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Malone CJ, Oksanen A, Mukaratirwa S, Sharma R, Jenkins E. From wildlife to humans: The global distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes in wildlife and wildlife-associated human trichinellosis. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 24:100934. [PMID: 38651034 PMCID: PMC11033181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Zoonotic nematodes of the genus Trichinella are foodborne parasites that have a global distribution in wild carnivores and omnivores, with spillover and spillback into domestic livestock and people, with concomitant trade and health consequences. Historically, most human cases were linked to domestic pigs infected with Trichinella spiralis, but under current high biosecurity swine production in many countries, wildlife have become a more important source of human trichinellosis. The aim of this review is to update the global distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes reported in wildlife, as well as reported human outbreaks from the consumption of wildlife. Using several online databases and by "snowballing" references, hundreds of reports of Trichinella spp. in wildlife published between January 1991 and December 2023 provide an important update to the host and geographic range for each of the recognized 13 species/genotypes, grouped by continent. Surveillance effort was highest in Europe and North America, while Africa, Asia, Oceania, Central and South America have had limited surveillance, in some instances with human cases serving as sentinels of transmission in a region. Dozens of human outbreaks are described, with wild boars (Sus scrofa) being the most frequently implicated wildlife species in human outbreaks globally. Bears are an important source of infection in North America, for wildlife tourism, and importation of bear meat has also been implicated in multicountry outbreaks. The largest study limitation was the dearth of molecular identification of larvae in both wildlife surveillance studies and human outbreaks, particulary in under-studied regions. We highlight the need for enhanced molecular epidemiological approaches to outbreaks of this important foodborne parasite, and emphasize the need for a One Health approach to manage Trichinella spp. which transmit among terrestrial and marine wildlife (including migratory birds), pigs, horses, and people, often across large geographic scales and borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J. Malone
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority, (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, FI-90590, Oulu, Finland
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajnish Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Emily Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Tanariyakul M, Estaris J, Saowapa S. Trichinellosis-Induced Eosinophilic Myocarditis Mimicking Hypereosinophilic Syndrome. Cureus 2024; 16:e58946. [PMID: 38800259 PMCID: PMC11117173 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralisis an uncommon parasitic disease contracted through the consumption of undercooked pork. We report the case of a 59-year-old man with a history of bicuspid aortic valve with recent travel to the Philippines and consumption of raw pork presenting with progressive myalgia and hypereosinophilia (nadir 12,940/uL) in profound cardiogenic shock in the setting of critical aortic stenosis. He underwent emergent balloon valvuloplasty, which was complicated by aortic insufficiency. This necessitated a transcatheter aortic valve replacement. However, despite hemodynamic stabilization, he developed catastrophic eosinophilic myocarditis, complicated by cardiac arrest from ventricular tachycardia. A rectus femoris muscle biopsy confirmed the diagnosis, showing a T. spiralis parasite and significant eosinophilic infiltration. Empiric treatment with albendazole, ivermectin, and methylprednisolone resulted in the significant resolution of symptoms and the liberalization of critical illness. This case highlights the challenges of diagnosing the underlying etiologies of hypereosinophilia and/or eosinophilic myocarditis, underscoring the importance of considering parasitic etiologies, particularly in endemic regions or in patients who have a significant travel history to such areas. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasawee Tanariyakul
- Internal Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, USA
| | - Jonathan Estaris
- Internal Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, USA
| | - Sakditad Saowapa
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
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Liu Y, Dong Z, Pang J, Liu M, Jin X. Prevalence of meat-transmitted Taenia and Trichinella parasites in the Far East countries. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:4145-4151. [PMID: 33768333 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Taenia and Trichinella parasites are globally distributed foodborne zoonotic pathogens transmitted from animal to humans via consumption of raw or undercooked meats. This short review is intended to provide the parasites community a snapshot of the literature on the current and recent prevalence of taeniasis and trichinellosis in humans and animals in the Far East countries. Prevalence rates in these countries are highly diverse due to differences in development, culture, ethnic and religious background, animal forming practices, and eating habits. Taenia and Trichinella remain as important meat-transmitted pathogens in the Far East. A One Health approach is needed to eliminate or continuously reduce the foodborne zoonotic taeniasis and trichinellosis in the Far East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zijian Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jianda Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xuemin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Winter M, Abate SD, Pasqualetti MI, Fariña FA, Ercole ME, Pardini L, Moré G, Venturini MC, Perera N, Corominas MJ, Mancini S, Alonso B, Marcos A, Veneroni R, Castillo M, Birochio DE, Ribicich MM. Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella infections in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from Northeastern Patagonia, Argentina. Prev Vet Med 2019; 168:75-80. [PMID: 31097126 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wild boar (Sus scrofa) was introduced in many countries of the world and is recognized as carrier of many infectious diseases. Wild game meat consumption is recognized as a source of transmission of Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii and Trichinella spp. in free-range wild boars in Northeastern Argentine Patagonia. Between 2014 and 2018, 144 blood samples and 423 muscle samples from 423 carcasses were collected. To detect T. gondii IgG, 144 sera were processed by an immunofluorescent antibody test, and to detect anti-Trichinella IgG, 125 sera and 304 muscle juice samples were processed by ELISA. Detection of first stage larvae in muscle was performed by artificial digestion. A total of 423 wild boars muscle samples were negative to Trichinella spp. by artificial digestion. Antibodies to Trichinella spp. were detected in 2.4% (3/125) of serum samples and in 1.64% (5/304) of meat juice samples. Antibodies to T. gondii infection were detected in 12.5% (18/144) of the serum samples. This is the first study to reveal the presence of antibodies to T. gondii in wild boars from Argentina. The present results suggest that consumption of raw or undercooked wild boar meat could represent a potential source risk for toxoplasmosis in humans and that Trichinella spp. is infrequent and/or that it circulates in low burdens among wild boars in Northeastern Patagonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Winter
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina.
| | - Sergio D Abate
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Mariana I Pasqualetti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Argentina.
| | - Fernando A Fariña
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Argentina.
| | - Mariano E Ercole
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Argentina.
| | - Lais Pardini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina; Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología (LAINPA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Gastón Moré
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina; Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología (LAINPA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina.
| | - María Cecilia Venturini
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología (LAINPA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Nélida Perera
- Unidad Regional de Epidemiología y Salud Ambiental- Laboratorio de Zoonosis, provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - María José Corominas
- Unidad Regional de Epidemiología y Salud Ambiental- Laboratorio de Zoonosis, provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Sergio Mancini
- Unidad Regional de Epidemiología y Salud Ambiental- Laboratorio de Zoonosis, provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Bernardo Alonso
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Argentina.
| | - Andrea Marcos
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Argentina.
| | - Ricardo Veneroni
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Argentina.
| | - Marianela Castillo
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Argentina.
| | - Diego E Birochio
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - M Mabel Ribicich
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Argentina.
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Jeong JT, Seo M, Hong ST, Kim YK. An outbreak of trichinellosis by consumption of raw soft-shelled turtle meat in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 53:219-22. [PMID: 25925182 PMCID: PMC4416374 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis transmission to humans via the consumption of reptile meat is rare worldwide. In Korea, however, 2 such outbreaks, possibly via consumption of soft-shelled turtle meat, have occurred in 2 successive years. In 17 August 2014, 6 patients were admitted to Wonju Severance Christian Hospital complaining of myalgia, fever, and headache. Eosinophilia was the indication of the initial laboratory results, and they were eventually diagnosed as trichinellosis by ELISA. All of the patients worked at the same company and had eaten raw soft-shelled turtle meat at a company dinner 10 days prior to their admission. They were treated with albendazole for 2 weeks, upon which all of their symptoms disappeared. This is the 8th report on human trichinellosis in Korea, and the second implicating raw soft-shelled turtle meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Taek Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 220-701, Korea
| | - Min Seo
- Department of Parasitology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Young Keun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 220-701, Korea
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Lee HJ, Chung OS, Kim JL, Lee SH, Yoo YB, Seo M. Seroprevalence of Trichinella sp. in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 53:233-6. [PMID: 25925185 PMCID: PMC4416366 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A total 7 outbreaks of trichinellosis have occurred in Korea, mostly as a result of consumption of raw wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat. Since only 1 serological survey on wild boars had yet been performed in Korea, the present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of trichinellosis in wild boars and some species of rodents by artificial digestion and serological examinations in Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, the endemic area of trichinellosis. Both the wild boar and rodent muscle samples revealed no Trichinella larvae by direct examination and artificial digestion method. However, serological examinations revealed that 4 wild boar sera samples out of 118 (3.4%) were positive to Trichinella antigen. Although the recovery of Trichinella larvae ended in a failure, it is proved for the first time that the sylvatic cycle of Trichinella has been maintained in wild boars of Gangwon-do, Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jung Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Mummy, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Ok-Sik Chung
- Division of Ecology and Environment, Chungnam Development Institute, Gongju 314-140, Korea
| | - Jae-Lip Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Seung-Ha Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Young-Bok Yoo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Min Seo
- Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Mummy, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
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Bang SH, Park JB, Chee HK, Kim JS, Ko SM, Kim WS, Shin JK. Cardiac parasitic infection in trichinellosis associated with right ventricle outflow tract obstruction. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2014; 47:145-8. [PMID: 24782966 PMCID: PMC4000873 DOI: 10.5090/kjtcs.2014.47.2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a rare case of cardiac parasitic infection found in an adult female patient who had the symptoms of dyspnea upon exertion. She was diagnosed with a double-chambered right ventricle due to infundibular hypertrophy confirmed by transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac computed tomography. We performed surgery of infundibulectomy around the pulmonary valve. In the end, histopathological findings of the resected infundibular muscle demonstrated trichinellosis, a type of roundworm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ho Bang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jae Bum Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Hyun Keun Chee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jun Seok Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Sung Min Ko
- Department of Radiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Wan Seop Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Je Kyoun Shin
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Korea
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Wang L, Cui J, Hu DD, Liu RD, Wang ZQ. Identification of early diagnostic antigens from major excretory-secretory proteins of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae using immunoproteomics. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:40. [PMID: 24450759 PMCID: PMC3905669 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The excretory-secretory (ES) proteins of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) come mainly from the excretory granules of the stichosome and the cuticles (membrane proteins), are directly exposed to the host’s immune system, and are the main target antigens, which induce the immune responses. Although the ES proteins are the most commonly used diagnostic antigens for trichinellosis, their main disadvantage are the false negative results during the early stage of infection. The aim of this study was to identify early specific diagnostic antigens from the main components of T. spiralis muscle larval ES proteins. Methods Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with Western blot were used to screen the early diagnostic antigens from the main components of T. spiralis muscle larval ES proteins. The protein spots recognized by the sera from BALB/c mice infected with T. spiralis at 18 days post-infection (dpi) were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS and putatively annotated using GO terms obtained from the InterPro databases. Results The ES proteins were analyzed by 2-DE, and more than 33 protein spots were detected with molecular weight varying from 40 to 60 kDa and isoelectric point (pI) from 4 to 7. When probed with the sera from infected mice at 18 dpi, 21 protein spots were recognized and then identified, and they were characterized to correlate with five different proteins of T. spiralis, including two serine proteases, one deoxyribonuclease (DNase) II, and two kinds of trypsin. The five proteins were functionally categorized into molecular function and biological process according to GO hierarchy. Conclusions 2-DE and Western blot combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS were used to screen the diagnostic antigens from the main components of T. spiralis muscle larval ES proteins. The five proteins of T. spiralis identified (two serine proteases, DNase II and two kinds of trypsin) might be the early specific diagnostic antigens of trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, P, R, China.
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Lee SR, Yoo SH, Kim HS, Lee SH, Seo M. Trichinosis caused by ingestion of raw soft-shelled turtle meat in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:219-21. [PMID: 23710091 PMCID: PMC3662067 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reptiles, unlike mammals, have been considered to be unsuitable hosts of Trichinella spp., though larvae have been detected in their muscles and human outbreaks related to their consumption have, in fact, occurred. Herein we report 2 Korean cases of trichinosis, possibly transmitted via consumption of reptile meat. Both patients suffered from myalgia, headache, and facial edema. Laboratory examinations revealed leukocytosis with eosinophilia (54% and 39%, respectively) and elevated creatinine phosphokinase. ELISA was performed under the suspicion of trichinosis, showing positivity at the 29th and 60th day post-infection. Since they had consumed raw soft-shelled turtle meat, turtle was strongly suggested to be an infection source of trichinosis in Korea next to the wild boar and badger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Rok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cheongju St. Mary's Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
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Liu LN, Jing FJ, Cui J, Fu GY, Wang ZQ. Detection of circulating antigen in serum of mice infected with Trichinella spiralis by an IgY–IgM mAb sandwich ELISA. Exp Parasitol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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