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Hughes FM, Harper SN, Jin H, Odom MR, Todd Purves J. Strict glucose control and elimination of NLRP3-induced inflammation prevents diabetic bladder dysfunction in the female Akita mouse model. Neurourol Urodyn 2024. [PMID: 39032077 DOI: 10.1002/nau.25554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) is the most common diabetic complication. Logically, regulation of blood glucose should reverse dysfunction, but the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study found strict control ineffective. However, it is possible that strict control may prevent DBD if initiated before symptoms appear. We examine the effect of early glucose control on development of DBD in the female diabetic Akita mouse (Type 1) and test the potential of inhibiting/deleting NLRP3 as adjunct therapy to glucose control. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female Akita mice were bred NLRP3+/+ or NLRP3-/-. At 6 weeks of age, diabetics received either no glucose control or insulin pellets (s.c., Linshin) designed to poorly or strictly control blood glucose. At Week 15, blood glucose (glucometer), the extravasation potential of bladder (an indirect measurement of inflammation) and bladder function (urodynamics) were assessed. RESULTS Blood glucose of diabetics was reduced in poorly controlled and strongly reduced in strictly controlled groups. Levels were not affected by deletion of NLRP3. Evans blue dye extravasation correlated with glucose control and was eliminated in the NLRP3-/- groups. Urodynamics found markers of overactivity in diabetics which was improved in the poorly controlled group and eliminated in the strictly controlled group. In the NLRP3-/- mice, no bladder dysfunction developed, regardless of glucose control. CONCLUSIONS Early-initiated strict glycemic control and NLRP3 elimination can effectively prevent DBD, suggesting hyperglycemia acts through NLRP3-induced inflammation to trigger DBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Hughes
- Department of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Division of Urology, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shelby N Harper
- Department of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Division of Urology, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Huixia Jin
- Department of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Division of Urology, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael R Odom
- Department of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Division of Urology, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Todd Purves
- Department of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Division of Urology, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Salah HM, Alvarez P. Biomarker Assessment of Lymphatic System Remodeling in Acute Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2023; 29:1639-1641. [PMID: 37315834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Husam M Salah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
| | - Paulino Alvarez
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Division of Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
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Liu R, Fang J, Fu MR, Meng Q, Li M, Zhang X, Allred SR, Li Y. Strategies in activating lymphatic system on symptom distress and health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure: secondary analysis of a pilot randomized controlled trial. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1248997. [PMID: 37795483 PMCID: PMC10546325 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1248997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal interstitial fluid accumulation remains the major cause for patients with heart failure (HF) to endure a myriad of distressing symptoms and a decline in their health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The lymphatic system is essential in regulating fluid balance within the interstitial compartment and has recently been recognized as an important target for the prevention and mitigation of congestion. This study aimed to investigate the effects of exercises in activating lymphatic system on symptom distress and HRQoL among patients with HF. Methods and results This was a pre-determined, secondary analysis of the TOLF-HF [The-Optimal-Lymph-Flow for Heart Failure (TOLF-HF)] study, a two-arm pilot randomized controlled trial evaluating the preliminary effects of the lymphatic exercise intervention in enhancing interstitial decongestion among patients with HF. Participants were randomized to receive either a four-week TOLF-HF program in addition to standard care or standard care alone. The Chinese version of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) was employed to measure symptom distress and HRQoL before and after the intervention. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, the independent sample t-test, Pearson's chi-square test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and covariance analysis. Of the 66 patients enrolled, 60 completed the study. The study results exhibited that the TOLF-HF intervention were effective in alleviating both physical and psychological symptom distress. The intervention group yielded significantly lower MLHFQ total scores in comparison to the control group. The odd ratio of achieving meaningful improvement in HRQoL in TOLF-HF group was 2.157 times higher than those in the control group. Conclusions The TOLF-HF program focusing on activating lymphatic system was effective in alleviating physical and psychological symptom distress as well as improving HRQoL for patients with HF. The tolerability, feasibility, and effectiveness of the TOLF-HF intervention make it a promising intervention for patients to manage HF. Clinical Trial Registration http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx, identifier (ChiCTR2000039121).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Liu
- Department of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinbo Fang
- Department of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei R. Fu
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Qingtong Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minlu Li
- General Ward of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- Division of Head & Neck Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University/Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Sarah R. Allred
- Department of Psychology and Health Sciences, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Yuan Li
- Nursing Department, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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4
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Packer M, Wilcox CS, Testani JM. Critical Analysis of the Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Renal Tubular Sodium, Water and Chloride Homeostasis and Their Role in Influencing Heart Failure Outcomes. Circulation 2023; 148:354-372. [PMID: 37486998 PMCID: PMC10358443 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.064346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
SGLT2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2) inhibitors interfere with the reabsorption of glucose and sodium in the early proximal renal tubule, but the magnitude and duration of any ensuing natriuretic or diuretic effect are the result of an interplay between the degree of upregulation of SGLT2 and sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3, the extent to which downstream compensatory tubular mechanisms are activated, and (potentially) the volume set point in individual patients. A comprehensive review and synthesis of available studies reveals several renal response patterns with substantial variation across studies and clinical settings. However, the common observation is an absence of a large acute or chronic diuresis or natriuresis with these agents, either when given alone or combined with other diuretics. This limited response results from the fact that renal compensation to these drugs is rapid and nearly complete within a few days or weeks, preventing progressive volume losses. Nevertheless, the finding that fractional excretion of glucose and lithium (the latter being a marker of proximal sodium reabsorption) persists during long-term treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors indicates that pharmacological tolerance to the effects of these drugs at the level of the proximal tubule does not meaningfully occur. This persistent proximal tubular effect of SGLT2 inhibitors can be hypothesized to produce a durable improvement in the internal set point for volume homeostasis, which may become clinically important during times of fluid expansion. However, it is difficult to know whether a treatment-related change in the volume set point actually occurs or contributes to the effect of these drugs to reduce the risk of major heart failure events. SGLT2 inhibitors exert cardioprotective effects by a direct effect on cardiomyocytes that is independent of the presence of or binding to SGLT2 or the actions of these drugs on the proximal renal tubule. Nevertheless, changes in the volume set point mediated by SGLT2 inhibitors might potentially act cooperatively with the direct favorable molecular and cellular effects of these drugs on cardiomyocytes to mediate their benefits on the development and clinical course of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas, TX (M.P.)
- Imperial College London, United Kingdom (M.P.)
| | - Christopher S. Wilcox
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kidney, and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (C.S.W.)
| | - Jeffrey M. Testani
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.M.T.)
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Abassi Z, Khoury EE, Karram T, Aronson D. Edema formation in congestive heart failure and the underlying mechanisms. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:933215. [PMID: 36237903 PMCID: PMC9553007 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.933215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congestive heart failure (HF) is a complex disease state characterized by impaired ventricular function and insufficient peripheral blood supply. The resultant reduced blood flow characterizing HF promotes activation of neurohormonal systems which leads to fluid retention, often exhibited as pulmonary congestion, peripheral edema, dyspnea, and fatigue. Despite intensive research, the exact mechanisms underlying edema formation in HF are poorly characterized. However, the unique relationship between the heart and the kidneys plays a central role in this phenomenon. Specifically, the interplay between the heart and the kidneys in HF involves multiple interdependent mechanisms, including hemodynamic alterations resulting in insufficient peripheral and renal perfusion which can lead to renal tubule hypoxia. Furthermore, HF is characterized by activation of neurohormonal factors including renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), sympathetic nervous system (SNS), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) due to reduced cardiac output (CO) and renal perfusion. Persistent activation of these systems results in deleterious effects on both the kidneys and the heart, including sodium and water retention, vasoconstriction, increased central venous pressure (CVP), which is associated with renal venous hypertension/congestion along with increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). The latter was shown to reduce renal blood flow (RBF), leading to a decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Besides the activation of the above-mentioned vasoconstrictor/anti-natriuretic neurohormonal systems, HF is associated with exceptionally elevated levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). However, the supremacy of the deleterious neurohormonal systems over the beneficial natriuretic peptides (NP) in HF is evident by persistent sodium and water retention and cardiac remodeling. Many mechanisms have been suggested to explain this phenomenon which seems to be multifactorial and play a major role in the development of renal hyporesponsiveness to NPs and cardiac remodeling. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying the development of edema in HF with reduced ejection fraction and refers to the therapeutic maneuvers applied today to overcome abnormal salt/water balance characterizing HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Abassi
- Department of Physiology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- *Correspondence: Zaid Abassi,
| | - Emad E. Khoury
- Department of Physiology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tony Karram
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Kidney Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Doron Aronson
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Suppression of Cardiogenic Edema with Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: Mechanisms and Insights from Pre-Clinical Studies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10082016. [PMID: 36009562 PMCID: PMC9405937 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10082016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), cardiogenic edema develops from impaired cardiac function, pathological remodeling, chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, neurohormonal activation, and altered nitric oxide-related pathways. Pre-clinical HFrEF studies have shown that treatment with sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) stimulates natriuretic and osmotic/diuretic effects, improves overall cardiac function, attenuates maladaptive cardiac remodeling, and reduces chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. Here, we review the mechanisms and effects of SGLT-2i therapy on cardiogenic edema in various models of HFrEF. Overall, the data presented suggest a high translational importance of these studies, and pre-clinical studies show that SGLT-2i therapy has a marked effect on suppressing the progression of HFrEF through multiple mechanisms, including those that affect the development of cardiogenic edema.
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