1
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Rindt WD, Krug M, Yamada S, Sennefelder F, Belz L, Cheng WH, Azeem M, Kuric M, Evers M, Leich E, Hartmann TN, Pereira AR, Hermann M, Hansmann J, Mussoni C, Stahlhut P, Ahmad T, Yassin MA, Mustafa K, Ebert R, Jundt F. A 3D bioreactor model to study osteocyte differentiation and mechanobiology under perfusion and compressive mechanical loading. Acta Biomater 2024; 184:210-225. [PMID: 38969078 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Osteocytes perceive and process mechanical stimuli in the lacuno-canalicular network in bone. As a result, they secrete signaling molecules that mediate bone formation and resorption. To date, few three-dimensional (3D) models exist to study the response of mature osteocytes to biophysical stimuli that mimic fluid shear stress and substrate strain in a mineralized, biomimetic bone-like environment. Here we established a biomimetic 3D bone model by utilizing a state-of-art perfusion bioreactor platform where immortomouse/Dmp1-GFP-derived osteoblastic IDG-SW3 cells were differentiated into mature osteocytes. We evaluated proliferation and differentiation properties of the cells on 3D microporous scaffolds of decellularized bone (dBone), poly(L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) lactide (LTMC), and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) under physiological fluid flow conditions over 21 days. Osteocyte viability and proliferation were similar on the scaffolds with equal distribution of IDG-SW3 cells on dBone and LTMC scaffolds. After seven days, the differentiation marker alkaline phosphatase (Alpl), dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (Dmp1), and sclerostin (Sost) were significantly upregulated in IDG-SW3 cells (p = 0.05) on LTMC scaffolds under fluid flow conditions at 1.7 ml/min, indicating rapid and efficient maturation into osteocytes. Osteocytes responded by inducing the mechanoresponsive genes FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (Fos) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2) under perfusion and dynamic compressive loading at 1 Hz with 5 % strain. Together, we successfully created a 3D biomimetic platform as a robust tool to evaluate osteocyte differentiation and mechanobiology in vitro while recapitulating in vivo mechanical cues such as fluid flow within the lacuno-canalicular network. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study highlights the importance of creating a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model to study osteocyte differentiation and mechanobiology, as cellular functions are limited in two-dimensional (2D) models lacking in vivo tissue organization. By using a perfusion bioreactor platform, physiological conditions of fluid flow and compressive loading were mimicked to which osteocytes are exposed in vivo. Microporous poly(L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) lactide (LTMC) scaffolds in 3D are identified as a valuable tool to create a favorable environment for osteocyte differentiation and to enable mechanical stimulation of osteocytes by perfusion and compressive loading. The LTMC platform imitates the mechanical bone environment of osteocytes, allowing the analysis of the interaction with other cell types in bone under in vivo biophysical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyonna Darleen Rindt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Krug
- Department of Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration, Orthopedic Clinic König-Ludwig-Haus, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Shuntaro Yamada
- Centre of Translational Oral Research (TOR)-Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Louisa Belz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wen-Hui Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Muhammad Azeem
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kuric
- Department of Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration, Orthopedic Clinic König-Ludwig-Haus, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Ellen Leich
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Nicole Hartmann
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-University Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ana Rita Pereira
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marietta Hermann
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, Germany
| | - Camilla Mussoni
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Stahlhut
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Taufiq Ahmad
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Yassin
- Centre of Translational Oral Research (TOR)-Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Centre of Translational Oral Research (TOR)-Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Regina Ebert
- Department of Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration, Orthopedic Clinic König-Ludwig-Haus, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Jundt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Wachendörfer M, Palkowitz AL, Fischer H. Development of a biofabricated 3D in vitrovessel model for investigating transendothelial migration in stem cell therapy. Biofabrication 2024; 16:035028. [PMID: 38810632 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad51a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Systemic stem cell therapies hold promise for treating severe diseases, but their efficiency is hampered by limited migration of injected stem cells across vascular endothelium towards diseased tissues. Understanding transendothelial migration is crucial for improving therapy outcomes. We propose a novel 3Din vitrovessel model that aids to unravel these mechanisms and thereby facilitates stem cell therapy development. Our model simulates inflammation through cytokine diffusion from the tissue site into the vessel. It consists of a biofabricated vessel embedded in a fibrin hydrogel, mimicking arterial wall composition with smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. The perfusable channel is lined with a functional endothelium which expresses vascular endothelial cadherin, provides an active barrier function, aligns with flow direction and is reconstructed byin situtwo-photon-microscopy. Inflammatory cytokine release (tumor necrosis factorα, stromal-derived factor (1) is demonstrated in both a transwell assay and the 3D model. In proof-of-principle experiments, mesoangioblasts, known as a promising candidate for a stem cell therapy against muscular dystrophies, are injected into the vessel model, showing shear-resistant endothelial adhesion under capillary-like flow conditions. Our 3Din vitromodel offers significant potential to study transendothelial migration mechanisms of stem cells, facilitating the development of improved stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattis Wachendörfer
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alena Lisa Palkowitz
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Horst Fischer
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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3
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Zhou Z, Liu J, Xiong T, Liu Y, Tuan RS, Li ZA. Engineering Innervated Musculoskeletal Tissues for Regenerative Orthopedics and Disease Modeling. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310614. [PMID: 38200684 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders significantly burden patients and society, resulting in high healthcare costs and productivity loss. These disorders are the leading cause of physical disability, and their prevalence is expected to increase as sedentary lifestyles become common and the global population of the elderly increases. Proper innervation is critical to maintaining MSK function, and nerve damage or dysfunction underlies various MSK disorders, underscoring the potential of restoring nerve function in MSK disorder treatment. However, most MSK tissue engineering strategies have overlooked the significance of innervation. This review first expounds upon innervation in the MSK system and its importance in maintaining MSK homeostasis and functions. This will be followed by strategies for engineering MSK tissues that induce post-implantation in situ innervation or are pre-innervated. Subsequently, research progress in modeling MSK disorders using innervated MSK organoids and organs-on-chips (OoCs) is analyzed. Finally, the future development of engineering innervated MSK tissues to treat MSK disorders and recapitulate disease mechanisms is discussed. This review provides valuable insights into the underlying principles, engineering methods, and applications of innervated MSK tissues, paving the way for the development of targeted, efficacious therapies for various MSK conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Tiandi Xiong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Alan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, P. R. China
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Gabetti S, Masante B, Schiavi A, Scatena E, Zenobi E, Israel S, Sanginario A, Del Gaudio C, Audenino A, Morbiducci U, Massai D. Adaptable test bench for ASTM-compliant permeability measurement of porous scaffolds for tissue engineering. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1722. [PMID: 38242930 PMCID: PMC10799031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic permeability describes the ability of a porous medium to be penetrated by a fluid. Considering porous scaffolds for tissue engineering (TE) applications, this macroscopic variable can strongly influence the transport of oxygen and nutrients, the cell seeding process, and the transmission of fluid forces to the cells, playing a crucial role in determining scaffold efficacy. Thus, accurately measuring the permeability of porous scaffolds could represent an essential step in their optimization process. In literature, several methods have been proposed to characterize scaffold permeability. Most of the currently adopted approaches to assess permeability limit their applicability to specific scaffold structures, hampering protocols standardization, and ultimately leading to incomparable results among different laboratories. The content of novelty of this study is in the proposal of an adaptable test bench and in defining a specific testing protocol, compliant with the ASTM International F2952-22 guidelines, for reliable and repeatable measurements of the intrinsic permeability of TE porous scaffolds. The developed permeability test bench (PTB) exploits the pump-based method, and it is composed of a modular permeability chamber integrated within a closed-loop hydraulic circuit, which includes a peristaltic pump and pressure sensors, recirculating demineralized water. A specific testing protocol was defined for characterizing the pressure drop associated with the scaffold under test, while minimizing the effects of uncertainty sources. To assess the operational capabilities and performance of the proposed test bench, permeability measurements were conducted on PLA scaffolds with regular (PS) and random (RS) micro-architecture and on commercial bovine bone matrix-derived scaffolds (CS) for bone TE. To validate the proposed approach, the scaffolds were as well characterized using an alternative test bench (ATB) based on acoustic measurements, implementing a blind randomized testing procedure. The consistency of the permeability values measured using both the test benches demonstrated the reliability of the proposed approach. A further validation of the PTB's measurement reliability was provided by the agreement between the measured permeability values of the PS scaffolds and the theory-based predicted permeability value. Once validated the proposed PTB, the performed measurements allowed the investigation of the scaffolds' transport properties. Samples with the same structure (guaranteed by the fused-deposition modeling technique) were characterized by similar permeability values, and CS and RS scaffolds showed permeability values in agreement with the values reported in the literature for bovine trabecular bone. In conclusion, the developed PTB and the proposed testing protocol allow the characterization of the intrinsic permeability of porous scaffolds of different types and dimensions under controlled flow regimes, representing a powerful tool in view of providing a reliable and repeatable framework for characterizing and optimizing scaffolds for TE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gabetti
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
- Centro 3R, Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Turin, Italy
| | - Beatrice Masante
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
- Centro 3R, Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Turin, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences, CIR-Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Schiavi
- Applied Metrology and Engineering Division, INRiM-National Institute of Metrological Research, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Simone Israel
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
- Centro 3R, Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sanginario
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Audenino
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
- Centro 3R, Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Turin, Italy
| | - Umberto Morbiducci
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
- Centro 3R, Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Turin, Italy
| | - Diana Massai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
- Centro 3R, Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Turin, Italy.
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5
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Meneses J, Fernandes SR, Silva JC, Ferreira FC, Alves N, Pascoal-Faria P. JANUS: an open-source 3D printable perfusion bioreactor and numerical model-based design strategy for tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1308096. [PMID: 38162184 PMCID: PMC10757336 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1308096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioreactors have been employed in tissue engineering to sustain longer and larger cell cultures, managing nutrient transfer and waste removal. Multiple designs have been developed, integrating sensor and stimulation technologies to improve cellular responses, such as proliferation and differentiation. The variability in bioreactor design, stimulation protocols, and cell culture conditions hampered comparison and replicability, possibly hiding biological evidence. This work proposes an open-source 3D printable design for a perfusion bioreactor and a numerical model-driven protocol development strategy for improved cell culture control. This bioreactor can simultaneously deliver capacitive-coupled electric field and fluid-induced shear stress stimulation, both stimulation systems were validated experimentally and in agreement with numerical predictions. A preliminary in vitro validation confirmed the suitability of the developed bioreactor to sustain viable cell cultures. The outputs from this strategy, physical and virtual, are openly available and can be used to improve comparison, replicability, and control in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Meneses
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, Portugal
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia R. Fernandes
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João C. Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB—Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB—Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Alves
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, Portugal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Pascoal-Faria
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, Marinha Grande, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Mathematics, School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal
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6
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Komosa ER, Lin WH, Mahadik B, Bazzi MS, Townsend D, Fisher JP, Ogle BM. A novel perfusion bioreactor promotes the expansion of pluripotent stem cells in a 3D-bioprinted tissue chamber. Biofabrication 2023; 16:014101. [PMID: 37906964 PMCID: PMC10636629 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
While the field of tissue engineering has progressed rapidly with the advent of 3D bioprinting and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), impact is limited by a lack of functional, thick tissues. One way around this limitation is to 3D bioprint tissues laden with hiPSCs. In this way, the iPSCs can proliferate to populate the thick tissue mass prior to parenchymal cell specification. Here we design a perfusion bioreactor for an hiPSC-laden, 3D-bioprinted chamber with the goal of proliferating the hiPSCs throughout the structure prior to differentiation to generate a thick tissue model. The bioreactor, fabricated with digital light projection, was optimized to perfuse the interior of the hydrogel chamber without leaks and to provide fluid flow around the exterior as well, maximizing nutrient delivery throughout the chamber wall. After 7 days of culture, we found that intermittent perfusion (15 s every 15 min) at 3 ml min-1provides a 1.9-fold increase in the density of stem cell colonies in the engineered tissue relative to analogous chambers cultured under static conditions. We also observed a more uniform distribution of colonies within the tissue wall of perfused structures relative to static controls, reflecting a homogeneous distribution of nutrients from the culture media. hiPSCs remained pluripotent and proliferative with application of fluid flow, which generated wall shear stresses averaging ∼1.0 dyn cm-2. Overall, these promising outcomes following perfusion of a stem cell-laden hydrogel support the production of multiple tissue types with improved thickness, and therefore increased function and utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Komosa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- NIBIB/NIH Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Wei-Han Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Bhushan Mahadik
- NIBIB/NIH Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, College Park, MD, United States of America
- Fishell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Marisa S Bazzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - DeWayne Townsend
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - John P Fisher
- NIBIB/NIH Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, College Park, MD, United States of America
- Fishell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Brenda M Ogle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- NIBIB/NIH Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, College Park, MD, United States of America
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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7
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Boretti G, Giordano E, Ionita M, Vlasceanu GM, Sigurjónsson ÓE, Gargiulo P, Lovecchio J. Human Bone-Marrow-Derived Stem-Cell-Seeded 3D Chitosan-Gelatin-Genipin Scaffolds Show Enhanced Extracellular Matrix Mineralization When Cultured under a Perfusion Flow in Osteogenic Medium. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5898. [PMID: 37687590 PMCID: PMC10488422 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered bone tissue grafts are a promising alternative to the more conventional use of natural donor bone grafts. However, choosing an appropriate biomaterial/scaffold to sustain cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation in a 3D environment remains one of the most critical issues in this domain. Recently, chitosan/gelatin/genipin (CGG) hybrid scaffolds have been proven as a more suitable environment to induce osteogenic commitment in undifferentiated cells when doped with graphene oxide (GO). Some concern is, however, raised towards the use of graphene and graphene-related material in medical applications. The purpose of this work was thus to check if the osteogenic potential of CGG scaffolds without added GO could be increased by improving the medium diffusion in a 3D culture of differentiating cells. To this aim, the level of extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization was evaluated in human bone-marrow-derived stem cell (hBMSC)-seeded 3D CGG scaffolds upon culture under a perfusion flow in a dedicated custom-made bioreactor system. One week after initiating dynamic culture, histological/histochemical evaluations of CGG scaffolds were carried out to analyze the early osteogenic commitment of the culture. The analyses show the enhanced ECM mineralization of the 3D perfused culture compared to the static counterpart. The results of this investigation reveal a new perspective on more efficient clinical applications of CGG scaffolds without added GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Boretti
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavík University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland; (G.B.); (Ó.E.S.); (P.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering “Silvio Cavalcanti”, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna, 47522 Cesena, FC, Italy
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Mariana Ionita
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (M.I.); (G.M.V.)
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- eBio-Hub Research Centre, University Politehnica of Bucharest-Campus, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - George Mihail Vlasceanu
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (M.I.); (G.M.V.)
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ólafur Eysteinn Sigurjónsson
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavík University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland; (G.B.); (Ó.E.S.); (P.G.); (J.L.)
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, 105 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Paolo Gargiulo
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavík University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland; (G.B.); (Ó.E.S.); (P.G.); (J.L.)
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Joseph Lovecchio
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavík University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland; (G.B.); (Ó.E.S.); (P.G.); (J.L.)
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland
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8
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Yamada S, Ockermann PN, Schwarz T, Mustafa K, Hansmann J. Translation of biophysical environment in bone into dynamic cell culture under flow for bone tissue engineering. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:4395-4407. [PMID: 37711188 PMCID: PMC10498129 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic environment where osteocytes, osteoblasts, and mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells perceive mechanical cues and regulate bone metabolism accordingly. In particular, interstitial fluid flow in bone and bone marrow serves as a primary biophysical stimulus, which regulates the growth and fate of the cellular components of bone. The processes of mechano-sensory and -transduction towards bone formation have been well studied mainly in vivo as well as in two-dimensional (2D) dynamic cell culture platforms, which elucidated mechanically induced osteogenesis starting with anabolic responses, such as production of nitrogen oxide and prostaglandins followed by the activation of canonical Wnt signaling, upon mechanosensation. The knowledge has been now translated into regenerative medicine, particularly into the field of bone tissue engineering, where multipotent stem cells are combined with three-dimensional (3D) scaffolding biomaterials to produce transplantable constructs for bone regeneration. In the presence of 3D scaffolds, the importance of suitable dynamic cell culture platforms increases further not only to improve mass transfer inside the scaffolds but to provide appropriate biophysical cues to guide cell fate. In principle, the concept of dynamic cell culture platforms is rooted to bone mechanobiology. Therefore, this review primarily focuses on biophysical environment in bone and its translation into dynamic cell culture platforms commonly used for 2D and 3D cell expansion, including their advancement, challenges, and future perspectives. Additionally, it provides the literature review of recent empirical studies using 2D and 3D flow-based dynamic cell culture systems for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Yamada
- Center of Translational Oral Research-Tissue Engineering, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Philipp Niklas Ockermann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Germany
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Center of Translational Oral Research-Tissue Engineering, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Germany
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt, Germany
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Yamada S, Yassin MA, Torelli F, Hansmann J, Green JBA, Schwarz T, Mustafa K. Unique osteogenic profile of bone marrow stem cells stimulated in perfusion bioreactor is Rho-ROCK-mediated contractility dependent. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10509. [PMID: 37206242 PMCID: PMC10189446 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The fate determination of bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSC) is tightly regulated by mechanical cues, including fluid shear stress. Knowledge of mechanobiology in 2D culture has allowed researchers in bone tissue engineering to develop 3D dynamic culture systems with the potential for clinical translation in which the fate and growth of BMSC are mechanically controlled. However, due to the complexity of 3D dynamic cell culture compared to the 2D counterpart, the mechanisms of cell regulation in the dynamic environment remain relatively undescribed. In the present study, we analyzed the cytoskeletal modulation and osteogenic profiles of BMSC under fluid stimuli in a 3D culture condition using a perfusion bioreactor. BMSC subjected to fluid shear stress (mean 1.56 mPa) showed increased actomyosin contractility, accompanied by the upregulation of mechanoreceptors, focal adhesions, and Rho GTPase-mediated signaling molecules. Osteogenic gene expression profiling revealed that fluid shear stress promoted the expression of osteogenic markers differently from chemically induced osteogenesis. Osteogenic marker mRNA expression, type 1 collagen formation, ALP activity, and mineralization were promoted in the dynamic condition, even in the absence of chemical supplementation. The inhibition of cell contractility under flow by Rhosin chloride, Y27632, MLCK inhibitor peptide-18, or Blebbistatin revealed that actomyosin contractility was required for maintaining the proliferative status and mechanically induced osteogenic differentiation in the dynamic culture. The study highlights the cytoskeletal response and unique osteogenic profile of BMSC in this type of dynamic cell culture, stepping toward the clinical translation of mechanically stimulated BMCS for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Yamada
- Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR)‐Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of BergenNorway
| | - Mohammed A. Yassin
- Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR)‐Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of BergenNorway
| | - Francesco Torelli
- Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR)‐Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of BergenNorway
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Translational Center Regenerative TherapiesFraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISCWürzburgGermany
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineUniversity Hospital WürzburgWürzburgGermany
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Applied Sciences Würzburg‐SchweinfurtSchweinfurtGermany
| | - Jeremy B. A. Green
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial SciencesKing's College LondonUK
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- Translational Center Regenerative TherapiesFraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISCWürzburgGermany
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR)‐Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of BergenNorway
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Born G, Plantier E, Nannini G, Caimi A, Mazzoleni A, Asnaghi MA, Muraro MG, Scherberich A, Martin I, García-García A. Mini- and macro-scale direct perfusion bioreactors with optimized flow for engineering 3D tissues. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200405. [PMID: 36428229 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioreactors enabling direct perfusion of cell suspensions or culture media through the pores of 3D scaffolds have long been used in tissue engineering to improve cell seeding efficiency as well as uniformity of cell distribution and tissue development. A macro-scale U-shaped bioreactor for cell culture under perfusion (U-CUP) has been previously developed. In that system, the geometry of the perfusion chamber results in rather uniform flow through most of the scaffold volume, but not in the peripheral regions. Here, the design of the perfusion chamber has been optimized to provide a more homogenous perfusion flow through the scaffold. Then, the design of this macro-scale flow-optimized perfusion bioreactor (macro-Flopper) has been miniaturized to create a mini-scale device (mini-Flopper) compatible with medium-throughput assays. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling of the new chamber design, including a porous scaffold structure, revealed that Flopper bioreactors provide highly homogenous flow speed, pressure, and shear stress. Finally, a proof-of-principle of the functionality of the Flopper systems by engineering endothelialized stromal tissues using human adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells has been offered. Preliminary evidence showing that flow optimization improves cell maintenance in the engineered tissues will have to be confirmed in future studies. In summary, two bioreactor models with optimized perfusion flow and complementary sizes have been proposed that might be exploited to engineer homogenous tissues and, in the case of the mini-Flopper, for drug testing assays with a limited amount of biological material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordian Born
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Evelia Plantier
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guido Nannini
- Department of Electronics, Informatics and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Alessandro Caimi
- Department of Electronics, Informatics and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Andrea Mazzoleni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Adelaide Asnaghi
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuele G Muraro
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Scherberich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrés García-García
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Campinoti S, Almeida B, Goudarzi N, Bencina S, Grundland Freile F, McQuitty C, Natarajan D, Cox IJ, Le Guennec A, Khati V, Gaudenzi G, Gramignoli R, Urbani L. Rat liver extracellular matrix and perfusion bioreactor culture promote human amnion epithelial cell differentiation towards hepatocyte-like cells. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231219813. [PMID: 38143931 PMCID: PMC10748678 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231219813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital and chronic liver diseases have a substantial health burden worldwide. The most effective treatment available for these patients is whole organ transplantation; however, due to the severely limited supply of donor livers and the side effects associated with the immunosuppressive regimen required to accept allograft, the mortality rate in patients with end-stage liver disease is annually rising. Stem cell-based therapy aims to provide alternative treatments by either cell transplantation or bioengineered construct transplantation. Human amnion epithelial cells (AEC) are a widely available, ethically neutral source of cells with the plasticity and potential of multipotent stem cells and immunomodulatory properties of perinatal cells. AEC have been proven to be able to achieve functional improvement towards hepatocyte-like cells, capable of rescuing animals with metabolic disorders; however, they showed limited metabolic activities in vitro. Decellularised extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds have gained recognition as adjunct biological support. Decellularised scaffolds maintain native ECM components and the 3D architecture instrumental of the organ, necessary to support cells' maturation and function. We combined ECM-scaffold technology with primary human AEC, which we demonstrated being equipped with essential ECM-adhesion proteins, and evaluated the effects on AEC differentiation into functional hepatocyte-like cells (HLC). This novel approach included the use of a custom 4D bioreactor to provide constant oxygenation and media perfusion to cells in 3D cultures over time. We successfully generated HLC positive for hepatic markers such as ALB, CYP3A4 and CK18. AEC-derived HLC displayed early signs of hepatocyte phenotype, secreted albumin and urea, and expressed Phase-1 and -2 enzymes. The combination of liver-specific ECM and bioreactor provides a system able to aid differentiation into HLC, indicating that the innovative perfusion ECM-scaffold technology may support the functional improvement of multipotent and pluripotent stem cells, with important repercussions in the bioengineering of constructs for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Campinoti
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Bruna Almeida
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Negin Goudarzi
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Stefan Bencina
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Fabio Grundland Freile
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic and Medical Bioscience, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Claire McQuitty
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Dipa Natarajan
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - I Jane Cox
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Adrien Le Guennec
- Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Vamakshi Khati
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Giulia Gaudenzi
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Luca Urbani
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
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12
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A Tissue Engineering Acoustophoretic (TEA) Set-up for the Enhanced Osteogenic Differentiation of Murine Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (mMSCs). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911473. [PMID: 36232775 PMCID: PMC9570200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Quickly developing precision medicine and patient-oriented treatment strategies urgently require novel technological solutions. The randomly cell-populated scaffolds usually used for tissue engineering often fail to mimic the highly anisotropic characteristics of native tissue. In this work, an ultrasound standing-wave-based tissue engineering acoustophoretic (TEA) set-up was developed to organize murine mesenchymal stromal cells (mMSCs) in an in situ polymerizing 3-D fibrin hydrogel. The resultant constructs, consisting of 17 cell layers spaced at 300 µm, were obtained by continuous wave ultrasound applied at a 2.5 MHz frequency. The patterned mMSCs preserved the structured behavior within 10 days of culturing in osteogenic conditions. Cell viability was moderately increased 1 day after the patterning; it subdued and evened out, with the cells randomly encapsulated in hydrogels, within 21 days of culturing. Cells in the structured hydrogels exhibited enhanced expression of certain osteogenic markers, i.e., Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osterix (Osx) transcription factor, collagen-1 alpha1 (COL1A1), osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteonectin (ON), as well as of certain cell-cycle-progression-associated genes, i.e., Cyclin D1, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61), and anillin (ANLN), when cultured with osteogenic supplements and, for ANLN, also in the expansion media. Additionally, OPN expression was also augmented on day 5 in the patterned gels cultured without the osteoinductive media, suggesting the pro-osteogenic influence of the patterned cell organization. The TEA set-up proposes a novel method for non-invasively organizing cells in a 3-D environment, potentially enhancing the regenerative properties of the designed anisotropic constructs for bone healing.
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13
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Egger D, Hansmann J, Kasper C, Kouroupis D. Editorial: Advanced cell culture technologies to boost cell-based therapies, volume II. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:999765. [PMID: 36110321 PMCID: PMC9469591 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.999765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Egger
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Culture Technologies, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Dominik Egger,
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Department for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kasper
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Culture Technologies, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dimitrios Kouroupis
- Department of Orthopedics, Division of Sports Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Diabetes Research Institute, Cell Transplant Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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