1
|
Laksono BM, Sooksawasdi Na Ayudhya S, Aguilar-Bretones M, Embregts CWE, van Nierop GP, van Riel D. Human B cells and dendritic cells are susceptible and permissive to enterovirus D68 infection. mSphere 2024; 9:e0052623. [PMID: 38259063 PMCID: PMC10900886 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00526-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is predominantly associated with mild respiratory infections, but can also cause severe respiratory disease and extra-respiratory complications, including acute flaccid myelitis. Systemic dissemination of EV-D68 is crucial for the development of extra-respiratory diseases, but it is currently unclear how EV-D68 spreads systemically (viremia). We hypothesize that immune cells contribute to the systemic dissemination of EV-D68, as this is a mechanism commonly used by other enteroviruses. Therefore, we investigated the susceptibility and permissiveness of human primary immune cells for different EV-D68 isolates. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells inoculated with EV-D68, only B cells were susceptible but virus replication was limited. However, in B cell-rich cultures, such as Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell line (BLCL) and primary lentivirus-transduced B cells, which better represent lymphoid B cells, were productively infected. Subsequently, we showed that dendritic cells (DCs), particularly immature DCs, are susceptible and permissive for EV-D68 infection and that they can spread EV-D68 to autologous BLCL. Altogether, our findings suggest that immune cells, especially B cells and DCs, could play an important role in the pathogenesis of EV-D68 infection. Infection of these cells may contribute to systemic dissemination of EV-D68, which is an essential step toward the development of extra-respiratory complications.IMPORTANCEEnterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging respiratory virus that has caused outbreaks worldwide since 2014. EV-D68 infects primarily respiratory epithelial cells resulting in mild respiratory diseases. However, EV-D68 infection is also associated with extra-respiratory complications, including polio-like paralysis. It is unclear how EV-D68 spreads systemically and infects other organs. We hypothesized that immune cells could play a role in the extra-respiratory spread of EV-D68. We showed that EV-D68 can infect and replicate in specific immune cells, that is, B cells and dendritic cells (DCs), and that virus could be transferred from DCs to B cells. Our data reveal a potential role of immune cells in the pathogenesis of EV-D68 infection. Intervention strategies that prevent EV-D68 infection of immune cells will therefore potentially prevent systemic spread of virus and thereby severe extra-respiratory complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lai J, Li Z, Pan L, Huang Y, Zhou Z, Ma C, Guo J, Xu L. Research progress on pathogenic and therapeutic mechanisms of Enterovirus A71. Arch Virol 2023; 168:260. [PMID: 37773227 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection has become a major global public health problem, especially for infants and young children. The results of epidemiological research show that EV-A71 infection can cause acute hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and complications of the nervous system in severe cases, including aseptic pediatric meningoencephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even death. Many studies have demonstrated that EV-A71 infection may trigger a variety of intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways, which are interconnected to form a network that leads to the innate immune response, immune escape, inflammation, and apoptosis in the host. This article aims to provide an overview of the possible mechanisms underlying infection, signaling pathway activation, the immune response, immune evasion, apoptosis, and the inflammatory response caused by EV-A71 infection and an overview of potential therapeutic strategies against EV-A71 infection to better understand the pathogenesis of EV-A71 and to aid in the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Lai
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhishan Li
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixin Pan
- The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yunxia Huang
- The Sixth Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifei Zhou
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiachun Guo
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingqing Xu
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xing J, Wang K, Wang G, Li N, Zhang Y. Recent advances in enterovirus A71 pathogenesis: a focus on fatal human enterovirus A71 infection. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2483-2501. [PMID: 36171507 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major pathogens responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Many HFMD outbreaks have been reported throughout the world in the past decades. Compared with other viruses, EV-A71 infection is more frequently associated with severe neurological complications and even death in children. EV-A71 can also infect adults and cause severe complications and death, although such cases are very uncommon. Although fatal cases of EV-A71 infection have been reported, the underlying mechanisms of EV-A71 infection, especially the mode of viral spread into the central nervous system (CNS) and mechanisms of pulmonary edema, which is considered to be the direct cause of death, have not yet been fully clarified, and more studies are needed. Here, we first summarize the pathological findings in various systems of patients with fatal EV-A71 infections, focussing in detail on gross changes, histopathological examination, tissue distribution of viral antigens and nucleic acids, systemic inflammatory cell infiltration, and tissue distribution of viral receptors and their co-localization with viral antigens. We then present our conclusions about viral dissemination, neuropathogenesis, and the mechanism of pulmonary edema in EV-A71 infection, based on pathological findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Xing
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, No. 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Ke Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, No. 247 Renmin Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315020, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Geng Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, No. 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, No. 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, No. 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou Y, Zhou C, Wang K, Qiu Q, Cheng Y, Li Y, Cui P, Liang L, Li P, Deng X, Wang L, Zheng W, Gong H, Wang F, Xu M, Chu JJH, Turtle L, Yu H. Diagnostic performance of different specimens in detecting enterovirus A71 in children with hand, foot and mouth disease. Virol Sin 2022; 38:268-275. [PMID: 36371008 PMCID: PMC10176262 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a major public health problem among children in the Asia-Pacific region. The optimal specimen for HFMD virological diagnosis remains unclear. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) neutralizing antibody titres detected in paired sera were considered the reference standard for calculating the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of throat swabs, rectal swabs, stool, blood samples and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by RT-PCR or ELISA assay. In this study, clinical samples from 276 HFMD patients were collected for analysing the sensitivity of different kind of specimens. Our results showed that stool had the highest sensitivity (88%, 95% CI: 74%-96%) and agreement with the reference standard (91%). The order of diagnostic yield for EV-A71 infection was stool sample ≥ rectal swab > throat swab > blood sample > CSF sample, and using a combination of clinical samples improved sensitivity for enterovirus detection. The sensitivity of ELISA for IgM antibody detection in sterile-site specimens was significantly higher than that of RT-PCR (serum/plasma: 62% vs. 2%, CSF: 47% vs. 0%) (P < 0.002). In conclusion, our results suggest that stool has the highest diagnostic yield for EV-A71-infected HFMD. If stool is unavailable, rectal swabs can be collected to achieve a similar diagnostic yield. Otherwise, throat swabs may be useful in detecting positive samples. Although IgM in blood or CSF is diagnostically accurate, it lacks sensitivity, missing 40%-50% of cases. The higher proportion of severe cases and shorter interval between onset and sampling contributed to the increase in congruency between clinical testing and the serological reference standard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chongchen Zhou
- Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qi Qiu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yibing Cheng
- Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Yu Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Peng Cui
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lu Liang
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Peng Li
- Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Xiaowei Deng
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hui Gong
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Meng Xu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK; Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital (member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu Y, Wang L, Zhong M, Zhao W, Wang Y, Song J, Zhang Y. Comprehensive profiling and characterization of cellular microRNAs in response to coxsackievirus A10 infection in bronchial epithelial cells. Virol J 2022; 19:120. [PMID: 35864512 PMCID: PMC9302563 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01852-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10), the causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), caused a series of outbreaks in recent years and often leads to neurological impairment, but a clear understanding of the disease pathogenesis and host response remains elusive. Cellular microRNAs (miRNAs), a large family of non-coding RNA molecules, have been reported to be key regulators in viral pathogenesis and virus-host interactions. However, the role of host cellular miRNAs defensing against CV-A10 infection is still obscure. To address this issue, we systematically analyzed miRNA expression profiles in CV-A10-infected 16HBE cells by high-throughput sequencing methods in this study. It allowed us to successfully identify 312 and 278 miRNAs with differential expression at 12 h and 24 h post-CV-A10 infection, respectively. Among these, 4 miRNAs and their target genes were analyzed by RT-qPCR, which confirmed the sequencing data. Gene target prediction and enrichment analysis revealed that the predicted targets of these miRNAs were significantly enriched in numerous cellular processes, especially in regulation of basic physical process, host immune response and neurological impairment. And the integrated network was built to further indicate the regulatory roles of miRNAs in host-CV-A10 interactions. Consequently, our findings could provide a beneficial basis for further studies on the regulatory roles of miRNAs relevant to the host immune responses and neuropathogenesis caused by CV-A10 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Hu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Mingmei Zhong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Medical Biology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development On Severe Infectious Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China. .,The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu G, Jin WP, Yang ZH, Lv SY, Wu J, Yu YT, Meng SL, Guo J, Wang ZJ, Shen S. Efficacy of Coxsackievirus A2 vaccine candidates correlating to humoral immunity in mice challenged with a mouse-adapted strain. Vaccine 2022; 40:4716-4725. [PMID: 35760737 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, Coxsackievirus A2 (CV-A2) has become one of the main serotypes of enterovirus species A associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in China. It has also caused HFMD epidemics in many countries all over the world. Currently, there are no effective, preventive vaccines against it. METHODS A CV-A2 strain was isolated in RD cells and then adapted to grow in Vero cells. This is in compliance with guidelines for cell substrates allowed for human vaccines by the Chinese regulatory authority. Groups of newborn Kunming mice were inoculated on day 3 and day 9 using two formulations of candidate vaccines, empty particles and full particles. They were then challenged on day 14 at a lethal dose with a mouse-adapted strain. RESULTS The mice in the control group all died within 14 days post-challenge whereas most of the mice in the candidate vaccine groups survived. It was found that the titers of neutralizing antibodies was dose-dependent in sera of immunized mice. The results also showed that the vaccine candidates stimulated a strong humoral immune response and protected the mice from disease and death. The virus loads in tissues or organs were significantly reduced and pathological changes were either weak or not observed in the immunized groups compared with those in Al(OH)3 control group. Preliminary mapping of the nucleotide and amino acid residues potentially related to cell tropism of the vaccine strain and virulence of the challenge strain was performed. CONCLUSION The results showed that the RD cell-isolated and Vero cell-adapted CV-A2 strain is a promising vaccine candidate. This active immunization-challenge mouse model mimics the vaccination and then exposure to wildtype viruses, compared with passive immunization-challenge model, and is invaluable for efficacy evaluation in studies on multivalent vaccines containing CV-A2 against HFMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Hu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Wei-Ping Jin
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Shi-Yun Lv
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Yu-Ting Yu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Sheng-Li Meng
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430207, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kinobe R, Wiyatno A, Artika IM, Safari D. Insight into the Enterovirus A71: A review. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2361. [PMID: 35510476 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 is a major causative pathogen of hand, foot and mouth disease. It has become a global public health threat, and is especially important for infants and young children in the Asian-Pacific countries. The enterovirus A71 is a non-enveloped virus of the Picornaviridae family having a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of about 7.4 kb which encodes the structural and nonstructural proteins. Currently there are no US FDA-approved vaccines or antiviral therapy available against enterovirus A71 infection. Although enterovirus A71 vaccines have been licenced in China, clinically approved vaccines for widespread vaccination programs are lacking. Substantial progress has recently been achieved on understanding the structure and function of enterovirus A71 proteins together with information on the viral genetic diversity and geographic distribution. The present review is intended to provide an overview on our current understanding of the molecular biology and epidemiology of enterovirus A71 which will aid the development of vaccines, therapeutics and other control strategies so as to bolster the preparedness for future enterovirus A71 outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kinobe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ageng Wiyatno
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - I Made Artika
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dodi Safari
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jiang W, Wei C, Mou D, Zuo W, Liang J, Ma X, Wang L, Gao N, Gu Q, Luo P, Ma Y, Li J, Liu S, Shi L, Sun M. Infant rhesus macaques as a non-human primate model of Bordetella pertussis infection. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:407. [PMID: 33941094 PMCID: PMC8091708 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalent resurgence of pertussis has recently become a critical public health problem worldwide. To understand pertussis pathogenesis and the host response to both the pathogen and vaccines, a suitable pertussis animal model, particularly a non-human primate model, is necessary. Recently, a non-human primate pertussis model was successfully established with baboons. Rhesus macaques have been shown to be ideal animal models for several infectious diseases, but a model of infectious pertussis has not been established in these organisms. Studies on rhesus macaque models of pertussis were performed in the 1920s–1930s, but limited experimental details are available. Recent monkey pertussis models have not been successful because the typical clinical symptoms and transmission have not been achieved. Methods In the present study, infant rhesus macaques were challenged with Bordetella pertussis (B.p) using an aerosol method to evaluate the feasibility of this system as an animal model of pertussis. Results Upon aerosol infection, monkeys infected with the recently clinically isolated B.p strain 2016-CY-41 developed the typical whooping cough, leukocytosis, bacteria-positive nasopharyngeal wash (NPW), and interanimal transmission of pertussis. Both systemic and mucosal humoral responses were induced by B.p. Conclusion These results demonstrate that a model of pertussis was successfully established in infant rhesus macaques. This model provides a valuable platform for research on pertussis pathogenesis and evaluation of vaccine candidates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06090-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Chen Wei
- Department of Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis Vaccine and Toxins, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Dachao Mou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Weilun Zuo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiangli Liang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis Vaccine and Toxins, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lichan Wang
- Department of Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis Vaccine and Toxins, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Qin Gu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis Vaccine and Toxins, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Jingyan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.
| | - Mingbo Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tee HK, Zainol MI, Sam IC, Chan YF. Recent advances in the understanding of enterovirus A71 infection: a focus on neuropathogenesis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:733-747. [PMID: 33183118 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1851194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is more frequently associated with neurological complications and deaths compared to other enteroviruses.Areas covered: The authors discuss current understanding of the neuropathogenesis of EV-A71 based on various clinical, human, and animal model studies. The authors discuss the important advancements in virus entry, virus dissemination, and neuroinvasion. The authors highlight the role of host immune system, host genetic factors, viral quasispecies, and heparan sulfate in EV-A71 neuropathogenesis.Expert opinion: Comparison of EV-A71 with EV-D68 and PV shows similarity in primary target sites and dissemination to the central nervous system. More research is needed to understand cellular tropisms, persistence of EV-A71, and other possible invasion routes. EV-A71 infection has varied clinical manifestations which may be attributed to multiple receptors usage. Future development of antivirals and vaccines should target neurotropic enteroviruses. Repurposing drug and immunomodulators used in combination could reduce the severity of EV-A71 infection. Only a few drugs have been tested in clinical trials, and in the absence of antiviral and vaccines (except China), active virus surveillance, good hand hygiene, and physical distancing should be advocated. A better understanding of EV-A71 neuropathogenesis is critical for antiviral and multivalent vaccines development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Kang Tee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Izwan Zainol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wo X, Yuan Y, Xu Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhao S, Lin L, Zhong X, Wang Y, Zhong Z, Zhao W. TAR DNA-Binding Protein 43 is Cleaved by the Protease 3C of Enterovirus A71. Virol Sin 2021; 36:95-103. [PMID: 32696397 PMCID: PMC7973337 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the etiological pathogens leading to hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which can cause severe neurological complications. The neuropathogenesis of EV-A71 infection is not well understood. The mislocalization and aggregation of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is the pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, whether TDP-43 was impacted by EV-A71 infection is unknown. This study demonstrated that TDP-43 was cleaved during EV-A71 infection. The cleavage of TDP-43 requires EV-A71 replication rather than the activated caspases due to viral infection. TDP-43 is cleaved by viral protease 3C between the residues 331Q and 332S, while mutated TDP-43 (Q331A) was not cleaved. In addition, mutated 3C which lacks the protease activity failed to induce TDP-43 cleavage. We also found that TDP-43 was translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and the mislocalization of TDP-43 was induced by viral protease 2A rather than 3C. Taken together, we demonstrated that TDP-43 was cleaved by viral protease and translocated to the cytoplasm during EV-A71 infection, implicating the possible involvement of TDP-43 in the pathogenesis of EV-A71infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Wo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shuoxuan Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lexun Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li Q, Wang Y, Xue W, Bian Z, Gao Y, Zeng Y, Tang L, Tang T, Tian Y, Guo W. Immunomodulatory effects of platelets on the severity of hand, foot, and mouth disease infected with enterovirus 71. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:814-822. [PMID: 32516798 PMCID: PMC8049866 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0970-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection contributes to hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) with severe neurogenic complications, leading to higher morbidity. In addition to their typical roles in coagulation, platelets could serve as essential immune regulatory cells to play a key role in the pathogenesis of this viral infection. METHODS Platelet parameters were measured using an automatic hematology analyzer. T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The levels of cytokines and key transcription factors were determined. RESULTS The levels of platelet count and plateletcrit were positively associated with the severity of HFMD. Th1 and Th2 cells as well as their corresponding cytokines were increased in the severe group compared to the healthy volunteers. Moreover, the levels of platelets were negatively correlated with the level of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), but positively correlated with the frequency of Th1 cells. Coculture of platelets and naive CD4+ T cells showed that platelets from mild patients promote Th1 cell differentiation and IFN-γ secretion. CONCLUSIONS Our study has shown for the first time that the distinct roles of platelets are responsible for the regulation of pathogenic CD4+ T cell differentiation and function in the pathogenesis of HFMD caused by EV71. IMPACT Our study has shown for the first time that the distinct roles of platelets are responsible for the regulation of pathogenic CD4+ T cell differentiation and function in the pathogenesis of HFMD caused by EV71. For the first time, we have discovered the role of platelets in children's HFMD caused by EV71 infection, which may provide a better treatment for HFMD in the future. This article describes new discoveries in platelet immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Li
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenyao Xue
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengying Bian
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Gao
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Tang
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tiejun Tang
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Song J, Hu Y, Li W, Li H, Zheng H, Chen Y, Dong S, Liu L. Transcriptome analysis following enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 infection in respiratory epithelial cells. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2817-2828. [PMID: 32990841 PMCID: PMC7522011 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) are the major pathogens responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), but the mechanism by which these viruses cause disease remains unclear. In this study, we used transcriptome sequencing technology to investigate changes in the transcriptome profiles after infection with EV-A71 and CV-A16 in human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells. Using systematic bioinformatics analysis, we then searched for useful clues regarding the pathogenesis of HFMD. As a result, a total of 111 common differentially expressed genes were present in both EV-A71- and CV-A16-infected cells. A trend analysis of these 111 genes showed that 91 of them displayed the same trend in EV-A71 and CV-A16 infection, including 49 upregulated genes and 42 downregulated genes. These 91 genes were further used to conduct GO, pathway, and coexpression network analysis. It was discovered that enriched GO terms (such as histone acetylation and positive regulation of phosphorylation) and pathways (such as glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis and DNA replication) might be closely associated with the pathogenic mechanism of these two viruses, and key genes (such as TBCK and GPC) might be involved in the progression of HFMD. Finally, we randomly selected 10 differentially expressed genes for qRT-PCR to validate the transcriptome sequencing data. The experimental qRT-PCR results were roughly in agreement with the results of transcriptome sequencing. Collectively, our results provide clues to the mechanism of pathogenesis of HFMD induced by EV-A71 and CV-A16.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yajie Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650002, China
| | - Weiyu Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Hui Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Huiwen Zheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yanli Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Shaozhong Dong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.
| | - Longding Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China. .,Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650118, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang T, Xie T, Song X, Shen D, Li H, Yue L, Jiang Q, Zhu F, Meng H, Long R, Yang R, Luo F, Xie Z. Safety and immunogenicity of an experimental live combination vaccine against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 in rhesus monkeys. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:1586-1594. [PMID: 32159429 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1709353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) are the two most common pathogens causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Previously, we obtained one candidate live attenuated strain each for EV-A71 and CV-A16; here, we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a combinedlive vaccine against EV-A71 and CV-A16 generated from these two candidate strains. Rhesus monkeys were intramuscularly treated with a live combinationvaccine against both EV-A71 and CV-A16 or with either vaccine alone. No fever or atypical clinical signs were observed in any animals. Monkeys vaccinated with the combinationlive vaccine presented no notable pathological changes in the brain, spinal cord, lung, and liver; in contrast, these regions showed inflammatory cell infiltration in monkeys treated with EV-A71 alone or CV-A16 alone. Weak viremia was detected in plasma after inoculation with the combinationvaccine; however, the duration of viral shedding in feces was increased. Biochemical studies revealed a slight increase in aspartate aminotransferase levels in monkeys inoculated with the live combination vaccine; however, histopathological findings did not attribute this change to liver damage. We also found that the live combinationvaccine induced a dual humoral immune response. Cytokine analysis indicated that the combined EV-A71/CV-A16 vaccine significantly down-regulated interleukin-8 production. Here, we have demonstrated that the live attenuated EV-A71/CV-A16 vaccine was safe and could trigger a dual specific immune response. However, its immune protection efficacy requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Tianhong Xie
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Xia Song
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Dong Shen
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Hua Li
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Lei Yue
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Qinfang Jiang
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Fanli Zhu
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Huaqing Meng
- Hospital Infection Control Department, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University , Guiyang, China
| | - Runxiang Long
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Rong Yang
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Feiyu Luo
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Zhongping Xie
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fan S, Liao Y, Jiang G, Jiang L, Wang L, Xu X, Feng M, Yang E, Zhang Y, Cui W, Li Q. Study of integrated protective immunity induced in rhesus macaques by the intradermal administration of a bivalent EV71-CA16 inactivated vaccine. Vaccine 2020; 38:2034-2044. [PMID: 31982260 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus type 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A 16 (CA16) are recognized as the major pathogens responsible for human hand-foot-mouth disease. To develop a bivalent EV71-CA16 vaccine, rhesus macaques immunized with two doses of this vaccine via the intradermal route were challenged with EV71 or CA16, and their clinical symptoms, viral shedding, neutralizing antibodies, IFN-γ-specific ELISpots, and tissue viral load were examined longitudinally. Specific immunity against EV71 and CA16 was observed in the macaques, which exhibited controlled proliferation of the EV71 and CA16 viruses and upregulated expression of immune-related genes compared with the controls. Furthermore, broad protection against EV71 and CA16 challenge without immunopathological effects was observed in all the immunized macaques. These studies suggest that the bivalent EV71-CA16 inactivated vaccine was effective against wild-type EV71 or CA16 viral challenge in rhesus macaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Fan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Guorun Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Aimei Convac BioPharm (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd., Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Xingli Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Min Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Erxia Yang
- Aimei Convac BioPharm (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd., Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Aimei Convac BioPharm (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd., Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu W, Hao X, Yang F, Ma J, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang J, Xu H, Chen L, Liu Q, Duan S, Yang Y, Huang F, He Z. Hematological and biochemical parameters for Chinese rhesus macaque. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222338. [PMID: 31527891 PMCID: PMC6748566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhesus macaque is an important animal model in biomedical research, especially human disease, developmental, translational, and pre-clinical research. Blood physiological and biochemical parameters are important markers for physiology, pathology, and toxicology research. However, these parameters have not been systematically reported for Chinese rhesus macaques. To characterize the reference for these parameters, this study collected 1805 Chinese rhesus macaques living in Southwestern China. A total of 24 blood physiological indexes and 27 biochemical parameters were determined. Sex and age were found to affect these parameters. In conclusion, a comprehensive and systematic reference of hematological and biochemical parameters for Chinese rhesus macaque was established in this work on the basis of a large cohort. Such reference will benefit biomedical research employing rhesus macaques as animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Yu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Xianhui Hao
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Fengmei Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Jin Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Junbin Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Hongjie Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Lixiong Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Quan Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Suqin Duan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Yaping Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Fen Huang
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
- * E-mail: (FH); (ZH)
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China
- * E-mail: (FH); (ZH)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Role of innate lymphoid cells and dendritic cells in intradermal immunization of the enterovirus antigen. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:14. [PMID: 30937186 PMCID: PMC6437170 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus type 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A 16 (CA16) are the major pathogens of human hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). In our previous study, intramuscular immunization with the inactivated EV71 vaccine elicited effective immunity, while immunization with the inactivated CA16 vaccine did not. In this report, we focused on innate immune responses elicited by inactivated EV71 and CA16 antigens administered intradermally or intramuscularly. The distributions of the EV71 and CA16 antigens administered intradermally or intramuscularly were not obviously different, but the antigens were detected for a shorter period of time when administered intradermally. The expression levels of NF-κB pathway signaling molecules, which were identified as being capable of activating DCs, ILCs, and T cells, were higher in the intradermal group than in the intramuscular group. Antibodies for the EV71 and CA16 antigens colocalized with ILCs and DCs in skin and muscle tissues under fluorescence microscopy. Interestingly, ILC colocalization decreased over time, while DC colocalization increased over time. ELISpot analysis showed that coordination between DCs and ILCs contributed to successful adaptive immunity against vaccine antigens in the skin. EV71 and/or CA16 antigen immunization via the intradermal route was more capable of significantly increasing neutralizing antibody titers and activating specific T cell responses than immunization via the intramuscular route. Furthermore, neonatal mice born to mothers immunized with the EV71 and CA16 antigens were 100% protected against wild-type EV71 or CA16 viral challenge. Together, our results provide new insights into the development of vaccines for HFMD. Coxsackievirus A 16 (CA16) and enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections are the most common cause of hand-foot-and-mouth diseases. Inactivated virus has been evaluated as potential vaccine for both viruses in animal models, but protection was only achieved for EV71. In this study, led by Qihan Li from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, researchers show that intradermal, as compared to intramuscular immunization, results in an elevated immune response and improved protection from EV71 and CA16 infection in mice. Intradermal vaccination increases interaction of vaccine antigen with dendritic cells and innate lymphoid cells at the site of inoculation, as compared to intramuscular vaccination. Intradermal vaccination furthermore improves the antibody and T cell response and protects mice from infection. However, complete protection of mice from CA16 infection was only achieved after intradermal immunization with a combination of inactivated EV71 and CA16 vaccine, suggesting that further improvements of this vaccine candidate will be necessary.
Collapse
|
17
|
Chang YK, Chen KH, Chen KT. Hand, foot and mouth disease and herpangina caused by enterovirus A71 infections: a review of enterovirus A71 molecular epidemiology, pathogenesis, and current vaccine development. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 60:e70. [PMID: 30427405 PMCID: PMC6223252 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infections are one of the main etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina worldwide. EV-A71 infection is a life-threatening communicable disease and there is an urgent global need for the development of vaccines for its prevention and control. The morbidity rate of EV-A71 infection differs between countries. The pathogen’s genetic lineages are undergoing rapid evolutionary changes. An association between the occurrence of EV-A71 infection and the circulation of different genetic strains of EV-A71 virus has been identified around the world. In this review, we present and discuss the molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of the human disease caused by EV-A71 infection, as well as current prospects for the development of an EV-A71 vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kang Chang
- Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying Campus, Department of Radiology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Huang Chen
- Sanming University, School of Mechanical & Electronic Engineering, Sanming, Fujian Province, China
| | - Kow-Tong Chen
- Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Department of Occupational Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hu Y, Song J, Liu L, Zhang Y, Wang L, Li Q. microRNA-4516 Contributes to Different Functions of Epithelial Permeability Barrier by Targeting Poliovirus Receptor Related Protein 1 in Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16 Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:110. [PMID: 29686973 PMCID: PMC5900049 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) remain the predominant etiological agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). The clinical manifestations caused by the two viruses are obviously different. CV-A16 usually triggers a repeated infection, and airway epithelial integrity is often the potential causative factor of respiratory repeated infections. Our previous studies have demonstrated that there were some differentially expressed miRNAs involved in the regulation of adhesion function of epithelial barrier in EV-A71 and CV-A16 infections. In this study, we compared the differences between EV-A71 and CV-A16 infections on the airway epithelial barrier function in human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells and further screened the key miRNA which leaded to the formation of these differences. Our results showed that more rapid proliferation, more serious destruction of 16HBE cells permeability, more apoptosis and disruption of intercellular adhesion-associated molecules were found in CV-A16 infection as compared to EV-A71 infection. Furthermore, we also identified that microRNA-4516 (miR-4516), which presented down-regulation in EV-A71 infection and up-regulation in CV-A16 infection was an important regulator of intercellular junctions by targeting Poliovirus receptor related protein 1(PVRL1). The expressions of PVRL1, claudin4, ZO-1 and E-cadherin in CV-A16-infected cells were significantly less than those in EV-A71-infected cells, while the expressions of these proteins were subverted when pre-treated with miR-4516-overexpression plasmid in EV-A71 infected and miR-4516-knockdown plasmid in CV-A16 infected 16HBE cells. Thus, these data suggested that the opposite expression of miR-4516 in EV-A71 and CV-A16 infections might be the initial steps leading to different epithelial impairments of 16HBE cells by destroying intercellular adhesion, which finally resulted in different outcomes of EV-A71 and CV-A16 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Longding Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|