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Abdelnabi MN, Hassan GS, Shoukry NH. Role of the type 3 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in modulating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1437046. [PMID: 39156888 PMCID: PMC11327067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1437046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) comprises a spectrum of liver diseases that span simple steatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and fibrosis and may progress to cirrhosis and cancer. The pathogenesis of MASLD is multifactorial and is driven by environmental, genetic, metabolic and immune factors. This review will focus on the role of the type 3 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in MASLD pathogenesis and progression. IL-17 and IL-22 are produced by similar adaptive and innate immune cells such as Th17 and innate lymphoid cells, respectively. IL-17-related signaling is upregulated during MASLD resulting in increased chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines in the liver microenvironment, enhanced recruitment of myeloid cells and T cells leading to exacerbation of inflammation and liver disease progression. IL-17 may also act directly by activating hepatic stellate cells resulting in increased fibrosis. In contrast, IL-22 is a pleiotropic cytokine with a dominantly protective signature in MASLD and is currently being tested as a therapeutic strategy. IL-22 also exhibits beneficial metabolic effects and abrogates MASH-related inflammation and fibrosis development via inducing the production of anti-oxidants and anti-apoptotic factors. A sex-dependent effect has been attributed to both cytokines, most importantly to IL-22 in MASLD or related conditions. Altogether, IL-17 and IL-22 are key effectors in MASLD pathogenesis and progression. We will review the role of these two cytokines and cells that produce them in the development of MASLD, their interaction with host factors driving MASLD including sexual dimorphism, and their potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N. Abdelnabi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ghada S. Hassan
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Naglaa H. Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Hu X, Zhao J, Zhao J, Yang E, Jia M. Genome-wide liver transcriptomic profiling of a malaria mouse model reveals disturbed immune and metabolic responses. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:40. [PMID: 36717945 PMCID: PMC9885691 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05672-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver is responsible for a range of functions in vertebrates, such as metabolism and immunity. In malaria, the liver plays a crucial role in the interaction between the parasite and host. Although malarial hepatitis is a common clinical complication of severe malaria, other malaria-related liver changes have been overlooked during the blood stage of the parasite life-cycle, in contrast to the many studies that have focused on parasite invasion of and replication in the liver during the hepatic stage of the parasite. METHODS A rodent model of malaria was established using Plasmodium yoelii strain 17XL, a lethal strain of rodent malaria, for liver transcriptomic profiling. RESULTS Differentially expressed messenger RNAs were associated with innate and adaptive immune responses, while differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs were enriched in the regulation of metabolism-related pathways, such as lipid metabolism. The coexpression network showed that host genes were related to cellular transport and tissue remodeling. Hub gene analysis of P. yoelii indicated that ubiquitination genes that were coexpressed with the host were evolutionarily conserved. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis yielded evidence of activated immune responses, aberrant metabolic processes and tissue remodeling changes in the livers of mice with malaria during the blood stage of the parasite, which provided a systematic outline of liver responses during Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Hu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jie Zhao
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Junhui Zhao
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Ence Yang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Mozhi Jia
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
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Tumwine-Downey I, Deroost K, Levy P, McLaughlin S, Hosking C, Langhorne J. Antibody-dependent immune responses elicited by blood stage-malaria infection contribute to protective immunity to the pre-erythrocytic stages. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 4:100054. [PMID: 36593995 PMCID: PMC9803926 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2022.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in transcriptomics and proteomics have revealed that different life-cycle stages of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, share antigens, thus allowing for the possibility of eliciting immunity to a parasite life-cycle stage that has not been experienced before. Using the Plasmodium chabaudi (AS strain) model of malaria in mice, we investigated how isolated exposure to blood-stage infection, bypassing a liver-stage infection, yields significant protection to sporozoite challenge resulting in lower liver parasite burdens. Antibodies are the main immune driver of this protection. Antibodies induced by blood-stage infection recognise proteins on the surface of sporozoites and can impair sporozoite gliding motility in vitro, suggesting a possible function in vivo. Furthermore, mice lacking B cells and/or secreted antibodies are not protected against a sporozoite challenge in mice that had a previous blood-stage infection. Conversely, effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells do not seem to play a role in protection from sporozoite challenge of mice previously exposed only to the blood stages of P. chabaudi. The protective response against pre-erythrocytic stages can be induced by infections initiated by serially passaged blood-stage parasites as well as recently mosquito transmitted parasites and is effective against a different strain of P. chabaudi (CB strain), but not against another rodent malaria species, P. yoelii. The possibility to induce protective cross-stage antibodies advocates the need to consider both stage-specific and cross-stage immune responses to malaria, as natural infection elicits exposure to all life-cycle stages. Future investigation into these cross-stage antibodies allows the opportunity for candidate antigens to contribute to malaria vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean Langhorne
- Corresponding author. Malaria Immunology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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Zhou X, Li X, Yi K, Liang C, Geng S, Zhu J, Xie C, Zhong C. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury by upregulating autophagy and inhibiting inflammation via IL-22 expression. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Matthewman C, Narin A, Huston H, Hopkins CE. Systems to model the personalized aspects of microbiome health and gut dysbiosis. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 91:101115. [PMID: 36104261 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome is a complex and dynamic microbial entity that interacts with the environment and other parts of the body including the brain, heart, liver, and immune system. These multisystem interactions are highly conserved from invertebrates to humans, however the complexity and diversity of human microbiota compositions often yield a context that is unique to each individual. Yet commonalities remain across species, where a healthy gut microbiome will be rich in symbiotic commensal biota while an unhealthy gut microbiota will be experiencing abnormal blooms of pathobiont bacteria. In this review we discuss how omics technologies can be applied in a personalized approach to understand the microbial crosstalk and microbial-host interactions that affect the delicate balance between eubiosis and dysbiosis in an individual gut microbiome. We further highlight the strengths of model organisms in identifying and characterizing these conserved synergistic and/or pathogenic host-microbe interactions. And finally, we touch upon the growing area of personalized therapeutic interventions targeting gut microbiome.
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Febbraio MA, Karin M. "Sweet death": Fructose as a metabolic toxin that targets the gut-liver axis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2316-2328. [PMID: 34619076 PMCID: PMC8665123 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and fructose are closely related simple sugars, but fructose has been associated more closely with metabolic disease. Until the 1960s, the major dietary source of fructose was fruit, but subsequently, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) became a dominant component of the Western diet. The exponential increase in HFCS consumption correlates with the increased incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the mechanistic link between these metabolic diseases and fructose remains tenuous. Although dietary fructose was thought to be metabolized exclusively in the liver, evidence has emerged that it is also metabolized in the small intestine and leads to intestinal epithelial barrier deterioration. Along with the clinical manifestations of hereditary fructose intolerance, these findings suggest that, along with the direct effect of fructose on liver metabolism, the gut-liver axis plays a key role in fructose metabolism and pathology. Here, we summarize recent studies on fructose biology and pathology and discuss new opportunities for prevention and treatment of diseases associated with high-fructose consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Febbraio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Lücke J, Sabihi M, Zhang T, Bauditz LF, Shiri AM, Giannou AD, Huber S. The good and the bad about separation anxiety: roles of IL-22 and IL-22BP in liver pathologies. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:591-607. [PMID: 33851257 PMCID: PMC8443499 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human liver fulfills several vital tasks daily and possesses an impressive ability to self-regenerate. However, the capacity of this self-healing process can be exhausted by a variety of different liver diseases, such as alcoholic liver damage, viral hepatitis, or hepatocellular carcinoma. Over time, all these diseases generally lead to progressive liver failure that can become fatal if left untreated. Thus, a great effort has been directed towards the development of innovative therapies. The most recently discovered therapies often involve modifying the patient's immune system to enhance a beneficial immune response. Current data suggest that, among others, the cytokine IL-22 might be a promising therapeutical candidate. IL-22 and its endogenous antagonist, IL-22BP, have been under thorough scientific investigation for nearly 20 years. While IL-22 is mainly produced by TH22 cells, ILC3s, NKT cells, or γδ T cells, sources of IL-22BP include dendritic cells, eosinophils, and CD4+ cells. In many settings, IL-22 was shown to promote regenerative potential and, thus, could protect tissues from pathogens and damage. However, the effects of IL-22 during carcinogenesis are more ambiguous and depend on the tumor entity and microenvironment. In line with its capabilities of neutralizing IL-22 in vivo, IL-22BP possesses often, but not always, an inverse expression pattern compared to its ligand. In this comprehensive review, we will summarize past and current findings regarding the roles of IL-22 and IL-22BP in liver diseases with a particular focus on the leading causes of advanced liver failure, namely, liver infections, liver damage, and liver malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jöran Lücke
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Morsal Sabihi
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lennart Fynn Bauditz
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ahmad Mustafa Shiri
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasios D Giannou
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Samuel Huber
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Soon MSF, Nalubega M, Boyle MJ. T-follicular helper cells in malaria infection and roles in antibody induction. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab008. [PMID: 36845571 PMCID: PMC9914587 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunity to malaria is mediated by antibodies that block parasite replication to limit parasite burden and prevent disease. Cytophilic antibodies have been consistently shown to be associated with protection, and recent work has improved our understanding of the direct and Fc-mediated mechanisms of protective antibodies. Antibodies also have important roles in vaccine-mediated immunity. Antibody induction is driven by the specialized CD4+ T cells, T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which function within the germinal centre to drive B-cell activation and antibody induction. In humans, circulating Tfh cells can be identified in peripheral blood and are differentiated into subsets that appear to have pathogen/vaccination-specific roles in antibody induction. Tfh cell responses are essential for protective immunity from Plasmodium infection in murine models of malaria. Our understanding of the activation of Tfh cells during human malaria infection and the importance of different Tfh cell subsets in antibody development is still emerging. This review will discuss our current knowledge of Tfh cell activation and development in malaria, and the potential avenues and pitfalls of targeting Tfh cells to improve malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S F Soon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, QIMR-Berghofer, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Mayimuna Nalubega
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Tororo District Hospital, Tororo, Uganda
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, QIMR-Berghofer, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia,Correspondence address. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. E-mail:
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Blum L, Ulshöfer T, Henke M, Krieg R, Berneburg I, Geisslinger G, Becker K, Parnham MJ, Schiffmann S. The immunomodulatory potential of the arylmethylaminosteroid sc1o. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 99:261-272. [PMID: 33330947 PMCID: PMC7819914 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Developing resistance mechanisms of pathogens against established and frequently used drugs are a growing global health problem. Besides the development of novel drug candidates per se, new approaches to counteract resistance mechanisms are needed. Drug candidates that not only target the pathogens directly but also modify the host immune system might boost anti-parasitic defence and facilitate clearance of pathogens. In this study, we investigated whether the novel anti-parasitic steroid compound 1o (sc1o), effective against the parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma mansoni, might exhibit immunomodulatory properties. Our results reveal that 50 μM sc1o amplified the inflammatory potential of M1 macrophages and shifted M2 macrophages in a pro-inflammatory direction. Since M1 macrophages used predominantly glycolysis as an energy source, it is noteworthy that sc1o increased glycolysis and decreased oxidative phosphorylation in M2 macrophages. The effect of sc1o on the differentiation and activation of dendritic cells was ambiguous, since both pro- and anti-inflammatory markers were regulated. In conclusion, sc1o has several immunomodulatory effects that could possibly assist the immune system by counteracting the anti-inflammatory immune escape strategy of the parasite P. falciparum or by increasing pro-inflammatory mechanisms against pathogens, albeit at a higher concentration than that required for the anti-parasitic effect. KEY MESSAGES: • The anti-parasitic steroid compound 1o (sc1o) can modulate human immune cells. • Sc1o amplified the potential of M1 macrophages. • Sc1o shifts M2 macrophages to a M1 phenotype. • Dendritic cell differentiation and activation was ambiguously modulated. • Administration of sc1o could possibly assist the anti-parasitic defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Blum
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Ulshöfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marina Henke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Reimar Krieg
- Department of Anatomy II, University Hospital Jena, Teichgraben 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Isabell Berneburg
- Department of Anatomy II, University Hospital Jena, Teichgraben 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Amezcua Vesely MC, Rodríguez C, Gruppi A, Acosta Rodríguez EV. Interleukin-17 mediated immunity during infections with Trypanosoma cruzi and other protozoans. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165706. [PMID: 31987839 PMCID: PMC7071987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Host resistance during infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, and other protozoans, is dependent on a balanced immune response. Robust immunity against these pathogens requires of the concerted action of many innate and adaptive cell populations including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells and B cells among others. Indeed, during most protozoan infections only a balanced production of inflammatory (TH1) and anti-inflammatory (TH2/regulatory) cytokines will allow the control of parasite spreading without compromising host tissue integrity. The description of TH17 cells, a novel effector helper T cell lineage that produced IL-17 as signature cytokine, prompted the revision of our knowledge about the mechanisms that mediate protection and immunopathology during protozoan infections. In this manuscript we discuss the general features of IL-17 mediated immune responses as well as the cellular sources, effector mechanisms and overall role of IL-17 in the immune response to T. cruzi and other protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carolina Amezcua Vesely
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana Gruppi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eva Virginia Acosta Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
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Abstract
Immunity to malaria has been linked to the availability and function of helper CD4+ T cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells that can respond to both the asymptomatic liver stage and the symptomatic blood stage of Plasmodium sp. infection. These T cell responses are also thought to be modulated by regulatory T cells. However, the precise mechanisms governing the development and function of Plasmodium-specific T cells and their capacity to form tissue-resident and long-lived memory populations are less well understood. The field has arrived at a point where the push for vaccines that exploit T cell-mediated immunity to malaria has made it imperative to define and reconcile the mechanisms that regulate the development and functions of Plasmodium-specific T cells. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms by which T cell subsets orchestrate host resistance to Plasmodium infection on the basis of observational and mechanistic studies in humans, non-human primates and rodent models. We also examine the potential of new experimental strategies and human infection systems to inform a new generation of approaches to harness T cell responses against malaria.
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Keir ME, Yi T, Lu TT, Ghilardi N. The role of IL-22 in intestinal health and disease. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20192195. [PMID: 32997932 PMCID: PMC7062536 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a critical regulator of epithelial homeostasis. It has been implicated in multiple aspects of epithelial barrier function, including regulation of epithelial cell growth and permeability, production of mucus and antimicrobial proteins (AMPs), and complement production. In this review, we focus specifically on the role of IL-22 in the intestinal epithelium. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of how IL-22 regulates homeostasis and host defense, and we discuss the IL-22 pathway as a therapeutic target in diseases of the intestine, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Keir
- Biomarker Discovery, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Tangsheng Yi
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Timothy T. Lu
- Early Clinical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
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Aljarba NH, Al-Anazi MR, Shafeai MI, Rudiny FH, Bin Dajem SM, Alothaid H, Darraj M, Alkahtani S, Alghamdi J, Al-Ahdal MN, Al-Qahtani AA. Interleukin-22 Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Malaria Patients. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:5193723. [PMID: 32148440 PMCID: PMC7049855 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5193723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives. Malaria infection, caused by Plasmodium falciparum, is the most lethal and frequently culminates in severe clinical complications. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) has been implicated in several diseases including malaria. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of IL-22 gene polymorphisms in P. falciparum infection. Material and Methods. Ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs976748, rs1179246, rs2046068, rs1182844, rs2227508, rs2227513, rs2227478, rs2227481, rs2227491, and rs2227483, of IL-22 gene were genotyped through PCR-based assays of 250 P. falciparum infection. IL-22 gene promoter activity. RESULTS We found that the rs2227481 TT genotype (odds ratio 0.254, confidence interval = 0.097-0.663, P. P. falciparum infection. P. P. P. P. CONCLUSION The study suggests that IL-22 polymorphisms in rs2227481 and rs2227483 could contribute to protection against P. falciparum infection. IL-22 gene promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada H. Aljarba
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael R. Al-Anazi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Saad M. Bin Dajem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Alothaid
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Darraj
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jahad Alghamdi
- The Saudi Biobank, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed N. Al-Ahdal
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alfaisal University, School of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alfaisal University, School of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Ivanova DL, Denton SL, Fettel KD, Sondgeroth KS, Munoz Gutierrez J, Bangoura B, Dunay IR, Gigley JP. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Protection, Pathology, and Adaptive Immunity During Apicomplexan Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:196. [PMID: 30873151 PMCID: PMC6403415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexans are a diverse and complex group of protozoan pathogens including Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., and Babesia spp. They infect a wide variety of hosts and are a major health threat to humans and other animals. Innate immunity provides early control and also regulates the development of adaptive immune responses important for controlling these pathogens. Innate immune responses also contribute to immunopathology associated with these infections. Natural killer (NK) cells have been for a long time known to be potent first line effector cells in helping control protozoan infection. They provide control by producing IL-12 dependent IFNγ and killing infected cells and parasites via their cytotoxic response. Results from more recent studies indicate that NK cells could provide additional effector functions such as IL-10 and IL-17 and might have diverse roles in immunity to these pathogens. These early studies based their conclusions on the identification of NK cells to be CD3–, CD49b+, NK1.1+, and/or NKp46+ and the common accepted paradigm at that time that NK cells were one of the only lymphoid derived innate immune cells present. New discoveries have lead to major advances in understanding that NK cells are only one of several populations of innate immune cells of lymphoid origin. Common lymphoid progenitor derived innate immune cells are now known as innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and comprise three different groups, group 1, group 2, and group 3 ILC. They are a functionally heterogeneous and plastic cell population and are important effector cells in disease and tissue homeostasis. Very little is known about each of these different types of ILCs in parasitic infection. Therefore, we will review what is known about NK cells in innate immune responses during different protozoan infections. We will discuss what immune responses attributed to NK cells might be reconsidered as ILC1, 2, or 3 population responses. We will then discuss how different ILCs may impact immunopathology and adaptive immune responses to these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria L Ivanova
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Stephen L Denton
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Kevin D Fettel
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | | | - Juan Munoz Gutierrez
- Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Berit Bangoura
- Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Ildiko R Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jason P Gigley
- Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
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15
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Martins R, Carlos AR, Braza F, Thompson JA, Bastos-Amador P, Ramos S, Soares MP. Disease Tolerance as an Inherent Component of Immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 37:405-437. [PMID: 30673535 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic organisms exert a negative impact on host health, revealed by the clinical signs of infectious diseases. Immunity limits the severity of infectious diseases through resistance mechanisms that sense and target pathogens for containment, killing, or expulsion. These resistance mechanisms are viewed as the prevailing function of immunity. Under pathophysiologic conditions, however, immunity arises in response to infections that carry health and fitness costs to the host. Therefore, additional defense mechanisms are required to limit these costs, before immunity becomes operational as well as thereafter to avoid immunopathology. These are tissue damage control mechanisms that adjust the metabolic output of host tissues to different forms of stress and damage associated with infection. Disease tolerance is the term used to define this defense strategy, which does not exert a direct impact on pathogens but is essential to limit the health and fitness costs of infection. Under this argument, we propose that disease tolerance is an inherent component of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | | | - Faouzi Braza
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | | | | | - Susana Ramos
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
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16
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Alabbas SY, Begun J, Florin TH, Oancea I. The role of IL-22 in the resolution of sterile and nonsterile inflammation. Clin Transl Immunology 2018; 7:e1017. [PMID: 29713472 PMCID: PMC5905349 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In a broad sense, inflammation can be conveniently characterised by two phases: the first phase, which is a pro-inflammatory, has evolved to clear infection and/or injured tissue; and the second phase concerns regeneration of normal tissue and restitution of normal physiology. Innate immune cell-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines activate and recruit nonresident immune cells to the site of infection, thereby amplifying the inflammatory responses to clear infection or injury. This phase is followed by a cytokine milieu that promotes tissue regeneration. There is no absolute temporal distinction between these two phases, and cytokines may have dual pleiotropic effects depending on the timing of release, inflammatory microenvironment or concentrations. IL-22 is a cytokine with reported pro- and anti-inflammatory roles; in this review, we contend that this protein has primarily a function in restitution of normal tissue and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Y Alabbas
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Clinical MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Chronic Disease Biology and Care Group at Mater Research InstituteTranslational Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Jakob Begun
- Chronic Disease Biology and Care Group at Mater Research InstituteTranslational Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Timothy H Florin
- Chronic Disease Biology and Care Group at Mater Research InstituteTranslational Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Iulia Oancea
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Clinical MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Chronic Disease Biology and Care Group at Mater Research InstituteTranslational Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
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17
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Soon MSF, Haque A. Recent Insights into CD4+Th Cell Differentiation in Malaria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1965-1975. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Abstract
Systemic inflammation mediated by Plasmodium parasites is central to malaria disease and its complications. Plasmodium parasites reside in erythrocytes and can theoretically reach all host tissues via the circulation. However, actual interactions between parasitized erythrocytes and host tissues, along with the consequent damage and pathological changes, are limited locally to specific tissue sites. Such tissue specificity of the parasite can alter the outcome of malaria disease, determining whether acute or chronic complications occur. Here, we give an overview of the recent progress that has been made in understanding tissue-specific immunopathology during Plasmodium infection. As knowledge on tissue-specific host-parasite interactions accumulates, better treatment modalities and targets may emerge for intervention in malaria disease.
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19
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Ibitokou SA, Dillon BE, Sinha M, Szczesny B, Delgadillo A, Reda Abdelrahman D, Szabo C, Abu-Elheiga L, Porter C, Tuvdendorj D, Stephens R. Early Inhibition of Fatty Acid Synthesis Reduces Generation of Memory Precursor Effector T Cells in Chronic Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:643-656. [PMID: 29237780 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of CD4 memory T cell (Tmem) differentiation in malaria is critical for vaccine development. However, the metabolic regulation of CD4 Tmem differentiation is not clear, particularly in persistent infections. In this study, we investigated the role of fatty acid synthesis (FAS) in Tmem development in Plasmodium chabaudi chronic mouse malaria infection. We show that T cell-specific deletion and early pharmaceutical inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase 1, the rate limiting step of FAS, inhibit generation of early memory precursor effector T cells (MPEC). To compare the role of FAS during early differentiation or survival of Tmem in chronic infection, a specific inhibitor of acetyl CoA carboxylase 1, 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid, was administered at different times postinfection. Strikingly, the number of Tmem was only reduced when FAS was inhibited during T cell priming and not during the Tmem survival phase. FAS inhibition during priming increased effector T cell (Teff) proliferation and strongly decreased peak parasitemia, which is consistent with improved Teff function. Conversely, MPEC were decreased, in a T cell-intrinsic manner, upon early FAS inhibition in chronic, but not acute, infection. Early cure of infection also increased mitochondrial volume in Tmem compared with Teff, supporting previous reports in acute infection. We demonstrate that the MPEC-specific effect was due to the higher fatty acid content and synthesis in MPEC compared with terminally differentiated Teff. In conclusion, FAS in CD4 T cells regulates the early divergence of Tmem from Teff in chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad A Ibitokou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Brian E Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Mala Sinha
- Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | | | | | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Lutfi Abu-Elheiga
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Craig Porter
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, TX 77550
| | - Demidmaa Tuvdendorj
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - Robin Stephens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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20
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Oyegue-Liabagui SL, Bouopda-Tuedom AG, Kouna LC, Maghendji-Nzondo S, Nzoughe H, Tchitoula-Makaya N, Pegha-Moukandja I, Lekana-Douki JB. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in children with malaria in Franceville, Gabon. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 6:9-20. [PMID: 28337387 PMCID: PMC5344990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria anemia (SMA) is a major cause of mortality in pediatric wards. Variations in inflammatory mediator production play an essential role in disease outcomes. Indeed, several studies have shown the involvement of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 in malaria immunopathology. In other hand the exact role of Th17 cytokines such as IL-17, IL-22 and IL-21 in malaria remains poorly documented. Here, we investigated IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10, IL-4, IL-13, IL-17, IL-22 and IL-21 circulating levels and their association with malaria anemia and parasitemia in Gabonese children. Levels of IFN-γ (500 ± 100.2 pg/ml), IL-6 (64 ± 14.2 pg/ml), IL-10 (505 ± 35 pg/ml), IL-13 (30.6 ± 5.6 pg/ml) were significantly higher (P < 0.03) in infected children than in uninfected controls (210 ± 20 pg/ml, 17.5 pg/ml, 50 ± 25.9, pg/ml, 17.48 pg/ml, respectively). IFN-γ levels were significantly lower (P = 0.04) in children with SMA (400 ± 200 pg/ml) than in those with uncomplicated malaria (900 ± 450 pg/ml) and higher in those with parasitemia (P = 0.019). Levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly higher in children with malarial anemia (P < 0.001) and hyperparasitemia (P < 0.0001). A significant association between IL-10 levels and parasite density was observed (P < 0.00001). IL-22 levels were significantly higher (P = 0.01) in infected children (72.57 ± 7.5 pg/ml) than in the controls (54.96 ± 1.93 pg/ml). IL-21 levels (44.46 ± 17.27 pg/ml) decreased with the severity of anemia (P < 0.05), whereas IL-17 levels increased in children with SMA (12.25 ± 1.25 pg/ml) than in those with mild malaria anemia (MMA: 6.2 ± 5.25 pg/ml, P = 0.002). Data suggest possible role of IFN-γ in the protection against SMA and parasite clearance. However, IL-6 and IL-10 could play a role in inflammatory response and pathophysiology of severe malaria anemia. Also, the role of IL-22 and IL-17 in P. falciparum malaria infection should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lydie Oyegue-Liabagui
- Ecole Doctorale Régionale d’Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM) FrancevilleB.P. 876 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Aline Gaëlle Bouopda-Tuedom
- Ecole Doctorale Régionale d’Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM) FrancevilleB.P. 876 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Lady Charlène Kouna
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF)B.P. 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Sydney Maghendji-Nzondo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF)B.P. 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Herman Nzoughe
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF)B.P. 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Nina Tchitoula-Makaya
- Ecole Doctorale Régionale d’Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM) FrancevilleB.P. 876 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Irene Pegha-Moukandja
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF)B.P. 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Jean-Bernard Lekana-Douki
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF)B.P. 769 Franceville, Gabon
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médecine Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la SantéB.P. 4009 Libreville, Gabon
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21
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Marquet S, Conte I, Poudiougou B, Argiro L, Dessein H, Couturier C, Burté F, Oumar AA, Brown BJ, Traore A, Afolabi NK, Barry A, Omokhodion S, Shokunbi WA, Sodeinde O, Doumbo O, Fernandez-Reyes D, Dessein AJ. A Functional IL22 Polymorphism (rs2227473) Is Associated with Predisposition to Childhood Cerebral Malaria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41636. [PMID: 28139719 PMCID: PMC5282577 DOI: 10.1038/srep41636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. This encephalopathy is characterized by coma and is thought to result from mechanical microvessel obstruction and an excessive activation of immune cells leading to pathological inflammation and blood-brain barrier alterations. IL-22 contributes to both chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases, and may have protective or pathogenic effects, depending on the tissue and disease state. We evaluated whether polymorphisms (n = 46) of IL22 and IL22RA2 were associated with CM in children from Nigeria and Mali. Two SNPs of IL22, rs1012356 (P = 0.016, OR = 2.12) and rs2227476 (P = 0.007, OR = 2.08) were independently associated with CM in a sample of 115 Nigerian children with CM and 160 controls. The association with rs2227476 (P = 0.01) was replicated in 240 nuclear families with one affected child from Mali. SNP rs2227473, in linkage disequilibrium with rs2227476, was also associated with CM in the combined cohort for these two populations, (P = 0.004, OR = 1.55). SNP rs2227473 is located within a putative binding site for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a master regulator of IL-22 production. Individuals carrying the aggravating T allele of rs2227473 produced significantly more IL-22 than those without this allele. Overall, these findings suggest that IL-22 is involved in the pathogenesis of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Marquet
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, GIMP, Labex ParaFrap, Marseille, France
| | - Ianina Conte
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WCE2 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Belco Poudiougou
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Medicine, USTTB, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Laurent Argiro
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, GIMP, Labex ParaFrap, Marseille, France
| | - Hélia Dessein
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, GIMP, Labex ParaFrap, Marseille, France
| | - Charlène Couturier
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, GIMP, Labex ParaFrap, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Burté
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WCE2 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Aboubacar A. Oumar
- Centre des Oeuvres Universitaires, University of Bamako, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Biobele J. Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Hematology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Childhood Malaria Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abdoualye Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Medicine, USTTB, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Nathaniel K. Afolabi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Samuel Omokhodion
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Childhood Malaria Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Wuraola A. Shokunbi
- Department of Hematology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Childhood Malaria Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olugbemiro Sodeinde
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WCE2 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Hematology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Childhood Malaria Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ogobara Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Medicine, USTTB, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Delmiro Fernandez-Reyes
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WCE2 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Hematology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Childhood Malaria Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Alain J. Dessein
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, GIMP, Labex ParaFrap, Marseille, France
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22
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Khawar MB, Azam F, Sheikh N, Abdul Mujeeb K. How Does Interleukin-22 Mediate Liver Regeneration and Prevent Injury and Fibrosis? J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2148129. [PMID: 28050571 PMCID: PMC5168458 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2148129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a pluripotent T cell-derived cytokine which is a member of IL-10 cytokine family. It is the only interleukin produced by immune cells but does not target immune system components. IL-22 is mainly produced by dendritic cells (DCs) and TH17, TH22, NK, and NKT cells and targets a number of body tissues including liver, pancreas, and other epithelial tissues. It provokes a series of downstream signaling pathways upon binding with IL-22R complex which protects liver damage through STAT3 activation. IL-22BP is an inhibitor of IL-22 which has 20-1000x more affinity to bind with IL-22 compared to IL-22R1 that inhibits IL-22 activity. Its level was found to be positively correlated with the severity of liver damage and fibrosis. So, the present review is an effort to reveal the exact mechanism lying in the hepatoprotective activity of IL-22 and some of its future therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Babar Khawar
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Azam
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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23
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Keswani T, Sarkar S, Sengupta A, Bhattacharyya A. Role of TGF-β and IL-6 in dendritic cells, Treg and Th17 mediated immune response during experimental cerebral malaria. Cytokine 2016; 88:154-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Fontana MF, Baccarella A, Craft JF, Boyle MJ, McIntyre TI, Wood MD, Thorn KS, Anidi C, Bayat A, Chung MR, Hamburger R, Kim CY, Pearman E, Pham J, Tang JJ, Boon L, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Feeney ME, Kim CC. A Novel Model of Asymptomatic Plasmodium Parasitemia That Recapitulates Elements of the Human Immune Response to Chronic Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162132. [PMID: 27583554 PMCID: PMC5008831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, immunity to Plasmodium sp. generally takes the form of protection from symptomatic malaria (i.e., 'clinical immunity') rather than infection ('sterilizing immunity'). In contrast, mice infected with Plasmodium develop sterilizing immunity, hindering progress in understanding the mechanistic basis of clinical immunity. Here we present a novel model in which mice persistently infected with P. chabaudi exhibit limited clinical symptoms despite sustaining patent parasite burdens for many months. Characterization of immune responses in persistently infected mice revealed development of CD4+ T cell exhaustion, increased production of IL-10, and expansion of B cells with an atypical surface phenotype. Additionally, persistently infected mice displayed a dramatic increase in circulating nonclassical monocytes, a phenomenon that we also observed in humans with both chronic Plasmodium exposure and asymptomatic infection. Following pharmacological clearance of infection, previously persistently infected mice could not control a secondary challenge, indicating that persistent infection disrupts the sterilizing immunity that typically develops in mouse models of acute infection. This study establishes an animal model of asymptomatic, persistent Plasmodium infection that recapitulates several central aspects of the immune response in chronically exposed humans. As such, it provides a novel tool for dissection of immune responses that may prevent development of sterilizing immunity and limit pathology during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F. Fontana
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
| | - Alyssa Baccarella
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
| | - Joshua F. Craft
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
| | - Michelle J. Boyle
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
- The Burnet Institute, Center for Biomedical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tara I. McIntyre
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Wood
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
| | - Kurt S. Thorn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States of America
| | - Chioma Anidi
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
| | - Aqieda Bayat
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
| | - Me Ree Chung
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hamburger
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
| | - Chris Y. Kim
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
| | - Emily Pearman
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Pham
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
| | - Jia J. Tang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
| | - Louis Boon
- EPIRUS Biopharmaceuticals, Utrecht, Netherlands BV
| | - Moses R. Kamya
- School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
| | - Margaret E. Feeney
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Kim
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Wilson KD, Stutz SJ, Ochoa LF, Valbuena GA, Cravens PD, Dineley KT, Vargas G, Stephens R. Behavioural and neurological symptoms accompanied by cellular neuroinflammation in IL-10-deficient mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi. Malar J 2016; 15:428. [PMID: 27557867 PMCID: PMC4995805 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral malaria is one of the most severe complications of Plasmodium falciparum infection and occurs mostly in young African children. This syndrome results from a combination of high levels of parasitaemia and inflammation. Although parasite sequestration in the brain is a feature of the human syndrome, sequestering strains do not uniformly cause severe malaria, suggesting interplay with other factors. Host genetic factors such as mutations in the promoters of the cytokines IL-10 and TNF are also clearly linked to severe disease. Plasmodium chabaudi, a rodent malaria parasite, leads to mild illness in wildtype animals. However, IL-10−/− mice respond to parasite with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF, leading to lethal disease in the absence of sequestration in the brain. These mice also exhibit cerebral symptoms including gross cerebral oedema and haemorrhage, allowing study of these critical features of disease without the influence of sequestration. Methods The neurological consequences of P. chabaudi infection were investigated by performing a general behavioural screen (SHIRPA). The immune cell populations found in the brain during infection were also analysed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Results IL-10−/− mice suffer significant declines in behavioural and physical capacities during infection compared to wildtype. In addition, grip strength and pain sensitivity were affected, suggestive of neurological involvement. Several immune cell populations were identified in the perfused brain on day 7 post-infection, suggesting that they are tightly adherent to the vascular endothelium, or potentially located within the brain parenchyma. There was an increase in both inflammatory monocyte and resident macrophage (CD11bhi, CD45+, MHCII+, Ly6C+/−) numbers in IL-10−/− compared to wildtype animals. In addition, the activation state of all monocytes and microglia (CD11bint, CD45−, MHC-II+) were increased. T cells making IFN-γ were also identified in the brain, but were localized within the vasculature, and not the parenchyma. Conclusions These studies demonstrate exacerbated neuroinflammation concurrent with development of behavioural symptoms in P. chabaudi infection of IL-10−/− animals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1477-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Sonja J Stutz
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Lorenzo F Ochoa
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Gustavo A Valbuena
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Petra D Cravens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kelly T Dineley
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Gracie Vargas
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Robin Stephens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA. .,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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26
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Sellau J, Alvarado CF, Hoenow S, Mackroth MS, Kleinschmidt D, Huber S, Jacobs T. IL-22 dampens the T cell response in experimental malaria. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28058. [PMID: 27311945 PMCID: PMC4911577 DOI: 10.1038/srep28058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A tight regulation between the pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses during plasmodial infection is of crucial importance, since a disruption leads to severe malaria pathology. IL-22 is a member of the IL-10 cytokine family, which is known to be highly important in immune regulation. We could detect high plasma levels of IL-22 in Plasmodium falciparum malaria as well as in Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)-infected C57BL/6J mice. The deficiency of IL-22 in mice during PbA infection led to an earlier occurrence of cerebral malaria but is associated with a lower parasitemia compared to wt mice. Furthermore, at an early time point of infection T cells from PbA-infected Il22(-/-) mice showed an enhanced IFNγ but a diminished IL-17 production. Moreover, dendritic cells from Il22(-/-) mice expressed a higher amount of the costimulatory ligand CD86 upon infection. This finding can be corroborated in vitro since bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from Il22(-/-) mice are better inducers of an antigen-specific IFNγ response by CD8(+) T cells. Even though there is no IL-22 receptor complex known on hematopoietic cells, our data suggest a link between IL-22 and the adaptive immune system which is currently not identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sellau
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoenow
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Sophie Mackroth
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, I. Department of Medicine, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dörte Kleinschmidt
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, I. Department of Medicine, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, I. Department of Medicine, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
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Mackinnon MJ, Ndila C, Uyoga S, Macharia A, Snow RW, Band G, Rautanen A, Rockett KA, Kwiatkowski DP, Williams TN. Environmental Correlation Analysis for Genes Associated with Protection against Malaria. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1188-204. [PMID: 26744416 PMCID: PMC4839215 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide searches for loci involved in human resistance to malaria are currently being conducted on a large scale in Africa using case-control studies. Here, we explore the utility of an alternative approach-"environmental correlation analysis, ECA," which tests for clines in allele frequencies across a gradient of an environmental selection pressure-to identify genes that have historically protected against death from malaria. We collected genotype data from 12,425 newborns on 57 candidate malaria resistance loci and 9,756 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) selected at random from across the genome, and examined their allele frequencies for geographic correlations with long-term malaria prevalence data based on 84,042 individuals living under different historical selection pressures from malaria in coastal Kenya. None of the 57 candidate SNPs showed significant (P < 0.05) correlations in allele frequency with local malaria transmission intensity after adjusting for population structure and multiple testing. In contrast, two of the random SNPs that had highly significant correlations (P < 0.01) were in genes previously linked to malaria resistance, namely, CDH13, encoding cadherin 13, and HS3ST3B1, encoding heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase 3B1. Both proteins play a role in glycoprotein-mediated cell-cell adhesion which has been widely implicated in cerebral malaria, the most life-threatening form of this disease. Other top genes, including CTNND2 which encodes δ-catenin, a molecular partner to cadherin, were significantly enriched in cadherin-mediated pathways affecting inflammation of the brain vascular endothelium. These results demonstrate the utility of ECA in the discovery of novel genes and pathways affecting infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyne Ndila
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Sophie Uyoga
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Alex Macharia
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Robert W. Snow
- Department of Public Health Research, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Band
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Rautanen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk A. Rockett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic P. Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas N. Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- INDEPTH Network, Kanda, Accra, Ghana
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Parasite-Specific CD4+ IFN-γ+ IL-10+ T Cells Distribute within Both Lymphoid and Nonlymphoid Compartments and Are Controlled Systemically by Interleukin-27 and ICOS during Blood-Stage Malaria Infection. Infect Immun 2015; 84:34-46. [PMID: 26459508 PMCID: PMC4693994 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01100-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated pathology in interleukin-10 (IL-10)-deficient mice during blood-stage malaria infection typically manifests in nonlymphoid organs, such as the liver and lung. Thus, it is critical to define the cellular sources of IL-10 in these sensitive nonlymphoid compartments during infection. Moreover, it is important to determine if IL-10 production is controlled through conserved or disparate molecular programs in distinct anatomical locations during malaria infection, as this may enable spatiotemporal tuning of the regulatory immune response. In this study, using dual gamma interferon (IFN-γ)–yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and IL-10–green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter mice, we show that CD4+ YFP+ T cells are the major source of IL-10 in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid compartments throughout the course of blood-stage Plasmodium yoelii infection. Mature splenic CD4+ YFP+ GFP+ T cells, which preferentially expressed high levels of CCR5, were capable of migrating to and seeding the nonlymphoid tissues, indicating that the systemically distributed host-protective cells have a common developmental history. Despite exhibiting comparable phenotypes, CD4+ YFP+ GFP+ T cells from the liver and lung produced significantly larger quantities of IL-10 than their splenic counterparts, showing that the CD4+ YFP+ GFP+ T cells exert graded functions in distinct tissue locations during infection. Unexpectedly, given the unique environmental conditions within discrete nonlymphoid and lymphoid organs, we show that IL-10 production by CD4+ YFP+ T cells is controlled systemically during malaria infection through IL-27 receptor signaling that is supported after CD4+ T cell priming by ICOS signaling. The results in this study substantially improve our understanding of the systemic IL-10 response to malaria infection, particularly within sensitive nonlymphoid organs.
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Coomes SM, Pelly VS, Kannan Y, Okoye IS, Czieso S, Entwistle LJ, Perez-Lloret J, Nikolov N, Potocnik AJ, Biró J, Langhorne J, Wilson MS. IFNγ and IL-12 Restrict Th2 Responses during Helminth/Plasmodium Co-Infection and Promote IFNγ from Th2 Cells. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004994. [PMID: 26147567 PMCID: PMC4493106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths establish chronic infections in mammalian hosts. Helminth/Plasmodium co-infections occur frequently in endemic areas. However, it is unclear whether Plasmodium infections compromise anti-helminth immunity, contributing to the chronicity of infection. Immunity to Plasmodium or helminths requires divergent CD4+ T cell-driven responses, dominated by IFNγ or IL-4, respectively. Recent literature has indicated that Th cells, including Th2 cells, have phenotypic plasticity with the ability to produce non-lineage associated cytokines. Whether such plasticity occurs during co-infection is unclear. In this study, we observed reduced anti-helminth Th2 cell responses and compromised anti-helminth immunity during Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Plasmodium chabaudi co-infection. Using newly established triple cytokine reporter mice (Il4gfpIfngyfpIl17aFP635), we demonstrated that Il4gfp+ Th2 cells purified from in vitro cultures or isolated ex vivo from helminth-infected mice up-regulated IFNγ following adoptive transfer into Rag1–/– mice infected with P. chabaudi. Functionally, Th2 cells that up-regulated IFNγ were transcriptionally re-wired and protected recipient mice from high parasitemia. Mechanistically, TCR stimulation and responsiveness to IL-12 and IFNγ, but not type I IFN, was required for optimal IFNγ production by Th2 cells. Finally, blockade of IL-12 and IFNγ during co-infection partially preserved anti-helminth Th2 responses. In summary, this study demonstrates that Th2 cells retain substantial plasticity with the ability to produce IFNγ during Plasmodium infection. Consequently, co-infection with Plasmodium spp. may contribute to the chronicity of helminth infection by reducing anti-helminth Th2 cells and converting them into IFNγ-secreting cells. Approximately a third of the world’s population is burdened with chronic intestinal parasitic helminth infections, causing significant morbidities. Identifying the factors that contribute to the chronicity of infection is therefore essential. Co-infection with other pathogens, which is extremely common in helminth endemic areas, may contribute to the chronicity of helminth infections. In this study, we used a mouse model to test whether the immune responses to an intestinal helminth were impaired following malaria co-infection. These two pathogens induce very different immune responses, which, until recently, were thought to be opposing and non-interchangeable. This study identified that the immune cells required for anti-helminth responses are capable of changing their phenotype and providing protection against malaria. By identifying and blocking the factors that drive this change in phenotype, we can preserve anti-helminth immune responses during co-infection. Our studies provide fresh insight into how immune responses are altered during helminth and malaria co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Coomes
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria S. Pelly
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yashaswini Kannan
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel S. Okoye
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Czieso
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis J. Entwistle
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jimena Perez-Lloret
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolay Nikolov
- Division of Systems Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre J. Potocnik
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judit Biró
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, Mill Hill Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Wilson
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Pérez-Mazliah D, Ng DHL, Freitas do Rosário AP, McLaughlin S, Mastelic-Gavillet B, Sodenkamp J, Kushinga G, Langhorne J. Disruption of IL-21 signaling affects T cell-B cell interactions and abrogates protective humoral immunity to malaria. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004715. [PMID: 25763578 PMCID: PMC4370355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 signaling is important for germinal center B-cell responses, isotype switching and generation of memory B cells. However, a role for IL-21 in antibody-mediated protection against pathogens has not been demonstrated. Here we show that IL-21 is produced by T follicular helper cells and co-expressed with IFN-γ during an erythrocytic-stage malaria infection of Plasmodium chabaudi in mice. Mice deficient either in IL-21 or the IL-21 receptor fail to resolve the chronic phase of P. chabaudi infection and P. yoelii infection resulting in sustained high parasitemias, and are not immune to re-infection. This is associated with abrogated P. chabaudi-specific IgG responses, including memory B cells. Mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, with T cells carrying a targeted disruption of the Il21 gene, or B cells with a targeted disruption of the Il21r gene, demonstrate that IL-21 from T cells signaling through the IL-21 receptor on B cells is necessary to control chronic P. chabaudi infection. Our data uncover a mechanism by which CD4+ T cells and B cells control parasitemia during chronic erythrocytic-stage malaria through a single gene, Il21, and demonstrate the importance of this cytokine in the control of pathogens by humoral immune responses. These data are highly pertinent for designing malaria vaccines requiring long-lasting protective B-cell responses. The importance of antibody and B-cell responses for control of the erythrocytic-stage of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, was first described when immune serum, passively transferred into Plasmodium falciparum-infected children, reduced parasitemia. This was later confirmed in experimental models in which mice deficient in B cells were unable to eliminate erythrocytic-stage infections. The signals required to activate these protective long-lasting B cell responses towards Plasmodium have not been investigated. IL-21 has been shown to be important for development of B-cell responses after immunization; however, a direct requirement for IL-21 in the control of infection via B-cell dependent mechanisms has never been demonstrated. In this paper, we have used mouse models of erythrocytic P. chabaudi and P. yoelii 17X(NL) infections in combination with IL-21/IL-21R deficiency to show that IL-21 from CD4+ T cells is required to eliminate Plasmodium infection by activating protective, long-lasting B-cell responses. Disruption of IL-21 signaling in B cells prevents the elimination of the parasite resulting in sustained high parasitemias, with no development of memory B-cells, lack of antigen-specific plasma cells and antibodies, and thus no protective immunity against a second challenge infection. Our data demonstrate the absolute requirement of IL-21 for B-cell control of this systemic infection. This has important implications for the design of vaccines against Plasmodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Pérez-Mazliah
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy Hui Lin Ng
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah McLaughlin
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Béatris Mastelic-Gavillet
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Sodenkamp
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Garikai Kushinga
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a recently described IL-10 family cytokine that is produced by T helper (Th) 17 cells, γδ T cells, NKT cells, and newly described innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Knowledge of IL-22 biology has evolved rapidly since its discovery in 2000, and a role for IL-22 has been identified in numerous tissues, including the intestines, lung, liver, kidney, thymus, pancreas, and skin. IL-22 primarily targets nonhematopoietic epithelial and stromal cells, where it can promote proliferation and play a role in tissue regeneration. In addition, IL-22 regulates host defense at barrier surfaces. However, IL-22 has also been linked to several conditions involving inflammatory tissue pathology. In this review, we assess the current understanding of this cytokine, including its physiologic and pathologic effects on epithelial cell function.
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Lu DH, Guo XY, Qin SY, Luo W, Huang XL, Chen M, Wang JX, Ma SJ, Yang XW, Jiang HX. Interleukin-22 ameliorates liver fibrogenesis by attenuating hepatic stellate cell activation and downregulating the levels of inflammatory cytokines. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:1531-45. [PMID: 25663772 PMCID: PMC4316095 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of interleukin (IL)-22 on hepatic fibrosis in mice and the possible mechanism involved. METHODS Liver fibrosis was induced in male BALB/c mice by CCl₄. Recombinant IL-22 (rmIL-22) was administered intraperitoneally in CCl₄-treated mice. Fibrosis was assessed by histology and Masson staining. The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was investigated by analysis of α-smooth muscle actin expression. The frequencies of T helper (Th) 22 cells, Th17 cells and Th1 cells, the expression of inflammatory cytokines [IL-22, IL-17A, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-1β] and transcription factors [aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), RAR-related orphan receptor (RORγt), T-bet] mRNA in the liver were investigated. In addition, the plasma levels of IL-22, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were evaluated. RESULTS Significant elevations in circulating Th22 cells, Th17 cells, Th1 cells, IL-22, IL-17A, and IFN-γ were observed in the hepatic fibrosis group compared with the control group (P < 0.01). Treatment with rmIL-22 in mice with hepatic fibrosis ameliorated the severity of hepatic fibrosis, which was confirmed by lower hepatic fibrosis pathological scores (P < 0.01). RmIL-22 decreased the frequencies of Th22 cells (6.71% ± 0.97% vs 8.09% ± 0.74%, P < 0.01), Th17 cells (4.34% ± 0.37% vs 5.71% ± 0.24%, P < 0.01), Th1 cells (3.09% ± 0.49% vs 4.91% ± 0.73%, P < 0.01), and the levels of IL-22 (56.23 ± 3.08 vs 70.29 ± 3.01, P < 0.01), IL-17A (30.74 ± 2.77 vs 45.68 ± 2.71, P < 0.01), and IFN-γ (74.78 ± 2.61 vs 124.89 ± 2.82, P < 0.01). Down-regulation of IL-22, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, AHR RORγt, and T-bet gene expression in the liver was observed in the rmIL-22 group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The frequencies of Th22, Th17 and Th1 cells are elevated in hepatic fibrosis. RmIL-22 can attenuate HSC activation and down-regulate the levels of inflammatory cytokines, thereby ameliorating liver fibrogenesis.
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Perez-Mazliah D, Langhorne J. CD4 T-cell subsets in malaria: TH1/TH2 revisited. Front Immunol 2015; 5:671. [PMID: 25628621 PMCID: PMC4290673 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cells have been shown to play a central role in immune control of infection with Plasmodium parasites. At the erythrocytic stage of infection, IFN-γ production by CD4+ T-cells and CD4+ T-cell help for the B-cell response are required for control and elimination of infected red blood cells. CD4+ T-cells are also important for controlling Plasmodium pre-erythrocytic stages through the activation of parasite-specific CD8+ T-cells. However, excessive inflammatory responses triggered by the infection have been shown to drive pathology. Early classical experiments demonstrated a biphasic CD4+ T-cell response against erythrocytic stages in mice, in which T helper (Th)1 and antibody-helper CD4+ T-cells appear sequentially during a primary infection. While IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells do play a role in controlling acute infections, and they contribute to acute erythrocytic-stage pathology, it became apparent that a classical Th2 response producing IL-4 is not a critical feature of the CD4+ T-cell response during the chronic phase of infection. Rather, effective CD4+ T-cell help for B-cells, which can occur in the absence of IL-4, is required to control chronic parasitemia. IL-10, important to counterbalance inflammation and associated with protection from inflammatory-mediated severe malaria in both humans and experimental models, was originally considered be produced by CD4+ Th2 cells during infection. We review the interpretations of CD4+ T-cell responses during Plasmodium infection, proposed under the original Th1/Th2 paradigm, in light of more recent advances, including the identification of multifunctional T-cells such as Th1 cells co-expressing IFN-γ and IL-10, the identification of follicular helper T-cells (Tfh) as the predominant CD4+ T helper subset for B-cells, and the recognition of inherent plasticity in the fates of different CD4+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Perez-Mazliah
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research , London , UK
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research , London , UK
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Deroost K, Lays N, Pham TT, Baci D, Van den Eynde K, Komuta M, Prato M, Roskams T, Schwarzer E, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. Hemozoin induces hepatic inflammation in mice and is differentially associated with liver pathology depending on the Plasmodium strain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113519. [PMID: 25419977 PMCID: PMC4242621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a global disease that clinically affects more than two hundred million people annually. Despite the availability of effective antimalarials, mortality rates associated with severe complications are high. Hepatopathy is frequently observed in patients with severe malarial disease and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Previously, we observed high amounts of hemozoin or malaria pigment in livers from infected mice. In this study, we investigated whether hemozoin is associated with liver injury in different mouse malaria models. C57BL/6J mice infected with the rodent parasites Plasmodium berghei ANKA, P. berghei NK65 or P. chabaudi AS had elevated serum liver enzymes without severe histological changes in the liver, in line with the observations in most patients. Furthermore, liver enzymes were significantly higher in serum of P. chabaudi AS-infected mice compared to mice infected with the P. berghei parasite strains and a strong positive correlation was found between hepatic hemozoin levels, hepatocyte damage and inflammation in the liver with P. chabaudi AS. The observed liver injury was only marginally influenced by the genetic background of the host, since similar serum liver enzyme levels were measured in infected C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice. Intravenous injection of P. falciparum-derived hemozoin in malaria-free C57BL/6J mice induced inflammatory gene transcription in the liver, suggesting that hemozoin may be involved in the pathogenesis of malaria hepatopathy by inducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Deroost
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natacha Lays
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Denisa Baci
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mina Komuta
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mauro Prato
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Tania Roskams
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E. Van den Steen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Wunderlich F, Al-Quraishy S, Dkhil MA. Liver-inherent immune system: its role in blood-stage malaria. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:559. [PMID: 25408684 PMCID: PMC4219477 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is well known as that organ which is obligately required for the intrahepatocyte development of the pre-erythrocytic stages of the malaria-causative agent Plasmodium. However, largely neglected is the fact that the liver is also a central player of the host defense against the morbidity- and mortality-causing blood stages of the malaria parasites. Indeed, the liver is equipped with a unique immune system that acts locally, however, with systemic impact. Its main “antipodal” functions are to recognize and to generate effective immunoreactivity against pathogens on the one hand, and to generate tolerance to avoid immunoreactivity with “self” and harmless substances as dietary compounds on the other hand. This review provides an introductory survey of the liver-inherent immune system: its pathogen recognition receptors including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and its major cell constituents with their different facilities to fight and eliminate pathogens. Then, evidence is presented that the liver is also an essential organ to overcome blood-stage malaria. Finally, we discuss effector responses of the liver-inherent immune system directed against blood-stage malaria: activation of TLRs, acute phase response, phagocytic activity, cytokine-mediated pro- and anti-inflammatory responses, generation of “protective” autoimmunity by extrathymic T cells and B-1 cells, and T cell-mediated repair of liver injuries mainly produced by malaria-induced overreactions of the liver-inherent immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wunderlich
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Dkhil
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University , Cairo, Egypt
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Testosterone persistently dysregulates hepatic expression of Tlr6 and Tlr8 induced by Plasmodium chabaudi malaria. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3609-20. [PMID: 25056943 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone (T) is known to induce persistent susceptibility to Plasmodium chabaudi malaria. Pathogens recognizing Toll-like receptors (TLRs), though potentially important against malaria, have not yet been examined for their T-sensitivity. Here, we investigate effects of T and P. chabaudi on mRNA expression and promoter DNA methylation of Tlr1-9 genes in the liver of female C57BL/6 mice. These are treated with T or vehicle for 3 weeks, and then treatment is discontinued for 12 weeks, before challenging with P. chabaudi for 8 days. Our data reveal that T induces a 9.1-fold downregulation of Tlr6 mRNA and 6.3-fold upregulation of Tlr8 mRNA. Blood-stage infections induce significant increases in mRNA expression of Tlr1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 varying between 2.5-fold and 21-fold in control mice. In T-pretreated mice, these Tlr genes are also significantly responsive to infections. However, the malaria-induced upregulations of the relative mRNA expressions of Tlr6 and Tlr8 are 5.6-fold higher and 6.5-fold lower in T-pretreated mice than in control mice. Infections induce a massive DNA down-methylation of the Tlr6 gene promoter in control mice, which is still more pronounced in T-pretreated mice, while significant changes are not detectable for the DNA methylation status of the Tlr8 promoter. Our data support the view that hepatic expression of Tlr6, but not that of Tlr8 is epigenetically controlled, and that the dysregulations of Tlr6 and Tlr8 critically contribute to T-induced persistent susceptibility to P. chabaudi malaria, possibly by dys-balancing responses of TLR6-mediated pathogen recognition and TLR8-mediated generation of anti-malaria "protective" autoimmunity.
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van den Bogaart E, Talha ABA, Straetemans M, Mens PF, Adams ER, Grobusch MP, Nour BYM, Schallig HDFH. Cytokine profiles amongst Sudanese patients with visceral leishmaniasis and malaria co-infections. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:16. [PMID: 24886212 PMCID: PMC4024313 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-15-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune system plays a critical role in the development of co-infections, promoting or preventing establishment of multiple infections and shaping the outcome of pathogen-host interactions. Its ability to mediate the interplay between visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and malaria has been suggested, but poorly documented. The present study investigated whether concomitant infection with Leishmania donovani complex and Plasmodium falciparum in naturally co-infected patients altered the immunological response elicited by the two pathogens individually. RESULTS Circulating levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were assessed in sera of patients infected with active VL and/or malaria and healthy individuals from Gedarif State, Sudan. Comparative analysis of cytokine profiles from co- and mono-infected patients highlighted significant differences in the immune response mounted upon co-infection, confirming the ability of L. donovani and P. falciparum to mutually interact at the immunological level. Progressive polarization towards type-1 and pro-inflammatory cytokine patterns characterized the co-infected patients, whose response partly reflected the effect elicited by VL (IFN-γ, TNF) and malaria (IL-2, IL-13), and partly resulted from a synergistic interaction of the two diseases upon each other (IL-17A). Significantly reduced levels of P. falciparum parasitaemia (P <0.01) were detected in the co-infected group as opposed to the malaria-only patients, suggesting either a protective or a non-detrimental effect of the co-infection against P. falciparum infection. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a new immunological scenario may occur when L. donovani and P. falciparum co-infect the same patient, with potential implications on the course and resolution of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika van den Bogaart
- Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Behnsen J, Jellbauer S, Wong CP, Edwards RA, George MD, Ouyang W, Raffatellu M. The cytokine IL-22 promotes pathogen colonization by suppressing related commensal bacteria. Immunity 2014; 40:262-73. [PMID: 24508234 PMCID: PMC3964146 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is highly induced in response to infections with a variety of pathogens, and its main functions are considered to be tissue repair and host defense at mucosal surfaces. Here we showed that IL-22 has a unique role during infection in that its expression suppressed the intestinal microbiota and enhanced the colonization of a pathogen. IL-22 induced the expression of antimicrobial proteins, including lipocalin-2 and calprotectin, which sequester essential metal ions from microbes. Because Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium can overcome metal ion starvation mediated by lipocalin-2 and calprotectin via alternative pathways, IL-22 boosted its colonization of the inflamed intestine by suppressing commensal Enterobacteriaceae, which are susceptible to the antimicrobial proteins. Thus, IL-22 tipped the balance between pathogenic and commensal bacteria in favor of a pathogen. Taken together, IL-22 induction can be exploited by pathogens to suppress the growth of their closest competitors, thereby enhancing pathogen colonization of mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Stefan Jellbauer
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christina P Wong
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Robert A Edwards
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael D George
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a key effector molecule that is produced by activated T cells, including T helper 22 (TH22) cells, TH17 cells and TH1 cells, as well as subsets of innate lymphoid cells. Although IL-22 can act synergistically with IL-17 or tumour necrosis factor, some important functions of IL-22 are unique to this cytokine. Data obtained over the past few years indicate that the IL-22-IL-22 receptor subunit 1 (IL-22R1) system has a high potential clinical relevance in psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, graft-versus-host disease, certain infections and tumours, as well as in liver and pancreas damage. This Review highlights current knowledge of the biology of the IL-22-IL-22R1 system, its role in inflammation, tissue protection, regeneration and antimicrobial defence, as well as the positive and potentially negative consequences of its therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sabat
- 1] Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Institute of Medical Immunology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Medicine Charité, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany. [2] Research Center Immunosciences, University Hospital Charité, Hessische Strasse 3-4, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- 1] Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Institute of Medical Immunology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Medicine Charité, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany. [2] Research Center Immunosciences, University Hospital Charité, Hessische Strasse 3-4, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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40
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Jia L, Wu C. The biology and functions of Th22 cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 841:209-30. [PMID: 25261209 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9487-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T helper (Th) cells develop from naïve CD4(+) T cells under lineage-specific culture conditions and are nominated by their lineage-specific cytokines. Th22 cells, new players in adoptive immune responses, are identified by the production of interleukin (IL)-22. Plenty of observations are obtained over the past few years indicating that IL-22 is produced by activated T cells including Th22 cells, Th17 cells, Th1 cells, innate lymphoid cells and some nonlymphocytes. IL-22 functions synergistically with IL-17 or tumor necrosis factor (TNF), however, it plays different roles by IL-22/IL-22 receptor signal transductions in pathologic processes, including inflammations, autoimmunity, tumor, and digestive organs damages. In this chapter, we focus on the biology of IL-22, the generation and regulation of Th22 cells, the possible signal pathways that involved in the functions of Th22 cells, as well as the relationship between Th22 cells and various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74th, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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41
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Stange J, Veldhoen M. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor in innate T cell immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:645-55. [PMID: 24030775 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight an important role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) at mucosal barriers. Surprisingly, activation of the AhR, required for the maintenance of lymphocytes as well as lymphoid architecture, can be achieved via cues derived from the external environment. This environment contains both beneficial and harmful microorganisms as well as a diverse array of compounds, and the epithelia must offer very sophisticated levels of defence. This is achieved via multifaceted immune recognition diversity and cellular complexity. Mucosal associated tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, constitute a complex immune organ for local lymphocytes and contain highly organised lymphoid structures. We will discuss the recent observations concerning the AhR in relation to the function and maintenance of innate T cells, with focus on γδ T cells found enriched at epithelial barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Stange
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
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Ishida H, Imai T, Suzue K, Hirai M, Taniguchi T, Yoshimura A, Iwakura Y, Okada H, Suzuki T, Shimokawa C, Hisaeda H. IL-23 protection against Plasmodium berghei infection in mice is partially dependent on IL-17 from macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2696-706. [PMID: 23843079 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although IL-12 is believed to contribute to protective immune responses, the role played by IL-23 (a member of the IL-12 family) in malaria is elusive. Here, we show that IL-23 is produced during infection with Plasmodium berghei NK65. Mice deficient in IL-23 (p19KO) had higher parasitemia and died earlier than wild-type (WT) controls. Interestingly, p19KO mice had lower numbers of IL-17-producing splenic cells than their WT counterparts. Furthermore, mice deficient in IL-17 (17KO) suffered higher parasitemia than the WT controls, indicating that IL-23-mediated protection is dependent on induction of IL-17 during infection. We found that macrophages were responsible for IL-17 production in response to IL-23. We observed a striking reduction in splenic macrophages in the p19KO and 17KO mice, both of which became highly susceptible to infection. Thus, IL-17 appears to be crucial for maintenance of splenic macrophages. Adoptive transfer of macrophages into macrophage-depleted mice confirmed that macrophage-derived IL-17 is required for macrophage accumulation and parasite eradication in the recipient mice. We also found that IL-17 induces CCL2/7, which recruit macrophages. Our findings reveal a novel protective mechanism whereby IL-23, IL-17, and macrophages reduce the severity of infection with blood-stage malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Ishida
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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Martins YC, Daniel-Ribeiro CT. A new hypothesis on the manifestation of cerebral malaria: the secret is in the liver. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:777-83. [PMID: 23978689 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the abundance of information on cerebral malaria (CM), the pathogenesis of this disease is not completely understood. At present, two nonexclusive dominant hypotheses exist to explain how the neurological syndrome manifests: the sequestration (or mechanical) hypothesis and the inflammatory hypothesis. The sequestration hypothesis states that sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) to brain capillary endothelia causes obstruction of capillary blood flow followed by brain tissue anoxia and coma. The inflammatory hypothesis postulates that P. falciparum infection releases toxic molecules in the circulation, inducing an imbalanced systemic inflammatory response that leads to coagulopathy, brain endothelial cell dysfunction, accumulation of leukocytes in the brain microcirculation, blood brain barrier (BBB) leakage, cerebral vasoconstriction, edema, and coma. However, both hypotheses, even when considered together, are not sufficient to fully explain the pathogenesis of CM. Here, we propose that the development of acute liver failure (ALF) together with BBB breakdown are the necessary and sufficient conditions for the genesis of CM. ALF is characterized by coagulopathy and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in a patient without pre-existing liver disease. Signs of hepatic dysfunction have been shown to occur in 2.5-40% of CM patients. In addition, recent studies with murine models demonstrated that mice presenting experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) had hepatic damage and brain metabolic changes characteristic of HE. However, the occurrence of CM in patients with mild or without apparent hepatocellular liver damage and the presence of liver damage in non-CM murine models indicate that the development of ALF during malaria infection is not the single factor responsible for neuropathology. To solve this problem, we also propose that BBB breakdown contributes to the pathogenesis of CM and synergizes with hepatic failure to cause neurological signs and symptoms. BBB dysfunction would thus occur in CM by a mechanism similar to the one occurring in sepsis and is in agreement with the inflammatory hypothesis. Nevertheless, differently from in the inflammatory hypothesis, BBB leakage would facilitate the penetration of ammonia and other toxins into the brain parenchyma, but would not be sufficient to cause CM when occurring alone. We believe our hypothesis better explains the pathogenesis of CM, does not have problems to deal with the exception data not explained by the previous hypotheses, and reveals new targets for adjunctive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Chaves Martins
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz and Centro de Pesquisa Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY, USA.
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Kong X, Feng D, Mathews S, Gao B. Hepatoprotective and anti-fibrotic functions of interleukin-22: therapeutic potential for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28 Suppl 1:56-60. [PMID: 23855297 PMCID: PMC3779467 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) plays a key role in promoting antimicrobial immunity and tissue repair at barrier surfaces by binding to the receptors IL-22R1, which is generally thought to be expressed exclusively in epithelial cells, and IL-10R2. Our laboratory previously demonstrated that IL-22 plays an important role in ameliorating liver injury in many rodent models by targeting hepatocytes that express high levels of IL-22R1 and IL-10R2. Recently, we have identified high expression levels of IL-22R1 and IL-10R2 in liver progenitor cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Overexpression of IL-22 in vivo or treatment with IL-22 in vitro promotes proliferation of liver progenitor cells via a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-dependent mechanism. IL-22 treatment also prevents HSC apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, overexpression of IL-22, via either gene targeting or exogenous administration of adenovirus expressing IL-22, reduces liver fibrosis and accelerates the resolution of liver fibrosis during recovery. The anti-fibrotic effects of IL-22 are mediated via the activation of STAT3 in HSCs and subsequent induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, which induces HSC senescence. Taken together, the hepatoprotective, mitogenic, and anti-fibrotic effects of IL-22 are beneficial in ameliorating alcoholic liver injury. Importantly, due to the restricted expression of IL-22R1, IL-22 therapy is expected to have few side effects, thus making IL-22 a potential candidate for treatment of alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Kong
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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45
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Gardner PJ, Joshi L, Lee RWJ, Dick AD, Adamson P, Calder VL. SIRT1 activation protects against autoimmune T cell-driven retinal disease in mice via inhibition of IL-2/Stat5 signaling. J Autoimmun 2013; 42:117-29. [PMID: 23395551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins are a mammalian family of NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylases that regulate cell function and survival as well as regulating cell responses under inflammatory conditions. SIRT1 activator treatment in vitro using mouse pLN cells, normal human and ocular Behçet's disease donor PBMC resulted in suppressed T cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Our data suggest a novel mechanism by which SIRT1 activators contribute to suppression of T cell proliferation by both down regulating STAT5A/B expression and suppression of pSTAT5A/B signaling in response to IL-2. Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in B10.RIII mice is an antigen-specific cell-mediated model of human intra-ocular inflammatory disease. Infiltrating CD4(+) T cells in the retina secrete both IFN-γ and IL-17 and are accompanied by inflammatory granulocytes and macrophages which together result in retinal destruction. Oral SIRT1 activator treatment administered to EAU mice suppressed disease with an accompanying reduction in retinal leukocytic infiltrate, suppressed antigen-specific T cell responses and marked suppression of innate and adaptive pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the eye including IL-6, IL-17A and IFN-γ. In vivo SIRT1 activator treatment also suppressed production of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-6, TGFβ and IL-22 by pLN cells. Oral SIRT1 activator treatment administered to mice during the efferent phase (days7-14) of EAU was effective at suppressing disease. These observations demonstrate that SIRT1 activation is anti-inflammatory in nature and future targeted activation of SIRT1 shows promise as a potential treatment for non-infectious intra-ocular disorders such as uveitis associated with Behçets disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gardner
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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