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Papadopoulou G, Petroulia S, Karamichali E, Dimitriadis A, Marousis D, Ioannidou E, Papazafiri P, Koskinas J, Foka P, Georgopoulou U. The Epigenetic Controller Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) Regulates the Outcome of Hepatitis C Viral Infection. Cells 2023; 12:2568. [PMID: 37947646 PMCID: PMC10648375 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) alters gene expression epigenetically to rearrange the cellular microenvironment in a beneficial way for its life cycle. The host epigenetic changes induced by HCV lead to metabolic dysfunction and malignant transformation. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is an epigenetic controller of critical cellular functions that are essential for HCV propagation. We investigated the putative role of LSD1 in the establishment of HCV infection using genetic engineering and pharmacological inhibition to alter endogenous LSD1 levels. We demonstrated for the first time that HCV replication was inhibited in LSD1-overexpressing cells, while specific HCV proteins differentially fine-tuned endogenous LSD1 expression levels. Electroporation of the full-length HCV genome and subgenomic replicons in LSD1 overexpression enhanced translation and partially restored HCV replication, suggesting that HCV might be inhibited by LSD1 during the early steps of infection. Conversely, the inhibition of LSD1, followed by HCV infection in vitro, increased viral replication. LSD1 was shown to participate in an intriguing antiviral mechanism, where it activates endolysosomal interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) via demethylation, leading endocytosed HCV virions to degradation. Our study proposes that HCV-mediated LSD1 oscillations over countless viral life cycles throughout chronic HCV infection may promote epigenetic changes related to HCV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Papadopoulou
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula Petroulia
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Karamichali
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios Dimitriadis
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Marousis
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Elisavet Ioannidou
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Papazafiri
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - John Koskinas
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Pelagia Foka
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Urania Georgopoulou
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
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Wang L, Guzman M, Muñoz-Santos D, Honrubia JM, Ripoll-Gomez J, Delgado R, Sola I, Enjuanes L, Zuñiga S. Cell type dependent stability and virulence of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2, and engineering of a propagation deficient RNA replicon to analyze virus RNA synthesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1268227. [PMID: 37942479 PMCID: PMC10628495 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1268227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering of reverse genetics systems for newly emerged viruses allows viral genome manipulation, being an essential tool for the study of virus life cycle, virus-host interactions and pathogenesis, as well as for the development of effective antiviral strategies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emergent human coronavirus that has caused the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The engineering of a full-length infectious cDNA clone and a fluorescent replicon of SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1, using a bacterial artificial chromosome, is reported. Viral growth and genetic stability in eleven cell lines were analyzed, showing that both VeroE6 cells overexpressing transmembrane serin protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and human lung derived cells resulted in the optimization of a cell system to preserve SARS-CoV-2 genetic stability. The recombinant SARS-CoV-2 virus and a point mutant expressing the D614G spike protein variant were virulent in a mouse model. The RNA replicon was propagation-defective, allowing its use in BSL-2 conditions to analyze viral RNA synthesis. The SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics systems developed constitute a useful tool for studying the molecular biology of the virus, the development of genetically defined vaccines and to establish systems for antiviral compounds screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Guzman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz-Santos
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Honrubia
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Ripoll-Gomez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Delgado
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sola
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Zuñiga
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Khan JQ, Rohamare M, Rajamanickam K, Bhanumathy KK, Lew J, Kumar A, Falzarano D, Vizeacoumar FJ, Wilson JA. Generation of a SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics System and Novel Human Lung Cell Lines That Exhibit High Virus-Induced Cytopathology. Viruses 2023; 15:1281. [PMID: 37376581 PMCID: PMC10301824 DOI: 10.3390/v15061281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic continues with continued cases worldwide and the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants. In our study, we have developed novel tools with applications for screening antivirals, identifying virus-host dependencies, and characterizing viral variants. Using reverse genetics, we rescued SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan1 (D614G variant) wild type (WTFL) and reporter virus (NLucFL) using molecular BAC clones. The replication kinetics, plaque morphology, and titers were comparable between viruses rescued from molecular clones and a clinical isolate (VIDO-01 strain). Furthermore, the reporter SARS-CoV-2 NLucFL virus exhibited robust luciferase values over the time course of infection and was used to develop a rapid antiviral assay using remdesivir as proof-of-principle. In addition, as a tool to study lung-relevant virus-host interactions, we established novel human lung cell lines that support SARS-CoV-2 infection with high virus-induced cytopathology. Six lung cell lines (NCI-H23, A549, NCI-H1703, NCI-H520, NCI-H226, and HCC827) and HEK293T cells were transduced to stably express ACE2 and tested for their ability to support virus infection. A549ACE2 B1 and HEK293TACE2 A2 cell lines exhibited more than 70% virus-induced cell death, and a novel lung cell line, NCI-H23ACE2 A3, showed about ~99% cell death post-infection. These cell lines are ideal for assays relying on live-dead selection, such as CRISPR knockout and activation screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juveriya Qamar Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (J.Q.K.); (M.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Megha Rohamare
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (J.Q.K.); (M.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Karthic Rajamanickam
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (K.R.); (K.K.B.); (F.J.V.)
| | - Kalpana K. Bhanumathy
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (K.R.); (K.K.B.); (F.J.V.)
| | - Jocelyne Lew
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (J.L.); (D.F.)
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (J.Q.K.); (M.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (J.L.); (D.F.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Franco J. Vizeacoumar
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (K.R.); (K.K.B.); (F.J.V.)
- Cancer Research Department, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Joyce A. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (J.Q.K.); (M.R.); (A.K.)
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Kurhade C, Xie X, Shi PY. Reverse genetic systems of SARS-CoV-2 for antiviral research. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105486. [PMID: 36657881 PMCID: PMC9776485 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reverse genetic systems are widely used to engineer recombinant viruses with desired mutations. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, four types of reverse genetic systems have been developed for SARS-CoV-2: (i) a full-length infectious clone that can be used to prepare recombinant SARS-CoV-2 at biosafety level 3 (BSL3), (ii) a trans-complementation system that can be used to produce single-round infectious SARS-CoV-2 at BSL2, (iii) an attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate (with deletions of viral accessory genes) that may be developed for veterinary use as well as for antiviral screening at BSL2, and (iv) replicon systems with deletions of viral structural genes that can be used at BSL2. Each of these genetic systems has its advantages and disadvantages that can be used to address different questions for basic and translational research. Due to the long genomic size and bacteria-toxic sequences of SARS-CoV-2, several experimental approaches have been established to rescue recombinant viruses and replicons, including (i) in vitro DNA ligation, (ii) bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) system, (iii) yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) system, and (iv) circular polymerase extension reaction (CPER). This review summarizes the current status of SARS-CoV-2 genetic systems and their applications for studying viral replication, pathogenesis, vaccines, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Kurhade
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Shaw R, Dutta B, Ghosh D, Bandopadhyay R. Hepatitis C—Route of Asymptomatic to Symptomatic Switch in Raising Hepatocarcinogenesis: Revisiting Nobel Prize 2020 in Physiology and Medicine. NATIONAL ACADEMY SCIENCE LETTERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40009-022-01192-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tsai TL, Jhou HM, Fan FS. Conspicuous Response to Direct-Acting Antivirals in Chronic Hepatitis C-related Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report. Cureus 2022; 14:e24193. [PMID: 35592216 PMCID: PMC9110079 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 39-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug use was diagnosed to have a sudden onset of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in the background of a chronic hepatitis C infection with genotype 3a. Two courses of high-dose pulse dexamethasone therapy (40 mg daily for consecutive four days) failed to raise the platelet counts, but a combination direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimen of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir, which had been proved to be effective for all hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes, successfully restored the platelets number to normal ranges after hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid (RNA) was totally eliminated. Molecular mimicry of hepatitis C virus envelope proteins with platelet surface antigens is proposed to be the underlying cause of immune thrombocytopenia. An adequate direct-acting antiviral regimen is considered to be the most reliable therapy for hepatitis C-related immune thrombocytopenia.
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Guinan M, Huang N, Smith M, Miller GJ. Design, chemical synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyl-4'-thionucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 61:128605. [PMID: 35123007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues represent an historically accomplished class of antiviral drug. Notwithstanding this, new molecular scaffolds are required to overcome their limitations and evolve pharmacophore space within this established field. Herein, we develop concise synthetic access to a new 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyl-4'-thionucleoside chemotype, including the ProTide form of the uridine analogue. Biological evaluation of these materials in the Hepatitis C replicon assay shows little activity for the canonical pyrimidine forms, but the phosphoramidate of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyl-β-d-4'-thiouridine has an EC50 of 2.99 μM. Direct comparison to the established Hepatitis C drug Sofosbuvir shows a 100-fold drop in activity upon substituting the furanose chalcogen; the reasons for this are as yet unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Guinan
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom; Centre for Glycoscience Research, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Ningwu Huang
- Riboscience LLC, 428 Oakmead Pkwy, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - Mark Smith
- Riboscience LLC, 428 Oakmead Pkwy, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - Gavin J Miller
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom; Centre for Glycoscience Research, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom.
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8
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Soni S, Singh D, Aggarwal R, Veerapu NS. Enhanced fitness of hepatitis C virus increases resistance to direct-acting antivirals. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35133954 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance mutations of hepatitis C virus (HCV) negatively impact viral replicative fitness. RNA viruses are known to change their replication behaviour when subjected to suboptimal selection pressure. Here, we assess whether mutation supply in HCV is sufficiently large to allow the selection of its variants during dual or triple direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment associated with augmented virus fitness or impairment. We engineered randomly mutagenized full-genome libraries to create a highly diverse population of replication-competent HCV variants in cell culture. These variants exhibited escape when treated with NS5A/NS5B inhibitors (daclatasvir/sofosbuvir), and relapse on treatment with a combination of NS3/NS5A/NS5B inhibitors (simeprevir or paritaprevir/daclatasvir/sofosbuvir). Analysis of the relationship between virus fitness and drug resistance of JFH1-derived NS5A-5B variants showed a significant positive correlation (P=0.003). At the earliest time points, intracellular RNA levels remain unchanged in both the subgenomic replicon and infection assays, whereas extracellular RNA levels increased upto ten-fold compared to wild-type JFH1. Beneficial substitutions hyperstimulated phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate during DAA treatment, and showed decreased dependence on cyclophilins during cyclosporine A treatment, indicating an interplay of virus-host molecular mechanisms in beneficial substitution selection that may necessitate infectious virus production. This comprehensive study demonstrates a possible role for HCV fitness of overcoming drug-mediated selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Soni
- Virology Section, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Deepak Singh
- Virology Section, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Rakesh Aggarwal
- Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India
| | - Naga Suresh Veerapu
- Virology Section, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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Two New Purification Methods of Hepatitis C Virus Particles from Serum-Free Culture System. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.115727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: The traditional ultracentrifugation purification method of hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles requires special equipment, limiting its wide application. Therefore, more effective and convenient methods for HCV are needed. Objectives: The present study aimed to establish simple and effective purification methods for HCV. Methods: The infectious clone of the HCV genome (JFH-1) was transfected to the human hepatoma cell line (Huh7.5.1) and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium/nutrient mixture F-12. The infectivity of JFH-1 culture was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence. After concentration by centrifugal filter devices, HCV particles were purified by heparin-affinity chromatography and magnetic separation technique. The purified viruses were detected by the western blot and immune-electron microscopy. Results: The infectious titer of JFH-1 transfected Huh7.5.1 in the serum-free culture medium was 4.5 × 104 FFU/mL, and HCV ribonucleic acid load was 3.946 × 106 IU/mL in 30 days of cell culture post-transfection. After purification by heparin-affinity chromatography or magnetic separation method, viral particles were visualized with spherical morphology and an average diameter of 55 nm assessed by electron microscopy. The viruses were confirmed by the western blot and immune-electron microscopy with specific antibodies to HCV. Conclusions: The heparin-affinity chromatography and magnetic separation methods were established for the purification of HCV, which were simple and efficient methods for the stable purification of HCV particles on a large scale.
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Leumi S, El Kassas M, Zhong J. Hepatitis C virus genotype 4: A poorly characterized endemic genotype. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6079-6088. [PMID: 34185316 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Globally, 13% of all hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are caused by genotype 4 (GT4), which consists of 17 subtypes with various levels of susceptibility to anti-HCV therapy. This genotype is endemic in the Middle East and Africa and has considerably spread to Europe lately. The molecular features of HCV-GT4 infection, as well as its appropriate therapeutics, are poorly characterized as it has not been the subject of widespread basic research. As such, in this review, we aim to gather the current state of knowledge of this genotype with a particular emphasis on its heterogeneity, sequence signatures, resistance-associated substitutions, and available in vivo and in vitro models used for its study. We urge developing more cell-culture models based on different GT4 subtypes to better understand the virology and therapeutic response of this particular genotype. This review may raise more awareness about this genotype and trigger more basic research work to develop its research tools. This will be critical to design better therapeutics and help to provide adequate guidelines for physicians working with HCV-GT4 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Leumi
- Unit of Viral Hepatitis, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mohamed El Kassas
- Department of Endemic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jin Zhong
- Unit of Viral Hepatitis, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yang H, Zhao X, Xun M, Ma C, Wang H. Reverse Genetic Approaches for the Generation of Full Length and Subgenomic Replicon of EV71 Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:665879. [PMID: 34093481 PMCID: PMC8172962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.665879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a neurotropic pathogen that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and it has been consistently associated with severe neurological, cardiac, and respiratory complications. Yet there is no specific treatment for this virus and we still know little about the viral pathogenesis. In this study, we first generated an infectious cDNA clone of EV71 virus from a patient virus strain and made a full-length virus with a NanoLuc reporter gene through reverse genetic approaches. The reporter gene of this virus is genetically stable when passaging in cells and could be used for antiviral testing. In addition, we also made subgenomic replicons (SGRs) of EV71, which lacks part of the structural genes dispensable for viral replication and showed that SGR can be used for viral replication study. Overall, these reporter viral systems are useful tools for EV71 pathogenesis study and antiviral screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Xun
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaofeng Ma
- Department of Viral Diseases Laboratory, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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12
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Gu W, Ueda Y, Dansako H, Satoh S, Kato N. Antiviral mechanism of preclinical antimalarial compounds possessing multiple antiviral activities. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:356-373. [PMID: 33977235 PMCID: PMC8103717 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that N‐89 and its derivative, N‐251, which are being developed as antimalarial compounds, showed multiple antiviral activities including hepatitis C virus (HCV). In this study, we focused on the most characterized anti‐HCV activity of N‐89(N‐251) to clarify their antiviral mechanisms. We first prepared cells exhibiting resistance to N‐89(N‐251) than the parental cells by serial treatment of HCV–RNA‐replicating parental cells with N‐89(N‐251). Then, we newly generated HCV–RNA‐replicating cells with the replacement of HCV–RNAs derived from N‐89(N‐251)‐resistant cells and parental cells. Using these cells, we examined the degree of inhibition of HCV–RNA replication by N‐89(N‐251) and found that the host and viral factors contributed almost equally to the resistance to N‐89(N‐251). To further examine the contribution of the host factors, we selected several candidate genes by cDNA microarray analysis and found that the upregulated expression of at least RAC2 and CKMT1B genes independently and differently contributed to the acquisition of an N‐89(N‐251)‐resistant phenotype. For the viral factors, we selected several mutation candidates by the genetic comparative analysis of HCV–RNAs and showed that at least one M414I mutation in the HCV NS5B contributed to the resistance to N‐89. Moreover, we demonstrated that the combination of host factors (RAC2 and/or CKMT1B) and a viral factor (M414I mutation) additively increased the resistance to N‐89. In summary, we identified the host and viral factors contributing to the acquisition of N‐89(N‐251)‐resistance in HCV–RNA replication. These findings will be useful for clarification of the antiviral mechanism of N‐89(N‐251).
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Gu
- Department of Tumor Virology Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
| | - Youki Ueda
- Department of Tumor Virology Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
| | - Hiromichi Dansako
- Department of Tumor Virology Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
| | - Shinya Satoh
- Department of Tumor Virology Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kato
- Department of Tumor Virology Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
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