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Wang H, Lei D, Xu B, Li X, Fang R, Tang Y. Continuous surveillance of pathogens detects excretion of avian orthoreovirus and parvovirus by several wild waterfowl: possible wild bird reservoirs. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103940. [PMID: 38909506 PMCID: PMC11253670 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Migratory wild birds can carry various pathogens, such as influenza A virus, which can spread to globally and cause disease outbreaks and epidemics. Continuous epidemiological surveillance of migratory wild birds is of great significance for the early warning, prevention, and control of epidemics. To investigate the pathogen infection status of migratory wild birds in eastern China, fecal samples were collected from wetlands to conduct pathogen surveillance. The results showed that duck orthoreovirus (DRV) and goose parvovirus (GPV) nucleic acid were detected positive in the fecal samples collected from wild ducks, egrets, and swan. Phylogenetic analysis of the amplified viral genes reveals that the isolates were closely related to the prevalent strains in the regions involved in East Asian-Australasian (EAA) migratory flyway. Phylogenetic analysis of the amplified viral genes confirmed that they were closely related to circulating strains in the regions involved in the EAA migration pathway. The findings of this study have expanded the host range of the orthoreovirus and parvovirus, and revealed possible virus transmission between wild migratory birds and poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Boyi Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuyong Li
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Rendong Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
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Guan L, Babujee L, Presler R, Pattinson D, Nguyen HLK, Hoang VMP, Le MQ, van Bakel H, Kawaoka Y, Neumann G. Avian H6 Influenza Viruses in Vietnamese Live Bird Markets during 2018-2021. Viruses 2024; 16:367. [PMID: 38543733 PMCID: PMC10975462 DOI: 10.3390/v16030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses of the H6 subtype are prevalent in wild ducks and likely play an important role in the ecology of influenza viruses through reassortment with other avian influenza viruses. Yet, only 152 Vietnamese H6 virus sequences were available in GISAID (Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data) prior to this study with the most recent sequences being from 2018. Through surveillance in Vietnamese live bird markets from 2018 to 2021, we identified 287 samples containing one or several H6 viruses and other influenza A virus subtypes, demonstrating a high rate of co-infections among birds in Vietnamese live bird markets. For the 132 H6 samples with unique influenza virus sequences, we conducted phylogenetic and genetic analyses. Most of the H6 viruses were similar to each other and closely related to other H6 viruses; however, signs of reassortment with other avian influenza viruses were evident. At the genetic level, the Vietnamese H6 viruses characterized in our study encode a single basic amino acid at the HA cleavage site, consistent with low pathogenicity in poultry. The Vietnamese H6 viruses analyzed here possess an amino acid motif in HA that confers binding to both avian- and human-type receptors on host cells, consistent with their ability to infect mammals. The frequent detection of H6 viruses in Vietnamese live bird markets, the high rate of co-infections of birds with different influenza viruses, and the dual receptor-binding specificity of these viruses warrant their close monitoring for potential infection and spread among mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizheng Guan
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Lavanya Babujee
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Robert Presler
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (D.P.)
| | - David Pattinson
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Hang Le Khanh Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.L.K.N.); (V.M.P.H.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Vu Mai Phuong Hoang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.L.K.N.); (V.M.P.H.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Mai Quynh Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.L.K.N.); (V.M.P.H.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Services, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (D.P.)
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Infection and Advanced Research (UTOPIA) Center, The University of Tokyo Pandemic Preparedness, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (L.G.); (L.B.); (D.P.)
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El-Shemy AA, Amer MM, Hassan HM, Elaish M. Epidemiological distribution of respiratory viral pathogens in marketable vaccinated broiler chickens in five governorates in the Nile Delta, Egypt, from January 2022 to October 2022. Vet World 2024; 17:303-312. [PMID: 38595666 PMCID: PMC11000479 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.303-312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Respiratory viral infections significantly negatively impact animal welfare and have significant financial implications in the poultry industry. This study aimed to determine the frequency of the most economically relevant respiratory viruses that circulated in Egyptian chicken flocks in 2022. Materials and Methods Chickens from 359 broiler flocks in five different Egyptian governorates in the Nile Delta (Beheira, Gharbia, Giza, Monufiya, and Qalyoubia) at marketing time (33-38 days of age) were used in this study. Combined oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and tissue samples were collected from clinically diseased or freshly dead birds suffering from respiratory disease. Avian influenza (AI)-H5, AI-H9, Newcastle disease (ND), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results Of the 359 flocks examined, 293 tested positive, whereas 66 were completely negative for the four viruses evaluated, with the highest positive results in Beheira. Out of 293 positive flocks, 211 were positive for a single virus, with Beheira having the highest rate, followed by Qalyoubia, Giza, and Monufiya. ND virus (NDV) was found to be the highest across all governorates, followed by IBV, AI-H9, and AI-H5. A double infection was detected in 73 flocks with either H9 or ND, or both H9 and IB could coinfect each other. The most common viral coinfections were H9 + IB, ND + IB, and ND + H9. Giza had the highest prevalence of ND + H9, H9 + IB, and ND + IB coinfection in the governorates, followed by Monufiya and Beheira. Only six out of 359 flocks were tribally infected with ND + H9 + IB in Giza, Monufiya, and Beheira governorates. On the basis of the number of flocks and the month of the year, July had the lowest number of flocks (23), while September and October had the highest number (48 flocks). Positive flock numbers were highest in October and lowest in January. Conclusion From January to October 2022, prevalent respiratory viral infections (H5N1, NDV, H9N2, and IBV) were detected in broiler chickens across the Delta area governorate, according to the findings of the present study. In addition, IBV and H9, either alone or in combination, significantly contributed to the respiratory infection observed in broiler chickens. Regardless of the type and origin of the vaccine used, it is not possible to protect broiler chickens from the development of the infection and the subsequent dissemination of the virus into the poultry environment. In the presence of face-infectious field virus mutations, poultry vaccinations must be regularly reviewed and updated, and poultry farms must take further biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali El-Shemy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mahrous Amer
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Code 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba M. Hassan
- Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, PO. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elaish
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Code 12211, Giza, Egypt
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Noh EB, Heo GB, Lee KN, Kang YM, An SH, Kim N, Lee YJ. Subtype specific virus enrichment with immunomagnetic separation method followed by NGS unravels the mixture of H5 and H9 avian influenza virus. J Virol Methods 2023; 320:114773. [PMID: 37467847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Wild bird avian influenza type A virus (AIV) surveillance is important for the early detection of highly pathogenic AIVs and for providing early warnings to the poultry industry and veterinary services to implement more effective control measures against these viruses. Some field samples are often found to contain more than two kinds of AIV. Correct determination of the HA/NA subtype and complete nucleotide sequences of the component viruses in those samples are often critical for timely and accurate understanding of the field situation, but it is not easy to define the genomic structure of the constituent viruses unambiguously because AIV has eight segmented genomes. In this study, with immunomagnetic beads incorporating polyclonal antibodies of chicken for subtype-specific viral enrichment, we could selectively decrease the density of one of the two constituent viruses in a sample of different subtypes, H5 and H9, artificially generated; this was represented in the changes of Ct values with subtype specific real-time RT-PCR. Following this, with NGS, we could recover nearly complete genomic sequences and arrange the consensus sequences of gene segments of the constituent viruses confidently with the quantitative variable like genome coverage, linked along the gene segments and associated with the number of viral copies in a sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Bi Noh
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gyeong-Beom Heo
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Se-Hee An
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nayeong Kim
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Yang XY, Gong QL, Li YJ, Ata EB, Hu MJ, Sun YY, Xue ZY, Yang YS, Sun XP, Shi CW, Yang GL, Huang HB, Jiang YL, Wang JZ, Cao X, Wang N, Zeng Y, Yang WT, Wang CF. The global prevalence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8) infection in birds: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2023; 176:106001. [PMID: 36682670 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The zoonotic pathogen avian influenza A H5N8 causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry and poses a serious threat to the public health. Here, we report the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of birds. We filtered 45 eligible articles from seven databases. A random-effects model was used to analyze the prevalence of H5N8 in birds. The pooled prevalence of H5N8 in birds was 1.6%. In the regions, Africa has the highest prevalence (8.0%). Based on the source, village (8.3%) was the highest. In the sample type, the highest prevalence was organs (79.7%). In seasons, the highest prevalence was autumn (28.1%). The largest prevalence in the sampling time was during 2019 or later (7.0%). Furthermore, geographical factors also were associated with the prevalence. Therefore, we recommend site-specific prevention and control tools for this strain in birds and enhance the surveillance to reduce the spread of H5N8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan-Jin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Emad Beshir Ata
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Dep., Vet. Res. Institute, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Man-Jie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yong-Yang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhi-Yang Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ying-Shi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xue-Pan Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chun-Wei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Gui-Lian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hai-Bin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan-Long Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xin Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wen-Tao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Chun-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Dewidar AAA, Kilany WH, El-Sawah AA, Shany SAS, Dahshan AHM, Hisham I, Elkady MF, Ali A. Genotype VII.1.1-Based Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccines Afford Better Protection against Field Isolates in Commercial Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131696. [PMID: 35804597 PMCID: PMC9265022 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Controlling genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is challenging, especially in endemic countries. Genetic engineering was used to develop recombinant vaccines against NDV (rNDV). The close genetic relationship with circulating viruses can better protect against field NDV challenges. This study evaluated two commercial rNDV genotype VII.1.1 vaccines based on the LaSota strain backbone or VG/GA strain backbone compared to conventional genotype II vaccines. Both vaccines induced a protective immune response; however, GII-based vaccines failed to prevent virus shedding efficiently. Additionally, the noticeable superior performance of the rNDV vaccine based on the VG/GA strain backbone may be attributed to the enterotropic nature of the VG/GA strain, which makes it replicate more efficiently in both the respiratory and intestinal tracts of chickens. Future research needs to evaluate the cell-mediated immune response induced by the rNDV GVII vaccines to understand their mechanism better mediating the mucosal immunity. Abstract This study evaluated the efficacy of live and inactivated conventional GII LaSota and recombinant GVII Newcastle disease vaccines in commercial broilers. The experimental groups (G2–G7) were vaccinated on day 7 and day 21 of age with live vaccines from the same vaccine type “GII LaSota, GVII vaccine (A), GVII vaccine (B)” via eye drop; however, G3, G5, and G7 received a single dose from inactivated counterpart vaccines subcutaneously on day 7 of age. Vaccine efficacy was evaluated based on elicited humoral immunity, clinical protection, and reduction in virus shedding after challenge with virulent GVII 1.1. strain. Results demonstrated that live and inactivated recombinant GVII vaccine based on VG/GA strain backbone elicited superior protection parameters (100% protection). Although the conventional GII LaSota live and inactivated vaccination regime protected 93.3% of vaccinated birds, the virus shedding continued until 10 DPC. The post-vaccination serological monitoring was consistent with protection results. The study concludes that conventional GII ND vaccines alone are probably insufficient due to the current epidemiology of the GVII 1.1 NDV strains. Our findings further support that protection induced by recombinant GVII 1.1. ND vaccines are superior. Interestingly, the efficacy of recombinant ND vaccines seemed to be influenced by the backbone virus since the VG/GA backbone-based vaccine provided better protection and reduced virus shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmonem A. A. Dewidar
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.A.A.D.); (A.A.E.-S.); (S.A.S.S.); (A.-H.M.D.); (M.F.E.)
| | - Walid H. Kilany
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza 12618, Egypt; (W.H.K.); (I.H.)
| | - Azza A. El-Sawah
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.A.A.D.); (A.A.E.-S.); (S.A.S.S.); (A.-H.M.D.); (M.F.E.)
| | - Salama A. S. Shany
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.A.A.D.); (A.A.E.-S.); (S.A.S.S.); (A.-H.M.D.); (M.F.E.)
| | - Al-Hussien M. Dahshan
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.A.A.D.); (A.A.E.-S.); (S.A.S.S.); (A.-H.M.D.); (M.F.E.)
| | - Islam Hisham
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza 12618, Egypt; (W.H.K.); (I.H.)
| | - Magdy F. Elkady
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.A.A.D.); (A.A.E.-S.); (S.A.S.S.); (A.-H.M.D.); (M.F.E.)
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.A.A.D.); (A.A.E.-S.); (S.A.S.S.); (A.-H.M.D.); (M.F.E.)
- Correspondence:
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Hassan KE, Ahrens AK, Ali A, El-Kady MF, Hafez HM, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Harder T. Improved Subtyping of Avian Influenza Viruses Using an RT-qPCR-Based Low Density Array: 'Riems Influenza a Typing Array', Version 2 (RITA-2). Viruses 2022; 14:415. [PMID: 35216008 PMCID: PMC8879595 DOI: 10.3390/v14020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) variants emerge frequently, which challenges rapid diagnosis. Appropriate diagnosis reaching the sub- and pathotype level is the basis of combatting notifiable AIV infections. Real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) has become a standard diagnostic tool. Here, a total of 24 arrayed RT-qPCRs is introduced for full subtyping of 16 hemagglutinin and nine neuraminidase subtypes of AIV. This array, designated Riems Influenza A Typing Array version 2 (RITA-2), represents an updated and economized version of the RITA-1 array previously published by Hoffmann et al. RITA-2 provides improved integration of assays (24 instead of 32 parallel reactions) and reduced assay volume (12.5 µL). The technique also adds RT-qPCRs to detect Newcastle Disease (NDV) and Infectious Bronchitis viruses (IBV). In addition, it maximizes inclusivity (all sequences within one subtype) and exclusivity (no intersubtypic cross-reactions) as shown in validation runs using a panel of 428 AIV reference isolates, 15 reference samples each of NDV and IBV, and 122 clinical samples. The open format of RITA-2 is particularly tailored to subtyping influenza A virus of avian hosts and Eurasian geographic origin. Decoupling and re-arranging selected RT-qPCRs to detect specific AIV variants causing epizootic outbreaks with a temporal and/or geographic restriction is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem E. Hassan
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.E.H.); (A.K.A.); (M.B.)
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.F.E.-K.)
| | - Ann Kathrin Ahrens
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.E.H.); (A.K.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.F.E.-K.)
| | - Magdy F. El-Kady
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.F.E.-K.)
| | - Hafez M. Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.E.H.); (A.K.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.E.H.); (A.K.A.); (M.B.)
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Channa AA, Tariq M, Nizamani ZA, Kalhoro NH. Prevalence of avian influenza H5, H7, and H9 viruses in commercial layers in Karachi, Pakistan. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2022; 22:352-355. [PMID: 35126545 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2021.41104.5964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause significant harm to the poultry industry due to mortality as well as high morbidity along with the risk of potential zoonotic transmission to humans. AIMS The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of influenza H5, H7, and H9 viruses and their co-infections in layers having respiratory distress such as sneezing, coughing, and tracheal rales. METHODS Totally, 960 tracheal swabs (240 swabs in each season) were collected from 120 poultry flocks, including 10 farms per month and 8 samples per flock, located in Karachi where the outbreaks were reported. The samples were confirmed through antigen ELISA and subtyped by RT-PCR. RESULTS Antigen ELISA revealed that the prevalence of avian influenza viruses was 26.45%; however, seasonal differences were not significant (P<0.05). RT-PCR subtyping of hemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed the higher prevalence of H9 virus (40.16%) as compared to H7 virus (5.51%) and H5 virus (4.73%). The co-infections comprised H5/H7/H9 (37.0%) and H5/H9 (12.6%). CONCLUSION This study shows that AI is endemic in layer farms in Karachi where the H9 subtype is predominant along with co-infections of H5/H7/H9 subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Channa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - M Tariq
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Z A Nizamani
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - N H Kalhoro
- Research and Development Section, Sindh Institute of Animal Health, Karachi, Pakistan
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9
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Temporal Dynamics of Influenza A(H5N1) Subtype before and after the Emergence of H5N8. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081565. [PMID: 34452430 PMCID: PMC8412109 DOI: 10.3390/v13081565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses continue to circulate worldwide, causing numerous outbreaks among bird species and severe public health concerns. H5N1 and H5N8 are the two most fundamental HPAI subtypes detected in birds in the last two decades. The two viruses may compete with each other while sharing the same host population and, thus, suppress the spread of one of the viruses. In this study, we performed a statistical analysis to investigate the temporal correlation of the HPAI H5N1 and HPAI H5N8 subtypes using globally reported data in 2015-2020. This was joined with an in-depth analysis using data generated via our national surveillance program in Egypt. A total of 6412 outbreaks were reported worldwide during this period, with 39% (2529) as H5N1 and 61% (3883) as H5N8. In Egypt, 65% of positive cases were found in backyards, while only 12% were found in farms and 23% in live bird markets. Overall, our findings depict a trade-off between the number of positive H5N1 and H5N8 samples around early 2017, which is suggestive of the potential replacement between the two subtypes. Further research is still required to elucidate the underpinning mechanisms of this competitive dynamic. This, in turn, will implicate the design of effective strategies for disease control.
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10
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El-Moeid AA, EL-Deeb AH, Elsaied MF, Soliman RA, EL-Safty MM, Hussein HA. Discrepancies in the efficacy of H5 inactivated avian influenza vaccines in specific-pathogen-free chickens against challenge with the Egyptian H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 Group B virus isolated in 2018. Vet World 2021; 14:2131-2141. [PMID: 34566331 PMCID: PMC8448630 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2131-2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus of clade 2.3.4.4 was newly emerged to Egypt and firstly detected in carcasses of wild birds in November 2016. This study assessed the protection efficacy and virus shedding reduction of three different inactivated avian influenza (AI) H5 (H5N1, H5N2, and H5N3) commercial vaccines against challenge with two newly emerging highly pathogenic AI virus H5N8 Egyptian isolates in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. MATERIALS AND METHODS 10-day-old SPF chicks (n=260) were divided into 20 groups (n=13). Groups 1-5 were vaccinated through the subcutaneous route (S/C) with 0.5 mL of H5N1 vaccine, Groups 6-10 were vaccinated (S/C) with 0.5 mL of H5N2 vaccine, and Groups 11-15 were vaccinated (S/C) with 0.5 mL of H5N3 vaccine. Positive control groups (16-19) were challenged at 25 and 31 days old (2 and 3 weeks post-vaccination [PV]) using H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 A/duck/Egypt/F13666A/2017(H5N8) and H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 A/chicken/Egypt/18FL6/2018(H5N8). Group 20 was left non-vaccinated as a control. All vaccinated groups were divided and challenged with both viruses at 25 and 31 days of age. The viral challenge dose was 0.1 mL of 106 EID50/0.1 mL titer/chick, and it was administered oronasally. All chicks were kept in isolators for 14 days after each challenge. Sera samples were collected weekly and at 2 weeks post-challenge (PC) to detect a humoral immune response. PC mortalities were recorded daily for 10 days to calculate the protection percentages. Tracheal swabs were collected from the challenged chicks in different groups at 3, 5, 7, and 10 days PC. Kidneys and spleens were collected at 3, 5, 7, and 10 days PC and kept in formalin for histopathological examination to assess lesions and severity scores. Tracheal swabs were inoculated in 10-day-old SPF embryonated chicken eggs for virus titration and to calculate shedding levels. RESULTS All studied vaccines displayed 70-100% protection within 10 days PC. Hemagglutination inhibition results from sera samples revealed antibody titers ranging from 0.6 to 5.4 log2 starting at 1-week PV with the highest titers at 4 weeks PV. Challenged SPF chickens exhibited a notable reduction in virus shedding, with an average of 1.5-2 log10, compared to control birds. Various histopathological lesions with different scores were detected. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the inadequate virus shedding reduction and protection efficacy of studied vaccines were variable and that the type of vaccine to be used under field conditions should be reconsidered. Study of the variability between the Egyptian old emerged AI (AIV) 2017 H5N8 strains and the new emerging AIV 2018 H5N8 is required to achieve optimal protection and limit the current economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amena Abd El-Moeid
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayman Hany EL-Deeb
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Fathy Elsaied
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem Ahamed Soliman
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Hussein Aly Hussein
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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11
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Mansour SMG, ElBakrey RM, Mohamed FF, Hamouda EE, Abdallah MS, Elbestawy AR, Ismail MM, Abdien HMF, Eid AAM. Avian Paramyxovirus Type 1 in Egypt: Epidemiology, Evolutionary Perspective, and Vaccine Approach. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:647462. [PMID: 34336965 PMCID: PMC8320000 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.647462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian orthoavulavirus 1, formerly known as avian paramyxovirus type-1 (APMV-1), infects more than 250 different species of birds. It causes a broad range of clinical diseases and results in devastating economic impact due to high morbidity and mortality in addition to trade restrictions. The ease of spread has allowed the virus to disseminate worldwide with subjective virulence, which depends on the virus strain and host species. The emergence of new virulent genotypes among global epizootics, including those from Egypt, illustrates the time-to-time genomic alterations that lead to simultaneous evolution of distinct APMV-1 genotypes at different geographic locations across the world. In Egypt, the Newcastle disease was firstly reported in 1947 and continued to occur, despite rigorous prophylactic vaccination, and remained a potential threat to commercial and backyard poultry production. Since 2005, many researchers have investigated the nature of APMV-1 in different outbreaks, as they found several APMV-1 genotypes circulating among various species. The unique intermingling of migratory, free-living, and domesticated birds besides the availability of frequently mobile wild birds in Egypt may facilitate the evolution power of APMV-1 in Egypt. Pigeons and waterfowls are of interest due to their inclusion in Egyptian poultry industry and their ability to spread the infection to other birds either by presence of different genotypes (as in pigeons) or by harboring a clinically silent disease (as in waterfowl). This review details (i) the genetic and pathobiologic features of APMV-1 infections in Egypt, (ii) the epidemiologic and evolutionary events in different avian species, and (iii) the vaccine applications and challenges in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa M G Mansour
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Reham M ElBakrey
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Fakry F Mohamed
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Esraa E Hamouda
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mona S Abdallah
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Damanhur, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Ismail
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Hanan M F Abdien
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amal A M Eid
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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12
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Abou El-Fetouh MS, Hafez MH, El-Attar ESR, El-Agamy ME, Ali A. Comparative bursal cytokine gene expression and apoptosis in vaccinated chickens following virulent infectious bursal disease virus challenge. Virology 2021; 558:126-133. [PMID: 33765587 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The bursal cytokine gene expression and apoptosis were compared in vaccinated chickens with either live or immune-complex infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccines with or without virulent IBDV challenge. The cytokine gene expressions were evaluated at 5 and 12 day-post-challenge (DPC). The apoptotic marker Caspase-3 was determined by IHC on collected bursae, thymus, spleen, and kidneys at 12 DPC. A significantly decreased bursal cytokine levels were observed in the all-vaccinated birds except for IL-6 in the classic IBD vaccines at 5DPC. A significant upregulation of the IL-2 was observed in the live IBD vaccinated birds. No significant differences in the bursa and thymus Caspase-3 positive cells. However, splenic and renal apoptosis was significantly higher in the live IBD vaccine groups. Results indicate that both vaccine types reduce the IBDV-induced bursal proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis. However, classic IBD vaccines failed to clear the challenge virus or reduce splenic and renal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdy H Hafez
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed R El-Attar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - M Ezzat El-Agamy
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
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13
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Ibrahim M, Zakaria S, Bazid AHI, Kilany WH, Zain El-Abideen MA, Ali A. A single dose of inactivated oil-emulsion bivalent H5N8/H5N1 vaccine protects chickens against the lethal challenge of both highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 74:101601. [PMID: 33307456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, two highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses were isolated from chicken and geese in 2018 and 2019 (Chicken/ME-2018 and Geese/Egypt/MG4/2019). The hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene analyses revealed their close relatedness to the clade-2.3.4.4b H5N8 viruses isolated from Egypt and Eurasian countries. A monovalent inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine containing a reassortant virus with HA gene of the Chicken/ME-2018/H5N8 strain and a bivalent vaccine containing same reassortant virus plus a previously generated reassortant H5N1 strain (CK/Eg/RG-173CAL/17). The safety of both vaccines was evaluated in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. To evaluate the efficacy of the prepared vaccines, 2-week-old SPF chickens were vaccinated with 0.5 mL of a vaccine formula containing 108/EID50 /dose from each strain via the subcutaneous route. Vaccinated birds were challenged with either wild-type HPAI-H5N8 or H5N1 viruses separately at 3 weeks post-vaccine. Results revealed that both vaccines induced protective hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody titers as early as 2 weeks PV (≥5.0 log2). Vaccinated birds were protected clinically against both subtypes (100 % protection). HPAI-H5N1 virus shedding was significantly reduced in birds that were vaccinated with the bivalent vaccine; meanwhile, HPAI-H5N8 virus shedding was completely neutralized in both tracheal and cloacal swabs after 3 days post-infection in birds that had been vaccinated with either vaccine. In conclusion, the developed bivalent vaccine proved to be efficient in protecting chickens clinically and reduced virus shedding via the respiratory and digestive tracts. The applicability of the multivalent avian influenza vaccines further supported their value to facilitate vaccination programs in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Ibrahim
- Birds and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Minoufiya, 22857, Egypt
| | - Salah Zakaria
- Middle East for Vaccine Company (MEVAC™), Second Industrial Area, El-Salhyia El-Gededa, Sharkia, 44671, Egypt; Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City Sadat City, Minoufiya, 22857, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Hamid I Bazid
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City Sadat City, Minoufiya, 22857, Egypt
| | - Walid H Kilany
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), AHRI, ARC, 12818 Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Zain El-Abideen
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), AHRI, ARC, 12818 Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
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14
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Rohaim MA, El Naggar RF, Madbouly Y, AbdelSabour MA, Ahmed KA, Munir M. Comparative infectivity and transmissibility studies of wild-bird and chicken-origin highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N8 in chickens. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 74:101594. [PMID: 33271478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent advances in avian influenza viruses surveillance and genomic data, fundamental questions concerning the ecology and evolution of these viruses remain elusive. In Egypt, H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) are co-circulating simultaneously with HPAIVs of subtypes H5N1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) of subtype H9N2 in both commercial and backyard poultry. In order to isolate AIVs from wild birds and to assess their potential in causing infection in commercial poultry, a total of thirty-four cloacal swab samples were collected from apparently healthy migratory wild birds (Anas acuta, Anas crecca, Rallus aquaticus, and Bubulcus ibis) from four Egyptian Governorates (Giza, Menoufia, Gharbia, and Dakahlia). Based on matrix (M) gene-targeting real-time reverse transcriptase PCR and subsequent genetic characterization, our results revealed two positive isolates (2/34) for H5N8 whereas no H5N1 and H9N2 subtypes were detected. Genetic characterization of the full-length haemagglutinin (HA) genes revealed the clustering of two reported isolates within genotype 5 of clade 2.3.4.4b. The potential of a wild bird-origin H5N8 virus isolated from a cattle egret for its transmission capability within and between chickens was investigated in compare to chicken origin H5N8 AIV. Chickens inoculated with cattle egret isolate showed varying clinical signs and detection of virus shedding. In contrast, the contact chickens showed less levels of virus secretion indicating efficient virus inter/intra-species transmission. These results demonstrated the possibility for spreading of wild bird origin H5N8 viruses between chicken. In conclusion, our study highlights the need for continuous and frequent monitoring of the genetic diversity of H5N8 AIVs in wild birds as well as commercial poultry sectors for better understanding and determining the genetic nature of these viruses, which is fundamental to predict any future threat through virus reassortment with the potential to threaten human and animal health. Likewise, an assessment of coverage and efficacy of different vaccines and or vaccination regimes in the field conditions should be reconsidered along with strict biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Rohaim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, 32897 Sadat, Egypt
| | - Yehia Madbouly
- Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbassia, Cairo 11381, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | - Mohammed A AbdelSabour
- Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbassia, Cairo 11381, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | - Kawkab A Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Science, Lancaster University, LA1 4YG Lancaster, Lancashire, UK.
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15
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Immunization of turkeys with a DNA vaccine expressing the haemagglutinin gene of low pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H9N2. J Virol Methods 2020; 284:113938. [PMID: 32663531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 is still circulating in the Middle East causing respiratory manifestations and severe economic losses in poultry. In the present study, an H9 plasmid-based DNA vaccine targeting the HA gene of H9N2 A/CK/Egypt/SCU8/2014 was developed and evaluated in turkeys. The full length of HA was cloned into vector plasmids under the control of a cytomegalovirus promoter. The in-vitro expression of the recombinant HA was demonstrated in HeLa cells transfected with the plasmids pVAX1-H9 or pCR-H9 using western blot and Immunofluorescent assay (IFA). The efficacy of pVAX-H9 and pCR- H9, naked or saponin-adjuvanted, was evaluated in turkey poults at 3 weeks and challenged with A/CK/Egypt/SCU8/2014 (106 EID50/bird at 3 weeks post-vaccination. The efficacy was assesses based on virus shedding, oropharyngeal and cloacal, as well as seroconversion using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. All immunized birds showed high HI antibody titers (7-8 log2) at 3 weeks post-vaccination. None of the birds vaccinated with naked or saponin-adjuvanted pVAX-H9 or pCR-H9 showed any clinical signs. The pVAX-H9 and pCR-H9 alone did not prevent cloacal and oropharyngeal virus shedding, however, saponin-adjuvanted pVAX1-H9 and pCR-H9 prevented cloacal and oropharyngeal virus shedding at 3 and 5 days post challenge, respectively. In conclusion, DNA vaccination with pVAX1-H9 and pCR-H9 could protect turkey from the H9N2 virus, but vaccination regimes need to be improved.
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16
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Hassan KE, Saad N, Abozeid HH, Shany S, El-Kady MF, Arafa A, El-Sawah AAA, Pfaff F, Hafez HM, Beer M, Harder T. Genotyping and reassortment analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N8 and H5N2 from Egypt reveals successive annual replacement of genotypes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104375. [PMID: 32454245 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1, clade 2.2.1, and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 viruses, G1-B lineage, are endemic in poultry in Egypt and have co-circulated for almost a decade. Surprisingly, no inter-subtypic reassortment events have been reported from the field during that time. After the introduction of HPAIV H5N8, clade 2.3.4.4b, in Egyptian poultry in 2016, suddenly HP H5N2 reassortants with H9N2 viruses emerged. The current analyses focussed on studying 32 duck flocks, 4 broiler chicken flocks, and 1 turkey flock, suffering from respiratory manifestations with moderate to high mortality reared in two Egyptian governorates during 2019. Real-time RT-PCR substantiated the presence of HP H5N8 in 21 of the 37 investigated flocks with mixed infection of H9N2 in two of them. HP H5N1 was not detected. Full hemagglutinin (HA) sequencing of 10 samples with full-genome sequencing of three of them revealed presence of a single genotype. Very few substituting mutations in the HA protein were detected versus previous Egyptian HA sequences of that clade. Interestingly, amino acid substitutions in the Matrix (M2) and the Neuraminidase (NA) proteins associated with conferring both Amantadine and Oseltamivir resistance were present. Systematic reassortment analysis of all publicly available Egyptian whole genome sequences of HP H5N8 (n = 23), reassortant HP H5N2 (n = 2) and LP H9N2 (n = 53) viruses revealed presence of at least seven different genotypes of HPAI H5Nx viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Egypt since 2016. For H9N2 viruses, at least three genotypes were distinguishable. Heat mapping and tanglegram analyses suggested that several internal gene segments in both HP H5Nx and H9N2 viruses originated from avian influenza viruses circulating in wild bird species in Egypt. Based on the limited set of whole genome sequences available, annual replacement patterns of HP H5Nx genotypes emerged and suggested selective advantages of certain genotypes since 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem E Hassan
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald, Riems, Germany; Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Noha Saad
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, 12618, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hassanein H Abozeid
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Salama Shany
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Magdy F El-Kady
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Abdelsatar Arafa
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, 12618, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azza A A El-Sawah
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald, Riems, Germany
| | - Hafez M Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald, Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald, Riems, Germany.
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Genetic variability of avian influenza virus subtype H5N8 in Egypt in 2017 and 2018. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1357-1366. [PMID: 32285202 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04621-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the incursion of avian influenza virus subtype H5N8 in Egypt in late 2016, it has spread rapidly, causing severe losses in poultry production. Multiple introductions of different reassorted strains were observed in 2017. In this study, a genetic characterization of the HA gene was carried out with 31 isolates selected from different governorates and sectors. Fifteen isolates were selected for NA gene sequence analysis. The HA and NA genes were divided into two subgroups (I and II) with positive selection pressure identified at positions 174 and 29, respectively. The HA gene contained two novel mutations in the antigenic sites, A and E. The HA nucleotide sequence identity ranged from 77 to 90% with different vaccine seeds. Full-genome sequence analysis was carried out for eight viruses, representing different governorates and sectors, to identify the predominant reassorted strain in Egypt. All viruses were similar to a reassorted strain of clade 2.3.4.4b that has been identified in Germany, among other countries. Analysis of these viruses revealed mutations specific to Egyptian strains and not the original virus characterized in 2017 (A/duck/Egypt/F446/2017), with a novel antiviral resistance marker, V27A, indicating resistance to amantadine in the M2 protein of two strains. The results indicate increased variability of circulating H5N8 viruses compared to earlier viruses sequenced in 2016 and 2017. The predominant reassorted virus circulating in 2017 and 2018 originated from an early 2017 strain. It is important to continue this surveillance of avian influenza viruses to monitor the evolution of circulating viruses.
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Disentangling the role of Africa in the global spread of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5310. [PMID: 31757953 PMCID: PMC6874648 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Africa in the dynamics of the global spread of a zoonotic and economically-important virus, such as the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx of the Gs/GD lineage, remains unexplored. Here we characterise the spatiotemporal patterns of virus diffusion during three HPAI H5Nx intercontinental epidemic waves and demonstrate that Africa mainly acted as an ecological sink of the HPAI H5Nx viruses. A joint analysis of host dynamics and continuous spatial diffusion indicates that poultry trade as well as wild bird migrations have contributed to the virus spreading into Africa, with West Africa acting as a crucial hotspot for virus introduction and dissemination into the continent. We demonstrate varying paths of avian influenza incursions into Africa as well as virus spread within Africa over time, which reveal that virus expansion is a complex phenomenon, shaped by an intricate interplay between avian host ecology, virus characteristics and environmental variables.
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Sultan HA, Ali A, El Feil WK, Bazid AHI, Zain El-Abideen MA, Kilany WH. Protective Efficacy of Different Live Attenuated Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination Regimes Against Challenge With IBV Variant-2 Circulating in the Middle East. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:341. [PMID: 31649942 PMCID: PMC6794438 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Six vaccination regimes using classical (Mass-type) and variant (IB-VAR2 and IB-793B) live vaccines were evaluated against Middle Eastern variant-2 infectious bronchitis virus challenge. Six groups of SPF chicks (30 birds/group) were vaccinated using prime-boost regimes at day-1 and day-14 using; IB-M41:IB-VAR2, IB-VAR2:IB-VAR2, IB-VAR2:IB-M41, IB-Ma5:IB-793B, IB-793B:IB-793B, and IB-793B:IB-Ma5, respectively. Ciliostasis and lesion scores were evaluated at day-5 after each vaccination. Birds were challenged intranasally at 14-day post 2nd vaccination using 105EID50/0.1 ml/bird of wild-type IBV (Eg/1212B/2012). At 3, 5, and 7-day post challenge (DPC) virus shedding was monitored by real-time RT-PCR. Five chicks/group were euthanized at 7DPC for ciliostasis and lesion scoring and histopathology was conducted on 3 chicks/group. Seroconversion was evaluated at 14 DPC. All groups primed with the 793B vaccine showed relatively higher ciliostasis scores compared to other groups. The IB-VAR2 vaccinated groups showed the highest protection rates (80–100%) and high protection score (67.6–73.2%) compared to the 793B vaccine groups (50–60%). The virus shedding was significantly reduced at 3 and 5DPC in groups received the IBV-VAR2 (prime or booster) compared to those received the 793B vaccine. In conclusion, the homologous IBV-VAR2 vaccine showed superior results compared to 793B or Mass-type vaccines confirming the importance of IBV vaccine seed homology to the circulating IBV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham A Sultan
- Birds and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Wael K El Feil
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Abdel Hamid I Bazid
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Zain El-Abideen
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Walid H Kilany
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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20
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Hassan KE, El-Kady MF, El-Sawah AAA, Luttermann C, Parvin R, Shany S, Beer M, Harder T. Respiratory disease due to mixed viral infections in poultry flocks in Egypt between 2017 and 2018: Upsurge of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N8 since 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 68:21-36. [PMID: 31297991 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For several years, poultry production in Egypt has been suffering from co-circulation of multiple respiratory viruses including highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 (clade 2.2.1.2) and low pathogenic H9N2 (clade G1-B). Incursion of HPAIV H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4b) to Egypt in November 2016 via wild birds followed by spread into commercial poultry flocks further complicated the situation. Current analyses focussed on 39 poultry farms suffering from respiratory manifestation and high mortality in six Egyptian governorates during 2017-2018. Real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) substantiated the co-presence of at least two respiratory virus species in more than 80% of the investigated flocks. The percentage of HPAIV H5N1-positive holdings was fairly stable in 2017 (12.8%) and 2018 (10.2%), while the percentage of HPAIV H5N8-positive holdings increased from 23% in 2017 to 66.6% during 2018. The proportion of H9N2-positive samples was constantly high (2017:100% and 2018:63%), and H9N2 co-circulated with HPAIV H5N8 in 22 out of 39 (56.8%) flocks. Analyses of 26 H5, 18 H9 and 4 N2 new sequences confirmed continuous genetic diversification. In silico analysis revealed numerous amino acid substitutions in the HA and NA proteins suggestive of increased adaptation to mammalian hosts and putative antigenic variation. For sensitive detection of H9N2 viruses by RT-qPCR, an update of primers and probe sequences was crucial. Reasons for the relative increase of HPAIV H5N8 infections versus H5N1 remained unclear, but lack of suitable vaccines against clade 2.3.4.4b cannot be excluded. A reconsideration of surveillance and control measures should include updating of diagnostic tools and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem E Hassan
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Riems, Germany.,Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Magdy F El-Kady
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Azza A A El-Sawah
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Christine Luttermann
- Institute of Immunology Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Riems, Germany
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Riems, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Salama Shany
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Riems, Germany
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21
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Isolation of a Novel Reassortant Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N2) Virus in Egypt. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060565. [PMID: 31216712 PMCID: PMC6631101 DOI: 10.3390/v11060565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and H5N8 have become endemic among domestic poultry in Egypt since 2006 and 2016, respectively. In parallel, the low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus has been endemic since 2010. Despite the continuous circulation of these subtypes for several years, no natural reassortant has been detected so far among the domestic poultry population in Egypt. In this study, the HPAI (H5N2) virus was isolated from a commercial duck farm, giving evidence of the emergence of the first natural reassortment event in domestic poultry in Egypt. The virus was derived as a result of genetic reassortment between avian influenza viruses of H5N8 and H9N2 subtypes circulating in Egypt. The exchange of the neuraminidase segment and high number of acquired mutations might be associated with an alteration in the biological propensities of this virus.
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