1
|
Wang J, Fenster DA, Vaddu S, Bhumanapalli S, Kataria J, Sidhu G, Leone C, Singh M, Dalloul RA, Thippareddi H. Colonization, spread and persistence of Salmonella (Typhimurium, Infantis and Reading) in internal organs of broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103806. [PMID: 38749104 PMCID: PMC11108970 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Transfer of Salmonella to internal organs of broilers over a 35 d grow-out period was evaluated. A total of 360 one-day old chicks were placed in 18 floor pens of 3 groups with 6 replicate pens each. On d 0, broilers were orally challenged with a cocktail of Salmonella (equal population of marked serovars; nalidixic acid-resistant S. Typhimurium, rifampicin-resistant S. Infantis, and kanamycin-resistant S. Reading) to have 3 groups: L (low; ∼2 log CFU/bird); M (medium; ∼5 log CFU/bird); and H (High; ∼8 log CFU/bird). On d 2, 7 and 35, 4 birds/pen were euthanized and ceca, liver, and spleen samples were collected aseptically. Gizzard samples (4/pen) were collected on d 35. The concentration of Salmonella in liver and spleen were transformed to binary outcomes (positive and negative) and fitted in glm function of R using cecal Salmonella concentrations (log CFU/g) and inoculation doses (L, M, and H) as inputs. On d 2, H group showed greater (P ≤ 0.05) cecal colonization of all 3 serovars compared to L and M groups. However, M group showed greater (P ≤ 0.05) colonization of all 3 serovars in the liver and spleen compared to L group. Salmonella colonization increased linearly in the ceca and quadratically in the liver and spleen with increasing challenge dose (P ≤ 0.05). On d 35, L group had greater (P ≤ 0.05) S. Infantis colonization in the ceca and liver compared to M and H groups (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, within each group on d 35, the concentration of S. Reading was greater than those of S. Typhimurium and S. Infantis for all 3 doses in the ceca and high dose in the liver and gizzard (P ≤ 0.05). Salmonella colonization diminished in the ceca, liver, and spleen during grow-out from d 0 to d 35 (P ≤ 0.05). On d 35, birds challenged with different doses of Salmonella cocktail showed a similar total Salmonella spp. population in the ceca (ca. 3.14 log CFU/g), liver (ca. 0.54 log CFU/g), spleen (ca. 0.31 log CFU/g), and gizzard (ca. 0.42 log CFU/g). Estimates from the fitted logistic model showed that one log CFU/g increase in cecal Salmonella concentration will result in an increase in relative risk of liver and spleen being Salmonella-positive by 4.02 and 3.40 times (P ≤ 0.01), respectively. Broilers from H or M group had a lower risk (28 and 23%) of being Salmonella-positive in the liver compared to the L group when the cecal Salmonella concentration is the same (P ≤ 0.05). Oral challenge of broilers with Salmonella spp. with various doses resulted in linear or quadratic increases in Salmonella colonization in the internal organs during early age and these populations decreased during grow-out (d 35). This research can provide guidance on practices to effectively mitigate the risk of Salmonella from chicken parts and enhance public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Davis A Fenster
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sasikala Vaddu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Jasmine Kataria
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Gaganpreet Sidhu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Cortney Leone
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Manpreet Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rami A Dalloul
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Berrang ME, McMillan EA, Knapp SW, Meinersmann RJ. Prevalence and Subtype Characterization of Campylobacter in Ceca of Commercial Broiler Chickens at Processing - A 452 Flock, Seven-year Survey. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100170. [PMID: 37777113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Human Campylobacter infections have been associated with chicken and other poultry meat products. Environmental conditions such as temperature and season can affect Campylobacter recoverability from chicken meat products. In the presented study, we sought to investigate the relationship between ambient weather conditions and the isolation of Campylobacter from chicken flocks, as well as the subtype of these isolates. Campylobacter was isolated from the ceca of broilers collected in a commercial processing facility over 7 years, representing 452 flocks. Isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing and subtyping by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Approximately 60% (269/452) of flocks sampled were positive for Campylobacter. There was no significant effect on the presence of detectable Campylobacter by month, season, temperature, or rainfall during grow-out or transportation. Sixty-eight different STs were detected; 45 C. jejuni and 23 C. coli. Diversity as measured by Shannon's diversity index was higher in the spring and fall than in mid-winter and summer. We concluded that in the warm temperate climate of the Southeastern U.S., seasonality does not affect the rate of Campylobacter isolation from broilers, but the diversity of isolates was higher in the milder spring and fall seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Berrang
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, 950 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Elizabeth A McMillan
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, 950 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Steven W Knapp
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, 950 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Richard J Meinersmann
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, 950 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meinersmann RJ, Berrang ME, Shariat NW, Richards A, Miller WG. Despite Shared Geography, Campylobacter Isolated from Surface Water Are Genetically Distinct from Campylobacter Isolated from Chickens. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0414722. [PMID: 36861983 PMCID: PMC10100874 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04147-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that Campylobacter isolated from chicken ceca and river water in an overlapping geographic area would share genetic information. Isolates of C. jejuni from chicken ceca were collected from a commercial slaughter plant and isolates of C. jejuni were also collected from rivers and creeks in the same watershed. Isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing and the data were used for core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). Cluster analysis showed that there were four distinct subpopulations, two from chickens and two from water. Calculation of fixation statistic (Fst) showed that all four subpopulations were significantly distinct. Greater than 90% of the loci were differentiated by subpopulation. Only two genes showed clear differentiation of both chicken subpopulations from both water subpopulations. Sequence fragments of the CJIE4 bacteriophage family were found frequently in the main chicken subpopulation and the water outgroup subpopulation but were sparsely found in the main water population and not at all in the chicken outgroup. CRISPR spacers that targeted the phage sequences were common in the main water subpopulation, only once in the main chicken subpopulation, and not at all in the chicken or water outgroups. Restriction enzyme genes also showed a biased distribution. These data suggest that there is little transfer of C. jejuni genetic material between chickens and nearby river water. Campylobacter differentiation according to these two sources does not show clear evidence of evolutionary selection; the differentiation is probably due to geospatial isolation, genetic drift, and the action of CRISPRs and restriction enzymes. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni causes gastroenteritis in humans, and chickens and environmental water are leading sources of infection. We tested the hypothesis that Campylobacter isolated from chicken ceca and river water in an overlapping geographic area would share genetic information. Isolates of Campylobacter were collected from water and chicken sources in the same watershed and their genomes were sequenced and analyzed. Four distinct subpopulations were found. There was no evidence of sharing genetic material between the subpopulations. Phage profiles, CRISPR profiles and restriction systems differed by subpopulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nikki W. Shariat
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amber Richards
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chagneau S, Gaucher ML, Thériault WP, Fravalo P, Thibodeau A. Observations supporting hypothetical commensalism and competition between two Campylobacter jejuni strains colonizing the broiler chicken gut. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1071175. [PMID: 36817113 PMCID: PMC9937062 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1071175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the most prevalent bacterial foodborne pathogen in humans. Given the wide genetic diversity of C. jejuni strains found in poultry production, a better understanding of the relationships between these strains within chickens could lead to better control of this pathogen on farms. In this study, 14-day old broiler chickens were inoculated with two C. jejuni strains (103 or 107 CFU of D2008b and 103 CFU of G2008b, alone or together) that were previously characterized in vitro and that showed an opposite potential to compete for gut colonization in broilers. Liver samples and ileal and cecal contents were collected and used to count total C. jejuni and to quantify the presence of each strain using a strain specific qPCR or PCR approach. Ileal tissue samples were also collected to analyze the relative expression level of tight junction proteins. While a 103 CFU inoculum of D2008b alone was not sufficient to induce intestinal colonization, this strain benefited from the G2008b colonization for its establishment in the gut and its extraintestinal spread. When the inoculum of D2008b was increased to 107 CFU - leading to its intestinal and hepatic colonization - a dominance of G2008b was measured in the gut and D2008b was found earlier in the liver for birds inoculated by both strains. In addition, a transcript level decrease of JAM2, CLDN5 and CLDN10 at 7 dpi and a transcript level increase of ZO1, JAM2, OCLN, CLDN10 were observed at 21 dpi for groups of birds having livers contaminated by C. jejuni. These discoveries suggest that C. jejuni would alter the intestinal barrier function probably to facilitate the hepatic dissemination. By in vitro co-culture assay, a growth arrest of D2008b was observed in the presence of G2008b after 48 h of culture. Based on these results, commensalism and competition seem to occur between both C. jejuni strains, and the dynamics of C. jejuni intestinal colonization and liver spread in broilers appear to be strain dependent. Further in vivo experimentations should be conducted to elucidate the mechanisms of commensalism and competition between strains in order to develop adequate on-farm control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Chagneau
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada,Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Sophie Chagneau, ✉
| | - Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada,Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada,Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - William P. Thériault
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada,Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- Chaire Agroalimentaire du Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Thibodeau
- Research Chair in Meat Safety, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada,Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada,Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada,Alexandre Thibodeau, ✉
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Berrang ME, Cox NA, Thompson TM, Hinton A, Yeh HY. Enrichment and Direct Plating for Detection of Campylobacter in Chicken Liver Rinse and Exudate. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1282-1286. [PMID: 35723549 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Foodborne campylobacteriosis has been traced to undercooked chicken liver dishes; thus, it is important to use the best available culture methods when testing for the presence of Campylobacter. We compared two Campylobacter enrichment broths-Bolton formulation and Neogen formulation-in combination with three selective plating media-Campy-Cefex, Campy-Line and RF Campylobacter agars-for detection of Campylobacter from fresh retail chicken livers. In each of three experiments, nine replicate tubs of chicken livers were sampled by drawing exudate and a pooled rinse of five whole liver lobes. Results are reported as number positive and compared by Fisher's exact test. In experiment 1, no combination of enrichment and plating media significantly outperformed another for detection of Campylobacter (P > 0.05); all tubs were found to include Campylobacter in both exudate and liver rinse. In experiment 2, serial dilutions of samples were plated before and after enrichment. Exudate was found to be significantly more likely than rinse to support detection of Campylobacter by direct plating (P < 0.05); most exudate samples included at least 10 CFU Campylobacter per mL. Enrichment improved detection from rinse, but not exudate; all enrichment and plating combinations resulted ≥1,000 CFU/mL from most enriched samples. In experiment 3, samples were diluted before enrichment to determine effect of enrichment on ever lower numbers of Campylobacter. Enrichment did not improve recovery of Campylobacter from exudate or undiluted rinse (P > 0.05). However, when rinse samples were diluted to lower Campylobacter numbers, enrichment improved detection (P < 0.05). Overall, all media combinations tested were equivalent for detection of Campylobacter from chicken livers; sensitivity for detection seemed to be increased by using liver exudate compared with a pooled rinse of liver lobes. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Berrang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
| | - N A Cox
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
| | - T M Thompson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
| | - A Hinton
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
| | - H-Y Yeh
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Berrang M, Gamble G, Bowker B, Meinersmann R, Cox N, Knapp S. Cetylpyridinium chloride and peracetic acid to lessen Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, and total aerobic bacterial contamination on chicken liver. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
7
|
Barroug S, Chaple S, Bourke P. Combination of Natural Compounds With Novel Non-thermal Technologies for Poultry Products: A Review. Front Nutr 2021; 8:628723. [PMID: 34169086 PMCID: PMC8217606 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.628723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring safe, fresh, and healthy food across the shelf life of a commodity is an ongoing challenge, with the driver to minimize chemical additives and their residues in the food processing chain. High-value fresh protein products such as poultry meat are very susceptible to spoilage due to oxidation and bacterial contamination. The combination of non-thermal processing interventions with nature-based alternatives is emerging as a useful tool for potential adoption for safe poultry meat products. Natural compounds are produced by living organisms that are extracted from nature and can be used as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and bioactive agents and are often employed for other existing purposes in food systems. Non-thermal technology interventions such as high-pressure processing, pulsed electric field, ultrasound, irradiation, and cold plasma technology are gaining increasing importance due to the advantages of retaining low temperatures, nutrition profiles, and short treatment times. The non-thermal unit process can act as an initial obstacle promoting the reduction of microflora, while natural compounds can provide an active obstacle either in addition to processing or during storage time to maintain quality and inhibit and control growth of residual contaminants. This review presents the application of natural compounds along with emerging non-thermal technologies to address risks in fresh poultry meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Barroug
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sonal Chaple
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Bourke
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute Global Food Security, The Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Berrang ME, Meinersmann RJ, Knapp SW. Presence of Bacterial Pathogens and Levels of Indicator Bacteria Associated with Duck Carcasses in a Commercial Processing Facility. J Food Prot 2020; 83:605-608. [PMID: 32221562 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Little information has been published on the microbiological aspects of U.S. commercial duck processing. The objective of this study was to measure prevalence and/or levels of bacteria in duck samples representing the live bird and partially or fully processed oven-ready duck meat. At 12 monthly sampling times, samples were collected at six sites along the processing line in a commercial duck slaughter plant. Crop and cecum samples were collected at the point of evisceration. Whole carcass rinse samples were collected before and after carcass immersion chilling plus application of an antimicrobial spray. Leg quarters were collected from the cut-up line before and after application of an antimicrobial dip treatment. All samples (five from each site per monthly replication) were directly plated and/or enriched for Salmonella and Campylobacter. For the last 10 replications, carcass and leg quarter rinse samples were also evaluated for enumeration of total aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, and coliforms. Most cecum, crop, and prechill carcass rinse samples were positive for Campylobacter (80, 72, and 67%, respectively). Carcass chilling and chlorinated spray significantly lowered Campylobacter prevalence (P < 0.01), and even fewer leg quarters were positive for Campylobacter (P < 0.01). Passage through a chlorinated dip did not further reduce Campylobacter prevalence on leg quarters. Salmonella was infrequently found in any of the samples examined (≤10%). Total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and E. coli levels were reduced (P < 0.01) on whole carcasses by chilling but were not different after cut-up or leg quarter dip treatment. Overall, current commercial duck processing techniques as applied in the tested plant were effective for reducing the prevalence and levels of Campylobacter on duck meat products. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Berrang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
| | - R J Meinersmann
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
| | - S W Knapp
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
| |
Collapse
|