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Rocha ELB, da Silva LGVP, Barreto INR, Magalhães MDS, Dias LC, Matias de Oliveira RE, Braz JKFDS, de Oliveira MF, de Moura CEB. Gonadal Morphology of Stillborn Hawksbill Sea Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) Hatchlings. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024; 30:169-177. [PMID: 38252589 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate sexual dimorphism in stillborn hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) through gonadal morphological characterizations. Macroscopic, light microscopy, and transmission electron analyses were performed for 30 gonad-mesonephros complexes. Female gonads were spindle-shaped and present a translucent whitish appearance with a grainy texture. Male gonads were approximately ovoid with a smooth opaque white surface. A primary sexual difference concerns different marrow structures, with females presenting organized cellularity featuring oocytes, lacunae, and blood vessels, while males presented a distinct organizational medulla pattern marked by testicular cords extending throughout the gonad length. Ultrastructurally, female's stroma presented interstitial cells and an abundant cytoplasm rich in electrodense droplets and large oval germline cells, with a conspicuous and noncentral nucleus. Males, on the other hand, presented testicular cord cells containing small amounts of heterochromatin and approximately triangular apical and basal cytoplasms with an evident nucleolus characteristic of support cells. Additionally, there were cells with a large spherical nucleus compared with the cell size and a relatively scarce cytoplasm, identified as gonocytes. These findings indicate that macroscopic, microscopic, and ultrastructural evaluations are effective and reliable techniques for the sexual identification of stillborn E. imbricata hatchlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Lucas Bezerra Rocha
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Avenida Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gabriel Verissimo Pinheiro da Silva
- Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 1559, Tirol, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59015-000, Brazil
- Associação de Proteção e Conservação Ambiental Cabo de São Roque (APC Cabo de São Roque), Rua da Praia de Caraúbas, 150, Praia de Caraúbas, Maxaranguape, Rio Grande do Norte 59580-000, Brazil
| | - Isadora Natália Rocha Barreto
- Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 1559, Tirol, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59015-000, Brazil
- Associação de Proteção e Conservação Ambiental Cabo de São Roque (APC Cabo de São Roque), Rua da Praia de Caraúbas, 150, Praia de Caraúbas, Maxaranguape, Rio Grande do Norte 59580-000, Brazil
| | - Marcela Dos Santos Magalhães
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Octávio Jordão Ramos, 1200, Campus Universitário Setor Norte, Coroado, Manaus 69067-005, Brazil
| | - Lucas Castanhola Dias
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Octávio Jordão Ramos, 1200, Campus Universitário Setor Norte, Coroado, Manaus 69067-005, Brazil
| | - Radan Elvis Matias de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Avenida Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Janine Karla França da Silva Braz
- Multicampi School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rua José Evaristo, s/n, Penedo, Caicó, Rio Grande do Norte 59300-000, Brazil
| | - Moacir Franco de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Avenida Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte 59625-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Bezerra de Moura
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Avenida Francisco Mota, 572, Costa e Silva, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte 59625-900, Brazil
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Ferreira‐Airaud B, Vieira S, Branco M, Pina A, Soares V, Tiwari M, Witt M, Castilho R, Teodósio A, Hawkes LA. Green and Hawksbill Sea turtles of Eastern Atlantic: New insights into a globally important rookery in the Gulf of Guinea. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11133. [PMID: 38505183 PMCID: PMC10948591 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Sea turtles are critical components of marine ecosystems, and their conservation is important for Ocean Governance and Global Planet Health. However, there is limited knowledge of their ecology in the Gulf of Guinea. To fill this knowledge gap, this study presents the first integrative assessment of green and hawksbill turtles in the region, combining nesting surveys over 9 years and telemetry data, to offer insights into these population dynamics, and behaviours, including nesting preferences, morphological and reproductive parameters, diving patterns and inter-nesting core-use areas. Both green and hawksbill turtles are likely making a recovery on São Tomé, potentially driven by sustained conservation efforts. There are preliminary indications of recovery, but we interpret this cautiously. Coupled with satellite tracking, this study estimated that 482 to 736 green turtles and 135 to 217 hawksbills nest on the beaches of São Tomé. Their movements overlap significantly with a proposed Marine Protected Area (MPA), which suggests they may be well placed for conservation if managed appropriately. However, the presence of artisanal fisheries and emerging threats, such as sand mining and unregulated tourism, highlight the urgent need for robust management strategies that align global conservation objectives with local socioeconomic realities. This study significantly enhances our understanding of the ecology and conservation needs of the green and hawksbill turtles in the Gulf of Guinea. The insights gleaned here can contribute to the development of tailored conservation strategies that benefit these populations and the ecosystem services upon which they depend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betânia Ferreira‐Airaud
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR)Universidade do AlgarveFaroPortugal
- Hatherly LaboratoriesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- Programa TatôSão ToméSão Tomé and Príncipe
| | - Sara Vieira
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR)Universidade do AlgarveFaroPortugal
- Programa TatôSão ToméSão Tomé and Príncipe
| | | | | | | | - Manjula Tiwari
- Ocean Ecology NetworkResearch Affiliate of NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Matthew Witt
- Hatherly LaboratoriesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Rita Castilho
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR)Universidade do AlgarveFaroPortugal
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Leitão ATTS, Alves MDDO, dos Santos JCP, Bezerra B. Instagram as a data source for sea turtle surveys in shipwrecks in Brazil. Anim Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. T. T. S. Leitão
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biologia Animal, Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamento e Conservação, Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - M. D. de O Alves
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Faculdade Frassinetti do Recife – FAFIRE Recife Brazil
| | - J. C. P. dos Santos
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco UFRPE / Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada – UAST Serra Talhada Brazil
| | - B. Bezerra
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biologia Animal, Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamento e Conservação, Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
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Simões TN, Santos EMD, Santos AS, Gaiotto FA, Costa MA, Assis ETCDM, Neves VCDS, Magalhães WMDS, Mascarenhas R, Bonfim WAG, Neves JN, Solé M. Low Diversity and Strong Genetic Structure Between Feeding and Nesting Areas in Brazil for the Critically Endangered Hawksbill Sea Turtle. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.704838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine turtle nesting areas are characterized by receiving several females every year. The species Eretmochelys imbricata, known as hawksbill turtle is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN, and has been the target of studies on genetic structure and population diversity in nesting areas. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity and haplotype composition of populations sampled in nesting areas from the coast of northeastern Brazil based on the mtDNA D-loop region. We used genetic information and compared it with data from feeding areas available in public databases. We recorded a total of six exclusive haplotypes in the nesting areas and 27 exclusive haplotypes for the feeding areas. The H_1 haplotype was shared in all nesting areas. The turtles of these regions had a low diversity and a genetic structure composed of five divergent groups separating the reproductive areas from the ones of feeding areas. Positive and significant geographical distance relationships were also recorded with FST values (r = 0.2302, p = 0.007). Our results revealed that hawksbill turtles from reproductive areas comprise a single population that needs management strategies to protect the threatened species, in addition to providing information that contributes to future actions for the species conservation.
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Bomfim ADC, Farias DSDD, Silva FJDL, Rossi S, Gavilan SA, Santana VGDS, Pontes CS. Long-term monitoring of marine turtle nests in northeastern Brazil. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2020-1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: This study monitored marine turtle nests in a region known as the Potiguar Basin, which stretches from the northern region of Rio Grande do Norte State (5°4’1.15” S, 36°4’36.41” W) to eastern Ceará State (4°38’48.28” S, 37°32’52.08” W) in Brazil. We collected data from January 2011 to December 2019 to identify species of sea turtles that spawn in the basin, to analyze the nesting spatial-temporal pattern and nests characteristics, and to record effects of environmental and anthropic factors on nests. A field team examined sea turtle tracks and nests signs. Turtle clutches were monitored daily until hatchings emerged from the nests. We monitored nests of hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata; n = 238) and olive Ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea; n = 103). The nesting season for E. imbricata occurred between December and May and for L. olivacea from March to August. Hawksbills had clutch size, incubation time, number of unhatched eggs, and dead hatchlings higher than olive Ridley turtles; nevertheless, they presented lower hatching success. Precipitation between 0 and 22 mm and relative humidity (RH) higher than 69% increased the hatching success rate for E. imbricata; however, rainfall above 11 mm and RH 64% had the same effect for L. olivacea. Signs of egg theft and human presence (e.g. vehicle traffic and plastic residues on the beach) were recorded and are considered threats to nests. The results of our long-term monitoring study in the Potiguar Basin provide basis for the implementation of mitigation measures and adoption of management policies at nesting beaches in this Brazilian region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline da Costa Bomfim
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil; Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil; Centro de Estudos e Monitoramento Ambiental, Brasil
| | - Daniel Solon Dias de Farias
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil; Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil; Centro de Estudos e Monitoramento Ambiental, Brasil
| | - Flávio José de Lima Silva
- Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil; Centro de Estudos e Monitoramento Ambiental, Brasil; Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil
| | | | - Simone Almeida Gavilan
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil; Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil; Centro de Estudos e Monitoramento Ambiental, Brasil
| | | | - Cibele Soares Pontes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil
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Later Nesting by Hawksbill Turtle following Sea Surface Warming. J HERPETOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1670/19-062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Monteiro CC, Carmo HM, Santos AJ, Corso G, Sousa-Lima RS. First Record of Bioacoustic Emission in Embryos and Hatchlings of Hawksbill Sea Turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata). CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-1382.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cibele C. Monteiro
- Centro de Biociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, UFRN Campus Universitário, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-972 Brazil [; ]
| | - Hayane M.A. Carmo
- Centro de Biociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, UFRN Campus Universitário, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-972 Brazil [; ]
| | - Armando J.B. Santos
- Fundação Pró-TAMAR, Caixa Postal 3348, Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte 59082-971 Brazil []
| | - Gilberto Corso
- Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, UFRN Campus Universitário, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-972 Brazil []
| | - Renata S. Sousa-Lima
- Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Comportamento, UFRN Campus Universitário, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-972 Brazil, Laboratório de Bioacústica []
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Santos AJ, Bellini C, Bortolon LF, Outerbridge B, Browne DC, Santos A, Meylan A, Meylan P, Silva BM, Wanderlinde J, Lima EH, Baptistotte C, Marcovaldi MA. Long-Range Movements and Growth Rates of Brazilian Hawksbill Turtles: Insights from a Flipper-Tagging Program. CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-1343.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Bellini
- Centro Nacional de Proteção e Pesquisa das Tartarugas Marinhas (Projeto TAMAR), Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Parnamirim, Brazil []
| | | | - Barb Outerbridge
- Bermuda Aquarium Museum and Zoo, 40 North Shore Road, Flatts FL 04, Bermuda []
| | - Darren C. Browne
- Barbados Sea Turtle Project, Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, St. Michael, Barbados []
| | | | - Anne Meylan
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 100 8th Avenue S.E., St. Petersburg, Florida 33701 USA []
| | - Peter Meylan
- Natural Sciences, Eckerd College, 4200 54th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida 33711 USA []
| | | | | | | | - Cecilia Baptistotte
- Centro Nacional de Proteção e Pesquisa das Tartarugas Marinhas (Projeto TAMAR), Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Vitória, Brazil []
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Montero N, dei Marcovaldi MAG, Lopez–Mendilaharsu M, Santos AS, Santos AJB, Fuentes MMPB. Warmer and wetter conditions will reduce offspring production of hawksbill turtles in Brazil under climate change. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204188. [PMID: 30408043 PMCID: PMC6224045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is expected to impact animals that are heavily reliant on environmental factors, such as sea turtles, since the incubation of their eggs, hatching success and sex ratio are influenced by the environment in which eggs incubate. As climate change progresses it is therefore important to understand how climatic conditions influence their reproductive output and the ramifications to population stability. Here, we examined the influences of five climatic variables (air temperature, accumulated and average precipitation, humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed) at different temporal scales on hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) hatchling production at ten nesting beaches within two regions of Brazil (five nesting beaches in Rio Grande do Norte and five in Bahia). Air temperature and accumulated precipitation were the main climatic drivers of hawksbill hatching success (number of eggs hatched within a nest) across Brazil and in Rio Grande do Norte, while air temperature and average precipitation were the main climatic drivers of hatching success at Bahia. Solar radiation was the main climatic driver of emergence success (number of hatchlings that emerged from total hatched eggs within a nest) at both regions. Warmer temperatures and higher solar radiation had negative effects on hatchling production, while wetter conditions had a positive effect. Conservative and extreme climate scenarios show air temperatures are projected to increase at this site, while precipitation projections vary between scenarios and regions throughout the 21st century. We predicted hatching success of undisturbed nests (no recorded depredation or storm-related impacts) will decrease in Brazil by 2100 as a result of how this population is influenced by local climate. This study shows the determining effects of different climate variables and their combinations on an important and critically endangered marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Montero
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Mariana M. P. B. Fuentes
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
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Santos AJB, Neto JXL, Vieira DHG, Neto LD, Bellini C, De Souza Albuquerque N, Corso G, Soares BL. Individual Nest Site Selection in Hawksbill Turtles Within and Between Nesting Seasons. CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-1136.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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dei Marcovaldi MA, Santos AJ, Santos AS, Soares LS, Lopez GG, Godfrey MH, López-Mendilaharsu M, Fuentes MM. Spatio-temporal variation in the incubation duration and sex ratio of hawksbill hatchlings: Implication for future management. J Therm Biol 2014; 44:70-7. [PMID: 25086976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Proietti MC, Reisser J, Marins LF, Rodriguez-Zarate C, Marcovaldi MA, Monteiro DS, Pattiaratchi C, Secchi ER. Genetic structure and natal origins of immature hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in Brazilian waters. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88746. [PMID: 24558419 PMCID: PMC3928279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the connections between sea turtle populations is fundamental for their effective conservation. Brazil hosts important hawksbill feeding areas, but few studies have focused on how they connect with nesting populations in the Atlantic. Here, we (1) characterized mitochondrial DNA control region haplotypes of immature hawksbills feeding along the coast of Brazil (five areas ranging from equatorial to temperate latitudes, 157 skin samples), (2) analyzed genetic structure among Atlantic hawksbill feeding populations, and (3) inferred natal origins of hawksbills in Brazilian waters using genetic, oceanographic, and population size information. We report ten haplotypes for the sampled Brazilian sites, most of which were previously observed at other Atlantic feeding grounds and rookeries. Genetic profiles of Brazilian feeding areas were significantly different from those in other regions (Caribbean and Africa), and a significant structure was observed between Brazilian feeding grounds grouped into areas influenced by the South Equatorial/North Brazil Current and those influenced by the Brazil Current. Our genetic analysis estimates that the studied Brazilian feeding aggregations are mostly composed of animals originating from the domestic rookeries Bahia and Pipa, but some contributions from African and Caribbean rookeries were also observed. Oceanographic data corroborated the local origins, but showed higher connection with West Africa and none with the Caribbean. High correlation was observed between origins estimated through genetics/rookery size and oceanographic/rookery size data, demonstrating that ocean currents and population sizes influence haplotype distribution of Brazil's hawksbill populations. The information presented here highlights the importance of national conservation strategies and international cooperation for the recovery of endangered hawksbill turtle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira C. Proietti
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Julia Reisser
- Oceans Institute and School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wealth from Oceans Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Floreat, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Luis Fernando Marins
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Clara Rodriguez-Zarate
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Danielle S. Monteiro
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Núcleo de Educação e Monitoramento Ambiental, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Charitha Pattiaratchi
- Oceans Institute and School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eduardo R. Secchi
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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