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Shannon MJ, Eisman SE, Lowe AR, Sloan TFW, Mace EM. cellPLATO - an unsupervised method for identifying cell behaviour in heterogeneous cell trajectory data. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261887. [PMID: 38738282 PMCID: PMC11213520 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in imaging, segmentation and tracking have led to the routine generation of large and complex microscopy datasets. New tools are required to process this 'phenomics' type data. Here, we present 'Cell PLasticity Analysis Tool' (cellPLATO), a Python-based analysis software designed for measurement and classification of cell behaviours based on clustering features of cell morphology and motility. Used after segmentation and tracking, the tool extracts features from each cell per timepoint, using them to segregate cells into dimensionally reduced behavioural subtypes. Resultant cell tracks describe a 'behavioural ID' at each timepoint, and similarity analysis allows the grouping of behavioural sequences into discrete trajectories with assigned IDs. Here, we use cellPLATO to investigate the role of IL-15 in modulating human natural killer (NK) cell migration on ICAM-1 or VCAM-1. We find eight behavioural subsets of NK cells based on their shape and migration dynamics between single timepoints, and four trajectories based on sequences of these behaviours over time. Therefore, by using cellPLATO, we show that IL-15 increases plasticity between cell migration behaviours and that different integrin ligands induce different forms of NK cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, NYC, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shira E. Eisman
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, NYC, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alan R. Lowe
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | | | - Emily M. Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, NYC, NY 10032, USA
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2
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Pandey A, Nowakowski P, Ureña Martin C, Abu Ahmad M, Edri A, Toledo E, Tzadka S, Walther J, Le Saux G, Porgador A, Smith AS, Schvartzman M. Membrane Fluctuation Model for Understanding the Effect of Receptor Nanoclustering on the Activation of Natural Killer Cells through Biomechanical Feedback. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:5395-5402. [PMID: 38684070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the role of ligand clustering and density in the activation of natural killer (NK) cells. To that end, we designed reductionist arrays of nanopatterned ligands arranged with different cluster geometries and densities and probed their effects on NK cell activation. We used these arrays as an artificial microenvironment for the stimulation of NK cells and studied the effect of the array geometry on the NK cell immune response. We found that ligand density significantly regulated NK cell activation while ligand clustering had an impact only at a specific density threshold. We also rationalized these findings by introducing a theoretical membrane fluctuation model that considers biomechanical feedback between ligand-receptor bonds and the cell membrane. These findings provide important insight into NK cell mechanobiology, which is fundamentally important and essential for designing immunotherapeutic strategies targeting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Pandey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Piotr Nowakowski
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carlos Ureña Martin
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Muhammad Abu Ahmad
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Avishay Edri
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Esti Toledo
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Sivan Tzadka
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jonas Walther
- PULS Group, Institut für Theoretische Physik, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Guillaume Le Saux
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ana-Sunčana Smith
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- PULS Group, Institut für Theoretische Physik, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mark Schvartzman
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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3
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Li C, Hendrikse NW, Mai M, Farooqui MA, Argall-Knapp Z, Kim JS, Wheat EA, Juang T. Microliter whole blood neutrophil assay preserving physiological lifespan and functional heterogeneity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2023.08.28.23294744. [PMID: 37693613 PMCID: PMC10491351 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.23294744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
For in vitro neutrophil functional assays, neutrophils are typically isolated from whole blood, having the target cells exposed to an artificial microenvironment with altered kinetics. Isolated neutrophils exhibit limited lifespans of only a few hours ex vivo, significantly shorter than the 3-5 day lifespan of neutrophils in vivo. In addition, due to neutrophil inherently high sensitivity, neutrophils removed from whole blood exhibit stochastic non-specific activation that contributes to assay variability. Here we present a method - named micro-Blood - that enables functional neutrophil assays using a microliter of unprocessed whole blood. micro-Blood allows multiple phenotypic readouts of neutrophil function (including cell/nucleus morphology, motility, recruitment, and pathogen control). In micro-Blood, neutrophils show sustained migration and limited non-specific activation kinetics (<0.1% non-specific activation) over 3-6 days. In contrast, neutrophils isolated using traditional methods show increased and divergent activation kinetics (10-70% non-specific activation) in only 3 h. Finally, micro-Blood allows the capture and quantitative comparison of distinct neutrophil functional heterogeneity between healthy donors and cancer patients in response to microbial stimuli with the preserved physiological lifespan over 6 days.
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Wang Z, Yang L, Wang W, Zhou H, Chen J, Ma Z, Wang X, Zhang Q, Liu H, Zhou C, Guo Z, Zhang X. Comparative immunological landscape between pre- and early-stage LUAD manifested as ground-glass nodules revealed by scRNA and scTCR integrated analysis. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:325. [PMID: 37957625 PMCID: PMC10644515 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanism underlying the malignant progression of precancer to early-stage lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) as well as their indolence nature remains elusive. METHODS Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA) with simultaneous T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing on 5 normal lung tissues, 3 precancerous and 4 early-stage LUAD manifested as pulmonary ground-glass nodules (GGNs) were performed. RESULTS Through this integrated analysis, we have delineated five key modules that drive the malignant progression of early-stage LUAD in a disease stage-dependent manner. These modules are related to cell proliferation and metabolism, immune response, mitochondria, cilia, and cell adhesion. We also find that the tumor micro-environment (TME) of early-stage LUAD manifested as GGN are featured with regulatory T (Tregs) cells accumulation with three possible origins, and loss-functional state (decreased clonal expansion and cytotoxicity) of CD8 + T cells. Instead of exhaustion, the CD8 + T cells are featured with a shift to memory phenotype, which is significantly different from the late stage LUAD. Furthermore, we have identified monocyte-derived macrophages that undergo a lipid-phenotype transition and may contribute to the suppressive TME. Intense interaction between stromal cells, myeloid cells including lipid associated macrophages and LAMP3 + DCs, and lymphocytes were also characterized. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides new insight into the molecular and cellular mechanism underlying malignant progression of LUAD manifested as GGN, and pave way for novel immunotherapies for GGN. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Weiwu Road No.7, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Weiwu Road No.7, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Weiwu Road No.7, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Weiwu Road No.7, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zeheng Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Department, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Weiwu Road No.7, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Pathological Department, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Weiwu Road No.7, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Quncheng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Weiwu Road No.7, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Weiwu Road No.7, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Weiwu Road No.7, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Zhiping Guo
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Weiwu Road No.7, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Diseases and Health Management, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
| | - Xiaoju Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Weiwu Road No.7, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
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5
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Zhu Y, Shi J. Cytotoxic and chemotactic dynamics of NK cells quantified by live-cell imaging. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 173:49-64. [PMID: 36653085 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells detect and eliminate virus-infected cells and cancer cells, and are crucial players of the human immune defense system. Although the relevant molecular machineries involved in NK cell activation and NK-target cell interactions are largely known, how their collective signaling modulates the dynamic behaviors of NK cells, e.g., motility and cytotoxicity, and the rate-limiting kinetics involved are still in need of comprehensive investigations. In traditional bulk killing assays, heterogeneity and kinetic details of individual NK-target cell interactions are masked, seriously limiting analysis of the underlying dynamic mechanisms. Here we present detailed protocols of a number of live-cell imaging assays using fluorescent protein reporters and/or a live-cell dye that enable the acquisition of quantitative kinetic data at the single cell level for elucidating the mechanism underlying the interaction dynamics of primary human NK cells and epithelial cancer cells. Moreover, we discuss how the imaging data can be analyzed either alone or in combination to quantify and determine the key dynamic steps/intermediates involved in specific NK cell activity, e.g., NK cell cytotoxic modes and their associated kinetics, and NK cell motility toward different cancer targets. These live-cell imaging assays can be easily adapted to analyze the rate-limiting kinetics and heterogeneity of other cell-cell interaction dynamics, e.g., in T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Zhu
- Department of Physics and Department of Biology, Center for Quantitative Systems Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jue Shi
- Department of Physics and Department of Biology, Center for Quantitative Systems Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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6
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Jahanbani F, Maynard RD, Sing JC, Jahanbani S, Perrino JJ, Spacek DV, Davis RW, Snyder MP. Phenotypic characteristics of peripheral immune cells of Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome via transmission electron microscopy: A pilot study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272703. [PMID: 35943990 PMCID: PMC9362953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex chronic multi-systemic disease characterized by extreme fatigue that is not improved by rest, and worsens after exertion, whether physical or mental. Previous studies have shown ME/CFS-associated alterations in the immune system and mitochondria. We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the morphology and ultrastructure of unstimulated and stimulated ME/CFS immune cells and their intracellular organelles, including mitochondria. PBMCs from four participants were studied: a pair of identical twins discordant for moderate ME/CFS, as well as two age- and gender- matched unrelated subjects-one with an extremely severe form of ME/CFS and the other healthy. TEM analysis of CD3/CD28-stimulated T cells suggested a significant increase in the levels of apoptotic and necrotic cell death in T cells from ME/CFS patients (over 2-fold). Stimulated Tcells of ME/CFS patients also had higher numbers of swollen mitochondria. We also found a large increase in intracellular giant lipid droplet-like organelles in the stimulated PBMCs from the extremely severe ME/CFS patient potentially indicative of a lipid storage disorder. Lastly, we observed a slight increase in platelet aggregation in stimulated cells, suggestive of a possible role of platelet activity in ME/CFS pathophysiology and disease severity. These results indicate extensive morphological alterations in the cellular and mitochondrial phenotypes of ME/CFS patients' immune cells and suggest new insights into ME/CFS biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Jahanbani
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rajan D. Maynard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Justin Cyril Sing
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaghayegh Jahanbani
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - John J. Perrino
- Stanford Cell Sciences Imaging Facility (CSIF), Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Damek V. Spacek
- Karius Incorporated, Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Ronald W. Davis
- ME/CFS Collaborative Research Center at Stanford, Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
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7
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Understanding natural killer cell biology from a single cell perspective. Cell Immunol 2022; 373:104497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Martinez AL, Shannon MJ, Eisman SE, Hegewisch-Solloa E, Asif AN, Ebrahim TAM, Mace EM. Quantifying Human Natural Killer Cell Migration by Imaging and Image Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2463:129-151. [PMID: 35344172 PMCID: PMC9159076 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2160-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Migration is an important function for natural killer cells. Cell motility has implications in development, tissue infiltration, and cytotoxicity, and measuring the properties of natural killer (NK) cell migration using in vitro assays can be highly informative. Many researchers have an interest in studying properties of NK cell migration in the context of genetic mutation, disease, or in specific tissues and microenvironments. Motility assays can also provide information on the localization of proteins during different phases of cell migration. These assays can be performed on different surfaces for migration or coupled with chemoattractants and/or target cells to test functional outcomes or characterize cell migration speeds and phenotypes. NK cells undergo migration during differentiation in tissue, and these conditions can be modeled by culturing NK cells on a confluent bed of stromal cells on glass and imaging cell migration. Alternatively, fibronectin- or ICAM-1-coated surfaces promote NK cell migration and can be used as substrates. Here, we will describe techniques for the experimental setup and analysis of NK cell motility assays by confocal microscopy or in-incubator imaging using commercially available systems. Finally, we describe open-source software for analyzing cell migration using manual tracking or automated approaches and discuss considerations for the implementation of each of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amera L Martinez
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shira E Eisman
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Aneeza N Asif
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tasneem A M Ebrahim
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Zhou Y, Shao N, Bessa de Castro R, Zhang P, Ma Y, Liu X, Huang F, Wang RF, Qin L. Evaluation of Single-Cell Cytokine Secretion and Cell-Cell Interactions with a Hierarchical Loading Microwell Chip. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107574. [PMID: 32348757 PMCID: PMC7583657 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive evaluation of single T cell functions such as cytokine secretion and cytolysis of target cells is greatly needed in adoptive cell therapy (ACT) but has never been fully fulfilled by current approaches. Herein, we develop a hierarchical loading microwell chip (HL-Chip) that aligns multiple cells and functionalized beads in a high-throughput microwell array with single-cell/bead precision based on size differences. We demonstrate the potential of the HL-Chip in evaluating single T cell functions by three applications: high-throughput longitudinal secretory profiling of single T cells, large-scale evaluation of cytolytic activity of single T cells, and integrated T cell-tumor cell interactions. The HL-Chip is a simple and robust technology that constructs arrays of defined cell/object combinations for multiple measurements and material retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufu Zhou
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Center for inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ning Shao
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ricardo Bessa de Castro
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pengchao Zhang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Center for inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Feizhou Huang
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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10
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Tang Y, Sun X, Wang Y, Luan H, Zhang R, Hu F, Sun X, Li X, Guo J. Role of IL-24 in NK cell activation and its clinical implication in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:2707-2715. [PMID: 33534028 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interleukin (IL)-24 has been considered as an inflammatory cytokine in autoimmune diseases. However, conflicting data exist and its biological function remains controversial. Additionally, little is known about its functional impact on natural killer (NK) cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of IL-24 in NK cell activation and its clinical implication in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Serum cohort consisting of 299 SLE patients, 214 RA patients, and 159 healthy controls (HCs) and plasma cohort consisting of 70 SLE patients, 82 RA patients, and 123 HCs were included in evaluating IL-24 concentrations. Impact of IL-24 on NK cell activation was assessed in two NK cell subsets, i.e., CD56dimCD16+ and CD56brightCD16- NK cells. Human NK-92 cell line was applied to evaluate functional potential of IL-24 on NK cell migration and invasion. RESULTS Serum and plasma levels of IL-24 were comparable between patients with SLE or RA and HCs. While recombinant human (rh) IL-2 consistently induced an increased expression of CD69 on both CD56dimCD16+ and CD56brightCD16- cells derived from both healthy subjects and patients with SLE, IL-24 alone was insufficient to activate the CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells. Similarly, while the migratory NK-92 cell numbers were significantly increased with rhIL-2 stimulation, IL-24 alone was unable to enhance NK-92 cell migratory and invasive capacity. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that there were no significant differences in serum and plasma concentrations of IL-24 between SLE patients and healthy controls. Recombinant IL-24 has no effect on NK cell activation and migration. Key points • This is the first study to investigate functional potential of IL-24 on NK cell activation. • Recombinant IL-24 lacks functional capacity on NK cell activation in either CD56dimCD16+ or CD56brightCD16- NK cell subsets derived from both healthy subjects and patients with SLE. • No significant differences in serum and plasma levels of IL-24 between SLE patients and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundi Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 South Xizhimen Street, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaotong Sun
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, 465 Zhongshan Road, Liaoning, 116044, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 South Xizhimen Street, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Huijie Luan
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 South Xizhimen Street, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Fanlei Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 South Xizhimen Street, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 South Xizhimen Street, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, 465 Zhongshan Road, Liaoning, 116044, China.
| | - Jianping Guo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 South Xizhimen Street, Beijing, 100044, China.
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11
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Mark C, Czerwinski T, Roessner S, Mainka A, Hörsch F, Heublein L, Winterl A, Sanokowski S, Richter S, Bauer N, Angelini TE, Schuler G, Fabry B, Voskens CJ. Cryopreservation impairs 3-D migration and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5224. [PMID: 33067467 PMCID: PMC7568558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important effector cells in the immune response to cancer. Clinical trials on adoptively transferred NK cells in patients with solid tumors, however, have thus far been unsuccessful. As NK cells need to pass stringent safety evaluation tests before clinical use, the cells are cryopreserved to bridge the necessary evaluation time. Standard degranulation and chromium release cytotoxicity assays confirm the ability of cryopreserved NK cells to kill target cells. Here, we report that tumor cells embedded in a 3-dimensional collagen gel, however, are killed by cryopreserved NK cells at a 5.6-fold lower rate compared to fresh NK cells. This difference is mainly caused by a 6-fold decrease in the fraction of motile NK cells after cryopreservation. These findings may explain the persistent failure of NK cell therapy in patients with solid tumors and highlight the crucial role of a 3-D environment for testing NK cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Mark
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tina Czerwinski
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Roessner
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Dermatology, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Astrid Mainka
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Hörsch
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucas Heublein
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Winterl
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Sanokowski
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Richter
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Bauer
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas E Angelini
- University of Florida, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gerold Schuler
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Dermatology, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ben Fabry
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Caroline J Voskens
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Dermatology, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Antona S, Platzman I, Spatz JP. Droplet-Based Cytotoxicity Assay: Implementation of Time-Efficient Screening of Antitumor Activity of Natural Killer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:24674-24683. [PMID: 33015484 PMCID: PMC7528335 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key players of the innate immune system. Due to their rapid cytotoxicity against infectious pathogens, hematologic malignancies, and solid tumors, NK cells represent solid candidates for cell-based immunotherapy. Despite the progress made in recent years, the heterogeneity in their cytotoxic behavior represents a drawback. With the goal of screening the intrinsic diversity of NK cells, droplet-based microfluidic technology is exploited to develop a single-cell time-efficient cytotoxicity assay. Toward this end, NK-92 cells are coencapsulated with hematological tumor cell lines in water-in-oil droplets of different sizes and their cytotoxic activity is evaluated. The effect of droplet-based confinement on NK cytotoxicity is investigated by controlling the droplet volume. The successful optimization of the droplet size allows for time efficiency compared to cytotoxicity assays based on flow cytometry. Additionally, the ability of individual NK-92 cells to kill multiple target cells in series is explored, expanding the knowledge about the serial killing process dynamics. The developed droplet-based microfluidic assay does not require the labeling of NK cells and represents a step toward developing of a forthcoming process for the selection of NK cells with the highest cytotoxicity against specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Antona
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max
Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Shabrish S, Karnik N, Gupta V, Bhate P, Madkaikar M. Impaired NK cell activation during acute dengue virus infection: A contributing factor to disease severity. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04320. [PMID: 32671251 PMCID: PMC7339061 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue viral (DENV) infection has a broad clinical spectrum ranging from classical febrile illness to life-threatening disease. Literature suggests that spectrum of illness could be due to differences in innate immune-responses; however, the knowledge is still at infancy. Amongst the various cells involved in innate immune responses, NK cells play a central role, particularly in anti-viral immunity. Thus in this study we have evaluated the role of NK-cells during acute-DENV infection and its influence on severity of disease, by analyzing activation, cytotoxic receptors, cytolytic granule contents and degranulation markers on NK-cells during different stages of infection. Based on the clinical manifestations and severity of the disease, DENV patients were classified into patients with dengue without warning signs (DF), dengue with warning signs (DFWS) and severe dengue (SD) patients. During acute-DENV infection, though there was no alteration in frequency of NK-cells, significant increase in frequency of CD56bright subset in DF patients (p < 0.05) was observed, while it remained unaltered in SD patients. We also found that, CD56dim NK-cell subset of DF patients had elevated CD69 expression, granzyme B and intracellular IFN-γ levels compared to SD patients (p < 0.05). Amongst the NK-cell cytotoxicity receptor (NCR), NKp30 receptor was significantly elevated in DF patients (p < 0.05), however in SD patients it was comparable to healthy controls. This receptor is essential for dendritic cells-NK-cells crosstalk for initiating adaptive immune response. IL-15 is known to induce NKp30 expression, which was also seen to be elevated in DF patients (p < 0.05) but unaltered in SD patients. In SD patients, even post-6 days of infection i.e. during recovery phase, CD69 and NKp30 expression did not raise, suggesting impaired NK-cell response in these patients. To summarize, our study reports, that efficient NK cell response during acute phase of DENV infection is crucial for preventing severity of the disease. This study helps in understanding the dynamics of NK cell response in immunopathogenesis of DENV infection; which is crucial for development of efficacious therapeutics as well as vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Shabrish
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th floor, Multistoreyed building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Niteen Karnik
- Department of Medicine, KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Vishal Gupta
- Department of Medicine, KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Priya Bhate
- Department of Medicine, KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Manisha Madkaikar
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH), 13th floor, Multistoreyed building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
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14
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Tohma YA, Musabak U, Gunakan E, Akilli H, Onalan G, Zeyneloglu HB. The Role of Analysis of NK Cell Subsets in Peripheral Blood and Uterine Lavage Samples in Evaluation of Patients with Recurrent Implantation Failure. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2020; 49:101793. [PMID: 32413518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to determine the role of analyses of NK cell subsets in peripheral blood and uterine lavage samples in evaluation of patients with unexplained RIF. METHODS This retrospective single-institution case-control study included two different cohorts between 2017-2019. First cohort included patients examined with peripheral blood samples for evaluation of possible immunologic problems in patients with unexplained recurrent implantation failure; in the study period, a total of 75 consecutive patients with RIF (study group; n: 42) or infertile patients without RIF (control group; n: 33) were included. Second cohort included those patients whose uterine samples were assessed for immunologic problems; RIF (study group ; n: 16) or infertile patients without RIF (control group; n: 25). RESULTS In the first cohort, the percentage of NK cells (CD3-CD16+56+) is statistically significantly lower (9.8 vs. 12.6, respectively, p: 0.038) in the study group than those of the controls whereas there was no statistical significance in the absolute number of NK cells (CD3-CD16+56+). In the second cohort, the only remarkable finding in uterine lavage samples was significantly increased uNKs cells (CD3-CD16dim56bright) percentages in controls (9.95 vs 12.7, respectively, p: 0.026) compared to those of study group. CONCLUSION Our data shows that the analysis of NK cell subtypes in peripheral blood does not seem appropriate to investigate the patients with RIF and we suggest that uterine lavage samples instead of peripheral blood samples be implemented and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Aytac Tohma
- Baskent University School of Medicine, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ugur Musabak
- Baskent University School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Gunakan
- Baskent University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Akilli
- Baskent University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gogsen Onalan
- Baskent University School of Medicine, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hulusi Bulent Zeyneloglu
- Baskent University School of Medicine, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey.
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15
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Granzyme B Cleaves Multiple Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Gene Products, and VZV ORF4 Inhibits Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01140-19. [PMID: 31462576 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01140-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune regulation of alphaherpesvirus latency and reactivation is critical for the control of virus pathogenesis. This is evident for herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), where cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) prevent viral reactivation independent of apoptosis induction. This inhibition of HSV-1 reactivation has been attributed to granzyme B cleavage of HSV infected cell protein 4 (ICP4); however, it is unknown whether granzyme B cleavage of ICP4 can directly protect cells from CTL cytotoxicity. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is closely related to HSV-1; however, it is unknown whether VZV proteins contain granzyme B cleavage sites. Natural killer (NK) cells play a central role in VZV and HSV-1 pathogenesis and, like CTLs, utilize granzyme B to kill virally infected target cells. However, whether alphaherpesvirus granzyme B cleavage sites could modulate NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity has yet to be established. This study aimed to identify novel HSV-1 and VZV gene products with granzyme B cleavage sites and assess whether they could protect cells from NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. We have demonstrated that HSV ICP27, VZV open reading frame 62 (ORF62), and VZV ORF4 are cleaved by granzyme B. However, in an NK cell cytotoxicity assay, only VZV ORF4 conferred protection from NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The granzyme B cleavage site in ORF4 was identified via site-directed mutagenesis and, surprisingly, the mutation of this cleavage site did not alter the ability of ORF4 to modulate NK cell cytotoxicity, suggesting that ORF4 has a novel immunoevasive function that is independent from the granzyme B cleavage site.IMPORTANCE HSV-1 causes oral and genital herpes and establishes life-long latency in sensory ganglia. HSV-1 reactivates multiple times in a person's life and can cause life-threatening disease in immunocompromised patients. VZV is closely related to HSV-1, causes chickenpox during primary infection, and establishes life-long latency in ganglia, from where it can reactivate to cause herpes zoster (shingles). Unlike HSV-1, VZV only infects humans, and there are limited model systems; thus, little is known concerning how VZV maintains latency and why VZV reactivates. Through studying the link between immune cell cytotoxic functions, granzyme B, and viral gene products, an increased understanding of viral pathogenesis will be achieved.
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16
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Metzner C. On the efficiency of chemotactic pursuit - Comparing blind search with temporal and spatial gradient sensing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14091. [PMID: 31575917 PMCID: PMC6773759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In chemotaxis, cells are modulating their migration patterns in response to concentration gradients of a guiding substance. Immune cells are believed to use such chemotactic sensing for remotely detecting and homing in on pathogens. Considering that immune cells may encounter a multitude of targets with vastly different migration properties, ranging from immobile to highly mobile, it is not clear which strategies of chemotactic pursuit are simultaneously efficient and versatile. We tackle this problem theoretically and define a tunable response function that maps temporal or spatial concentration gradients to migration behavior. The seven free parameters of this response function are optimized numerically with the objective of maximizing search efficiency against a wide spectrum of target cell properties. Finally, we reverse-engineer the best-performing parameter sets to uncover strategies of chemotactic pursuit that are efficient under different biologically realistic boundary conditions. Although strategies based on the temporal or spatial sensing of chemotactic gradients are significantly more efficient than unguided migration, such ‘blind search’ turns out to work surprisingly well, in particular if the immune cells are fast and directionally persistent. The resulting simulated data can be used for the design of chemotaxis experiments and for the development of algorithms that automatically detect and quantify goal oriented behavior in measured immune cell trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Metzner
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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17
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Olofsson PE, Brandt L, Magnusson KEG, Frisk T, Jaldén J, Önfelt B. A collagen-based microwell migration assay to study NK-target cell interactions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10672. [PMID: 31337806 PMCID: PMC6650390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in tissue is dependent on the ability of NK cells to migrate through the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment. Traditional imaging studies of NK cell migration and cytotoxicity have utilized 2D surfaces, which do not properly reproduce the structural and mechanical cues that shape the migratory response of NK cells in vivo. Here, we have combined a microwell assay that allows long-term imaging and tracking of small, well-defined populations of NK cells with an interstitial ECM-like matrix. The assay allows for long-term imaging of NK-target cell interactions within a confined 3D volume. We found marked differences in motility between individual cells with a small fraction of the cells moving slowly and being confined to a small volume within the matrix, while other cells moved more freely. A majority of NK cells also exhibited transient variation in their motility, alternating between periods of migration arrest and movement. The assay could be used as a complement to in vivo imaging to study human NK cell heterogeneity in migration and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per E Olofsson
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23 A, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ludwig Brandt
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23 A, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas E G Magnusson
- Department of Signal Processing, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Frisk
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23 A, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Jaldén
- Department of Signal Processing, ACCESS Linnaeus Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23 A, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.
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18
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Xu Y, Pang SW. Natural killer cell migration control in microchannels by perturbations and topography. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2466-2475. [PMID: 31225540 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00356h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes which play an important role in the immune system by recognizing and killing potentially malignant cells without antigen sensitization, and could be utilized in cancer therapy. NK cell migration is an essential process to find and kill target cells, which is well known to be driven by the chemotaxis effect. NK cells also experience a topographical effect induced by the extracellular matrix (ECM) during their migration. However, topographical effects on NK cell locomotion in three dimensional (3D) environments are not well studied yet. In this work, polydimethylsiloxane based platforms containing microchannels with different types of perturbations and decorated with various surface patterns were fabricated to systematically study the topographical effect on NK cell migration with and without the chemotaxis effect. The results showed that perturbation sites in channels induced pauses and reversals in chemotaxis driven NK cell migration. Surface topography such as gratings in confined environments could introduce directional preference to NK cell movement even without chemoattractants. These findings showed that NK cell migration could be controlled by contact guidance, which provides future possibility to manipulate NK cell migration in controlled in vitro bioengineering systems. Results in this study showed that the complex topography of 3D microenvironments in the ECM could have significant effects on NK cell migration in different tissues and organs, and provided insight for explaining the dynamics of NK cell activities in clinical experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Center for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Stella W Pang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Center for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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19
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Sarkar S, McKenney S, Sabhachandani P, Adler J, Hu X, Stroopinksy D, Rosenblatt J, Avigan D, Konry T. Anti-myeloma activity and molecular logic operation by Natural Killer cells in microfluidic droplets. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2019; 282:580-589. [PMID: 31537955 PMCID: PMC6752214 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2018.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Immune-targeted therapies that activate effector lymphocytes such as Natural Killer (NK) cells are currently being investigated for the treatment of Multiple myeloma (MM), the second most common form of hematological cancer. However, individual NK cells are highly heterogeneous in their cytolytic potential, making it difficult to detect, quantify and correlate the outcome of dynamic effector-target cell interactions at single cell resolution. Here, we present a microfluidic bioassay platform capable of activity-based screening of cellular and molecular immunotherapies. We identified distinct functional signatures associated with NK-MM cell interaction. The addition of immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide altered responses of NK-susceptible MM cells but not that of NK-tolerant MM cells. Antitumor cytotoxicity was significantly increased by the blockade of PD1/PDL1 axis as well as the clinically relevant cell line NK92, which were used to construct molecular logic functions (AND and NOT gates). A predictive agent-based mathematical model was developed to simulate progressive disease states and drug efficacy. The findings of the current study validate the applicability of this microfluidic cytotoxicity assay for immunotherapy screening, biocomputation and for future employment in detection of patient-specific cell response for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheli Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Seamus McKenney
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Pooja Sabhachandani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - James Adler
- Department of Mathematics, School of Arts and Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Xiaozhe Hu
- Department of Mathematics, School of Arts and Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Dina Stroopinksy
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jacalyn Rosenblatt
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David Avigan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tania Konry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115
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20
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Le Saux G, Schvartzman M. Advanced Materials and Devices for the Regulation and Study of NK Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E646. [PMID: 30717370 PMCID: PMC6386824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that contribute to immune protection by cytosis, cytokine secretion, and regulation of adaptive responses of T cells. NK cells distinguish between healthy and ill cells, and generate a cytotoxic response, being cumulatively regulated by environmental signals delivered through their diverse receptors. Recent advances in biomaterials and device engineering paved the way to numerous artificial microenvironments for cells, which produce synthetic signals identical or similar to those provided by the physiological environment. In this paper, we review recent advances in materials and devices for artificial signaling, which have been applied to regulate NK cells, and systematically study the role of these signals in NK cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Le Saux
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Mark Schvartzman
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
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21
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Mace EM, Orange JS. Emerging insights into human health and NK cell biology from the study of NK cell deficiencies. Immunol Rev 2019; 287:202-225. [PMID: 30565241 PMCID: PMC6310041 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human NK cells are innate immune effectors that play a critical roles in the control of viral infection and malignancy. The importance of their homeostasis and function can be demonstrated by the study of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), which are part of the family of diseases known as inborn defects of immunity. While NK cells are affected in many PIDs in ways that may contribute to a patient's clinical phenotype, a small number of PIDs have an NK cell abnormality as their major immunological defect. These PIDs can be collectively referred to as NK cell deficiency (NKD) disorders and include effects upon NK cell numbers, subsets, and/or functions. The clinical impact of NKD can be severe including fatal viral infection, with particular susceptibility to herpesviral infections, such as cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. While NKD is rare, studies of these diseases are important for defining specific requirements for human NK cell development and homeostasis. New themes in NK cell biology are emerging through the study of both known and novel NKD, particularly those affecting cell cycle and DNA damage repair, as well as broader PIDs having substantive impact upon NK cells. In addition, the discovery of NKD that affects other innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets opens new doors for better understanding the relationship between conventional NK cells and other ILC subsets. Here, we describe the biology underlying human NKD, particularly in the context of new insights into innate immune cell function, including a discussion of recently described NKD with accompanying effects on ILC subsets. Given the impact of these disorders upon human immunity with a common focus upon NK cells, the unifying message of a critical role for NK cells in human host defense singularly emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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22
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Mace EM. Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase Signaling in Human Natural Killer Cells: New Insights from Primary Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2018; 9:445. [PMID: 29563913 PMCID: PMC5845875 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the control of viral infections and malignancy. Their importance in human health and disease is illustrated by severe viral infections in patients with primary immunodeficiencies that affect NK cell function and/or development. The recent identification of patients with phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-signaling pathway mutations that can cause primary immunodeficiency provides valuable insight into the role that PI3K signaling plays in human NK cell maturation and lytic function. There is a rich literature that demonstrates a requirement for PI3K in multiple key aspects of NK cell biology, including development/maturation, homing, priming, and function. Here, I briefly review these previous studies and place them in context with recent findings from the study of primary immunodeficiency patients, particularly those with hyperactivating mutations in PI3Kδ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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23
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Zhu Y, Huang B, Shi J. Fas ligand and lytic granule differentially control cytotoxic dynamics of natural killer cell against cancer target. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47163-47172. [PMID: 27323411 PMCID: PMC5216932 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction dynamics between Natural Killer (NK) cells and cancer targets have been the topic of many previous investigations, but the underlying rate-limiting kinetics and heterogeneity remain poorly understood. In this study, using quantitative single cell microscopy assay, we elucidate the differential dynamic control of NK-cancer cell interaction by multiple cytotoxic pathways. We found primary human NK cell, unlike NK cell line, killed adherent cancer target mainly by lytic granule-independent mechanism, in particular through Fas ligand (FasL). And the distinct kinetics of FasL and lytic granule pathway resulted in significant cell-to-cell variability. Killing by FasL occurred slowly, requiring transient, often multiple NK-cancer cell conjugations that gradually activated caspase-8, while lytic granule triggered rapid cytotoxicity by a switch-like induction of granzyme-B upon a single, prolonged conjugation. Moreover, interleukin 2 was observed to enhance both cytotoxic mechanisms by promoting target recognition by NK cell and increasing NK-cancer cell interaction frequency. Our results not only identify the key points of variation in the rate-limiting kinetics of NK-cancer cell cytotoxic interaction but also point to the importance of non-lytic granule mechanism for developing NK cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Zhu
- Center for Quantitative Systems Biology, Department of Physics and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Huang
- School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jue Shi
- Center for Quantitative Systems Biology, Department of Physics and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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24
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Malhotra P, Singh D, Kumar R. In vitro stimulatory effect of N-acetyl tryptophan-glucopyranoside against gamma radiation induced immunosuppression. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:305-314. [PMID: 29205752 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced manifestations like free radical burst, oxidative damage and apoptosis leading to cell death. In present study, N-acetyl tryptophan glucopyranoside (NATG) was assessed for its immune-radioprotective activities using J774A.1 cells. Clonogenic cell survival, cell cycle progression and cytokines i.e. IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13 and IL-17A expression were evaluated in irradiated and NATG pretreated cells using clonogenic formation ability, flow cytometry and ELISA assay. Results indicated that 0.25μg/ml NATG exhibited maximum radioprotection against gamma-radiation (2Gy) without intervening in cell cycle progression. NATG pretreated (-2 h) plus irradiated cells showed significant elevation in IFN-γ (∼38.2%), IL-17A (∼53.7%) and IL-12 (∼58.8%) expression as compared to only irradiated cells. Conversely, significant decrease in TNF-α (∼21.6%), IL-10 (∼31.2%), IL-2 (∼23.7%) and IL-13 expression (∼17.8%) were observed in NATG pretreated plus irradiated cells as compared to irradiated cells. Conclusively, NATG pretreatment to irradiated J774A.1 cells, stimulate Th1 while diminish Th2 cytokines that contributes to radioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Malhotra
- Division of Radioprotective Drug Development and Research, Radiation Biotechnology Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Darshana Singh
- Division of Radioprotective Drug Development and Research, Radiation Biotechnology Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Division of Radioprotective Drug Development and Research, Radiation Biotechnology Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Delhi, India
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25
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Sarkar S, Sabhachandani P, Ravi D, Potdar S, Purvey S, Beheshti A, Evens AM, Konry T. Dynamic Analysis of Human Natural Killer Cell Response at Single-Cell Resolution in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1736. [PMID: 29312292 PMCID: PMC5735063 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are phenotypically and functionally diverse lymphocytes that recognize and kill cancer cells. The susceptibility of target cancer cells to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity depends on the strength and balance of regulatory (activating/inhibitory) ligands expressed on target cell surface. We performed gene expression arrays to determine patterns of NK cell ligands associated with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (b-NHL). Microarray analyses revealed significant upregulation of a multitude of NK-activating and costimulatory ligands across varied b-NHL cell lines and primary lymphoma cells, including ULBP1, CD72, CD48, and SLAMF6. To correlate genetic signatures with functional anti-lymphoma activity, we developed a dynamic and quantitative cytotoxicity assay in an integrated microfluidic droplet generation and docking array. Individual NK cells and target lymphoma cells were co-encapsulated in picoliter-volume droplets to facilitate monitoring of transient cellular interactions and NK cell effector outcomes at single-cell level. We identified significant variability in NK-lymphoma cell contact duration, frequency, and subsequent cytolysis. Death of lymphoma cells undergoing single contact with NK cells occurred faster than cells that made multiple short contacts. NK cells also killed target cells in droplets via contact-independent mechanisms that partially relied on calcium-dependent processes and perforin secretion, but not on cytokines (interferon-γ or tumor necrosis factor-α). We extended this technique to characterize functional heterogeneity in cytolysis of primary cells from b-NHL patients. Tumor cells from two diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients showed similar contact durations with NK cells; primary Burkitt lymphoma cells made longer contacts and were lysed at later times. We also tested the cytotoxic efficacy of NK-92, a continuously growing NK cell line being investigated as an antitumor therapy, using our droplet-based bioassay. NK-92 cells were found to be more efficient in killing b-NHL cells compared with primary NK cells, requiring shorter contacts for faster killing activity. Taken together, our combined genetic and microfluidic analysis demonstrate b-NHL cell sensitivity to NK cell-based cytotoxicity, which was associated with significant heterogeneity in the dynamic interaction at single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheli Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pooja Sabhachandani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dashnamoorthy Ravi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sayalee Potdar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sneha Purvey
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrew M Evens
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tania Konry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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26
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Lee BJ, Mace EM. Acquisition of cell migration defines NK cell differentiation from hematopoietic stem cell precursors. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3573-3581. [PMID: 29021341 PMCID: PMC5706986 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-08-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cell precursors undergoing in vitro differentiation from hematopoietic stem cell precursors are tracked by long-term live-cell imaging. As differentiation progresses, NK cells acquire increasingly motile and complex modes of migration. Human natural killer (NK) cells are generated from CD34+ precursors and can be differentiated in vitro by coculture with developmentally supportive stromal cells. We have previously described the acquisition of cell migration as a feature of NK cell terminal maturation in this system. Here we perform continuous long-term imaging and tracking of NK cell progenitors undergoing in vitro differentiation. We demonstrate that NK cell precursors can be tracked over long time periods on the order of weeks by utilizing phase-contrast microscopy and show that these cells acquire increasing motility as they mature. Additionally, we observe that NK cells display a more heterogeneous range of migratory behaviors at later stages of development, with the acquisition of complex modes of migration that are associated with terminal maturation. Together these data demonstrate previously unknown migratory behaviors of innate lymphocytes undergoing lineage differentiation revealed by long-term imaging and analysis workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barclay J Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005.,Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Emily M Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 .,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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27
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Kim JS, Kim YG, Lee HK, Park EJ, Kim B, Kang JS, Lee H, Kim Y, Hong JT, Han SB. Cytokine-induced killer cells hunt individual cancer cells in droves in a mouse model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:193-202. [PMID: 27888293 PMCID: PMC11028886 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells depends mainly on their encounters with target cells, but how many CIK cells are required to kill an individual cancer cell is unknown. Here we used time-lapse imaging to quantify the critical effector cell number required to kill an individual target cell. CIK cells killed MHC-I-negative and MHC-I-positive cancer cells, but natural killer (NK) cells destroyed MHC-I-negative cells only. The average threshold number of CIK cells required to kill an individual cancer cell was 6.7 for MHC-I-negative cells and 6.9 for MHC-I-positive cells. That of NK cells was 2.4 for MHC-I-negative cells. Likely due to the higher threshold numbers, killing by CIK cells was delayed in comparison with NK cells: 40% of MHC-negative target cells were killed after 5 h when co-cultured with CIK cells and after 2 h with NK cells. Our data have implications for the rational design of CIK cell-based immunotherapy of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyung-1, Heungdeok, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Guk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyung-1, Heungdeok, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyung-1, Heungdeok, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jae Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyung-1, Heungdeok, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyung-1, Heungdeok, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soon Kang
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyung-1, Heungdeok, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyung-1, Heungdeok, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyung-1, Heungdeok, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyung-1, Heungdeok, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Chatzopoulou EI, Roskopf CC, Sekhavati F, Braciak TA, Fenn NC, Hopfner KP, Oduncu FS, Fey GH, Rädler JO. Chip-based platform for dynamic analysis of NK cell cytolysis mediated by a triplebody. Analyst 2017; 141:2284-95. [PMID: 26958659 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02585k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer therapy via redirected lysis mediated by antibodies and antibody-derived agents relies on the availability of substantial numbers of sufficiently active immune effector cells. To monitor antitumor responses before and during therapy, sensitive methods are needed, capable of quantitating specific lysis of target cells. Here we present a chip-based single-cell cytometric assay, which uses adherent human target cells arrayed in structured micro-fields. Using a fluorescent indicator of cell death and time-lapse microscopy in an automated high-throughput mode, we measured specific target cell lysis by activated human NK cells, mediated by the therapeutic single chain triplebody SPM-2 (33-16-123). This antibody-derived tri-specific fusion protein carries binding sites for the myeloid antigens CD33 and CD123 and recruits NK cells via a binding site for the Fc-receptor CD16. Specific lysis increased with increasing triplebody concentration, and the single-cell assay was validated by direct comparison with a standard calcein-release assay. The chip-based approach allowed measurement of lysis events over 16 hours (compared to 4 hours for the calcein assay) and required far smaller numbers of primary cells. In addition, dynamic properties inaccessible to conventional methods provide new details about the activation of cytolytic effector cells by antibody-derived agents. Thus, the killing rate exhibited a dose-dependent maximum during the reaction interval. In clinical applications ex vivo monitoring of NK activity of patient's endogenous cells will likely help to choose appropriate therapy, to detect impaired or recovered NK function, and possibly to identify rare subsets of cancer cells with particular sensitivity to effector-cell mediated lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet I Chatzopoulou
- Faculty of Physics and Graduate School of Quantitative Biosciences (QBM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Claudia C Roskopf
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Farzad Sekhavati
- Faculty of Physics and Graduate School of Quantitative Biosciences (QBM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Todd A Braciak
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadja C Fenn
- Department of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Department of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Fuat S Oduncu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg H Fey
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim O Rädler
- Faculty of Physics and Graduate School of Quantitative Biosciences (QBM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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29
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Mace EM, Gunesch JT, Dixon A, Orange JS. Human NK cell development requires CD56-mediated motility and formation of the developmental synapse. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12171. [PMID: 27435370 PMCID: PMC4961740 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While distinct stages of natural killer (NK) cell development have been defined, the molecular interactions that shape human NK cell maturation are poorly understood. Here we define intercellular interactions between developing NK cells and stromal cells which, through contact-dependent mechanisms, promote the generation of mature, functional human NK cells from CD34(+) precursors. We show that developing NK cells undergo unique, developmental stage-specific sustained and transient interactions with developmentally supportive stromal cells, and that the relative motility of NK cells increases as they move through development in vitro and ex vivo. These interactions include the formation of a synapse between developing NK cells and stromal cells, which we term the developmental synapse. Finally, we identify a role for CD56 in developmental synapse structure, NK cell motility and NK cell development. Thus, we define the developmental synapse leading to human NK cell functional maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Justin T. Gunesch
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Amera Dixon
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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30
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Felker AM, Croy BA. Uterine natural killer cell partnerships in early mouse decidua basalis. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:645-655. [PMID: 27001968 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1hi0515-226r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The decidua basalis of developing mouse implantation sites is highly enriched in CD45+ leukocytes. In intact, syngeneically mated C57BL/6 decidua basalis examined at gestation day 8.5 by whole-mount in situ immunohistochemistry, leukocyte, but not trophoblast, conjugations were reported. Nothing is known regarding time course, frequency, composition, or importance of physiologic decidual CD45+ cell pairing. In this study, we confirmed the presence of anti-CD54+/anti-CD11a+ immune synapses in CD45+ decidual cell conjugates and characterized their cellular heterogeneity. Conjugated cell pairs were virtually absent before implantation (virgin and gestation days 3.5 and 4.5), were infrequent at gestation day 5.5, but involved 19% of all CD45+ cells by gestation day 8.5, then declined. By gestation day 8.5, almost all CD45+ cells coexpressed CD31, and 2 CD45+CD31+ cells composed most conjugates. Conjugation partners were defined for 2 nonoverlapping uterine natural killer cell subsets (Ly49C/I +/Dolichos biflorus agglutinin lectin- and Ly49C/I-/Dolichos biflorus agglutinin lectin+). Ly49C/I+ uterine natural killer cells were the major subset from before mating up to gestation day 6.5. At gestation day 5.5/6.5, uterine natural killer cell conjugates involving Ly49C/I + cells were more abundant. By gestation day 8.5/9.5, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin lectin+ uterine natural killer cells were the dominant subset with Dolichos biflorus agglutinin lectin+/Dolichos biflorus agglutinin lectin+ homologous conjugates and Dolichos biflorus agglutinin lectin+/Dolichos biflorus agglutinin lectin- heterologous conjugates dominating uterine natural killer cell pairings. At gestation day 6.5, both Ly49C/I+/CD45+ and Dolichos biflorus agglutinin lectin+/CD45+ heterologous conjugate pairs strongly engaged antigen-presenting cells (CD11c+, CD68+, or major histocompatibility complex class II+). By gestation day 8.5, dominant partners of Ly49C/I+/CD45+ and Dolichos biflorus agglutinin lectin+/CD45+ heterologous conjugates are T cells (CD8+ >CD4+). Heterologous conjugates that did not involve uterine natural killer cells occurred but did not suggest antigen presentation to T cells. These data identify gestation day 6.5-8.5 in the pregnant mouse as a critical window for leukocyte interactions that may establish immune regulation within implantation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Felker
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - B Anne Croy
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Strauss-Albee DM, Blish CA. Human NK Cell Diversity in Viral Infection: Ramifications of Ramification. Front Immunol 2016; 7:66. [PMID: 26973646 PMCID: PMC4776076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a unique lymphocyte lineage with remarkable agility in the rapid destruction of virus-infected cells. They are also the most poorly understood class of lymphocyte. A spectrum of activating and inhibitory receptors at the NK cell surface leads to an unusual and difficult-to-study mechanism of cellular recognition, as well as a very high capacity for diversity at the single-cell level. Here, we review the evidence for the role of NK cells in the earliest stage of human viral infection, and in its prevention. We argue that single-cell diversity is a logical evolutionary adaptation for their position in the immune response and contributes to their ability to kill virus-infected cells. Finally, we look to the future, where emerging single-cell technologies will enable a new generation of rigorous and clinically relevant studies on NK cells accounting for all of their unique and diverse characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara M Strauss-Albee
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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32
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Bagawath-Singh S, Staaf E, Stoppelenburg AJ, Spielmann T, Kambayashi T, Widengren J, Johansson S. Cytokines Induce Faster Membrane Diffusion of MHC Class I and the Ly49A Receptor in a Subpopulation of Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:16. [PMID: 26870035 PMCID: PMC4740373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines have the potential to drastically augment immune cell activity. Apart from altering the expression of a multitude of proteins, cytokines also affect immune cell dynamics. However, how cytokines affect the molecular dynamics within the cell membrane of immune cells has not been addressed previously. Molecular movement is a vital component of all biological processes, and the rate of motion is, thus, an inherent determining factor for the pace of such processes. Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes, which belong to the innate immune system. By fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, we investigated the influence of cytokine stimulation on the membrane density and molecular dynamics of the inhibitory receptor Ly49A and its ligand, the major histocompatibility complex class I allele H-2Dd, in freshly isolated murine NK cells. H-2Dd was densely expressed and diffused slowly in resting NK cells. Ly49A was expressed at a lower density and diffused faster. The diffusion rate in resting cells was not altered by disrupting the actin cytoskeleton. A short-term stimulation with interleukin-2 or interferon-α + β did not change the surface density of moving H-2Dd or Ly49A, despite a slight upregulation at the cellular level of H-2Dd by interferon-α + β, and of Ly49A by IL-2. However, the molecular diffusion rates of both H-2Dd and Ly49A increased significantly. A multivariate analysis revealed that the increased diffusion was especially marked in a subpopulation of NK cells, where the diffusion rate was increased around fourfold compared to resting NK cells. After IL-2 stimulation, this subpopulation of NK cells also displayed lower density of Ly49A and higher brightness per entity, indicating that Ly49A may homo-cluster to a larger extent in these cells. A faster diffusion of inhibitory receptors could enable a faster accumulation of these molecules at the immune synapse with a target cell, eventually leading to a more efficient NK cell response. It has previously been assumed that cytokines regulate immune cells primarily via alterations of protein expression levels or posttranslational modifications. These findings suggest that cytokines may also modulate immune cell efficiency by increasing the molecular dynamics early on in the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Bagawath-Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Elina Staaf
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Arie Jan Stoppelenburg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Thiemo Spielmann
- Experimental Biomolecular Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jerker Widengren
- Experimental Biomolecular Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Sofia Johansson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
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33
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Jolfaie NR, Mirzaie S, Ghiasvand R, Askari G, Miraghajani M. The effect of glutamine intake on complications of colorectal and colon cancer treatment: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 20:910-8. [PMID: 26759580 PMCID: PMC4696378 DOI: 10.4103/1735-1995.170634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Improvement in complications of antitumor agents and surgery is important to enhance life quality and survival among patients with colon and colorectal cancer. It has been reported that some dietary components such as glutamine (Gln) have beneficial effects on these complications of cancer therapies. However, the results of studies are inconsistent in this area. We performed a review on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of Gln intake on complications related to therapeutic strategies of the colon and colorectal cancer. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and SID databases to find the relevant literature, published before July 2015. Results: Nine RCTs of 217 screened articles were included in this systematic review. The results of the present review suggested that Gln intake among colon and colorectal cancer patients could reduce some complications induced by chemotherapy such as gut mucositis and diarrhea and improve nitrogen balance, immune system and wound healing after surgery, whereas benefits role of Gln on radiochemotherapy side effects were not provided. Conclusion: The role of Gln intake on some improvement of complications induced by cancer therapeutic methods and shorten the length of hospital stay may be promising and one that is worthy of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Ramezani Jolfaie
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Safiye Mirzaie
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Ghiasvand
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Miraghajani
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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34
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Microwell-Based Live Cell Imaging of NK Cell Dynamics to Assess Heterogeneity in Motility and Cytotoxic Response. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1441:87-106. [PMID: 27177659 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3684-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
NK cell heterogeneity has primarily been studied either on the population level, measuring average responses, or on the single cell level by flow cytometry, providing static snapshots. These approaches have certain drawbacks, not enabling dynamic observations of single cells over extended periods of time. One of the primary limitations of single cell imaging has been throughput; it has been challenging to collect data for many cells due to their dynamic nature and migrating out of the field of view. Spatially confining cells combined with automated fluorescence microscopy enables the simultaneous monitoring of many NK cells in parallel for extended periods of time (>12 h). Such an approach allows us to dissect how the sum of individual NK cell responses translates to the global average response typically observed.
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Forslund E, Sohlberg E, Enqvist M, Olofsson PE, Malmberg KJ, Önfelt B. Microchip-Based Single-Cell Imaging Reveals That CD56dimCD57-KIR-NKG2A+ NK Cells Have More Dynamic Migration Associated with Increased Target Cell Conjugation and Probability of Killing Compared to CD56dimCD57-KIR-NKG2A- NK Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3374-81. [PMID: 26320254 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are functionally educated by self-MHC specific receptors, including the inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) and the lectin-like CD94/NKG2A heterodimer. Little is known about how NK cell education influences qualitative aspects of cytotoxicity such as migration behavior and efficacy of activation and killing at the single-cell level. In this study, we have compared the behavior of FACS-sorted CD56(dim)CD57(-)KIR(-)NKG2A(+) (NKG2A(+)) and CD56(dim)CD57(-)KIR(-)NKG2A(-) (lacking inhibitory receptors; IR(-)) human NK cells by quantifying migration, cytotoxicity, and contact dynamics using microchip-based live cell imaging. NKG2A(+) NK cells displayed a more dynamic migration behavior and made more contacts with target cells than IR(-) NK cells. NKG2A(+) NK cells also more frequently killed the target cells once a conjugate had been formed. NK cells with serial killing capacity were primarily found among NKG2A(+) NK cells. Conjugates involving IR(-) NK cells were generally more short-lived and IR(-) NK cells did not become activated to the same extent as NKG2A(+) NK cells when in contact with target cells, as evident by their reduced spreading response. In contrast, NKG2A(+) and IR(-) NK cells showed similar dynamics in terms of duration of conjugation periods and NK cell spreading response in conjugates that led to killing. Taken together, these observations suggest that the high killing capacity of NKG2A(+) NK cells is linked to processes regulating events in the recognition phase of NK-target cell contact rather than events after cytotoxicity has been triggered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Forslund
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ebba Sohlberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Enqvist
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per E Olofsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway; and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden;
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Dura B, Voldman J. Spatially and temporally controlled immune cell interactions using microscale tools. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 35:23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Tauriainen J, Gustafsson K, Göthlin M, Gertow J, Buggert M, Frisk TW, Karlsson AC, Uhlin M, Önfelt B. Single-Cell Characterization of in vitro Migration and Interaction Dynamics of T Cells Expanded with IL-2 and IL-7. Front Immunol 2015; 6:196. [PMID: 25972868 PMCID: PMC4412128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are pivotal in the immune defense against cancers and infectious agents. To mount an effector response against cancer cells, T cells need to migrate to the cancer-site, engage in contacts with cancer cells, and perform their effector functions. Adoptive T cell therapy is an effective strategy as treatment of complications such as relapse or opportunistic infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantations. This requires a sufficient amount of cells that are able to expand and respond to tumor or viral antigens. The cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-7 drive T cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival and are commonly used to expand T cells ex vivo. Here, we have used microchip-based live-cell imaging to follow the migration of individual T cells, their interactions with allogeneic monocytes, cell division, and apoptosis for extended periods of time; something that cannot be achieved by commonly used methods. Our data indicate that cells grown in IL-7 + IL-2 had similar migration and contact dynamics as cells grown in IL-2 alone. However, the addition of IL-7 decreased cell death creating a more viable cell population, which should be beneficial when preparing cells for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Tauriainen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Karin Gustafsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Mårten Göthlin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jens Gertow
- Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Thomas W Frisk
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Annika C Karlsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Michael Uhlin
- Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
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Krzewski K, Bryceson YT. Molecular mechanisms regulating cytotoxic lymphocyte development and function, and their associations to human diseases. Front Immunol 2014; 5:279. [PMID: 24966858 PMCID: PMC4052198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, MD , USA
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden
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