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Bundur A, Riaz R, Elibol FKE, Demir T, Polo J, Crenshaw J, Zentek J, Sizmaz O. Effects of spray-dried plasma on performance, carcass parameters, tibia quality and Newcastle disease vaccine efficacy in broiler chicken fed corn-soy diets with two varying levels of digestible amino acids and AMEn density. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0309263. [PMID: 39325841 PMCID: PMC11426439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of spray dried plasma (SDP) on growth performance, carcass traits, tibia quality, and hemagglutination inhibition titers in broilers fed two nutritional strategies with high or low nutrient density. In the study, 816 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were divided into a 2 × 2 factorial arrangements consisting of four treatment groups with 12 replicates (17 birds/replicate) based on diets with high nutrient density (HND) or low nutrient density (LND) from d 0 to 42 and receiving either control or 1% SDP diets during d 0 to 10. The results showed that feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) were increased (P < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly reduced (P = 0.003) for broilers fed HND diets from d 0 to 42. The inclusion of SDP increased the BWG (P < 0.001), FI (P < 0.001), and FCR (P < 0.05) during d 0 to 10 of broiler life but not effect of SDP was observed for the whole 0-42 d period. Carcass yield increased with HND (P < 0.001) and dietary SDP (P = 0.002). However, HND feeding significantly decreased liver (P < 0.001), bursa of Fabricius (P = 0.002), abdominal fat (P < 0.001), proventriculus (P < 0.001) and gizzard weight (P < 0.001), but increased heart weight (P = 0.013), although spleen weight remained unaffected (P > 0.05) on d 42. Tibial bone morphometric and mechanical properties improved (P < 0.05) with SDP supplementation, and bone ash, Ca, and P remained unaffected (P > 0.05) on d 14. With the exception at d 28 (P = 0.037), the antibody titer to ND virus was similar among all treatment groups (P > 0.05) at d 0, 14, and 42. In conclusion, HND diets improve performance of broilers during the whole period and SDP supplementation during starter phase improve performance at this period, but also increased carcass yield, and tibial quality. Therefore, inclusion of SDP in the starter diet could be a beneficial nutritional strategy to improve the health and production of broilers provided feeding strategies using various nutrient densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atakan Bundur
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Roshan Riaz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma K E Elibol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Teyfik Demir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Javier Polo
- APC Europe, S.L.U. Granollers, Granollers, Spain
| | - Joe Crenshaw
- APC Europe, S.L.U. Granollers, Granollers, Spain
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ozge Sizmaz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Yu Y, Ai C, Luo C, Yuan J. Effect of Dietary Crude Protein and Apparent Metabolizable Energy Levels on Growth Performance, Nitrogen Utilization, Serum Parameter, Protein Synthesis, and Amino Acid Metabolism of 1- to 10-Day-Old Male Broilers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7431. [PMID: 39000537 PMCID: PMC11242162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This research compared how different levels of dietary crude protein (CP) and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) affect the growth performance, nitrogen utilization, serum parameters, protein synthesis, and amino acid (AA) metabolism in broilers aged 1 to 10 days. In a 4 × 3 factorial experimental design, the broilers were fed four levels of dietary CP (20%, 21%, 22%, and 23%) and three levels of dietary AME (2800 kcal/kg, 2900 kcal/kg, and 3000 kcal/kg). A total of 936 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allocated to 12 treatments with 6 replications each. Growth performance, nitrogen utilization, serum parameter, gene expression of protein synthesis, and AA metabolism were evaluated at 10 d. The results revealed no interaction between dietary CP and AME levels on growth performance (p > 0.05). However, 22% and 23% CP enhanced body weight gain (BWG), the feed conversion ratio (FCR), total CP intake, and body protein deposition but had a detrimental effect on the protein efficiency ratio (PER) compared to 20% or 21% CP (p < 0.05). Broilers fed diets with 2800 kcal/kg AME showed increased feed intake (FI) and inferior PER (p < 0.05). Broilers fed diets with 3000 kcal/kg AME showed decreased muscle mRNA expression of mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) and Atrogin-1 compared to those fed diets with 2800 kcal/kg and 2900 kcal/kg AME (p < 0.05). Increasing dietary CP level from 20% to 23% decreased muscle mTOR and increased S6K1 mRNA expression, respectively (p < 0.05). The muscle mRNA expression of Atrogin-1 was highest for broilers fed 23% CP diets (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) and Liver alanine aminotransferase of the 22% and 23% CP groups were higher than those of 20% CP (p < 0.05). Significant interactions between dietary CP and AME levels were observed for muscle AMPK and liver lysine-ketoglutarate reductase (LKR) and branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) mRNA expression (p < 0.05). Dietary AME level had no effect on muscle AMPK mRNA expression for broilers fed 21% and 22% CP diets (p > 0.05), whereas increasing dietary AME levels decreased AMPK mRNA expression for broilers fed 23% CP diets (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression of LKR and BCKDH was highest for broilers fed the diet with 2800 kcal/kg AME and 22% CP, while it was lowest for broilers fed the diet with 3000 kcal/kg AME and 20% CP. The findings suggest that inadequate energy density hindered AA utilization for protein synthesis, leading to increased AA catabolism for broilers aged 1 to 10 days, and a dietary CP level of 22% and an AME level of 2900 to 3000 kcal/kg may be recommended based on performance and dietary protein utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jianmin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Y.); (C.A.); (C.L.)
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Dennehy D, Brown A, Coto C, Mejia L, Wamsley K. Determining the digestible lysine requirement of Cobb MV × Cobb 500 FF broilers from 28-41 days of age and the effect of feeding varying digestible lysine levels on performance, processing, and economics. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Effect of soybean meal substitution with raw chickpea ( Cicer arietinum l.) Seeds on growth performance, selected carcass traits, blood parameters, and bone quality in male broilers. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The study determined the effect of introducing 50% of protein from the protein feed pool derived from raw chickpea seeds instead of 50% of soybean meal in the rearing period from day 22 to 42 on the coefficients of nutrient digestibility, growth performance, selected carcass traits, the hematological and metabolic profile of blood, and the quality of femur bones in male Ross 308 broilers. The study was carried out on 200 22-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks (initial weight of 756 g) randomly assigned to two groups (n=100 in each group; 5 cages with 20 birds each). All birds were reared for 42 days. They were fed isonitrogenous and isoenergetic pre-experimental starter diet (day 1 to 21) in the crumble form and experimental grower-finisher diets (day 22 to 42) in the pelleted form. From rearing day 22, SBM male broilers (grower/finisher) were fed diets with 100% SBM as a protein source. In the diet for the CPR group (grower and finisher), the SBM protein was replaced with 50% of CPR-derived protein. During the grower and finisher stage and between days 22 and 42, the CPR group exhibited significant (P=0.032) reductions in feed intake (FI), higher (P=0.043) slaughter yields, high (P=0.044) % share of breast muscles, and reduced (P=0.003) abdominal fat content. The addition of CPR influenced some blood parameters. The level of total protein, urea, and Mg decreased, whereas the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate transaminase (ALT) increased. In the CPR group, an increase in the physical, morphometric, and some strength parameters of the femur (maximum elastic strength – Wy, yielding deformation – dy, bone density index – BDI, and Young’s modulus) was observed. Therefore, CPR may be a promising partial substitute of SBM in broiler nutrition, as it enhances production performance and has a beneficial effect on bone quality.
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Effect of Raw Chickpea in the Broiler Chicken Diet on Intestinal Histomorphology and Intestinal Microbial Populations. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141767. [PMID: 35883313 PMCID: PMC9311778 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of partial replacement of SBM protein with CPR-derived protein in the broiler rearing period from 22 to 42 days of age on the intestinal histomorphology and the composition of the intestinal microbial population. Male broiler chicks aged 1 day were assigned to two groups with different nutrition schemes (n = 100 in each, 5 cages of 20 chicks in each). The chickens were reared for 42 days. All birds were fed isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets: starter (1 to 21 d), grower (22 to 35 d), and finisher (36 to 42 d). From rearing day 22, different diets were provided to the birds: the SBM group received feed with 100% soybean meal protein, and the diet of the CPR group the protein originated from soybean meal was replaced by 50% chickpea protein. The study results indicated a significant impact of the inclusion of CPR in the diet on the basic intestinal structures (thickness of myenteron: submucosa, jejunum and duodenum mucosa, and jejunum transversal lamina). The addition of CPR led to shortening of intestinal villi, an increase in villus thickness, and reduced intestine absorptive surface in the duodenum and jejunum. The CPR group exhibited a significantly lower villus length-to-crypt depth ratio in the jejunum (p < 0.001). The inclusion of chickpeas in the diet increased the total count of mesophilic bacteria and coliforms in the intestinal contents (p < 0.05). In summary, it has been demonstrated that the inclusion of CPR in the diet induced considerable disturbances in metabolism and intestinal structure. Although CPR is a cheap protein source, its use in poultry diet does not ensure development of the intestinal structure comparable to that in the case of an SBM-only diet.
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Alhotan RA, Al-Sagan AA, Al-Abdullatif AA, Hussein EOS, Saadeldin IM, Azzam MM, Swelum AA. Interactive effects of dietary amino acid density and environmental temperature on growth performance and expression of selected amino acid transporters, water channels, and stress-related transcripts. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101333. [PMID: 34274571 PMCID: PMC8318993 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to heat stress (HS) is one of the challenges facing the broiler industry worldwide. Various nutritional strategies have been suggested, such as altering dietary concentrations of some nutrients. Thus, we evaluated feeding different amino acid (AA) densities on live performance, Pectoralis (P.) muscles, and expression of selected AA transporters, water channels, and stress-related transcripts in a fast-growing broiler strain. Ross 308 chicks (n = 576) were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments (24 reps, 6 chicks per rep), differing in AA density (110, 100, 90, and 80% of a breeder's AA specifications). During 24 to 36 days of age, half of the birds were kept at a thermoneutral (TN) temperature of 20°C, whereas the other half were subjected to HS at 32° C for 8 h daily, making the treatment design a 4 × 2. The results revealed no interaction between housing temperature and AA density on growth performance or P. muscles weights. Feeding 80% AAs depressed BWG, FCR, and P. muscles at 36 d (P < 0.001). There was an interaction (P < 0.001) between AA density and temperature on the expression of all examined genes. Reducing the AA density beyond 100% upregulated the expression of AA transporter (CAT1, B0AT, b0,+AT, SNAT1, LAT1), HSP70, HSP90, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and AQP3 in the TN birds’ jejunum. Whereas in the HS birds, inconsistent expressions were observed in the jejunum, of which CAT1, B0AT, and LAT1 were markedly downregulated as AA density was reduced. In P. major of TN birds, reducing AA density resulted in upregulating the expression of all AA transporters, HSP70, GR, and AQP1, while downregulating HSP90 and AQP9. In contrast, AA reduction markedly downregulated CAT1, B0AT, and LAT1 in the P. major of HS birds. These findings indicate that the dietary AA level alters the expression of various genes involved in AA uptake, protein folding, and water transport. The magnitude of alteration is also dependent on the housing temperature. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of adequate AA nutrition for fast-growing chickens under HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, King Saud University, King Abdullah Road, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - A A Al-Sagan
- King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A Al-Abdullatif
- Department of Animal Production, King Saud University, King Abdullah Road, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - E O S Hussein
- Department of Animal Production, King Saud University, King Abdullah Road, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - I M Saadeldin
- Department of Animal Production, King Saud University, King Abdullah Road, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - M M Azzam
- Department of Animal Production, King Saud University, King Abdullah Road, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - A A Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, King Saud University, King Abdullah Road, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Impact of varying starter amino acid density and energy on 42 d male Cobb MV × Cobb 500 broiler performance and processing. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Hirai R, Mejia L, Coto C, Caldas J, McDaniel C, Wamsley K. Impact of feeding varying grower digestible lysine and energy levels to female Cobb MV × Cobb 500 broilers from 14 to 28 D on 42 D growth performance, processing, and economic return. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Johnson C, Duong T, Latham R, Shirley R, Lee J. Increasing amino acid density improves growth performance and processing yield in Cobb 700 × MV broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Johnson C, Duong T, Latham R, Shirley R, Lee J. Effects of amino acid and energy density on growth performance and processing yield of mixed-sex Cobb 700 × MV broiler chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Maynard C, Latham R, Brister R, Owens C, Rochell S. Effects of Dietary Amino Acid Regimens on Live Performance and Processing Characteristics of Cobb MV × 700 Male and Female Broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Hirai R, Mejia L, Coto C, Caldas J, McDaniel C, Wamsley K. Evaluating the Response of Cobb MV × Cobb 500 Broilers to Varying Amino Acid Density Regimens for a Small Bird Program. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Hussain M, Mahmud A, Hussain J, Qaisrani SN. Effect of Dietary Lysine Regimens on Growth Performance and Meat Composition in Aseel Chicken. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2017-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Hussain
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A Mahmud
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - J Hussain
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - SN Qaisrani
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
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Kriseldi R, Tillman P, Jiang Z, Dozier W. Effects of glycine and glutamine supplementation to reduced crude protein diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics of male broilers during a 41-day production period. J APPL POULTRY RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfx030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Nabizadeh A, Golian A, Hassanabadi A, Zerehdaran S. Effects of Nutrient Density and exogenous enzymesin Starter Diet on Performance, Intestinal Microflora, Gut Morphology and Immune Response of Broiler Chickens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2017-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A Golian
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
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Zhai W, Peebles E, Schilling M, Mercier Y. Effects of dietary lysine and methionine supplementation on Ross 708 male broilers from 21 to 42 d of age (I): growth performance, meat yield, and cost effectiveness. J APPL POULTRY RES 2016. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Wang X, Peebles E, Morgan T, Harkess R, Zhai W. Protein source and nutrient density in the diets of male broilers from 8 to 21 d of age: Effects on small intestine morphology. Poult Sci 2015; 94:61-7. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Protein Source and Nutrient Density in the Diets of Male Broilers from 8 to 21 Days of Age: Effects on Tibia Dimension, Breaking Strength, and Mineral Density. J Poult Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0140152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Zhai W, Peebles E, Mejia L, Zumwalt C, Corzo A. Effects of dietary amino acid density and metabolizable energy level on the growth and meat yield of summer-reared broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2014-00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Wang X, Peebles ED, Zhai W. Effects of protein source and nutrient density in the diets of male broilers from 8 to 21 days of age on their subsequent growth, blood constituents, and carcass compositions. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1463-74. [PMID: 24879696 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of protein source and amino acid (AA) and AME levels in the diets of male broilers from 8 to 21 d of age on subsequent growth and blood and carcass traits were investigated in the current study. Fourteen Ross × Ross 708 male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to each of 80 floor pens arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each diet contained 1 of 2 dietary protein sources (high inclusion of distillers dried grains with solubles or high inclusion of meat and bone meal), 1 of 2 AA densities (moderate or 10% higher), and 1 of 2 AME densities (2,998 or 3,100 kcal/kg). Experimental diets were fed from 8 to 21 d of age, and common diets from 1 to 7 and 21 to 55 d of age. The higher AME density in high inclusion of meat and bone meal diets increased serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels on d 20. The dietary inclusion of high inclusion of distillers dried grains with solubles or lower levels of AA increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol on d 20. Feeding the high-AA-density diet decreased feed intake without affecting BW gain, which resulted in a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR). A high-AME-density diet lowered feed intake but increased BW gain, which resulted in a lower FCR from 8 to 21 d of age. Feed intake, BW gain, FCR from 21 to 54 d of age, and carcass weight on 42 and 55 d of age were not affected by treatments from 8 to 21 d of age. However, early dietary manipulation from 8 to 21 d of age affected fat and meat yield at 42 and 55 d of age. Moreover, a high-AME diet decreased feed cost per carcass weight gain from 8 to 55 d of age. In conclusion, high AA or AME densities during the grower phase, from d 8 to 21 of age, may improve growth during the grower feeding phase, but may also affect meat yield during the latter grow-out phases. Furthermore, high-AME diets from 8 to 21 d of age may save on feed costs for meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762
| | - E D Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762
| | - W Zhai
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762
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