteremia. Here we reported the largest case series of infections caused by Shewanella species.AimTo identify the clinical features and risk factors predisposing to Shewanella infections. To evaluate resistance pattern of Shewanella species and appropriateness of antibiotic use in the study cohort.MethodsPatients admitted to a regional hospital in Hong Kong with Shewanella species infection from April 1, 2010 to December 31, 2020 were included. Demographics, antibiotics, microbiology, and outcomes were retrospectively analyzed.FindingsOver the 10 years, we identified 128 patients with Shewanella species infection. 61.7% were male with a median age of 78 (IQR 65–87). Important underlying diseases included hepatobiliary diseases (63.3%), malignancy (26.6%), chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal failure (25.8%), and diabetes mellitus (22.7%). Hepatobiliary infections (60.4%) were the most common clinical manifestation. Majority (92.2%) were infected with Shewanella algae, while 7.8% were infected with Shewanella putrefaciens. The identified organisms were usually susceptible to ceftazidime (98.7%), gentamicin (97.4%), cefoperazone-sulbactam (93.5%) and ciprofloxacin (90.3%). Imipenem-susceptible strains were only present in 76.6% of isolates.ConclusionThis largest case series suggested that Shewanella infections are commonly associated with underlying comorbidities, especially with hepatobiliary diseases and malignancy. Although Shewanella species remained largely susceptible to third and fourth generation cephalosporins and aminoglycosides, carbapenem resistance has been on a significant rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wincy Wing-Sze Ng
- Department of Intensive Care, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Wincy Wing-Sze Ng
| | - Hoi-Ping Shum
- Department of Intensive Care, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Song JE, Kim S, Kang HK, Chung I, Kwak YG, Um TH, Cho CR, Chang J. A case of bacterial keratitis caused by multi-drug-resistant Shewanella algae without marine exposure. Oxf Med Case Reports 2021; 2021:omab131. [PMID: 34987857 PMCID: PMC8713584 DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shewanella are Gram-negative rods and marine pathogens. Here, we report a case of bacterial keratitis caused by Shewanella algae without marine exposure. A 66-year-old man with suspected pneumonia was sent to the emergency department from a nursing hospital. He had been in there for 2 years in a vegetative state and could not close his eyes voluntarily. Neither the patient nor his family had experienced any marine exposure. Keratitis was suspected in his right eye. Gram-negative rods grew from swab culture and identified as S. algae by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA sequencing. The patient was treated with topical tobramycin, moxifloxacin and ofloxacin as well as steroids for 14 days, and the keratitis improved. S. algae is a rare human pathogen, and most human infections involve marine exposure. This is the second report of bacterial keratitis caused by S. algae worldwide and the first in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Eun Song
- Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Goyang 10380, Republic of Korea
| | - Sollip Kim
- Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Goyang 10380, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Koo Kang
- Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Goyang 10380, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkwon Chung
- Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Goyang 10380, Republic of Korea
| | - Yee Gyung Kwak
- Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Goyang 10380, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Um
- Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Goyang 10380, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Rae Cho
- Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Goyang 10380, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Chang
- Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Goyang 10380, Republic of Korea
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Wang D, Zheng Q, Lv Q, Zhang C, Zheng Y, Chen H, Zhang W. Assessment of seawater bacterial infection in rabbit tibia by Illumina MiSeq sequencing and bacterial culture. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:463. [PMID: 34289854 PMCID: PMC8293552 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to explore the bacterial community composition following ocean bacterial infection using an animal model. Methods This animal-based experiment was conducted from September 2019 to November 2019. Eighteen seawater filter membranes were collected from Changle City, Fujiian Province, China, on September 8, 2019. Ten filter membranes were used for implantation. Eight filter membranes that were used in the bacterial culture for the exploration of seawater bacteria were assigned to the seawater group (SG). Fourteen healthy adult New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). Seawater filter membranes and asepsis membranes were implanted into the tibia in the EG and CG, respectively. One week after surgery, tibial bone pathology tissues were collected and assessed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Medullary cavity tissues were collected for the performance of Illumina MiSeq sequencing and bacterial culture. The differences between EG and CG were assessed by pathological observation under light microscopy and SEM, high-throughput bacterial sequencing, and bacterial culture. Results Compared with the CG, the infection rate was 100%, and the mortality value was 20% after the implantation of the filter membranes in the EG. Both light microscopy and SEM showed that a large number of bacteria were distributed in the bone marrow cavity after ocean bacterial infection. No bacterial growth was found in the CG. Illumina MiSeq sequencing found that Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Thermotogae, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant bacteria at the phylum level and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_7, Haloimpatiens, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_15, Clostridiaceae_1, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_18, and Oceanotoga were the dominant bacteria in genus level among the EG. In the bacterial culture of the medullary cavity tissues, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shewanella algae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and Vibrio vulnificus were the predominant infective species. Moreover, compared with the SG, the EG showed a higher detection rate of E. coli and S. aureus (P = 0.008 and P = 0.001, respectively). The detection rates of V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. fluvialis were higher in the SG than the EG (P = 0.007, P = 0.03, and P = 0.03, respectively). Conclusions Our model, which was comprehensively evaluated using four techniques: histopathology and SEM observation, gene detection, and bacteria culture, provides a scientific basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients in such settings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13018-021-02553-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingcong Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chaofan Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huidong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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Ibrahim NNN, Nasir NM, Sahrani FK, Ahmad A, Sairi F. Characterization of putative pathogenic Shewanella algae isolated from ballast water. Vet World 2021; 14:678-688. [PMID: 33935414 PMCID: PMC8076470 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.678-688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Shewanella algae is ubiquitous in marine-associated environments and has been increasingly recognized as a significant human pathogen that can cause serious infections mainly associated with exposure to seawater and ingestion of raw seafood. This study aimed to isolate and characterize S. algae from ballast water of ships berthed at Port Klang, Malaysia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ballast water was sampled from nine ships docked at Port Klang, Malaysia. The isolates were identified and characterized based on biochemical and enzymatic properties, 16S rRNA and gyrB sequencing, biofilm formation capability, and antibiotic susceptibility. RESULTS A total of four S. algae isolates were isolated from four ballast water samples tentatively name Sa-BW1, Sa-BW2, Sa-BW7, and Sa-BW8. All isolates showed positive reaction for cytochrome oxidase, catalase, high tolerance to NaCl (6% and 8%), ability to grow at 42°C, and on Salmonella-Shigella agar. The strains also exhibited b-hemolytic activity on sheep blood and human blood agar, positive reaction for lipase, protease, DNase and gelatinase, strong biofilm adherence capabilities and multiple antibiotic resistances against ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, colistin, novobiocin, oxacillin, penicillin, rifampicin, and tobramycin which suggested their potential pathogenicity. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the occurrence of putative pathogen S. algae in ballast water of ships docked at Malaysian port.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Nuraznida Nik Ibrahim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurathirah Mat Nasir
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fathul Karim Sahrani
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Asmat Ahmad
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fareed Sairi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Searching for putative virulence factors in the genomes of Shewanella indica and Shewanella algae. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:683-692. [PMID: 33040180 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are a major threat to both humans and animals worldwide. It is crucial to understand the mechanisms of various disease processes at the molecular level. Shewanella species are widespread in the environment and some are considered as emerging opportunistic human and marine mammal pathogens. In this study, putative virulence factors on the genome of Shewanella indica BW, a bacterium isolated from the Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni), were determined. Additionally, for comparative purposes, putative virulence factors from two other S. indica and ten S. algae strains were also determined using the Pathosystems Resource Integration Center (PATRIC) pipeline. We confirmed the presence of previously reported virulence factors and we are proposing several new candidate virulence factors. Interestingly, the putative virulence factors were very similar between the two species with the exception of microbial collagenase which was present in all S. algae genomes, but absent in all S. indica genomes.
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Li J, McLaughlin RW, Chen M, Liu YL, Xie HX, Wan XL, Zhou JY, Zheng JS. First case of Shewanella indica isolated from a Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) stranded in the northern Beibu Gulf, China. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2020; 113:1385-1391. [PMID: 32656718 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-020-01444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to culture and characterise bacteria from an intact abscess on the skin of a dead Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) which stranded in the northern Beibu Gulf, China. To grow bacteria, samples from the abscess were added to blood agar. After incubation, yellowish mucous colonies were visualized. The bacterium was firstly recognised as Shewanella algae by the VITEK® 2 System. However, by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing the bacterium was finally identified as S. indica. To characterise the bacterium, antibiotic susceptibility and virulence factors, such as hemolysis and biofilm formation were investigated. The bacterium is capable of β-hemolysis and biofilm formation and it is also sensitive to several different classes of antibiotics, such as β-lactams, quinolones, and aminoglycosides. To date there have been no reports of this bacterium causing infections in humans or animals. However, in this study we described the first case of S. indica isolated from an intact abscess on the back of a Bryde's whale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | | | - Mo Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guanxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guanxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Ying Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hia Xia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiao Ling Wan
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jun Ying Zhou
- Zhong Nan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Jin Song Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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The Pathogenicity of Shewanella algae and Ability to Tolerate a Wide Range of Temperatures and Salinities. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 2018:6976897. [PMID: 30363620 PMCID: PMC6180972 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6976897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Shewanella algae is a rod-shaped Gram-negative marine bacterium frequently found in nonhuman sources such as aquatic ecosystems and has been shown to be the pathogenic agent in various clinical cases due to the ingestion of raw seafood. The results of this study showed that S. algae was present in approximately one in four samples, including water and shellfish samples. Positive reactions (API systems) in S. algae strains were seen for gelatinase (gelatin); however, negative reactions were found for indole production (tryptophan). S. algae is adapted to a wide range of temperatures (4°C, 25°C, 37°C, and 42°C) and salinity. Temperature is a key parameter in the pathogenicity of S. algae as it appears to induce hemolysis at 25°C and 37°C. S. algae exhibits pathogenic characteristics at widely varying temperatures, which suggests that it may have the ability to adapt to climate change.
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Martín-Rodríguez AJ, Martín-Pujol O, Artiles-Campelo F, Bolaños-Rivero M, Römling U. Shewanella spp. infections in Gran Canaria, Spain: retrospective analysis of 31 cases and a literature review. JMM Case Rep 2017; 4:e005131. [PMID: 29623211 PMCID: PMC5857365 DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shewanella spp. can cause severe skin and soft-tissue infections, gastrointestinal infections, otitis and bacteraemia, generally upon contact with seawater or consumption of raw seafood. Recently, a new condition termed 'patera foot' characterized by acute skin and soft-tissue infection has been described in irregular immigrants arriving to the Canary Islands, Spain, in rudimentary boats. Most infections are caused by a single species, Shewanella algae. The improvement of the diagnostic capabilities in clinical microbiology laboratories has resulted in a growing number of cases being reported worldwide, most of them coming from warm regions. CASE PRESENTATION In this work, we reviewed the medical records of all the patients with Shewanella infections in the two university hospitals of Gran Canaria (the Canary Islands, Spain) during the period 2000-2016, resulting in the identification of 31 cases. We also conducted a literature review of Shewanella infections reported worldwide in recent years. CONCLUSION This case series suggests that Shewanella infections are nosocomially acquired more frequently than previously thought. In addition, the unexpectedly high proportion of multidrug-resistant isolates raises concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J. Martín-Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto Universitario de Biorgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Present address: Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Genome Sequences of Two Shewanella spp. Isolated from the Gut of the Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/29/e00674-17. [PMID: 28729274 PMCID: PMC5522941 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00674-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we sequenced the genomes of two Shewanella spp., newly isolated from the gut of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867). The whole-genome sequences reported here will expand the repertoire of genomic information for the members of the genus Shewanella and will provide important insights into their roles within microbial communities.
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Byun JH, Park H, Kim S. The Phantom Menace for Patients with Hepatobiliary Diseases: Shewanella haliotis, Often Misidentified as Shewanella algae in Biochemical Tests and MALDI-TOF Analysis. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 70:177-180. [PMID: 27580569 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2015.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although Shewanella algae has been known to have weak pathogenicity, case reports on infections with this species have been steadily increasing. S. algae and S. haliotis are difficult to distinguish from each other with conventional phenotypic methods. We reviewed the microbiological and clinical features of S. algae and S. haliotis infections at our institute. Bacterial culture and identification reports from patient samples from 2010 to 2014 were reviewed to screen the cases of Shewanella infections. In addition to conventional biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry were performed for 19 stored bacterial isolates. Medical records were reviewed for clinical characteristics and laboratory findings. All isolates were identified as S. algae by using VITEK 2. MALDI-TOF also identified all isolates as S. algae with a 99.9 confidence value. In contrast, 16S rRNA analysis identified 10 isolates as S. algae and 9 isolates as S. haliotis. Both S. algae (60%) and S. haliotis (77%) infections were strongly associated with diseases of the hepatobiliary tract and pancreas. To distinguish between S. algae and S. haliotis, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis seems more accurate than biochemical tests or MALDI-TOF. Patients with underlying diseases in the hepatobiliary tract and pancreas seem to be susceptible to these marine pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Byun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine
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Tang THC, Cheng NHY, Ho RTC, Chan HSY, Lam KW, Xavier J, Wu TC. Shewanella-Related Bacteremia and Fournier's Gangrene: A Case Report. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw148. [PMID: 27704006 PMCID: PMC5047426 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shewanella algae and Shewanella putrefaciens have been implicated for causing serious infections in humans, including disseminated infection. We report the possible first case of Shewanella-related Fournier's gangrene and bacteremia caused in a 65-year-old Chinese male with nephrotic syndrome. He was successfully managed by surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jimenez Xavier
- Pennsylvania Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Health System , Philadelphia
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Dey S, Bhattacharya D, Roy S, Nadgir SD, Patil A, Kholkute SD. Shewanella algae in acute gastroenteritis. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 33:172-5. [PMID: 25560029 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.148442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Shewanella algae is an emerging bacteria rarely implicated as a human pathogen. Previously reported cases of S. algae have mainly been associated with direct contact with seawater. Here we report the isolation of S. algae as the sole etiological agent from a patient suffering from acute gastroenteritis with bloody diarrhoea. The bacterium was identified by automated identification system and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Our report highlights the importance of looking for the relatively rare aetiological agents in clinical samples that does not yield common pathogens. It also underscores the usefulness of automated systems in identification of rare pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S Roy
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Govt. of India), Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, India
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Bacterial Landscape of Bloodstream Infections in Neutropenic Patients via High Throughput Sequencing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135756. [PMID: 26270467 PMCID: PMC4536222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bloodstream infection (BSI) is a common and potentially life-threatening complication in patients with hematological malignancies and therapy-induced neutropenia. Administration of broad spectrum antibiotics has substantially decreased the mortality rate in febrile neutropenia, but bacterial infection is documented in only one-third or fewer of the cases. BSI is typically diagnosed by blood culture; however, this method can detect only culturable pathogens. Methods In the present study, a total of 130 blood samples from hematological patients receiving dose-intensive antitumoural treatment were subjected to 16S rRNA PCR and 62 of them were cultured. PCR positive samples were processed to high throughput sequencing by amplifying the V1-V3 regions of the 16S rRNA gene to obtain a full spectrum of bacteria present in BSI. Results Five phyla and 30 genera were identified with sequencing compared to 2 phyla and 4 genera with culture. The largest proportion of bacteria detected by sequencing belonged to Proteobacteria (55.2%), Firmicutes (33.4%) and Actinobacteria (8.6%), while Fusobacteria (0.4%) and Bacteroidetes (0.1%) were also detected. Ninety-eight percent of the bacteria identified by sequencing were opportunistic human pathogens and 65% belonged to the normal human microbiota. Conclusions The present study indicates that BSIs in neutropenic hosts contain a much broader diversity of bacteria, likely with host origin, than previously realized. The elevated ratio of Proteobacteria in BSI corroborates the results found in other systemic inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease or mucosal infections. This knowledge may become of value for tailoring antimicrobial drug administration.
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Abstract
Vibriosis is a group of intestinal and extraintestinal infections caused by marine-dwelling bacteria of the genus Vibrio. Infections range from indolent illnesses to fulminant diseases, including cholera and necrotizing fasciitis. Most illnesses result from direct contact with the marine environment or consumption of shellfish, especially oysters. In the United States vibrio infections are increasing but are underreported because of lack of clinical recognition and appropriate detection in the microbiology laboratory. Recent advances to aid in the detection and identification of vibrio illnesses in the laboratory include rapid identification tests, new media, and molecular identification systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Janda
- Department of Public Health, Alameda County Public Health Laboratory, 1000 Broadway, Suite 500, Oakland, CA 94607, USA
| | - Anna E Newton
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Cheryl A Bopp
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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16
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Srinivas J, Pillai M, Vinod V, Dinesh RK. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections due to Shewanella algae - An Emerging Pathogen. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:DC16-20. [PMID: 25859455 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/12152.5585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shewanella spp. are emerging human pathogens, the predominant species being Shewanella algae. Shewanella skin and soft tissue infections are more commonly seen in immunocompromised patients with a pre-existing cutaneous ulcer and most often associated with exposure to marine environments. AIM The study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Shewanella skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) for a period of five years. MATERIALS AND METHODS All Gram-negative non-fermenting motile isolates which produced pigmented colonies and positive for oxidase and H2S were further identified with Vitek 2 system. RESULTS A total of 16 patients with SSTIs due to Shewanella species were identified during the period from 2010 to 2014. Majority of patients were urban, elderly and fisher men. Shewanella algae (n=12, 75%) was the predominant isolate. Skin or mucosal portal of entry was found in all patients and seawater contact was recorded in 56.25% of the patients. 81% of infections were polymicrobial, common concomitant pathogens being gut and marine flora. Peripheral vascular diseases were the predominant risk factors with comorbidities like diabetes, hypertension and hepatobiliary diseases. Third generation cephalosporins, meropenem and gentamicin were the most effective antibiotics while two of the isolates were multidrug resistant. 75% of the infected patients recovered completely and three patients died of complications. CONCLUSION Shewanella algae should be considered as an emerging pathogen of SSTIs mainly in patients with chronic ulcers and at times be multidrug resistant. These infections have a good clinical outcome if prompt medical, surgical and supportive treatment is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jampala Srinivas
- Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Institute , Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Meera Pillai
- Senior Resident, Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Institute , Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Vivek Vinod
- Senior Scientist, Department of Nanosciences, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Institute , Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - R Kavitha Dinesh
- Clinical Professor, Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Institute , Kochi, Kerala, India
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Kim BK, Cho SY, Kang B, Kim IK, Byun JH, Park C, Choi SM. A Case of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis with Bacteremia Caused by Shewanella algae. Infect Chemother 2014; 46:264-8. [PMID: 25566408 PMCID: PMC4285008 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2014.46.4.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infection caused by Shewanella algae is rare, which usually occurred after direct contact with seawater or ingestion of raw seafood in the immunocompromised host. There have been anecdotal reports about Shewanella infections in human, but their pathogenic role and microbiologic data are limited. Here, we report a fatal case of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with bacteremia due to S. algae in a 57-year-old male with liver cirrhosis who had no history of exposure to seawater or raw seafood. Polymicrobial infection with Streptococcus mitis and Escherichia coli was combined and the patient died in spite of early appropriate antimicrobial therapy and early goal-directed therapy for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Yeon Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea. ; Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Borami Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il-Kyu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Byun
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chulmin Park
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Mi Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea. ; Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Taherzadeh M, Katouli M, Amirinejad R, Farzaneh MR, Gharibi O. A case of wound infection caused by Shewanella algae in the south of Iran. New Microbes New Infect 2014; 2:29-30. [PMID: 25356336 PMCID: PMC4184621 DOI: 10.1002/2052-2975.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shewanella algae was isolated from the purulent discharge in the navel area of a young male with a history of swimming in the Persian Gulf. A routine laboratory diagnosis procedure, followed by 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, was used to avoid misidentification with other species of Shewanella. The bacterium was suscetible to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, nitrophorantion, amikacin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, gentamicin and co-trimoxazole but was resistant to amoxicillin, vancomycin, doxycycline, cephalexin, ampicillin, tetracycline, cephalothin and ceftizoxime. The patient successfully recovered after treatment with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taherzadeh
- The Persian Gulf Health Research Centre Bushehr, Iran ; Bushehr University of Medical Sciences Bushehr, Iran
| | - M Katouli
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast Queensland, Australia
| | - R Amirinejad
- The Persian Gulf Health Research Centre Bushehr, Iran
| | - M R Farzaneh
- Bushehr University of Medical Sciences Bushehr, Iran
| | - O Gharibi
- Bushehr University of Medical Sciences Bushehr, Iran
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Jacob-Kokura S, Chan CY, Kaplan L. Bacteremia and empyema caused by Shewanella algae in a trauma patient. Ann Pharmacother 2014; 48:128-36. [PMID: 24396089 DOI: 10.1177/1060028013517630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the first reported case of bacteremia and empyema caused by Shewanella algae and summarize the existing literature on Shewanella human infection. CASE SUMMARY A 25-year-old healthy male was shot through the chest into the abdomen and fled into an adjacent body of seawater. He underwent surgical repair of his injuries, including pleural decortication. Leukocytosis, bandemia, and copious yellow bronchorrhea led to cultures; piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin were started for broad-spectrum empiric management based on the local intensive care unit antibiogram. Blood and pleural fluid cultures revealed S algae. Sputum cultures grew methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae. He was successfully managed with an empiric and then tailored antibiotic regimen. DISCUSSION Shewanella algae is a rare Gram-negative bacillus that has infrequently been reported to cause infection. It is found predominantly in men. Shewanella algae infections span bacteremia to necrotizing soft tissue infection and are associated with injury and seawater exposure. Shewanella is susceptible to the majority of third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, aztreonam, and fluoroquinolones, but are less predictably susceptible to tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and carbapenem agents. Shewanella infection is associated with medical comorbidities, in particular, renal failure and cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first case report of bacteremia and empyema caused by S algae. Such a case involving a young healthy individual should encourage health care providers to be aware of the potential infections caused by unusual pathogens, and to employ appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy based on reported sensitivity profiles. Based on available susceptibilities, we recommend using a third or fourth-generation cephalosporin as first-line pharmacologic management with regimen de-escalation based on culture-derived data.
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Poovorawan K, Chatsuwan T, Lakananurak N, Chansaenroj J, Komolmit P, Poovorawan Y. Shewanella haliotis associated with severe soft tissue infection, Thailand, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:1019-21. [PMID: 23735117 PMCID: PMC3713828 DOI: 10.3201/eid1906.121607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Ananth AL, Nassiri N, Pamoukian VN. Shewanella algae: a rare cause of necrotizing fasciitis. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2013; 15:336-8. [PMID: 24116855 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2012.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Shewanella consists of motile, gram-negative, facultative anaerobes found in marine environments. Shewanella putrefaciens and Shewanella algae are the two species with documented pathogenicity in human beings. Most documented cases of S. algae infection worldwide have been reported in the context of bacteremia, cellulitis, and acute exacerbations of chronic otitis media in predisposed individuals. We report a rare case of necrotizing soft tissue infection by S. algae in an immunocompetent individual. The infection followed exposure to S. algae in contaminated water in New York City, New York. METHODS We reviewed the English-language literature on similar cases of soft tissue infection using PubMed. Search terms included "Shewanella algae" and "Shewanella putrefaciens" in conjunction with "necrotizing" and "infection." Cognizant that this search method may not have yielded early (pre-1985) reports about Shewanella because of changes in classification and nomenclature, we also searched for "Pseudomonas putrefaciens." RESULTS After prompt surgical debridement and culture-directed antibiotic therapy, the patient recovered from his infection without the need for re-intervention. CONCLUSIONS This case may reflect the geographic spread and emergence of S. algae infection in the United States. Clinicians should be aware of the virulence of S. algae and potential for the rapid clinical deterioration of persons it infects even among immunocompetent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi L Ananth
- The Lenox Hill Heart and Vascular Institute of New York , New York, New York
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22
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Ahmed N, Casey K, Liu E, Fune L. Necrotizing fasciitis of the lower extremity caused by Shewanella algae. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2013; 14:165-6. [PMID: 23451727 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2012.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Liu PY, Lin CF, Tung KC, Shyu CL, Wu MJ, Liu JW, Chang CS, Chan KW, Huang JA, Shi ZY. Clinical and microbiological features of shewanella bacteremia in patients with hepatobiliary disease. Intern Med 2013; 52:431-8. [PMID: 23411697 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.52.8152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Shewanella bacteremia is an uncommon but potentially fatal disease. Although hepatobiliary diseases have been proposed to be risk factors for various Shewanella infections, little is known about the features of Shewanella bacteremia in patients with hepatobiliary diseases. This study aims to characterize the presentation and risk factors of Shewanella bacteremia in patients with hepatobiliary diseases. METHODS We retrospectively investigated the clinical features, microbiology and outcomes of patients with Shewanella bacteremia who were admitted to a tertiary medical center between January 2001 and December 2010. All isolates were confirmed to the species level using 16S rRNA sequencing analyses. The English language medical literature was searched for previously published reports. RESULTS Fifty-nine cases of Shewanella bacteremia, including nine at the hospital, were identified, 28 (47.4%) of which involved underlying hepatobiliary diseases, representing an important risk factor. In 12 of the 28 cases, the infections involved the hepatobiliary system; with a tendency towards an Asian origin. In our case series of nine patients, Shewanella haliotis was isolated in five patients. The majority of our patients lived in coastal areas, consumed seafood regularly and developed bacteremia during the summer season. CONCLUSION It is recommended that the possibility for Shewanella infection be considered in patients with bacteremia and also underlying hepatobiliary diseases, particularly if patients present with hepatobiliary infections, a history of seafood, or development of the disease during the summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
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25
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Lee ST, Lee SJ, Yun MJ, Oh HJ, Gang NR, Koo MS, Choi JP. A Case of Shewanella algaeBacteremia Accompanying Cellulitis in Both Legs of a Patient on Hemodialysis: Case Report and Literature Review. Infect Chemother 2012. [DOI: 10.3947/ic.2012.44.3.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Tae Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung June Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Jae Yun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na Ri Gang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myong-Sook Koo
- Department of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Phil Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Nath R, Saikia L, Choudhury G, Das PP. Isolation of Shewanella algae from rectal swabs of patients with bloody diarrhoea. Indian J Med Microbiol 2011; 29:422-5. [DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.90186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
Background: Shewanella spp. are unusual cause of disease in humans; however, reports of Shewanella infections have been increasing. Shewanella is a ubiquitous organism that has been isolated from many foods, sewage, and both from fresh and salt water. Earlier it was named as Pseudomonas putrefaciens or Shewanella putrefaciens. There are several reports describing this organism causing human infections such as cellulitis, abscesses, bacteremia, wound infection, etc. It is oxidase and catalase-positive non-fermenter gram-negative rod that produces hydrogen sulfide. Aims: The study was conducted to identify Shewanella spp., which was wrongly reported as Pseudomonas spp. Materials and Methods: Clinical samples were cultured as per standard clinical laboratory procedure. We tested the non-lactose-fermenting colonies for oxidase positivity. Oxidase-positive colony was inoculated in triple sugar iron slant (TSI) to know the hydrogen sulfide production. Hydrogen sulfide positive colonies were further tested for citrate, urease, indole, and amino acid decarboxylation and acid and gas production from sugars. Results: Five isolates identified as Pseudomonas spp. during preliminary testing were proved to be Shewanella spp. on further testing. Conclusions: It will help in better understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis and risk factors associated with these and prevention of the rare pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kanchan Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Sri. Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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