1
|
Karczewska M, Wang AY, Narajczyk M, Słomiński B, Szalewska-Pałasz A, Nowicki D. Antibacterial activity of t-cinnamaldehyde: An approach to its mechanistic principle towards enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 132:155845. [PMID: 38964154 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compounds of natural origin are potent source of drugs with unique mechanisms of action. Among phytochemicals, trans-cinnamaldehyde (t-CA) exhibits a wide range of biological activity, thus has been used for centuries to fight bacterial and fungal infections. However, the molecular basis of these properties has not been fully covered. Considering that difficult-to-control infections are becoming a rising global problem, there is a need to elucidate the molecular potential of t-CA. PURPOSE To evaluate the antibacterial activity of t-CA against Shiga-toxigenic E. coli strains and elucidate its mechanism of action based on the inhibition of the virulence factor expression. METHODS The antimicrobial potential of t-CA was assessed with two-fold microdilution and time-kill assays. Further evaluation included bioluminescence suppression assays, quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and assessment of NAD+/NADH ratios. Morphological changes post t-CA exposure were examined using transmission electron microscopy. RNA sequencing and radiolabeling of nucleotides elucidated the metabolic alterations induced by t-CA. Toxin expression level was monitored through the application of fusion proteins, monitoring of bacteriophage development, and fluorescence microscopy studies. Lastly, the therapeutic efficacy in vivo was assessed using Galleria mellonella infection model. RESULTS A comprehensive study of t-CA's bioactivity showed unique properties affecting bacterial metabolism and morphology, resulting in significant bacterial cell deformation and effective virulence inhibition. Elucidation of the underlying mechanisms indicated that t-CA activates the global regulatory system, the stringent response, manifested by its alarmone, (p)ppGpp, overproduction mediated by the RelA enzyme, thereby inhibiting bacterial proliferation. Intriguingly, t-CA effectively downregulates Shiga toxin gene expression via alarmone molecules, indicating its potential for therapeutic effect. In vivo validation demonstrated a significant improvement in larval survival rates post- t-CA treatment with 50 mg/kg (p < 0.05), akin to the efficacy observed with azithromycin, thus indicating its effectiveness against EHEC infections (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results reveal the robust antibacterial capabilities of t-CA, warranting its further exploration as a viable anti-infective agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Karczewska
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ai Yan Wang
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Bioimaging Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Słomiński
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szalewska-Pałasz
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dariusz Nowicki
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wells TJ, Esposito T, Henderson IR, Labzin LI. Mechanisms of antibody-dependent enhancement of infectious disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01067-9. [PMID: 39122820 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infectious disease is a phenomenon whereby host antibodies increase the severity of an infection. It is well established in viral infections but ADE also has an underappreciated role during bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections. ADE can occur during both primary infections and re-infections with the same or a related pathogen; therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms of ADE is critical for understanding the pathogenesis and progression of many infectious diseases. Here, we review the four distinct mechanisms by which antibodies increase disease severity during an infection. We discuss the most established mechanistic explanation for ADE, where cross-reactive, disease-enhancing antibodies bound to pathogens interact with Fc receptors, thereby enhancing pathogen entry or replication, ultimately increasing the total pathogen load. Additionally, we explore how some pathogenic antibodies can shield bacteria from complement-dependent killing, thereby enhancing bacterial survival. We interrogate the molecular mechanisms by which antibodies can amplify inflammation to drive severe disease, even in the absence of increased pathogen replication. We also examine emerging roles for autoantibodies in enhancing the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Finally, we discuss how we can leverage these insights to improve vaccine design and future treatments for infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Wells
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Tyron Esposito
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Larisa I Labzin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Santos‐Beneit F. What is the role of microbial biotechnology and genetic engineering in medicine? Microbiologyopen 2024; 13:e1406. [PMID: 38556942 PMCID: PMC10982607 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial products are essential for developing various therapeutic agents, including antibiotics, anticancer drugs, vaccines, and therapeutic enzymes. Genetic engineering techniques, functional genomics, and synthetic biology unlock previously uncharacterized natural products. This review highlights major advances in microbial biotechnology, focusing on gene-based technologies for medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Santos‐Beneit
- Institute of Sustainable ProcessesValladolidSpain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of ValladolidValladolidSpain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kirkland ME, Patfield S, Hughes AC, Hernlem B, He X. A novel Shiga toxin 2a neutralizing antibody therapeutic with low immunogenicity and high efficacy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0059823. [PMID: 38047751 PMCID: PMC10777836 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00598-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections are difficult to treat due to the risk of antibiotic-induced stress upregulating the production of toxins, medical treatment is consequently limited to supportive care to prevent the development of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Here, we introduce a potentially therapeutic humanized mouse monoclonal antibody (Hu-mAb 2-5) targeting Stx2a, the most common Shiga toxin subtype identified from outbreaks. We demonstrate that Hu-mAb 2-5 has low immunogenicity in healthy adults ex vivo and high neutralizing efficacy in vivo, protecting mice from mortality and HUS-related tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina E. Kirkland
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stephanie Patfield
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Anna C. Hughes
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Bradley Hernlem
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Xiaohua He
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu M, Zhu Y, Li D, Zhou Z, Lin H, Hong H, Shi J, Wu Z. Gb3-Coated Bovine Milk Exosomes as a Practical Neutralizer for Shiga Toxin. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5798-5808. [PMID: 37988327 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) is associated with foodborne infections of some Shigella spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), leading to life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Target-specific therapeutics against HUS are currently unavailable in clinical practice. Herein, we reported the construction and in vitro characterization of Gb3-coated bovine milk exosomes (Gb3-mExo) as a multivalent Shiga toxin neutralizer, utilizing the natural advantages of milk exosomes (mExo) in drug delivery and multivalent interactions between Stx and its receptor Gb3. Gb3-mExo constructs were achieved by conjugating mExo with the Gb3 derivatives containing stearic acid-derived lipid tail, which was prepared through an efficient chemoenzymatic approach. The constructs were able to potently neutralize the binding of the B subunit of Stx2 (Stx2B) to receptor Gb3 immobilized on the plate or expressed on model cells. General safety of the constructs was evidenced by the cytotoxicity analysis and hemolysis assay. In addition to the excellent stability under conventional storage and handling conditions, the construct can also retain most of its neutralization potency under gastrointestinal pH extremes, showing the potential for oral administration. Considering the natural availability and excellent biocompatibility of mExo, Gb3-mExo conjugates should prove to be a practical prophylactic and therapeutic for the Shiga toxin-related infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Yating Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Han Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Haofei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang X, Sui X, Liu Q, Wang H, Sun H, Bai X, Xiong Y. Characterization of the novel temperate Escherichia coli phage phiStx2k. Arch Virol 2023; 169:5. [PMID: 38078984 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05941-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel temperate phage, phiStx2k, was induced from a clinical Escherichia coli isolate producing Shiga toxin (Stx) 2k. The phage particles have an icosahedral head (50 nm in diameter) and a long non-contractile tail (149 nm long). The phage genome consists of 46,647 bp of double-stranded DNA with an average G + C content of 51%. Genome sequence comparisons suggested that phiStx2k represents a new genus in the class Caudoviricetes. phiStx2k was capable of converting non-Stx-producing E. coli strains to Stx producers. These results expand our knowledge on the characteristics of Stx phages and highlight the potential risks of the emergence of Stx-producing strains or novel pathogens via horizontal gene transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxia Sui
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangning Bai
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kellnerová S, Huber S, Massri M, Fleischer V, Losso K, Sarg B, Kremser L, Talasz H, He X, Varrone E, Brigotti M, Ardissino G, Orth-Höller D, Würzner R. Enzymatic Cleavage of Stx2a in the Gut and Identification of Pancreatic Elastase and Trypsin as Possible Main Cleavers. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2487. [PMID: 37894145 PMCID: PMC10609011 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs), especially the Stx2a subtype, are the major virulence factors involved in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (eHUS), a life-threatening disease causing acute kidney injury, especially in children. After oral transmission and colonization in the gut, EHEC release Stx. Intracellular cleavage of the Stx A subunit, when followed by reduction, boosts the enzymatic activity that causes damage to targeted cells. This cleavage was assumed to be mostly mediated by furin during Stx intracellular trafficking. To investigate whether this cleavage could occur in the intestine, even prior to entering target cells, Stx2a A subunit structure (intact or cleaved) was characterized after its exposure to specific host factors present in human stool. The molecular weight of Stx2a A subunit/fragments was determined by immunoblotting after electrophoretic separation under reducing conditions. In this study, it was demonstrated that Stx2a is cleaved by certain human stool components. Trypsin and chymotrypsin-like elastase 3B (CELA3B), two serine proteases, were identified as potential candidates that can trigger the extracellular cleavage of Stx2a A subunit directly after its secretion by EHEC in the gut. Whether the observed cleavage indeed translates to natural infections and plays a role in eHUS pathogenesis has yet to be determined. If so, it seems likely that a host's protease profile could affect disease development by changing the toxin's biological features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sára Kellnerová
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.K.); (S.H.); (M.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Silke Huber
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.K.); (S.H.); (M.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Mariam Massri
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.K.); (S.H.); (M.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Verena Fleischer
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.K.); (S.H.); (M.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Klemens Losso
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, MCI|The Entrepreneurial School, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Sarg
- Protein Core Facility, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (L.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Leopold Kremser
- Protein Core Facility, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (L.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Heribert Talasz
- Protein Core Facility, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (L.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Xiaohua He
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 74710, USA;
| | - Elisa Varrone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Maurizio Brigotti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Gianluigi Ardissino
- Center for HUS Prevention, Control and Management at Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Dorothea Orth-Höller
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.K.); (S.H.); (M.M.); (V.F.)
- MB-LAB–Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.K.); (S.H.); (M.M.); (V.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Thaker H, Wang C, Xu Z, Dong M. Diagnosis and Treatment for Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:10. [PMID: 36668830 PMCID: PMC9862836 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) is a clinical syndrome involving hemolytic anemia (with fragmented red blood cells), low levels of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia), and acute kidney injury (AKI). It is the major infectious cause of AKI in children. In severe cases, neurological complications and even death may occur. Treating STEC-HUS is challenging, as patients often already have organ injuries when they seek medical treatment. Early diagnosis is of great significance for improving prognosis and reducing mortality and sequelae. In this review, we first briefly summarize the diagnostics for STEC-HUS, including history taking, clinical manifestations, fecal and serological detection methods for STEC, and complement activation monitoring. We also summarize preventive and therapeutic strategies for STEC-HUS, such as vaccines, volume expansion, renal replacement therapy (RRT), antibiotics, plasma exchange, antibodies and inhibitors that interfere with receptor binding, and the intracellular trafficking of the Shiga toxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hatim Thaker
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Zhonggao Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Seixas AMM, Sousa SA, Leitão JH. Antibody-Based Immunotherapies as a Tool for Tackling Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1789. [PMID: 36366297 PMCID: PMC9695245 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of antimicrobials is an outstanding achievement of mankind that led to the development of modern medicine. However, increasing antimicrobial resistance observed worldwide is rendering commercially available antimicrobials ineffective. This problem results from the bacterial ability to adapt to selective pressure, leading to the development or acquisition of multiple types of resistance mechanisms that can severely affect the efficacy of antimicrobials. The misuse, over-prescription, and poor treatment adherence by patients are factors strongly aggravating this issue, with an epidemic of infections untreatable by first-line therapies occurring over decades. Alternatives are required to tackle this problem, and immunotherapies are emerging as pathogen-specific and nonresistance-generating alternatives to antimicrobials. In this work, four types of antibody formats and their potential for the development of antibody-based immunotherapies against bacteria are discussed. These antibody isotypes include conventional mammalian polyclonal antibodies that are used for the neutralization of toxins; conventional mammalian monoclonal antibodies that currently have 100 IgG mAbs approved for therapeutic use; immunoglobulin Y found in birds and an excellent source of high-quality polyclonal antibodies able to be purified noninvasively from egg yolks; and single domain antibodies (also known as nanobodies), a recently discovered antibody format (found in camelids and nurse sharks) that allows for a low-cost synthesis in microbial systems, access to hidden or hard-to-reach epitopes, and exhibits a high modularity for the development of complex structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- António M. M. Seixas
- Department of Bioengineering, IBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory, i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sílvia A. Sousa
- Department of Bioengineering, IBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory, i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge H. Leitão
- Department of Bioengineering, IBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory, i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Silva HGDS, Franzolin MR, dos Anjos GF, Barbosa AS, dos Santos LF, Miranda KF, Marques RM, de Souza MCL, Piazza RMF, Domingos MDO. O55 Polysaccharides Are Good Antigen Targets for the Formulation of Vaccines against O55 STEC and Capsulated aEPEC Strains. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080895. [PMID: 36015015 PMCID: PMC9414270 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The serogroup O55 of E. coli is composed of strains whose mechanisms of virulence are different from each other. Since the O55 polysaccharides are present in all E. coli O55 strains, and so are the polymers that compose the capsule of O55 atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC), it was investigated whether anti-O55 antibodies were able to help the innate immune system to eliminate capsulated aEPEC and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) belonging to the serogroup O55. The results demonstrate that the capsule of EPEC was able to inhibit the deposition of C3b on the bacterial surface and, as a consequence, their lysis by the alternative pathway of the complement system. However, in the presence of antibodies, the ability of the complement to lyse these pathogens was restored. It was also observed that macrophages were able to ingest EPEC and STEC, but they were only able to kill the ingested pathogens in the presence of antibodies. Anti-O55 antibodies were also able to inhibit aEPEC and STEC O55 adherence to human epithelial cells. In summary, the results demonstrated that the O55 polysaccharides have the potential to induce an effective humoral immune response against STEC and EPEC, indicating that they are good antigen targets to be used in vaccine formulations against these pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcia Regina Franzolin
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Geovana Ferreira dos Anjos
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Angela Silva Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando dos Santos
- Centro de Bacteriologia, Núcleo de Doenças Entéricas, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo CEP 01246-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Kaique Ferrari Miranda
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Maciel Marques
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Matilde Costa Lima de Souza
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Roxane Maria Fontes Piazza
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta de Oliveira Domingos
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-2627-9708
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abdelhamid AG, Faraone JN, Evans JP, Liu SL, Yousef AE. SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Foodborne Pathogens: Intriguing Commonalities and Obvious Differences. Pathogens 2022; 11:837. [PMID: 36014958 PMCID: PMC9415055 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in tremendous human and economic losses around the globe. The pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a virus that is closely related to SARS-CoV and other human and animal coronaviruses. Although foodborne diseases are rarely of pandemic proportions, some of the causative agents emerge in a manner remarkably similar to what was observed recently with SARS-CoV-2. For example, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), the most common cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome, shares evolution, pathogenesis, and immune evasion similarities with SARS-CoV-2. Both agents evolved over time in animal hosts, and during infection, they bind to specific receptors on the host cell's membrane and develop host adaptation mechanisms. Mechanisms such as point mutations and gene loss/genetic acquisition are the main driving forces for the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and STEC. Both pathogens affect multiple body organs, and the resulting diseases are not completely cured with non-vaccine therapeutics. However, SARS-CoV-2 and STEC obviously differ in the nature of the infectious agent (i.e., virus vs. bacterium), disease epidemiological details (e.g., transmission vehicle and symptoms onset time), and disease severity. SARS-CoV-2 triggered a global pandemic while STEC led to limited, but sometimes serious, disease outbreaks. The current review compares several key aspects of these two pathogenic agents, including the underlying mechanisms of emergence, the driving forces for evolution, pathogenic mechanisms, and the host immune responses. We ask what can be learned from the emergence of both infectious agents in order to alleviate future outbreaks or pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed G. Abdelhamid
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Julia N. Faraone
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.N.F.); (J.P.E.)
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John P. Evans
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.N.F.); (J.P.E.)
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ahmed E. Yousef
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and a Fresh View on Shiga Toxin-Binding Glycosphingolipids of Primary Human Kidney and Colon Epithelial Cells and Their Toxin Susceptibility. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136884. [PMID: 35805890 PMCID: PMC9266556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are the human pathogenic subset of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC). EHEC are responsible for severe colon infections associated with life-threatening extraintestinal complications such as the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and neurological disturbances. Endothelial cells in various human organs are renowned targets of Stx, whereas the role of epithelial cells of colon and kidneys in the infection process has been and is still a matter of debate. This review shortly addresses the clinical impact of EHEC infections, novel aspects of vesicular package of Stx in the intestine and the blood stream as well as Stx-mediated extraintestinal complications and therapeutic options. Here follows a compilation of the Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs), globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) and their various lipoforms present in primary human kidney and colon epithelial cells and their distribution in lipid raft-analog membrane preparations. The last issues are the high and extremely low susceptibility of primary renal and colonic epithelial cells, respectively, suggesting a large resilience of the intestinal epithelium against the human-pathogenic Stx1a- and Stx2a-subtypes due to the low content of the high-affinity Stx-receptor Gb3Cer in colon epithelial cells. The review closes with a brief outlook on future challenges of Stx research.
Collapse
|