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Abdelaziz K, Helmy YA, Yitbarek A, Hodgins DC, Sharafeldin TA, Selim MSH. Advances in Poultry Vaccines: Leveraging Biotechnology for Improving Vaccine Development, Stability, and Delivery. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:134. [PMID: 38400118 PMCID: PMC10893217 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapidly increasing demand for poultry products and the current challenges facing the poultry industry, the application of biotechnology to enhance poultry production has gained growing significance. Biotechnology encompasses all forms of technology that can be harnessed to improve poultry health and production efficiency. Notably, biotechnology-based approaches have fueled rapid advances in biological research, including (a) genetic manipulation in poultry breeding to improve the growth and egg production traits and disease resistance, (b) rapid identification of infectious agents using DNA-based approaches, (c) inclusion of natural and synthetic feed additives to poultry diets to enhance their nutritional value and maximize feed utilization by birds, and (d) production of biological products such as vaccines and various types of immunostimulants to increase the defensive activity of the immune system against pathogenic infection. Indeed, managing both existing and newly emerging infectious diseases presents a challenge for poultry production. However, recent strides in vaccine technology are demonstrating significant promise for disease prevention and control. This review focuses on the evolving applications of biotechnology aimed at enhancing vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, stability, and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abdelaziz
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University Poole Agricultural Center, Jersey Ln #129, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Clemson University School of Health Research (CUSHR), Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - Alexander Yitbarek
- Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 531 S College Ave, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Douglas C. Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Tamer A. Sharafeldin
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Science, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (T.A.S.); (M.S.H.S.)
| | - Mohamed S. H. Selim
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Science, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (T.A.S.); (M.S.H.S.)
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Fatemi SA, Lindsey LL, Evans JD, Elliott KEC, Leigh SA, Robinson KJ, Mousstaaid A, Gerard PD, Peebles ED. Effects of the in ovo injection of an Escherichia coli vaccine on the hatchability and quality characteristics of commercial layer hatchlings. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103057. [PMID: 37690369 PMCID: PMC10507230 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the commercial egg industry, avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) can lead to significant economic loss. The Poulvac E. coli vaccine (PECV) is a commercially available attenuated live vaccine commonly applied via spray or drinking water to protect against losses associated with colibacillosis. The PECV has not been tested in layer hatching eggs using in ovo injection. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of injecting 50 μL of different doses of the PECV into Hy-Line W-36-layer hatching eggs on the hatchability and quality characteristics of hatchlings. At 18 d of incubation (DOI), treatments included 1 noninjected and 1 diluent-injected control. Furthermore, PECV treatments included a full dose (4.4 × 108E. coli CFU) or serial dilutions of the full dose to produce 4.4 × 106, 4.4 × 104, or 4.4 × 102 CFU doses of E. coli. In ovo injections targeted the amnion. Percent hatchability of live embryonated eggs (HI), percent residue eggs, hatchling mortality, and female chick whole and yolk-free BW, relative yolk sac weight, and body length were among the variables examined. Treatment significantly (P < 0.0001) affected HI, with HI being highest in the control groups (97.3% in the noninjected and 94.2% in the diluent-injected), and with HI values being 89.0, 88.9, 84.4, and 71.2% in the 4.4 × 102, 4.4 × 104, 4.4 × 106, and 4.4 × 108 CFU E. coli dose treatments, respectively. The percentage of live embryos that did not complete hatch but that pipped internally (P = 0.024) or externally (P < 0.0001) were significantly affected by treatment, with percentages being highest in the 4.4 × 108 CFU treatment. Female chick body length was significantly (P < 0.0001) affected by treatment and was longer in both control groups and in the 1 × 102 CFU E. coli treatment in comparison to all other treatments. Yolk-free female chick BW was significantly (P = 0.034) affected by treatment and was lower in the 4.4 × 106 CFU and 4.4 × 108 CFU treatments when compared to the diluent-injected control group. An increase in the E. coli concentration administered in the amnion of embryonated layer hatching eggs at 18 DOI decreased hatch success and female chick yolk-free BW and body length.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Fatemi
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - L L Lindsey
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - J D Evans
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - K E C Elliott
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - S A Leigh
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - K J Robinson
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - A Mousstaaid
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - P D Gerard
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - E D Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Alqhtani AH, Fatemi SA, Elliott KEC, Branton SL, Evans JD, Peebles ED. Effects of the In ovo Administration of the 6/85 Mycoplasma gallisepticum Vaccine on Layer Chicken Embryo Hatchability and Early Posthatch Performance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071228. [PMID: 37048484 PMCID: PMC10093367 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In ovo administration as a possible alternative method of 6/85 MG vaccination was assessed. After 18 days of incubation (doi), the eggs were administered a particular dosage of a live attenuated 6/85 MG vaccine in either the air cell (AC) or amnion (AM). The treatments included non-injected eggs and eggs injected into the AC or AM with diluent alone as controls. Treatments also included eggs injected with diluent, which contained 1.73 × 102, or 1.73 × 104 CFU of 6/85 MG. Hatchability of viable injected eggs (HI) and residual embryonic mortality were determined at 22 doi. At hatch and at three weeks posthatch, one hatched chick per treatment replicate was bled and swabbed for the detection of 6/85 MG in the choanal cleft using PCR, serum plate agglutination (SPA), and ELISA methods. The results show that AC in ovo injection of 6/85 MG had no negative impacts on HI or on the live performance of pullets, but that it failed to provide adequate protection (p ≤ 0.0001) in hatchlings or three-week-old pullets. The 1.73 × 104 6/85 MG CFU dosage injected into the AM decreased the hatchability of injected eggs containing viable embryos (HI; p = 0.009) and was associated with a significant increase in late dead mortality (p = 0.001). Hatchling and three-week-old chick mortalities (p = 0.008) were significantly greater in the 1.73 × 104 CFU-AM treatment group in comparison with the other treatment groups. In addition, the 1.73 and 1.73 × 102 6/85 MG-AM treatments had no negative effects on the hatching process or on posthatch growth, and the 1.73 × 102 6/85 MG-AM treatment was more effective in the protection of pullets against MG (p ≤ 0.0001) as compared with the low dosage and non-injected treatment groups. Further research is needed to examine the influence of the 6/85 MG in ovo vaccine on layer immune competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmohsen H. Alqhtani
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Katie Elaine Collins Elliott
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Edgar David Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
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Effects of the In Ovo Vaccination of the ts-11 Strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Layer Embryos and Posthatch Chicks. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091120. [PMID: 35565547 PMCID: PMC9105791 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is responsible for reductions in egg production and other economic losses in the poultry industry. In this study, the potential application of in ovo vaccination of the ts-11of MG vaccine (ts-11MGV) in layer embryos for the subsequent early protection as well as live performance of pullets were investigated. The use of various dosages of live attenuated ts-11MGV ranging from 3.63 × 101 to 3.63 × 104 cfu that were delivered in ovo at 18 days of incubation were evaluated. The results of current study revealed that the in ovo injection of various dosage of ts-11MGV had no negative impacts on any hatch variables. Additionally, the higher dosage of ts-11MGV (3.63 × 104) resulted in a reduction in body weight gain in three-week-old pullets in comparison to all other treatments. Furthermore, MG DNA remained undetectable for hatchling and three-week-old pullets and no serological response was observed at 3 weeks posthatch. Total flock protection from field-strain MG infections is facilitated by the prior systemic establishment of vaccine strains in pullets. Therefore, it is concluded that the ts-11MGV may not be an appropriate candidate for in ovo injection due to the lack of its presence in hatchlings and posthatch chicks subsequent to its in ovo administration. Abstract The transmission of the ts-11 strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccine (ts-11MGV) between incubated eggs and between hatchlings that was administrated via in ovo injection, and its subsequent effects on their posthatch performance were evaluated. Marek’s disease diluent alone (sham-injected) or containing either 3.63 × 101, 102, 103, or 104 cfu of ts-11MGV was manually in ovo-injected into the amnion on 18 days of incubation. Egg residue analysis, percentage incubational egg weight loss, hatchability of viable injected eggs, and hatchling body weight (BW) were assessed. Selected hatchlings from each treatment replicate group were swabbed in the choanal cleft for MG DNA detection. Female chick live performance was also assessed through 21 days of posthatch age. Unexposed control sentinel chicks were allocated to each treatment replicate group to assess horizontal transmission. Birds were later swabbed and bled respectively, for detection of MG DNA and IgM production at 21 days posthatch. In all birds, no MG DNA was detected and SPA tests for IgM were negative. Among all variables, only 0 to 21 day BW gain was significantly affected by treatment and was lower in the 3.63 × 104 ts-11 MGV treatment in comparison to all the other treatments. Because ts-11MGV does not exhibit vertical or horizontal transmission capabilities under commercial conditions, it may not be a good candidate for in ovo injection.
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Elliott KEC, Branton SL, Evans JD, Magee CL, Peebles ED. Onset of the humoral immune response of layer chicks vaccinated in ovo with strain F Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine and evidence of male-biased mortality,,. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101761. [PMID: 35240357 PMCID: PMC8892007 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous trials in which layers were in ovo-vaccinated against strain F Mycoplasma gallisepticum (FMG) showed that nearly 50% of the birds produced IgM antibody against FMG at 6 wk of age (WOA). Standard FMG vaccination application at 9 or 10 woa, result in this percentage at approximately 15 woa. This study investigated when FMG in ovo-vaccinated birds initiate a humoral immune response prior to 6 wk, and if sex influences this response. Hy-Line W-36 embryonated eggs were either not vaccinated (controls) or in-ovo vaccinated with a 50 µL volume of a 10−6 dilution of Poulvac MycoF vaccine (Zoetis). For each treatment group, 384 straight-run chicks were reared. At hatch and at 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d post-hatch, 54 birds per treatment were individually weighed and a blood sample was collected for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) IgM antibody detection. ELISA was run on blood samples at 14, 21, and 28 d to distinguish IgG antibody production. At each age, BW was not different between vaccinated and control chicks (all P > 0.19). Males, however, outweighed females starting at d 5 (P = 0.02). Mortality was 1.0% for the control birds and 12.2% for the FMG birds during the first 2 wk. The majority (72.3%) of the mortalities in the FMG group were male. The percentage of control and FMG in ovo-vaccinated birds with IgM antibody production was 0% and 1.9% on d 7, 0% and 31.5% on d 14, 1.9% and 55.9% on d 21, and 0% and 60.6% on d 28, respectively. IgG antibody production in the FMG in ovo-vaccinated birds was 0.0% at 14 d, 2.9% at 21 d, and 21.2% at 28 d of age. All control birds tested negative for FMG-IgG production. In conclusion, the earliest detection of MG antibodies after in ovo vaccination with live FMG occurred at 7 d. Male layer chickens were more susceptible to the effects of an in ovo FMG vaccine than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E C Elliott
- USDA-ARS Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
| | - S L Branton
- USDA-ARS Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - J D Evans
- USDA-ARS Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - C L Magee
- USDA-ARS Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - E D Peebles
- Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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Evaluation of the potential influence of the disinfection cycle on the efficacy of strain F Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine administered by in ovo injection to layer hatching eggs,,. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Current status of vaccine research, development, and challenges of vaccines for Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4195-4202. [PMID: 32867963 PMCID: PMC7598112 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an important avian pathogen that causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry. Surprisingly, the limited protection and adverse reactions caused by the vaccines, including live vaccines, bacterin-based (killed) vaccines, and recombinant viral vaccines is still a major concern. Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains vary in infectivity and virulence and infection may sometimes unapparent and goes undetected. Although extensive research has been carried out on the biology of this pathogen, information is lacking about the type of immune response that confers protection and selection of appropriate protective antigens and adjuvants. Regardless of numerous efforts focused on the development of safe and effective vaccine for the control of MG, the use of modern DNA vaccine technology selected in silico approaches for the use of conserved recombinant proteins may be a better choice for the preparation of novel effective vaccines. More research is needed to characterize and elucidate MG products modulating MG-host interactions. These products could be used as a reference for the preparation and development of vaccines to control MG infections in poultry flocks.
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Elliott KEC, Branton SL, Evans JD, Leigh SA, Kim EJ, Olanrewaju HA, Pharr GT, Pavlidis HO, Gerard PD, Peebles ED. Growth and humoral immune effects of dietary Original XPC in layer pullets challenged with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3030-3037. [PMID: 32475439 PMCID: PMC7597539 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of dietary Original XPC (XPC) in commercial layer pullets challenged with the virulent, low passage R strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Rlow MG) were investigated. Hy-Line W-36 pullets sourced from MG-clean breeders were fed a basal diet with or without (CON) XPC (1.25 kg/metric ton) from hatch until 12 wk of age (woa). At 8 and 10 woa, half of the birds in each dietary treatment were challenged with Rlow MG. Body weight was recorded at 3, 8, and 12 woa, and ovary, ceca, and bursa weights were recorded at 3 and 12 woa. Blood samples were taken immediately before the initial Rlow MG challenge at 8 woa and again at 12 woa to test for IgM and IgG antibody production against MG. All birds were evaluated for MG lesion scores at 12 woa. Regardless of challenge, inclusion of XPC in the diet did not significantly alter BW at 3 or 8 woa or relative organ weights at 3 or 12 woa. However, at 12 woa, BW of XPC-fed birds, regardless of challenge was significantly (P = 0.0038) heavier than CON by 25.7 g. All birds tested negative for MG antibodies before the 8 woa challenge. Respective percentage serum plate agglutination and ELISA positive birds at 12 woa were 0 and 0% (CON, nonchallenged), 1.4 and 0% (XPC, nonchallenged), 100 and 47.2% (CON, challenged), and 100 and 50.0% (XPC, challenged). Diet did not significantly affect ELISA titers, but they were significantly (P < 0.0001) increased due to challenge. Furthermore, lesion scores were significantly higher for Rlow MG-challenged birds (P = 0.0012), and dietary treatment with XPC in challenged birds numerically reduced MG lesion scores from 0.278 to 0.194. In conclusion, although dietary XPC did not significantly alter the humoral immune response, antibody titer levels, or severity of MG lesions in layer pullets that were or were not challenged with Rlow MG, it led to an increase in their rate of growth through 12 woa.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E C Elliott
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - S L Branton
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - J D Evans
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - S A Leigh
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - E J Kim
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - H A Olanrewaju
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - G T Pharr
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | | | - P D Gerard
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - E D Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Vandeputte J, Martel A, Van Rysselberghe N, Antonissen G, Verlinden M, De Zutter L, Heyndrickx M, Haesebrouck F, Pasmans F, Garmyn A. In ovo vaccination of broilers against Campylobacter jejuni using a bacterin and subunit vaccine. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5999-6004. [PMID: 31265725 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli originating from poultry meat have been the most important causes of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis in the European Union since 2005. In-feed application of maternal antibodies from vaccinated hens was shown to confer protection of broilers against Campylobacter infection. Here, it was investigated if these vaccines can be used to protect broilers against Campylobacter infection after in ovo vaccination. Embryos were immunized in ovo at day 18 with a bacterin or a subunit vaccine and at 19 D post hatch, these birds were inoculated with C. jejuni according to a seeder model. Quantification of C. jejuni in the broilers cecal content showed that the in ovo vaccinated birds were not protected against C. jejuni infection. Quantification of blood anti-Campylobacter antibody titers did not show any induction of Campylobacter-specific serological response in the vaccinated birds, which may explain the lack of protection in the vaccinated chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmien Vandeputte
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Van Rysselberghe
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marc Verlinden
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.,Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology & Food Sciences Unit, B9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Garmyn
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Elliott KEC, Branton SL, Evans JD, Peebles ED. Occurrence of horizontal transmission in layer chickens after administration of an in ovo strain F Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine1,2,3. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4492-4497. [PMID: 31180119 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In ovo vaccination is currently being considered as a means of delivery for live Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccines. This study was performed to determine the transmissibility of strain F MG (FMG) from in ovo-vaccinated chicks to non-vaccinated pen mates. Eggs from an MG clean flock were incubated together for 18 D, at which point all live embryonated eggs were either not injected or administered a dilution of an FMG vaccine at 106 CFU per dose, 1 × 104 CFU per dose, 1 × 102 CFU per dose, or 1 CFU per dose. Non-injected eggs were hatched in a separate incubator. Ten non-injected, sentinel birds, and 1 in ovo-vaccinated FMG chick were placed in each of 32 isolation units located in 2 replicate rooms (8 replicates per dose). At 6 wk of age, surviving birds that had been vaccinated in ovo were removed, swabbed for FMG detection by PCR, and bled for serum plate agglutination (SPA) and ELISA testing for the presence of antibodies against MG (1, 2, 6, and all 8 in ovo-vaccinated chicks in the 106, 104, 102, and 1 CFU dosages). At 12 wk of age, the remaining sentinel birds were likewise sampled. No sentinel birds died. The in ovo-vaccinated birds that survived to 6 wk were serologically positive except for 5 birds in the 1 CFU treatment. The percentages of MG-positive sentinel birds and sentinel birds with antibody production against MG at 12 wk from each unit were not different between all MG dosages (P = 0.48, PCR; P = 0.77, SPA; P = 0.85, ELISA). Body weights of the in ovo-vaccinated chicks at 6 wk of age (P = 0.43) and the sentinel birds at 12 wk of age (P = 0.95) were each not affected by FMG treatment. These findings indicate that layer chickens in ovo vaccinated with a live-attenuated FMG vaccine were capable of transmitting FMG to other chicks with which they were in direct contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E C Elliott
- Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - S L Branton
- Mississippi USDA-ARS Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - J D Evans
- Mississippi USDA-ARS Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - E D Peebles
- Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
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Elliott KEC, Branton SL, Evans JD, Peebles ED. Early post-hatch survival and humoral immune response of layer chickens when in ovo vaccinated with strain F Mycoplasma gallisepticum,. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3860-3869. [PMID: 29982703 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial layer hens reared on multi-age hen complexes are vaccinated during pullet rearing to combat production losses due to the bacteria Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). In this study, the potential to in ovo vaccinate layer chickens against MG was investigated. Layer embryos were administered a dosage of a live attenuated strain F MG (FMG) vaccine at 18 d of incubation and raised for 6 wk for initial post-hatch evaluation in 2 replicate trials. Treatments included control non-injected eggs, eggs injected with diluent, a non-diluted dosage, a 10-2 dilution, a 10-4 dilution, and a 10-6 dilution. A subset of chicks were swabbed for detection of FMG in the trachea at hatch. At 6 wk of age, birds were swabbed again for FMG detection and a blood sample was tested for MG antibody production. Hatch was depressed in the non-diluted dose group (P < 0.0001). Strain F MG was detected at hatch in the trachea in each FMG injection treatment, with decreasing numbers of positive chicks in the lower dosage groups. Mortality during the first 2 wk post-hatch was 3.5% (trial 1) and was 11.7% (trial 2) in the 10-6 dilution treatment, with all other FMG treatments experiencing a high rate of mortality (>50%). Birds in the in ovo FMG treatments had detectable FMG and antibody production at 6 wk. There were no differences in percentage positive birds (P > 0.3 for all tests) or ELISA titers (P = 0.079) between the FMG treatments. Body weight at 6 wk of age was diminished with increasing FMG dose (P < 0.0001). The lowest dose tested was found to be the most practical, causing the least mortality, least weight loss, and a humoral immune response in the majority of the birds. Further work is needed to evaluate how this in ovo vaccine, promoting immunity earlier, would compare to a standard post-hatch vaccination against an MG challenge scenario through a lay cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E C Elliott
- Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - S L Branton
- Mississippi USDA-ARS Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - J D Evans
- Mississippi USDA-ARS Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - E D Peebles
- Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Peebles ED. In ovo applications in poultry: A review,. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2322-2338. [PMID: 29617899 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The various methods employed for the in ovo administration of different materials for promoting the health and productivity of poultry are discussed in this review article. The amnion has proven to be an effective site for injection and the timing of in ovo injection has commonly occurred at transfer. However, the volumes and dosages or concentrations of the materials administered vary depending on bird type, egg size, timing and site of injection, incubation system and regimen, and the type of material. Both manual and automated injections have been shown to be effective. Nevertheless, commercial application mandates automation. Materials described in the literature over the past 20 years or more for in ovo use in avian species include vaccines, drugs, hormones, competitive exclusion cultures and prebiotics, and supplemental nutrients. Vaccines approved for in ovo delivery include those for Marek's disease, infectious bursal disease, fowl pox, Newcastle disease, and coccidiosis. Some of the materials listed above have been shown to be viable candidates for enhancing immunity and for promoting embryonic and posthatch development. Several reports have indicated that probiotics may be effectively used to fight intestinal bacterial infections, and folic aid, as well as egg white protein and various amino acids, including L-arginine, L-lysine, L-histidine, HMB, and threonine alone or in combination, have been shown to benefit embryonic development or posthatch performance. Furthermore, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, vitamins C and E, and thyme and savory have the potential to enhance immunity, carbohydrates can be used to increase tissue glycogen stores, and creatine can be used to promote muscle growth. Trace minerals and vitamin D3 have shown potential to improve bone strength, and potassium chloride may be an effective alternative electrolyte in vaccine diluent. The in ovo application of these and other materials will continue to expand and provide further benefits to the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
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Hoelzer K, Bielke L, Blake DP, Cox E, Cutting SM, Devriendt B, Erlacher-Vindel E, Goossens E, Karaca K, Lemiere S, Metzner M, Raicek M, Collell Suriñach M, Wong NM, Gay C, Van Immerseel F. Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals. Part 2: new approaches and potential solutions. Vet Res 2018; 49:70. [PMID: 30060759 PMCID: PMC6066917 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines and other alternative products are central to the future success of animal agriculture because they can help minimize the need for antibiotics by preventing and controlling infectious diseases in animal populations. To assess scientific advancements related to alternatives to antibiotics and provide actionable strategies to support their development, the United States Department of Agriculture, with support from the World Organisation for Animal Health, organized the second International Symposium on Alternatives to Antibiotics. It focused on six key areas: vaccines; microbial-derived products; non-nutritive phytochemicals; immune-related products; chemicals, enzymes, and innovative drugs; and regulatory pathways to enable the development and licensure of alternatives to antibiotics. This article, the second part in a two-part series, highlights new approaches and potential solutions for the development of vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics in food producing animals; opportunities, challenges and needs for the development of such vaccines are discussed in the first part of this series. As discussed in part 1 of this manuscript, many current vaccines fall short of ideal vaccines in one or more respects. Promising breakthroughs to overcome these limitations include new biotechnology techniques, new oral vaccine approaches, novel adjuvants, new delivery strategies based on bacterial spores, and live recombinant vectors; they also include new vaccination strategies in-ovo, and strategies that simultaneously protect against multiple pathogens. However, translating this research into commercial vaccines that effectively reduce the need for antibiotics will require close collaboration among stakeholders, for instance through public–private partnerships. Targeted research and development investments and concerted efforts by all affected are needed to realize the potential of vaccines to improve animal health, safeguard agricultural productivity, and reduce antibiotic consumption and resulting resistance risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hoelzer
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 E Street NW, Washington, DC, 20004, USA.
| | - Lisa Bielke
- Ohio Agriculture and Research Development Center, Animal Sciences, Ohio State University, 202 Gerlaugh Hall, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Damer P Blake
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Eric Cox
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salsiburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Simon M Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salsiburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Erlacher-Vindel
- Science and New Technologies Department, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), 12 Rue de Prony, 75017, Paris, France
| | - Evy Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salsiburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kemal Karaca
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, USA
| | | | - Martin Metzner
- RIPAC-LABOR GmbH, Am Mühlenberg 11, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Margot Raicek
- Science and New Technologies Department, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), 12 Rue de Prony, 75017, Paris, France
| | | | - Nora M Wong
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 E Street NW, Washington, DC, 20004, USA
| | - Cyril Gay
- Office of National Programs, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Sunnyside Ave, 5601, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salsiburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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