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Yamasaki H, Morishima Y, Sugiyama H, Okamoto M. Current situation of human Taenia asiatica taeniosis in Japan. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102340. [PMID: 33812025 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This report describes 33 confirmed cases of "Taenia asiatica" taeniosis in Tokyo, Japan, and six adjacent prefectures between 2010 and 2019. Of the 33 cases, 28 were domestic infections. Thirty patients had histories of eating raw pork and/or beef liver. It was highly suspected that the sources of infection were foreigners from T. asiatica-endemic countries who had worked on pig farms in these prefectures. We postulated that the rate of domestic infection has decreased as a result of legal regulations that have banned the serving of raw and undercooked pig and cattle viscera in restaurants in Japan. Haplotype analyses of genetic markers revealed that "T. asiatica" in Japan are the descendants of hybrids of T. asiatica and Taenia saginata that originated from the Philippines and/or Taiwan. It is critical that close attention continues to be paid to domestic recurrences and imported cases of T. asiatica taeniosis, with the goal of communicating information on risk factors for this infection to consumers, pig farmers, restaurant owners, physicians, and visitors coming to Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamasaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Morishima
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hiromu Sugiyama
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Munehiro Okamoto
- Section of Cellular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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Mendlovic F, Fleury A, Flisser A. Zoonotic Taenia infections with focus on cysticercosis due to Taenia solium in swine and humans. Res Vet Sci 2020; 134:69-77. [PMID: 33321377 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic taeniasis caused by the adult stage of Taenia solium, Taenia saginata or Taenia asiatica are considered neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organization. The life cycle of these 3 metazoan species is very similar and includes an intermediate host: pigs in the case of T. solium and T. asiatica, and cattle in the case of T. saginata. By eating meat (pork/T. solium, T. asiatica; beef/T. saginata) containing live cysticerci, humans develop taeniasis, which is practically asymptomatic but is the main risk factor for intermediate hosts to become infected. T. saginata causes bovine cysticercosis, while T. solium and T. asiatica cause swine cysticercosis, of veterinary and economic importance. T. solium cysticerci cause neurological disease in humans: neurocysticercosis. Cysticerci develop after ingesting microscopic eggs released from a human tapeworm carrier. Here we describe the life stages of the parasites, diagnosis, pathogenesis, symptomatology of neurocysticercosis, and prevention and control measures. Highlighting the need to validate diagnostic tools, treatments and vaccination in endemic areas, with the challenge of addressing the most vulnerable populations that lack resources. If people understand the transmission route, avoid eating uncooked or insufficiently cooked meat and have adequate hygienic habits, the life cycle of the 3 zoonotic Taenia species may be interrupted. In addition, we describe the growing field of immune response and immunomodulation elicited by the parasites, which may provide essential tools for diagnosis, treatment, control of taeniasis/cysticercosis, as well as for identification of parasite-derived immunomodulators that could aid in the treatment of emerging inflammatory diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fela Mendlovic
- Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Copilco-Universidad, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Agnes Fleury
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugia "Manuel Velasco Suárez", SSA, Av. Insurgentes sur 3877, Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Copilco-Universidad, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Ana Flisser
- Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Copilco-Universidad, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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Eichenberger RM, Thomas LF, Gabriël S, Bobić B, Devleesschauwer B, Robertson LJ, Saratsis A, Torgerson PR, Braae UC, Dermauw V, Dorny P. Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in East, Southeast and South Asia. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:234. [PMID: 32381027 PMCID: PMC7206752 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taenia saginata is an important zoonotic parasite, causing taeniosis in humans and cysticercosis in bovines, the latter being a significant concern for the global beef industry. Many countries in East, Southeast and South Asia are experiencing rapid economic growth, and an increasing number of people in these countries are dependent on the livestock industry. Currently, however, an overview of the prevalence of T. saginata in this region is lacking. In this review, we analysed the available literature on T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis for East, Southeast and South Asia. METHODS A systematic review was conducted, based on both published and grey literature. Articles published between 1990 and 2017 were mined for information on the occurrence, prevalence, and geographical distribution of T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in East, Southeast and South Asia. RESULTS The presence of T. saginata was described in 15 of 27 countries of the region, including Afghanistan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam. The only country that reported an absence of T. saginata is Japan, although sporadic reports of imported cases and unconfirmed reports of autochthonous infections were identified. Nationwide surveys of taeniosis with systematic sample collection and high sample numbers were available for Cambodia, China, Lao PDR, and South Korea, although speciation of Taenia was not always performed. Regional prevalence of taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in endemic regions ranged between 0.02-42.6%, and 0.76-46.7%, respectively. However, data for bovine cysticercosis were only available for five countries (Japan, Lao PDR, Mongolia, Pakistan and Vietnam). CONCLUSIONS The data indicate a widespread occurrence of T. saginata throughout East, Southeast and South Asia. Identification of Taenia spp. in human infections was frequently not performed, leading to gaps in knowledge about the distribution of human tapeworm infections, mainly in regions where different human Taenia species co-occur. A high prevalence of T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis may reflect insufficiencies in sanitation, limited health education standards, and insufficient food safety measures. Therefore, there is a need to improve local surveillance, notification, and overall control systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon M. Eichenberger
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lian F. Thomas
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Branco Bobić
- Centre of Excellence for Food– and Vector–borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anastasios Saratsis
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, Greece
| | - Paul R. Torgerson
- Section of Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Uffe C. Braae
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Chang T, Jung BK, Sohn WM, Hong S, Shin H, Ryoo S, Lee J, Lee KH, Khieu V, Huy R, Chai JY. Molecular Diagnosis of Taenia saginata Tapeworms from Two Residents of Northern Cambodia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:201-204. [PMID: 32418391 PMCID: PMC7231828 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Taenia saginata infection has seldom been reported in Cambodia. In this study, we performed a survey of intestinal parasites in 1,156 residents of Preah Vihear and Stung Treng Provinces in 2018. The results revealed that 26 (2.4%) cases were positive for Taenia spp. eggs. In order to obtain the strobilae of the tapeworms, 2 patients in Preah Vihear were treated with praziquantel and purged with magnesium salts. The proglottids expelled after the medication were morphologically and molecularly analyzed to determine the species. The main uterine lateral braches in gravid proglottids were >15 in number suggesting that they are either T. saginata or Taenia asiatica. The sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene and 2 nuclear loci, elongation factor-1 alpha (ef1) and ezrin-radixin-moesin-like protein (elp), were identical to the sequences of T. saginata available in GenBank but distant from Taenia solium, T. asiatica, and T. saginata-T. asiatica hybrid. This is the first report of the presence of T. saginata in the northern part of Cambodia bordering Lao PDR based on a molecular confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehee Chang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Sooji Hong
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Hyejoo Shin
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Seungwan Ryoo
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Jeonggyu Lee
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Keon Hoon Lee
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Virak Khieu
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea.,Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Eom KS, Rim HJ, Jeon HK. Taenia asiatica: Historical overview of taeniasis and cysticercosis with molecular characterization. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 108:133-173. [PMID: 32291084 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Asian Taenia is a human-infecting Taenia tapeworm known as Taenia asiatica following morphological examination of adult and larval stages of the tapeworm by Eom and Rim (1993). The life cycle of T. asiatica differs from that of T. saginata in its intermediate host (pigs versus cattle) as well as in the infected organs (liver versus muscle). T. asiatica can be differentiated from T. solium and T. saginata by examination of morphological characteristics such as the scolex, mature and gravid proglottids in the adult stage, and the scolex and bladder surface in the larval stage. T. asiatica has been identified in Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, China, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Japan, Lao PDR, Nepal and India. The molecular tools employed for T. asiatica identification have been developed to differentiate T. asiatica from other human-infecting Taenia tapeworms based on genetic information such as nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial genes, nuclear ribosomal genes and nuclear genes that lead to development of the subsequent molecular techniques, such as PCR-RFLP, PCR-RAPD, BESST-base, LAMP and qPCR. Investigation of the phylogenetic relationships among human Taenia species revealed that T. asiatica is a sister species with T. saginata, which is genetically more similar than other Taenia species in terms of the nucleotide sequences of cox1, nad1 and 28S rDNA. The mitochondrial genomes of human Taenia tapeworms comprise 13,703bp (T. asiatica), 13,670bp (T. saginata) and 13,709bp (T. solium), and contain 36 genes including 12 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs, a small and a large subunit), and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Sequence differences in the full genome of T. asiatica and T. saginata mitochondria is 4.6%, while T. solium differs by 11%. Hox gene orthology in T. asiatica was established by comparative analysis with Platyhelminthes Hox genes. T. asiatica Hox revealed six Hox orthologs including two lab/Hox1, two Hox3, one Dfd/Hox4 and one Lox/Lox4. Hybridization between T. asiatica and T. saginata was definitely observed in these species which are sympatrically endemic in the regions of Korea, Thailand, China and Lao PDR. Comparative analyses of T. asiatica, T. saginata and T. solium genomes were also reported with genome features. Taenia asiaticus nomen novum was proposed for T. asiaticaEom and Rim, 1993 which is a homonym of T. asiatica Linstow, 1901 (Davaineidae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keeseon S Eom
- Department of Parasitology, Parasite Research Center and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju, South Korea.
| | - Han-Jong Rim
- Department of Parasitology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-Kyu Jeon
- Department of Parasitology, Parasite Research Center and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju, South Korea
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Won EJ, Shin JH, Lee YJ, Kim MJ, Kang SJ, Jung SI, Kim SH, Shin JH, Chai JY, Shin SS. Four Taeniasis saginata Cases Diagnosed at a University Hospital in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:313-318. [PMID: 31284357 PMCID: PMC6616169 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the taeniasis has been rarely reported in the Republic of Korea (Korea). But in this study, we intend to report 4 taeniasis cases caused by Taenia saginata during a 5-month period (February to June 2018) at a unversity hospital in Gwangju, Korea. Worm samples (proglottids) discharged from all cases were identified by phenotypic and molecular diagnostics. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences showed 99.4–99.9% identity with T. saginata but, differed by 4% from T. asiatica and by 7% from T. multiceps, respectively. We found that tapeworms in 2 cases (Cases 2 and 3) yielded exactly the same sequences between them, which differed from those in Cases 1 and 4, suggesting intra-species variation in tapeworms. These taeniasis cases by T. saginata infection in this study, which occurred within a limited time period and region, suggest the possibility of a mini-outbreak. This study highlights the need for further epidemiological investigation of potentially overlooked cases of T. saginata infection in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Won
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Moon-Ju Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Seung Ji Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Sook In Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Jong Hee Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07549, and Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sung-Shik Shin
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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A co-infection case report of Taenia saginata in a patient with subclinical clonorchiasis confirmed by the combination of diagnostic tools. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:115. [PMID: 30727977 PMCID: PMC6364428 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clonorchiasis is the common parasitic infection in the general population of the Republic of Korea, however, taeniasis is scarcely reported recently. Here, we describe a case of co-infection with the cestode T. saginata in a patient with subclinical clonorchiasis diagnosed by a combination of diagnostic tools in Korea. Case presentation A 56-year-old man visited the hospital having passed proglottids in his stool for the past two months and brought a stool sample with segments to our hospital. He had no abdominal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or constipation. He used to consume raw beef and fish frequently. We could not find evidence of gravid proglottids which contain fully developed uteri filled with ova or branched uterine structures, within the submitted sample. To identify the tapeworm species, we carried out molecular analyses on the proglottids. The cox1 and ef1a sequences had a 100% match with those of T. saginata and differed from the sequences of the other Taenia species. Upon examination of stool samples fixed by formalin-ether concentration method, no Taenia species ova were observed in 10 slides. Instead, C. sinensis ova were observed, despite the level of IgG specific to C. sinensis being within the normal range. The patient was treated with praziquantel (25 mg/kg, three times a day) for 3 days, and subsequently C. sinensis ova were not found in his stool. Conclusion Our case indicates that a combination of morphological, serological, and molecular diagnostic tools should be used for the accurate diagnosis of subclinical parasitic infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-3758-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Tsotetsi-Khambule AM, Njiro S, Katsande TC, Harrison LJS. Risk factors associated with taeniosis-cysticercosis in rural farming communities in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1951-1955. [PMID: 29850979 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine which of the livestock management and human practices known to be risk factors associated with taeniosis-cysticercosis occur in Gauteng Province. A questionnaire survey was conducted in two regions of Gauteng Province, Germiston and Pretoria. Results revealed that almost 20% of the interviewed farmers do not have toilets, most of them let their animals roam freely during the day for grazing and scavenging, and 47% use streams as the water source for their animals. This may create an infection opportunity through ingestion of Taenia-contaminated herbage or water. Furthermore, 26% mentioned that their animals might have access to human excreta. More than 70% of farmers in the province slaughter cattle and pigs for their own consumption without inspecting meat for cysticercosis. Only a few of the interviewed farmers in both regions were aware of the taeniosis-cysticercosis complex. Backyard slaughtering, consumption of uninspected meat by the public, poor livestock management, and limited sanitation in rural communities of Gauteng Province are identified as risk factors associated with the occurrence of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium infections in the province. Taenia saginata and T. solium are considered to have a global distribution; therefore, these risk factors may be applicable globally, not just in Gauteng Province. Programs on public awareness with regard to transmission and prevention of Taenia infections as well as more detailed studies on risk factors of taeniosis-cysticercosis are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Tsotetsi-Khambule
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research - Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - S Njiro
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research - Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - T C Katsande
- Veterinary Services, Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - L J S Harrison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Science, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Shin DH, Chai JY, Hong JH, Seo M. Historical Details about the Meat Consumption and Taeniases in Joseon Period of Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:457-460. [PMID: 28877581 PMCID: PMC5594726 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous paleoparasitological studies of Joseon specimens established that the prevalence of Taenia infection was not much different from that of the early 20th century Korean population. As many of taeniases originally diagnosed as Taenia saginata in South Korea were revealed to be actually Taenia asiatica, which share a common intermediate host with T. solium (the pig), Joseon people must have ingested raw pork frequently. However, the current examination of extant Joseon documents revealed that the population ate significant amounts of beef even if the beef ban was enforced; and pork was not consumed as much as we thought. Considering the meat consumption pattern at that time, Joseon people should have been infected by T. saginata more frequently than T. asiatica. This may suggest a low prevalence of T. saginata metacestodes in cattle compared to that of T. asiatica metacestodes in pigs, possibly due to the traditional way of rearing pigs (using human feces). This letter gives us a chance to reconsider the existing preconception about parasitic infections in Korean history though we are still hard to accurately estimate the historical patterns of taeniases at this stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoon Shin
- Laboratory of Bioanthropology, Paleopathology and History of Dieseases, Institute of Forensic Science/Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea.,Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jong Ha Hong
- Laboratory of Bioanthropology, Paleopathology and History of Dieseases, Institute of Forensic Science/Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Min Seo
- Department of Parasitology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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Kim HU, Chung YB. A Case of Taenia asiatica Infection Diagnosed by Colonoscopy. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:65-69. [PMID: 28285508 PMCID: PMC5365257 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A case of Taenia asiatica infection detected by small bowel series and colonoscopy is described. The patient was a 42-year-old Korean man accompanied by discharge of movable proglottids via anus. He used to eat raw pig liver but seldom ate beef. Small bowel series radiologic examinations showed flat tape-like filling defects on the ileum. By colonoscopy, a moving flat tapeworm was observed from the terminal ileum to the ascending colon. The tapeworm was identified as T. asiatica by mitochondrial DNA sequencing. The patient was prescribed with a single oral dose (16 mg/kg) of praziquantel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Up Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 63241, Korea
| | - Young-Bae Chung
- Department of Parasitology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 63241, Korea
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Seo M, Araujo A, Reinhard K, Chai JY, Shin DH. Paleoparasitological studies on mummies of the Joseon Dynasty, Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:235-42. [PMID: 25031462 PMCID: PMC4096633 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Paleoparasitology is the application of conventional or molecular investigative techniques to archeological samples in order to reveal parasitic infection patterns among past populations. Although pioneering studies already have reported key paleoparasitological findings around the world, the same sorts of studies had not, until very recently, been conducted in sufficient numbers in Korea. Mummified remains of individuals dating to the Korean Joseon Dynasty actually have proved very meaningful to concerned researchers, owing particularly to their superb preservation status, which makes them ideal subjects for paleoparasitological studies. Over the past several years, our study series on Korean mummies has yielded very pertinent data on parasitic infection patterns prevailing among certain Joseon Dynasty populations. In this short review, we summarized the findings and achievements of our recent paleoparasitological examinations of Joseon mummies and discussed about the prospects for future research in this vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seo
- Department of Parasitology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Adauto Araujo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brasil
| | - Karl Reinhard
- School of Natural Resouces, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Jong Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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12
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Cho J, Jung BK, Lim H, Kim MJ, Yooyen T, Lee D, Eom KS, Shin EH, Chai JY. Four cases of Taenia saginata infection with an analysis of COX1 gene. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:79-83. [PMID: 24623887 PMCID: PMC3948999 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human taeniases had been not uncommon in the Republic of Korea (=Korea) until the 1980s. The prevalence decreased and a national survey in 2004 revealed no Taenia egg positive cases. However, a subsequent national survey in 2012 showed 0.04% (10 cases) prevalence of Taenia spp. eggs suggesting its resurgence in Korea. We recently encountered 4 cases of Taenia saginata infection who had symptoms of taeniasis that included discharge of proglottids. We obtained several proglottids from each case. Because the morphological features of T. saginata are almost indistinguishable from those of Taenia asiatica, molecular analyses using the PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) were performed to identify the species. The PCR-RFLP patterns of all of the 4 specimens were consistent with T. saginata, and the cox1 gene sequence showed 99.8-100% identity with that of T. saginata reported previously from Korea, Japan, China, and Cambodia. All of the 4 patients had the history of travel abroad but its relation with contracting taeniasis was unclear. Our findings may suggest resurgence of T. saginata infection among people in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeeun Cho
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Hyemi Lim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Min-Jae Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Thanapon Yooyen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Thaksin University, Phatthalung 93110, Thailand
| | - Dongmin Lee
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Keeseon S Eom
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea. ; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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13
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Ale A, Victor B, Praet N, Gabriël S, Speybroeck N, Dorny P, Devleesschauwer B. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Taenia asiatica: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:45. [PMID: 24450957 PMCID: PMC3900737 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia asiatica has made a remarkable journey through the scientific literature of the past 50 years, starting with the paradoxical observation of high prevalences of T. saginata-like tapeworms in non-beef consuming populations, to the full description of its mitochondrial genome. Experimental studies conducted in the 1980s and 1990s have made it clear that the life cycle of T. asiatica is comparable to that of T. saginata, except for pigs being the preferential intermediate host and liver the preferential location of the cysts. Whether or not T. asiatica can cause human cysticercosis, as is the case for Taenia solium, remains unclear. Given the specific conditions needed to complete its life cycle, in particular the consumption of raw or poorly cooked pig liver, the transmission of T. asiatica shows an important ethno-geographical association. So far, T. asiatica has been identified in Taiwan, South Korea, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, south-central China, Vietnam, Japan and Nepal. Especially this last observation indicates that its distribution is not restricted to South-East-Asia, as was thought so far. Indeed, the molecular tools developed over the last 20 years have made it increasingly possible to differentiate T. asiatica from other taeniids. Such tools also indicated that T. asiatica is related more closely to T. saginata than to T. solium, feeding the debate on its taxonomic status as a separate species versus a subspecies of T. saginata. Furthermore, the genetic diversity within T. asiatica appears to be very minimal, indicating that this parasite may be on the verge of extinction. However, recent studies have identified potential hybrids between T. asiatica and T. saginata, reopening the debate on the genetic diversity of T. asiatica and its status as a separate species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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14
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Chai JY. Human taeniasis in the Republic of Korea: hidden or gone? THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:9-17. [PMID: 23467688 PMCID: PMC3587755 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
History and current status of human taeniasis in the Republic of Korea, due to Taenia solium, Taenia asiatica, and Taenia saginata, are briefly reviewed. Until the 1980s, human taeniasis had been quite common in various localities of Korea. A study from 1924 reported 12.0% egg prevalence in fecal examinations. Thereafter, the prevalence of Taenia spp. ranged from 3% to 14% depending on the time and locality. Jeju-do, where pigs were reared in a conventional way, was the highest endemic area of taeniasis. An analysis of internal transcribed spacer 2 and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 genes of 68 taeniasis cases reported from 1935 to 2005 in Korea by a research group revealed the relative occurrence of the 3 Taenia spp. as follows: T. solium (4.4%), T. asiatica (75.0%), and T. saginata (20.6%). However, national surveys on intestinal helminths conducted every 5 years on randomly selected people revealed that the Taenia egg prevalence dropped from 1.9% in 1971 to 0.02% in 1997 and finally to 0.0% in 2004. With the exception of 3 egg-positive cases reported in 2008 and 2 worm-proven cases in 2011, no more cases have been officially recorded. Based on these surveys and also on other literature, it can be concluded that taeniasis has virtually disappeared from Korea, although a few sporadic cases may remain hidden. Human cysticercosis is also expected to disappear within a couple of decades in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
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15
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Ooi HK, Ho CM, Chung WC. Historical overview of Taenia asiatica in Taiwan. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:31-6. [PMID: 23467308 PMCID: PMC3587746 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An overview of the epidemiological, biological, and clinical studies of Taenia and taeniasis in Taiwan for the past century is presented. The phenomenal observations that led to the discovery of Taenia asiatica as a new species, which differ from Taenia solium and Taenia saginata, are described. Parasitological surveys of the aborigines in Taiwan revealed a high prevalence of taeniasis, which might be due to the culture of eating raw liver of hunted wild boars. Chemotherapeutic deworming trials involving many patients with taeniasis were discussed. Praziquantel was found to be very effective, but sometimes complete worms could not be recovered from the feces after treatment, probably due to the dissolution of the proglottids. Atabrine, despite some side effects, can still be used, in properly controlled dosages, as the drug of choice for human T. asiatica infection if we need to recover the expelled worms for morphological examinations. Research results on the infection of T. asiatica eggs from Taiwan aborigines in experimental animals were also noted. Since the pig serve as the natural intermediate host of T. asiatica and the predilection site is the liver, a differential comparison of other parasitic pathogens that might cause apparently similar lesions is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Kean Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan.
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16
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Gauci C, Lightowlers MW. Genes encoding homologous antigens in taeniid cestode parasites: Implications for development of recombinant vaccines produced in Escherichia coli. Bioengineered 2012; 4:168-71. [PMID: 23090389 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.22576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant vaccine antigens are being evaluated for their ability to protect livestock animals against cysticercosis and related parasitic infections. Practical use of some of these vaccines is expected to reduce parasite transmission, leading to a reduction in the incidence of neurocysticercosis and hydatid disease in humans. We recently showed that an antigen (TSOL16), expressed in Escherichia coli, confers high levels of protection against Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs, which provides a strategy for control of T. solium parasite transmission. Here, we discuss the characteristics of this antigen that may affect the utility of TSOL16 and related antigens for development as recombinant vaccines. We also report that genes encoding antigens closely related to TSOL16 from T. solium also occur in other related species of parasites. These highly homologous antigens have the potential to be used as vaccines and may provide protection against related species of Taenia that cause infection in other hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Gauci
- University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
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17
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Lee HJ, Shin DH, Seo M. Discovery of taeniid eggs from a 17th century tomb in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2011; 49:327-9. [PMID: 22072839 PMCID: PMC3210856 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Even though Taenia spp. eggs are occasionally discovered from archeological remains around the world, these eggs have never been discovered in ancient samples from Korea. When we attempted to re-examine the archeological samples maintained in our collection, the eggs of Taenia spp., 5 in total number, were recovered from a tomb of Gongju-si. The eggs had radially striated embryophore, and 37.5-40.0 µm×37.5 µm in size. This is the first report on taeniid eggs from ancient samples of Korea, and it is suggested that intensive examination of voluminous archeological samples should be needed for identification of Taenia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jung Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Mummy, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
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18
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Łuszczak J, Ziaja-Sołtys M, Rzymowska J. Anti-oxidant activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes in skeletal muscles from slaughter cattle infected with Taenia saginata. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128:163-5. [PMID: 21272584 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is known that highly reactive oxygene species produced during normal cellular metabolism represent a powerful effector mechanism against parasites. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) belong to the main defense anti-oxidants that prevent the formation of new free radical species. The aim of this study was to assess the activities of SOD and GPx in cattle tissues infected with Taenia saginata. We observed a statistically significant increase in the SOD and GPx activities (p=0.00003, 0.00008, respectively, Student's t-test) in skeletal muscles infected with T. saginata in spectrophotometric analysis. With the use of western blot technique, SOD synthesis stimulation has appeared in the host tissues containing cysticerci in contrast with the control samples. There was no statistically significant increase in the GPx band intensity observed in the studied samples in comparison to controls (Gene Tools Version 4.01 program). These results support the significance of anti-oxidant processes in host defense mechanism during parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Łuszczak
- Medical University of Lublin, Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Staszica 6, Lublin 20-081, Poland.
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19
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Eom KS, Jeon HK, Rim HJ. Geographical distribution of Taenia asiatica and related species. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2010; 47 Suppl:S115-24. [PMID: 19885327 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.s.s115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Geographical information of Taenia asiatica is reviewed together with that of T. solium and T. saginata. Current distribution of T. asiatica was found to be mostly from Asian countries: the Republic of Korea, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Thailand. Molecular genotypic techniques have found out more countries with T. asiatica from Japan, the Philippines, and Vietnam. Specimens used in this paper were collected from around the world and mostly during international collaboration projects of Korean foundations for parasite control activities (1995-2009) in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keeseon S Eom
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Korea.
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20
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Abstract
Parasitic food-borne diseases are generally underrecognised, however they are becoming more common. Globalization of the food supply, increased international travel, increase of the population of highly susceptible persons, change in culinary habits, but also improved diagnostic tools and communication are some factors associated with the increased diagnosis of food-borne parasitic diseases worldwide. This paper reviews the most important emerging food-borne parasites, with emphasis on transmission routes. In a first part, waterborne parasites transmitted by contaminated food such as Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium and Giardia are discussed. Also human fasciolosis, of which the importance has only been recognised in the last decades, with total numbers of reported cases increasing from less than 3000 to 17 million, is looked at. Furthermore, fasciolopsiosis, an intestinal trematode of humans and pigs belongs to the waterborne parasites as well. A few parasites that may be transmitted through faecal contamination of foods and that have received renewed attention, such as Toxoplasma gondii, or that are (re-)emerging, such as Trypanosoma cruzi and Echinococcus spp., are briefly reviewed. In a second part, meat-borne parasite infections are reviewed. Humans get infected by eating raw or undercooked meat infected with cyst stages of these parasites. Meat inspection is the principal method applied in the control of Taenia spp. and Trichinella spp. However, it is often not very sensitive, frequently not practised, and not done for T. gondii and Sarcocystis spp. Meat of reptiles, amphibians and fish can be infected with a variety of parasites, including trematodes (Opisthorchis spp., Clonorchis sinensis, minute intestinal flukes), cestodes (Diphyllobothrium spp., Spirometra), nematodes (Gnathostoma, spp., anisakine parasites), and pentastomids that can cause zoonotic infections in humans when consumed raw or not properly cooked. Another important zoonotic food-borne trematode is the lungfluke (Paragonimus spp.). Traditionally, these parasitic zoonoses are most common in Asia because of the particular food practices and the importance of aquaculture. However, some of these parasites may emerge in other continents through aquaculture and improved transportation and distribution systems. Because of inadequate systems for routine diagnosis and monitoring or reporting for many of the zoonotic parasites, the incidence of human disease and parasite occurrence in food is underestimated. Of particular concern in industrialised countries are the highly resistant waterborne protozoal infections as well as the increased travel and immigration, which increase the exposure to exotic diseases. The increased demand for animal proteins in developing countries will lead to an intensification of the production systems in which the risk of zoonotic infections needs to be assessed. Overall, there is an urgent need for better monitoring and control of food-borne parasites using new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dorny
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
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21
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Jeon HK, Eom KS. Immunoblot patterns of Taenia asiatica taeniasis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2009; 47:73-7. [PMID: 19290097 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Differential diagnosis of Taenia asiatica infection from other human taeniases by serology has been tested. An enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) was applied to subjected human sera and tapeworm materials. Thirty-eight proteins reactive to serum IgG were observed between 121 and 10 kDa in adult worms, and more than 22 serum-reactive components between 97 kDa and 21.5 kDa were observed in eggs of T. asiatica. Antigens of adult T. asiatica revealed immunoblot bands between 120 and 21.5 kDa against T. asiatica infected sera. Antigens of adult Taenia saginata revealed 110-100, 66, 58-56, and 46 kDa immunoblot bands against T. asiatica infected sera. Antigens of adult Taenia solium also revealed 99-97, 68-66, and 46 kDa bands against T. asiatica infected sera. The immunoblot band of 21.5 kDa exhibited specificity to T. asiatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Kyu Jeon
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
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22
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Jeon HK, Kim KH, Chai JY, Yang HJ, Rim HJ, Eom KS. Sympatric distribution of three human Taenia tapeworms collected between 1935 and 2005 in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2008; 46:235-41. [PMID: 19127329 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Taeniasis has been known as one of the prevalent parasitic infections in Korea. Until recently, Taenia saginata had long been considered a dominant, and widely distributed species but epidemiological profiles of human Taenia species in Korea still remain unclear. In order to better understand distribution patterns of human Taenia tapeworms in Korea, partial nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cox1 and ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer 2) were determined, along with morphological examinations, on 68 Taenia specimens obtained from university museum collections deposited since 1935. Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-preserved specimens. Phylogenetic relationships among the genotypes (cox1 haplotype) detected in this study were inferred using the neighbor-joining method as a tree building method. Morphological and genetic analyses identified 3 specimens as T. solium, 51 specimens as T. asiatica, and 14 specimens as T. saginata. Our results indicate that all 3 Taenia tapeworms are sympatrically distributed in Korea with T. asiatica dominating over T. saginata and T. solium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Kyu Jeon
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Korea
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23
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Jeon HK, Chai JY, Kong Y, Waikagul J, Insisiengmay B, Rim HJ, Eom KS. Differential diagnosis of Taenia asiatica using multiplex PCR. Exp Parasitol 2008; 121:151-6. [PMID: 19017531 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Taenia asiatica and T. saginata are frequently confused tapeworms due to their morphological similarities and sympatric distribution in Asian regions. To resolve this problem, a high-resolution multiplex PCR assay was developed to distinguish T. asiatica infections from infection with other human Taenia tapeworms. For molecular characterization, the species specificity of all materials used was confirmed by sequencing of the cox1 gene. Fifty-two samples were analyzed in this study, comprising 20 samples of T. asiatica genomic DNA from China, Korea, and the Philippines; 24 samples of T. saginata from Belgium, Chile, China, Ethiopia, France, Indonesia, Korea, Laos, the Philippines, Poland, Taiwan, Thailand, and Switzerland; and 10 samples of T. solium from Cape Verde, China, Honduras, and Korea. The diagnostic quality of the results obtained using PCR and species-specific primers designed from valine tRNA and NADH genes was equal to that based on the nucleotide sequencing of the cox1 gene. Using oligonucleotide primers Ta4978F, Ts5058F, Tso7421F, and Rev7915, the multiplex PCR assay was useful for the differentially diagnosing T. asiatica, T. saginata, and T. solium based on 706-, 629-, and 474-bp bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Kyu Jeon
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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24
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Abstract
Asian Taenia is a human tapeworm which was first recognized in Taiwan aborigines and subsequently from Asian countries: Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam, and China. It was originally described as T. asiatica Eom and Rim, 1993 based on the morphology in its adult and larval stage. A taxonomic disagreement on whether it is species or subspecies level is mainly due to the morphological similarity of this tapeworm with T. saginata, but a sympatric distribution of these two tapeworms is also known in China. The life cycle is quite distinct from T. saginata in using the pig as intermediate host and parasitizing visceral organs such as liver, lung and omentum. A long unresolved question in Asian countries concerns the inconsistency between worm ratio and the food preferences was clarified with this viscerotropic tapeworm. Molecular biological differentiation is possible with DNA techniques and a complete genome of mtDNA was sequenced recently which may provide a resource for comparative mitochondrial genomics and systematic studies of parasitic cestodes. This is a young parasite discovered most recently with many research questions yet to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keeseon S Eom
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chongju, Korea.
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25
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Ito A. Brief historical remarks as an introduction for the international symposium on taeniasis/cysticercosis and echinococcosis. Parasitol Int 2005; 55 Suppl:S3-5. [PMID: 16337830 PMCID: PMC7108447 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Some historical remarks are made on the background information leading to the international symposium on taeniasis/cysticercosis and echincoccosis with focus on Asia and the Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan.
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26
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Chang SL, Nonaka N, Kamiya M, Kanai Y, Ooi HK, Chung WC, Oku Y. Development of Taenia saginata asiatica metacestodes in SCID mice and its infectivity in human and alternative definitive hosts. Parasitol Res 2005; 96:95-101. [PMID: 15812671 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of Taenia saginata asiatica metacestodes in SCID mice, and its infectivity in humans, golden hamsters, and Mongolian gerbils as alternative definitive hosts, were investigated. Cysticerci were recovered from SCID mice that were subcutaneously injected with hatched oncospheres of T. s. asiatica. The morphological changes of metacestodes were observed. The recovered cysticerci were fed to gerbils, hamsters and humans, to check for their infectivity. Tapeworms were recovered from gerbils and hamsters fed with 20 to 45 week-old cysticerci, and proglottids excretions were observed in human volunteers fed with 45 week-old cysticerci. However, no tapeworms were recovered from gerbils fed with 10 week-old cysticerci. Our results suggest that T. s. asiatica oncospheres needed more than 20 weeks to develop to maturity in SCID mice to be infective to both their natural and alternative definitive hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Chang
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
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27
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González LM, Montero E, Morakote N, Puente S, Díaz De Tuesta JL, Serra T, López-Velez R, McManus DP, Harrison LJS, Parkhouse RME, Gárate T. Differential diagnosis of Taenia saginata and Taenia saginata asiatica taeniasis through PCR. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 49:183-8. [PMID: 15246508 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2004.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2003] [Accepted: 03/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
New multiplex-PCR and PCR-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism protocols, derived from Taenia saginata HDP2 DNA sequence, have been designed that allow the simultaneous and specific identification of T. saginata and Taenia saginata asiatica. Proglottids expelled from 20 different Spanish taeniasis patients, previously diagnosed as T. saginata by both morphological identification and multiplex HDP2-PCR, were also examined by the newly developed PCR protocols, and the original diagnosis of T. saginata infection was confirmed. All of the 20 T. saginata samples were negative in the T. saginata asiatica-specific PCR. Three authentic T. saginata asiatica samples were unambiguously identified as such in the T. saginata asiatica PCR. These new protocols have immediate potential for the specific, sensitive, and rapid identification of T. saginata asiatica and may assist in taxonomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel González
- Departamento de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
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28
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Flisser A, Viniegra AE, Aguilar-Vega L, Garza-Rodriguez A, Maravilla P, Avila G. Portrait of Human Tapeworms. J Parasitol 2004; 90:914-6. [PMID: 15357104 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3354cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The tapeworms of the genus Taenia that infect human beings are T. solium, T. saginata and T. saginata asiatica. Taenia solium and T. saginata exhibit unequivocal features that characterize them; in contrast, only recent DNA studies, morphological characteristics, and epidemiological and sanitary aspects indicate that T. saginata asiatica is a subspecies of T. saginata. These 3 tapeworms occur in humans in their adult stage, and the intermediate hosts are pigs for T. solium and T. saginata asiatica and cows for T. saginata. Their identification is crucial considering the migratory increase from Asia to the Western Hemisphere and the fact that these tapeworms coexist in the same environment in Asia; furthermore, it is estimated that movement in both directions across the United States-Mexico border exceeds 200 million persons per yr, and thus, opportunities for acquiring and transporting T. solium infections are multiplied. It is not easy to distinguish among these tapeworms; therefore, a comparative diagram of the 3 parasites is shown in this article, which will facilitate their identification. All morphological features, some of which allow for identification, are clear and can be easily distinguished among the 3 tapeworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flisser
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Parasitologia, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico DF 04510, Mexico.
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29
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Ito A, Wandra T, Yamasaki H, Nakao M, Sako Y, Nakaya K, Margono SS, Suroso T, Gauci C, Lightowlers MW. Cysticercosis/Taeniasis in Asia and the Pacific. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2004; 4:95-107. [PMID: 15228810 DOI: 10.1089/1530366041210756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three taeniid tapeworms infect humans in Asia and the Pacific: Taenia solim, Taenia saginata, and Taenia asiatica. Although there is continuing debate about the definition of a new species, phylogenetic analyses of these parasites have provided multiple lines of evidence that T. asiatica is an independent species and the sister species of T. saginata. Here we review briefly the morphology, pathology, molecular biology, distribution and control options of taeniasis/cysticercosis in Asia and the Pacific and comment on the potential role which dogs may play in the transmission of T. solium. Special attention is focused on Indonesia: taeniasis caused by T. asiatica in North Sumatra, taeniasis/cysticercosis of T. solium and taeniasis of T. saginata in Bali, and taeniasis/cysticercosis of T. solium in Papua (formerly Irian Jaya). Issues relating to the spread of taeniasis/cysticercosis caused by T. solium in Papua New Guinea are highlighted, since serological evidence suggests that cysticercosis occurs among the local residents. The use of modern techniques for detection of taeniasis in humans and cysticercosis in humans, pigs and dogs, with the possible adoption of new control measures will provide a better understanding of the epidemiology of taeniasis/cysticercosis in Asia and the Pacific and lead to improved control of zoonotic and simultaneously meat-borne disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan.
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30
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Ito A, Yamasaki H, Nakao M, Sako Y, Okamoto M, Sato MO, Nakaya K, Margono SS, Ikejima T, Kassuku AA, Afonso SMS, Ortiz WB, Plancarte A, Zoli A, Geerts S, Craig PS. Multiple genotypes of Taenia solium--ramifications for diagnosis, treatment and control. Acta Trop 2003; 87:95-101. [PMID: 12781383 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(03)00024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA sequences of Taenia solium have fully been analyzed. Analysis of the full length of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (1620 bp) and cytochrome b (1068 bp) genes of T. solium, isolated from Asia (China, Thailand, Indonesia and India), from Latin America (Mexico, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru and Brazil) and from Africa (Tanzania, Mozambique and Cameroon), has revealed that the two phylogenies obtained were similar to each other regardless of the genes examined. The isolates from Asia formed a single cluster, whereas those from Latin America combined with those from Africa to form an additional cluster. It was estimated that these two genotypes emerged approximately 4-8 x 10(5) years ago. These results together with recent study of the ancient of human taeniid cestodes emerged several MYA in Africa, historical data on swine domestication, distribution of pigs and colonization patterns suggest that T. solium was introduced recently into Latin America and Africa from different regions of Europe during the colonial age, which started 500 years ago, and that T. solium of another origin independently spread in Asian countries, perhaps from China. Why did not T. solium of European origin invade or spread into Asia during the colonial age? Analysis of T. solium distribution must include other Taenia species, especially T. saginata and T. asiatica, which can not be differentiated from each other morphologically. BESS T-base analysis for differentiation of all human Taenia species including the two genotypes of T. solium, and T. saginata and T. asiatica has also been characterized. BESS T-base analysis differentiates African isolates from Latin American isolates as well but more samples should be analyzed for obtaining conclusive evidence for the latter. Serological analysis of cyst fluid of T. solium cysticerci obtained in China and Indonesia and from Mozambique and Ecuador indicates geographical differences in their banding patterns. These differences are discussed in the light of possible differences in pathology of T. solium worldwide. As it has been speculated that the ancient T. solium emerged several million years ago in Africa, it is necessary to analyze more isolates from Africa. Such working hypothesis may be evaluated combined with symptomatology and serology when we get additional DNA data from such areas, since there are some varieties of manifestation of neurocysticercosis with or without subcutaneous cysticercosis and of antigens of cyst fluid of T. solium from Asia and from Africa and/or America. Transfer of techniques of molecular identification and sero- and immuno-diagnoses between researchers and technicians from endemic countries using their own materials should be promoted with the aim of better international cooperation for the control of cysticercosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
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31
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Rajshekhar V, Joshi DD, Doanh NQ, van De N, Xiaonong Z. Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis in Asia: epidemiology, impact and issues. Acta Trop 2003; 87:53-60. [PMID: 12781378 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(03)00055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several reports of patients with cysticercosis from many countries in Asia such as India, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Korea, Taiwan and Nepal are a clear indicator of the wide prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniosis in these and other Asian countries. However, epidemiological data from community based studies are sparse and available only for a few countries in Asia. Cysticercosis is the cause of epilepsy in up to 50% of Indian patients presenting with partial seizures. It is also a major cause of epilepsy in Bali (Indonesia), Vietnam and possibly China and Nepal. Seroprevalence studies indicate high rates of exposure to the parasite in several countries (Vietnam, China, Korea and Bali (Indonesia)) with rates ranging from 0.02 to 12.6%. Rates of taeniosis, as determined by stool examination for ova, have also been reported to range between 0.1 and 6% in the community in India, Vietnam, China, and Bali (Indonesia). An astonishingly high rate of taeniosis of 50% was reported from an area in Nepal populated by pig rearing farmers. In addition to poor sanitation, unhealthy pig rearing practices, low hygienic standards, unusual customs such as consumption of raw pork is an additional factor contributing to the spread of the disease in some communities of Asia. Undoubtedly, cysticercosis is a major public health problem in several Asian countries effecting several million people by not only causing neurological morbidity but also imposing economic hardship on impoverished populations. However, there are wide variations in the prevalence rates in different regions and different socio-economic groups in the same country. It is important to press for the recognition of cysticercosis as one of the major public health problems in Asia that needs to be tackled vigorously by the governments and public health authorities of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedantam Rajshekhar
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore 632 004, India.
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