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Liu S, Yang X, Zhao H, Zhao X, Fan K, Liu G, Li X, Du C, Liu J, Ma J. Cathepsin C exacerbates EAE by promoting the expansion of Tfh cells and the formation of TLSs in the CNS. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 123:123-142. [PMID: 39243987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) mediated by CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, and characterized by immune cell infiltration, demyelination and neurodegeneration, with no definitive cure available. Thus, it is pivotal and imperative to acquire more profound comprehension of the underlying mechanisms implicated in MS. Dysregulated immune responses are widely believed to play a primary role in the pathogenesis of MS. Recently, a plethora of studies have demonstrated the involvement of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and tertiary lymphoid-like structures (TLSs) in the pathogenesis and progression of MS. Cathepsin C (CatC) is a cysteine exopeptidase which is crucial for the activation of immune-cell-associated serine proteinases in many inflammatory diseases in peripheral system, such as rheumatoid arthritis and septicemia. We have previously demonstrated that CatC is involved in neuroinflammation and exacerbates demyelination in both cuprizone-induced and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse models. However, the underlying immunopathological mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, we established a recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 peptide-induced EAE model using conditional CatC overexpression mice to investigate the effects of CatC on the alteration of CD4+ Th subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh and T regulatory cells. Our findings demonstrated that CatC particularly enhanced the population of Tfh cell in the brain, resulting in the earlier onset and more severe chronic syndrome of EAE. Furthermore, CatC promoted the formation of TLSs in the brain, leading to persistent neuroinflammation and exacerbating the severity of EAE in the chronic phase. Conversely, treatment with AZD7986, a specific inhibitor of CatC, effectively attenuated the syndrome of EAE and its effects caused by CatC both in vivo and in vitro. These findings provide a novel insight into the critical role of CatC in innate and adaptive immunity in EAE, and specific inhibitor of CatC, AZD7986, may contribute to potential therapeutic strategies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Department of Morphology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
| | - Henan Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
| | - Xinnan Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
| | - Kai Fan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
| | - Cong Du
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
| | - Jianmei Ma
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
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Fazazi MR, Doss PMIA, Pereira R, Fudge N, Regmi A, Joly-Beauparlant C, Akbar I, Yeola AP, Mailhot B, Baillargeon J, Grenier P, Bertrand N, Lacroix S, Droit A, Moore CS, Rojas OL, Rangachari M. Myelin-reactive B cells exacerbate CD4 + T cell-driven CNS autoimmunity in an IL-23-dependent manner. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5404. [PMID: 38926356 PMCID: PMC11208426 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
B cells and T cells collaborate in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. IgH[MOG] mice possess a B cell repertoire skewed to recognize myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Here, we show that upon immunization with the T cell-obligate autoantigen, MOG[35-55], IgH[MOG] mice develop rapid and exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) relative to wildtype (WT) counterparts, characterized by aggregation of T and B cells in the IgH[MOG] meninges and by CD4+ T helper 17 (Th17) cells in the CNS. Production of the Th17 maintenance factor IL-23 is observed from IgH[MOG] CNS-infiltrating and meningeal B cells, and in vivo blockade of IL-23p19 attenuates disease severity in IgH[MOG] mice. In the CNS parenchyma and dura mater of IgH[MOG] mice, we observe an increased frequency of CD4+PD-1+CXCR5- T cells that share numerous characteristics with the recently described T peripheral helper (Tph) cell subset. Further, CNS-infiltrating B and Tph cells from IgH[MOG] mice show increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Meningeal inflammation, Tph-like cell accumulation in the CNS and B/Tph cell production of ROS were all reduced upon p19 blockade. Altogether, MOG-specific B cells promote autoimmune inflammation of the CNS parenchyma and meninges in an IL-23-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Reda Fazazi
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Prenitha Mercy Ignatius Arokia Doss
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Resel Pereira
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5T 0S8, ON, Canada
| | - Neva Fudge
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Aryan Regmi
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5T 0S8, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - Charles Joly-Beauparlant
- axe Endocrinologie et nephrologie, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Irshad Akbar
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Asmita Pradeep Yeola
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Mailhot
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Joanie Baillargeon
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Grenier
- axe Endocrinologie et nephrologie, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bertrand
- axe Endocrinologie et nephrologie, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, 1050 ave de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Steve Lacroix
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 ave de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- axe Endocrinologie et nephrologie, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 ave de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Craig S Moore
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5T 0S8, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, ON, Canada
| | - Manu Rangachari
- axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, 2705 boul Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 ave de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Georgieva T, Diddens J, Friedrich V, Lepennetier G, Brand RM, Lehmann-Horn K. Single-cell profiling indicates a high similarity between immune cells in the cerebrospinal fluid and in meningeal ectopic lymphoid tissue in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1400641. [PMID: 38933267 PMCID: PMC11199773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1400641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives B cell depleting anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (aCD20 mAbs) are highly effective in treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) but fail to halt the formation of meningeal ectopic lymphoid tissue (mELT) in the murine model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). While mELT can be examined in EAE, it is not accessible in vivo in MS patients. Our key objectives were to compare the immune cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is accessible in patients, with those in mELT, and to study the effects of aCD20 mAbs on CSF and mELT in EAE. Methods Applying single cell RNA sequencing, we compared gene expression profiles in immune cells from (1) CSF with mELT and (2) aCD20 mAbs treated with control treated mice in a spontaneous 2D2xTh EAE model. Results The immune cell composition in CSF and mELT was very similar. Gene expression profiles and pathway enrichment analysis revealed no striking differences between the two compartments. aCD20 mAbs led not only to a virtually complete depletion of B cells in the CSF but also to a reduction of naïve CD4+ T cells and marked increase of macrophages. No remarkable differences in regulated genes or pathways were observed. Discussion Our results suggest that immune cells in the CSF may serve as a surrogate for mELT in EAE. Future studies are required to confirm this in MS patients. The observed increase of macrophages in B cell depleted CSF is a novel finding and requires verification in CSF of aCD20 mAbs treated MS patients. Due to unresolved technical challenges, we were unable to study the effects of aCD20 mAbs on mELT. This should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Klaus Lehmann-Horn
- Department of Neurology, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Delgado SR, Faissner S, Linker RA, Rammohan K. Key characteristics of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies and clinical implications for multiple sclerosis treatment. J Neurol 2024; 271:1515-1535. [PMID: 37906325 PMCID: PMC10973056 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The recent success of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapies in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) has highlighted the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of MS. In people with MS, the inflammatory characteristics of B-cell activity are elevated, leading to increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release, diminished anti-inflammatory cytokine production and an accumulation of pathogenic B cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. Rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, ublituximab and BCD-132 are anti-CD20 therapies that are either undergoing clinical development, or have been approved, for the treatment of MS. Despite CD20 being a common target for these therapies, differences have been reported in their mechanistic, pharmacological and clinical characteristics, which may have substantial clinical implications. This narrative review explores key characteristics of these therapies. By using clinical trial data and real-world evidence, we discuss their mechanisms of action, routes of administration, efficacy (in relation to B-cell kinetics), safety, tolerability and convenience of use. Clinicians, alongside patients and their families, should consider the aspects discussed in this review as part of shared decision-making discussions to improve outcomes and health-related quality of life for people living with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia R Delgado
- Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Simon Faissner
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kottil Rammohan
- Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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5
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Gommerman JL. What Jane Jacobs has taught me about neuroimmunology. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:381. [PMID: 38429453 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Diddens J, Lepennetier G, Friedrich V, Schmidt M, Brand RM, Georgieva T, Hemmer B, Lehmann-Horn K. Single-Cell Profiling Indicates a Proinflammatory Role of Meningeal Ectopic Lymphoid Tissue in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200185. [PMID: 38100739 PMCID: PMC10723639 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The factors that drive progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) remain obscure. Identification of key properties of meningeal inflammation will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of progression and how to prevent it. METHODS Applying single-cell RNA sequencing, we compared gene expression profiles in immune cells from meningeal ectopic lymphoid tissue (mELT) with those from secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) in spontaneous chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. RESULTS Generally, mELT contained the same immune cell types as SLOs, suggesting a close relationship. Preponderance of B cells over T cells, an increase in regulatory T cells and granulocytes, and a decrease in naïve CD4+ T cells characterize mELT compared with SLOs. Differential gene expression analysis revealed that immune cells in mELT show a more activated and proinflammatory phenotype compared with their counterparts in SLOs. However, the increase in regulatory T cells and upregulation of immunosuppressive genes in most immune cell types indicate that there are mechanisms in place to counter-regulate the inflammatory events, keeping the immune response emanating from mELT in check. DISCUSSION Common features in immune cell composition and gene expression indicate that mELT resembles SLOs and may be regarded as a tertiary lymphoid tissue. Distinct differences in expression profiles suggest that mELT rather than SLOs is a key driver of CNS inflammation in spontaneous EAE. Our data provide a starting point for further exploration of molecules or pathways that could be targeted to disrupt mELT formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Diddens
- From the Department of Neurology (J.D., G.L., V.F., M.S., R.M.B., T.G., B.H., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; and Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Gildas Lepennetier
- From the Department of Neurology (J.D., G.L., V.F., M.S., R.M.B., T.G., B.H., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; and Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Verena Friedrich
- From the Department of Neurology (J.D., G.L., V.F., M.S., R.M.B., T.G., B.H., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; and Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Monika Schmidt
- From the Department of Neurology (J.D., G.L., V.F., M.S., R.M.B., T.G., B.H., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; and Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Rosa M Brand
- From the Department of Neurology (J.D., G.L., V.F., M.S., R.M.B., T.G., B.H., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; and Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Tanya Georgieva
- From the Department of Neurology (J.D., G.L., V.F., M.S., R.M.B., T.G., B.H., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; and Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- From the Department of Neurology (J.D., G.L., V.F., M.S., R.M.B., T.G., B.H., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; and Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
| | - Klaus Lehmann-Horn
- From the Department of Neurology (J.D., G.L., V.F., M.S., R.M.B., T.G., B.H., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; and Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.), Germany
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Lamloum NS, Soliman HA, Rashad Ahmed R, Ahmed OM, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Kotob MH, Zaky MY. Improvement effects of green tea and pumpkin oils on myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced Multiple sclerosis in rats. J Funct Foods 2023; 111:105876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
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Santorella E, Balsbaugh JL, Ge S, Saboori P, Baker D, Pachter JS. Proteomic interrogation of the meninges reveals the molecular identities of structural components and regional distinctions along the CNS axis. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:74. [PMID: 37858244 PMCID: PMC10588166 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The meninges surround the brain and spinal cord, affording physical protection while also serving as a niche of neuroimmune activity. Though possessing stromal qualities, its complex cellular and extracellular makeup has yet to be elaborated, and it remains unclear whether the meninges vary along the neuroaxis. Hence, studies were carried-out to elucidate the protein composition and structural organization of brain and spinal cord meninges in normal, adult Biozzi ABH mice. First, shotgun, bottom-up proteomics was carried-out. Prominent proteins at both brain and spinal levels included Type II collagen and Type II keratins, representing extracellular matrix (ECM) and cytoskeletal categories, respectively. While the vast majority of total proteins detected was shared between both meningeal locales, more were uniquely detected in brain than in spine. This pattern was also seen when total proteins were subdivided by cellular compartment, except in the case of the ECM category where brain and spinal meninges each had near equal number of unique proteins, and Type V and type III collagen registered exclusively in the spine. Quantitative analysis revealed differential expression of several collagens and cytoskeletal proteins between brain and spinal meninges. High-resolution immunofluorescence and immunogold-scanning electronmicroscopy on sections from whole brain and spinal cord - still encased within bone -identified major proteins detected by proteomics, and highlighted their association with cellular and extracellular elements of variously shaped arachnoid trabeculae. Western blotting aligned with the proteomic and immunohistological analyses, reinforcing differential appearance of proteins in brain vs spinal meninges. Results could reflect regional distinctions in meninges that govern protective and/or neuroimmune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Santorella
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Jeremy L Balsbaugh
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Center for Open Research Resources & Equipment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Shujun Ge
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Parisa Saboori
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manhattan College, Bronx, NY, 10071, USA
| | - David Baker
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, England
| | - Joel S Pachter
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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Chunder R, Schropp V, Marzin M, Amor S, Kuerten S. A Dual Role of Osteopontin in Modifying B Cell Responses. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1969. [PMID: 37509608 PMCID: PMC10377065 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of B cell aggregates within the central nervous system (CNS) has prompted the investigation of the potential sources of pathogenic B cell and T cell responses in a subgroup of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Nevertheless, the expression profile of molecules associated with these aggregates and their role in aggregate development and persistence is poorly described. Here, we focused on the expression pattern of osteopontin (OPN), which is a well-described cytokine, in MS brain tissue. Autopsied brain sections from MS cases with and without B cell pathology were screened for the presence of CD20+ B cell aggregates and co-expression of OPN. To demonstrate the effect of OPN on B cells, flow cytometry, ELISA and in vitro aggregation assays were conducted using the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers. Although OPN was expressed in MS brain tissue independent of B cell pathology, it was also highly expressed within B cell aggregates. In vitro studies demonstrated that OPN downregulated the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 on B cells. OPN-treated B cells produced significantly lower amounts of IL-6. However, OPN-treated B cells also exhibited a higher tendency to form homotypic cell aggregates in vitro. Taken together, our data indicate a conflicting role of OPN in modulating B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rittika Chunder
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Verena Schropp
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuel Marzin
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Magliozzi R, Howell OW, Calabrese M, Reynolds R. Meningeal inflammation as a driver of cortical grey matter pathology and clinical progression in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2023:10.1038/s41582-023-00838-7. [PMID: 37400550 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence from cerebrospinal fluid samples and post-mortem brain tissue from individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and rodent models indicates that the meninges have a key role in the inflammatory and neurodegenerative mechanisms underlying progressive MS pathology. The subarachnoid space and associated perivascular spaces between the membranes of the meninges are the access points for entry of lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages into the brain parenchyma, and the main route for diffusion of inflammatory and cytotoxic molecules from the cerebrospinal fluid into the brain tissue. In addition, the meningeal spaces act as an exit route for CNS-derived antigens, immune cells and metabolites. A number of studies have demonstrated an association between chronic meningeal inflammation and a more severe clinical course of MS, suggesting that the build-up of immune cell aggregates in the meninges represents a rational target for therapeutic intervention. Therefore, understanding the precise cell and molecular mechanisms, timing and anatomical features involved in the compartmentalization of inflammation within the meningeal spaces in MS is vital. Here, we present a detailed review and discussion of the cellular, molecular and radiological evidence for a role of meningeal inflammation in MS, alongside the clinical and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Magliozzi
- Neurology Section of Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Owain W Howell
- Neurology Section of Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Massimiliano Calabrese
- Neurology Section of Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Molecular Neuropathology, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Møllgård K, Beinlich FRM, Kusk P, Miyakoshi LM, Delle C, Plá V, Hauglund NL, Esmail T, Rasmussen MK, Gomolka RS, Mori Y, Nedergaard M. A mesothelium divides the subarachnoid space into functional compartments. Science 2023; 379:84-88. [PMID: 36603070 DOI: 10.1126/science.adc8810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system is lined by meninges, classically known as dura, arachnoid, and pia mater. We show the existence of a fourth meningeal layer that compartmentalizes the subarachnoid space in the mouse and human brain, designated the subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane (SLYM). SLYM is morpho- and immunophenotypically similar to the mesothelial membrane lining of peripheral organs and body cavities, and it encases blood vessels and harbors immune cells. Functionally, the close apposition of SLYM with the endothelial lining of the meningeal venous sinus permits direct exchange of small solutes between cerebrospinal fluid and venous blood, thus representing the mouse equivalent of the arachnoid granulations. The functional characterization of SLYM provides fundamental insights into brain immune barriers and fluid transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Felix R M Beinlich
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Kusk
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leo M Miyakoshi
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Delle
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Virginia Plá
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalie L Hauglund
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Esmail
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin K Rasmussen
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ryszard S Gomolka
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yuki Mori
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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12
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Hassani A, Khan G. What do animal models tell us about the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis? Front Immunol 2022; 13:1036155. [PMID: 36466898 PMCID: PMC9712437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1036155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS), marked primarily by demyelination, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. While the prevalence and incidence rates of MS are on the rise, the etiology of the disease remains enigmatic. Nevertheless, it is widely acknowledged that MS develops in persons who are both genetically predisposed and exposed to a certain set of environmental factors. One of the most plausible environmental culprits is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a common herpesvirus asymptomatically carried by more than 90% of the adult population. How EBV induces MS pathogenesis remains unknown. A comprehensive understanding of the biology of EBV infection and how it contributes to dysfunction of the immune system and CNS, requires an appreciation of the viral dynamics within the host. Here, we aim to outline the different animal models, including nonhuman primates (NHP), rodents, and rabbits, that have been used to elucidate the link between EBV and MS. This review particularly focuses on how the disruption in virus-immune interaction plays a role in viral pathogenesis and promotes neuroinflammation. We also summarize the effects of virus titers, age of animals, and route of inoculation on the neuroinvasiveness and neuropathogenic potential of the virus. Reviewing the rich data generated from these animal models could provide directions for future studies aimed to understand the mechanism(s) by which EBV induces MS pathology and insights for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions that could ameliorate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Hassani
- Dept of Neurology, Division of Movement Disorders, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gulfaraz Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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13
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Matter AL, Liggitt D, Goverman JM. B Cells Drive MHC Class I-Restricted CD4 T Cells to Induce Spontaneous Central Nervous System Autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1880-1891. [PMID: 36426938 PMCID: PMC9665903 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating CNS disease believed to be mediated by CD4 T cells specific for CNS self-antigens. CD8 T cells are also implicated in MS but their function is not well understood. MS lesions are heterogeneous and may reflect variation in the contribution of different types of lymphocytes. Understanding how lymphocytes with different effector functions contribute to MS is essential to develop effective therapies. We investigated how T cells expressing an MHC class I-restricted transgenic TCR specific for myelin basic protein (MBP) contribute to CNS autoimmunity using the mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Virus infection triggered cytotoxic TCR-transgenic CD8 T cells to initiate acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in an IFN-γ- and perforin-dependent manner. Unexpectedly, spontaneous CNS autoimmunity developed in the TCR-transgenic mice that was accelerated by IFN-γ-deficiency. Spontaneous disease was associated with CD4 T cells that develop via endogenous TCR rearrangements but retain specificity for the MHC class I-restricted MBP epitope. The CD4 T cells produced TNF-α without other inflammatory cytokines and caused lesions with striking similarity to active MS lesions. Surprisingly, B cells were the predominant cell type that cross-presented MBP, and their depletion halted disease progression. This work provides a new model of spontaneous CNS autoimmunity with unique similarities to MS that is mediated by T cells with a distinct effector phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubry L. Matter
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Denny Liggitt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Joan M. Goverman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and
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Kee R, Naughton M, McDonnell GV, Howell OW, Fitzgerald DC. A Review of Compartmentalised Inflammation and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in the Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102604. [PMID: 36289863 PMCID: PMC9599335 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The most common form of MS is a relapsing–remitting disease characterised by acute episodes of demyelination associated with the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In the relapsing–remitting phase there is often relative recovery (remission) from relapses characterised clinically by complete or partial resolution of neurological symptoms. In the later and progressive stages of the disease process, accrual of neurological disability occurs in a pathological process independent of acute episodes of demyelination and is accompanied by a trapped or compartmentalised inflammatory response, most notable in the connective tissue spaces of the vasculature and leptomeninges occurring behind an intact BBB. This review focuses on compartmentalised inflammation in MS and in particular, what we know about meningeal tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS; also called B cell follicles) which are organised clusters of immune cells, associated with more severe and progressive forms of MS. Meningeal inflammation and TLS could represent an important fluid or imaging marker of disease activity, whose therapeutic abrogation might be necessary to stop the most severe outcomes of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Kee
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Michelle Naughton
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | | | - Owain W. Howell
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, Wales SA2 8QA, UK
| | - Denise C. Fitzgerald
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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15
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Site-Specific Considerations on Engineered T Cells for Malignant Gliomas. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071738. [PMID: 35885047 PMCID: PMC9312945 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment. Despite the recent advances in immunotherapeutic approaches for several tumor entities, limited response has been observed in malignant gliomas, including glioblastoma (GBM). Conversely, one of the emerging immunotherapeutic modalities is chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) T cell therapy, which demonstrated promising clinical responses in other solid tumors. Current pre-clinical and interventional clinical studies suggest improved efficacy when CAR-T cells are delivered locoregionally, rather than intravenously. In this review, we summarize possible CAR-T cell administration routes including locoregional therapy, systemic administration with and without focused ultrasound, direct intra-arterial drug delivery and nanoparticle-enhanced delivery in glioma. Moreover, we discuss published as well as ongoing and planned clinical trials involving CAR-T cell therapy in malignant glioma. With increasing neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant combinatorial immunotherapeutic concepts and modalities with specific modes of action for malignant glioma, selection of administration routes becomes increasingly important.
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16
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Role of tertiary lymphoid organs in the regulation of immune responses in the periphery. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:359. [PMID: 35689679 PMCID: PMC9188279 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are collections of immune cells resembling secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) that form in peripheral, non-lymphoid tissues in response to local chronic inflammation. While their formation mimics embryologic lymphoid organogenesis, TLOs form after birth at ectopic sites in response to local inflammation resulting in their ability to mount diverse immune responses. The structure of TLOs can vary from clusters of B and T lymphocytes to highly organized structures with B and T lymphocyte compartments, germinal centers, and lymphatic vessels (LVs) and high endothelial venules (HEVs), allowing them to generate robust immune responses at sites of tissue injury. Although our understanding of the formation and function of these structures has improved greatly over the last 30 years, their role as mediators of protective or pathologic immune responses in certain chronic inflammatory diseases remains enigmatic and may differ based on the local tissue microenvironment in which they form. In this review, we highlight the role of TLOs in the regulation of immune responses in chronic infection, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, cancer, and solid organ transplantation.
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17
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Abstract
The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while homeostatic functions predominate during sleep. The blood-brain barrier establishes a stable environment that is optimal for neuronal function, yet the barrier imposes a physiological problem; transcapillary filtration that forms extracellular fluid in other organs is reduced to a minimum in brain. Consequently, the brain depends on a special fluid [the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] that is flushed into brain along the unique perivascular spaces created by astrocytic vascular endfeet. We describe this pathway, coined the term glymphatic system, based on its dependency on astrocytic vascular endfeet and their adluminal expression of aquaporin-4 water channels facing toward CSF-filled perivascular spaces. Glymphatic clearance of potentially harmful metabolic or protein waste products, such as amyloid-β, is primarily active during sleep, when its physiological drivers, the cardiac cycle, respiration, and slow vasomotion, together efficiently propel CSF inflow along periarterial spaces. The brain's extracellular space contains an abundance of proteoglycans and hyaluronan, which provide a low-resistance hydraulic conduit that rapidly can expand and shrink during the sleep-wake cycle. We describe this unique fluid system of the brain, which meets the brain's requisites to maintain homeostasis similar to peripheral organs, considering the blood-brain-barrier and the paths for formation and egress of the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaag Rasmussen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Humberto Mestre
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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18
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Brand RM, Diddens J, Friedrich V, Pfaller M, Radbruch H, Hemmer B, Steiger K, Lehmann-Horn K. Siponimod Inhibits the Formation of Meningeal Ectopic Lymphoid Tissue in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/1/e1117. [PMID: 34911793 PMCID: PMC8674936 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the formation or retention of meningeal ectopic lymphoid tissue (mELT) can be inhibited by the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1,5 modulator siponimod (BAF312) in a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS A murine spontaneous chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, featuring meningeal inflammatory infiltrates resembling those in MS, was used. To prevent or treat EAE, siponimod was administered daily starting either before EAE onset or at peak of disease. The extent and cellular composition of mELT, the spinal cord parenchyma, and the spleen was assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Siponimod, when applied before disease onset, ameliorated EAE. This effect was also present, although less prominent, when treatment started at peak of disease. Treatment with siponimod resulted in a strong reduction of the extent of mELT in both treatment paradigms. Both B and T cells were diminished in the meningeal compartment. DISCUSSION Beneficial effects on the disease course correlated with a reduction in mELT, suggesting that inhibition of mELT may be an additional mechanism of action of siponimod in the treatment of EAE. Further studies are needed to establish causality and confirm this observation in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Margareta Brand
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., J.D., V.F., M.P., H.R., B.H., K.L.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.); Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Department of Pathology (K.S.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Jolien Diddens
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., J.D., V.F., M.P., H.R., B.H., K.L.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.); Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Department of Pathology (K.S.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Friedrich
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., J.D., V.F., M.P., H.R., B.H., K.L.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.); Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Department of Pathology (K.S.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Pfaller
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., J.D., V.F., M.P., H.R., B.H., K.L.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.); Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Department of Pathology (K.S.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., J.D., V.F., M.P., H.R., B.H., K.L.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.); Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Department of Pathology (K.S.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., J.D., V.F., M.P., H.R., B.H., K.L.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.); Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Department of Pathology (K.S.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., J.D., V.F., M.P., H.R., B.H., K.L.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.); Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Department of Pathology (K.S.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Lehmann-Horn
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., J.D., V.F., M.P., H.R., B.H., K.L.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (B.H.); Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Department of Pathology (K.S.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
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19
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Makris S, de Winde CM, Horsnell HL, Cantoral-Rebordinos JA, Finlay RE, Acton SE. Immune function and dysfunction are determined by lymphoid tissue efficacy. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049256. [PMID: 35072206 PMCID: PMC8807573 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid tissue returns to a steady state once each immune response is resolved, and although this occurs multiple times throughout life, its structural integrity and functionality remain unaffected. Stromal cells orchestrate cellular interactions within lymphoid tissue, and any changes to the microenvironment can have detrimental outcomes and drive disease. A breakdown in lymphoid tissue homeostasis can lead to a loss of tissue structure and function that can cause aberrant immune responses. This Review highlights recent advances in our understanding of lymphoid tissue function and remodelling in adaptive immunity and in disease states. We discuss the functional role of lymphoid tissue in disease progression and explore the changes to lymphoid tissue structure and function driven by infection, chronic inflammatory conditions and cancer. Understanding the role of lymphoid tissues in immune responses to a wide range of pathologies allows us to take a fuller systemic view of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Makris
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Charlotte M. de Winde
- Department for Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harry L. Horsnell
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jesús A. Cantoral-Rebordinos
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rachel E. Finlay
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sophie E. Acton
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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20
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Hassani A, Reguraman N, Shehab S, Khan G. Primary Peripheral Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Can Lead to CNS Infection and Neuroinflammation in a Rabbit Model: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:764937. [PMID: 34899715 PMCID: PMC8656284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.764937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common herpesvirus associated with malignant and non-malignant conditions. An accumulating body of evidence supports a role for EBV in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of the CNS. However, little is known about the details of the link between EBV and MS. One obstacle which has hindered research in this area has been the lack of a suitable animal model recapitulating natural infection in humans. We have recently shown that healthy rabbits are susceptible to EBV infection, and viral persistence in these animals mimics latent infection in humans. We used the rabbit model to investigate if peripheral EBV infection can lead to infection of the CNS and its potential consequences. We injected EBV intravenously in one group of animals, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) in another, with and without immunosuppression. Histopathological changes and viral dynamics were examined in peripheral blood, spleen, brain, and spinal cord, using a range of molecular and histopathology techniques. Our investigations uncovered important findings that could not be previously addressed. We showed that primary peripheral EBV infection can lead to the virus traversing the CNS. Cell associated, but not free virus in the plasma, correlated with CNS infection. The infected cells within the brain were found to be B-lymphocytes. Most notably, animals injected with EBV, but not PBS, developed inflammatory cellular aggregates in the CNS. The incidence of these aggregates increased in the immunosuppressed animals. The cellular aggregates contained compact clusters of macrophages surrounded by reactive astrocytes and dispersed B and T lymphocytes, but not myelinated nerve fibers. Moreover, studying EBV infection over a span of 28 days, revealed that the peak point for viral load in the periphery and CNS coincides with increased occurrence of cellular aggregates in the brain. Finally, peripheral EBV infection triggered temporal changes in the expression of latent viral transcripts and cytokines in the brain. The present study provides the first direct in vivo evidence for the role of peripheral EBV infection in CNS pathology, and highlights a unique model to dissect viral mechanisms contributing to the development of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Hassani
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Narendran Reguraman
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Safa Shehab
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gulfaraz Khan
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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21
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Popple SJ, Burrows K, Mortha A, Osborne LC. Remote regulation of type 2 immunity by intestinal parasites. Semin Immunol 2021; 53:101530. [PMID: 34802872 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is the target organ of most parasitic infections, including those by helminths and protozoa. These parasites elicit prototypical type 2 immune activation in the host's immune system with striking impact on the local tissue microenvironment. Despite local containment of these parasites within the intestinal tract, parasitic infections also mediate immune adaptation in peripheral organs. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on how such gut-tissue axes influence important immune-mediated resistance and disease tolerance in the context of coinfections, and elaborate on the implications of parasite-regulated gut-lung and gut-brain axes on the development and severity of airway inflammation and central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Popple
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - K Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L C Osborne
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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22
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van de Walle T, Vaccaro A, Ramachandran M, Pietilä I, Essand M, Dimberg A. Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in the Central Nervous System: Implications for Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724739. [PMID: 34539661 PMCID: PMC8442660 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive brain tumor, which is uniformly lethal due to its extreme invasiveness and the absence of curative therapies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have not yet proven efficacious for glioblastoma patients, due in part to the low prevalence of tumor-reactive T cells within the tumor microenvironment. The priming of tumor antigen-directed T cells in the cervical lymph nodes is complicated by the shortage of dendritic cells and lack of appropriate lymphatic vessels within the brain parenchyma. However, recent data suggest that naive T cells may also be primed within brain tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures. Here, we review the current understanding of the formation of these structures within the central nervous system, and hypothesize that promotion of tertiary lymphoid structures could enhance priming of tumor antigen-targeted T cells and sensitize glioblastomas to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiarne van de Walle
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alessandra Vaccaro
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mohanraj Ramachandran
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ilkka Pietilä
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Mitchell D, Shireman J, Sierra Potchanant EA, Lara-Velazquez M, Dey M. Neuroinflammation in Autoimmune Disease and Primary Brain Tumors: The Quest for Striking the Right Balance. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:716947. [PMID: 34483843 PMCID: PMC8414998 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.716947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
According to classical dogma, the central nervous system (CNS) is defined as an immune privileged space. The basis of this theory was rooted in an incomplete understanding of the CNS microenvironment, however, recent advances such as the identification of resident dendritic cells (DC) in the brain and the presence of CNS lymphatics have deepened our understanding of the neuro-immune axis and revolutionized the field of neuroimmunology. It is now understood that many pathological conditions induce an immune response in the CNS, and that in many ways, the CNS is an immunologically distinct organ. Hyperactivity of neuro-immune axis can lead to primary neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis and antibody-mediated encephalitis, whereas immunosuppressive mechanisms promote the development and survival of primary brain tumors. On the therapeutic front, attempts are being made to target CNS pathologies using various forms of immunotherapy. One of the most actively investigated areas of CNS immunotherapy is for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary brain tumor in adults. In this review, we provide an up to date overview of the neuro-immune axis in steady state and discuss the mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation in autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease as well as in the development and progression of brain tumors. In addition, we detail the current understanding of the interactions that characterize the primary brain tumor microenvironment and the implications of the neuro-immune axis on the development of successful therapeutic strategies for the treatment of CNS malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jack Shireman
- Dey Malignant Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Montserrat Lara-Velazquez
- Dey Malignant Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mahua Dey
- Dey Malignant Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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24
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Brand RM, Friedrich V, Diddens J, Pfaller M, Romana de Franchis F, Radbruch H, Hemmer B, Steiger K, Lehmann-Horn K. Anti-CD20 Depletes Meningeal B Cells but Does Not Halt the Formation of Meningeal Ectopic Lymphoid Tissue. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/4/e1012. [PMID: 34021057 PMCID: PMC8143698 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether anti-CD20 B-cell-depleting monoclonal antibodies (ɑCD20 mAbs) inhibit the formation or retention of meningeal ectopic lymphoid tissue (mELT) in a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS We used a spontaneous chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of mice with mutant T-cell and B-cell receptors specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), which develop meningeal inflammatory infiltrates resembling those described in MS. ɑCD20 mAbs were administered in either a preventive or a treatment regimen. The extent and cellular composition of mELT was assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS ɑCD20 mAb, applied in a paradigm to either prevent or treat EAE, did not alter the disease course in either condition. However, ɑCD20 mAb depleted virtually all B cells from the meningeal compartment but failed to prevent the formation of mELT altogether. Because of the absence of B cells, mELT was less densely populated with immune cells and the cellular composition was changed, with increased neutrophil granulocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that, in CNS autoimmune disease, meningeal inflammatory infiltrates may form and persist in the absence of B cells. Together with the finding that ɑCD20 mAb does not ameliorate spontaneous chronic EAE with mELT, our data suggest that mELT may have yet unknown capacities that are independent of B cells and contribute to CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Margareta Brand
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Friedrich
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Jolien Diddens
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Pfaller
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Francesca Romana de Franchis
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Lehmann-Horn
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
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25
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Capone A, Naro C, Bianco M, De Bardi M, Noël F, Macchi P, Battistini L, Soumelis V, Volpe E, Sette C. Systems analysis of human T helper17 cell differentiation uncovers distinct time-regulated transcriptional modules. iScience 2021; 24:102492. [PMID: 34036250 PMCID: PMC8138776 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper (Th) 17 cells protect from infections and are pathogenic in autoimmunity. While human Th17 cell differentiation has been defined, the global and stepwise transcriptional changes accompanying this process remain uncharacterized. Herein, by performing transcriptome analysis of human Th17 cells, we uncovered three time-regulated modules: early, involving exclusively “signaling pathways” genes; late, characterized by response to infections; and persistent, involving effector immune functions. To assign them an inflammatory or regulatory potential, we compared Th17 cells differentiated in presence or absence of interleukin (IL)-1β, respectively. Most inflammatory genes belong to the persistent module, whereas regulatory genes are lately or persistently induced. Among inflammatory genes, we identified the effector molecules IL17A, IL17F, IL26, IL6, interferon (IFN)G, IFNK, LTA, IL1A, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A and the transcriptional regulators homeodomain-only protein homeobox (HOPX) and sex-determining-region-Y-box (SOX)2, whose expression was independently validated. This study provides an integrative representation of the stepwise human Th17 differentiation program and offers new perspectives toward therapeutic targeting of Th17-related autoimmune diseases. Human Th17 cells are driven by early, late, and persistent transcriptional modules. Human Th17 cells express IL17A, IL17F, IL26, IL6, IFNG, IFNK, LTA, IL1A, and PDGFA. RORC regulates the IL17A, IL17F, IFNG, PDGFA, and IL1A expression in human Th17 cells. HOPX and SOX2 contribute to the expression of IFNG by human Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Capone
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Naro
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Bianco
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Bardi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Floriane Noël
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Histocompatibilité, AP-HP, Hôpital St Louis, Paris, France
- HIPI Unit, Inserm U976, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Macchi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Luca Battistini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Vassili Soumelis
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Histocompatibilité, AP-HP, Hôpital St Louis, Paris, France
- HIPI Unit, Inserm U976, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Elisabetta Volpe
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Corresponding author
| | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Neuroembriology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Corresponding author
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26
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Role of Peripheral Immune Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sci3010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the myelination of the neurons present in the central nervous system (CNS). The exact etiology of MS development is unclear, but various environmental and genetic factors might play a role in initiating the disease. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse model that is used to study the pathophysiology of MS disease as well as the effects of possible therapeutic agents. In addition, autoreactive immune cells trigger an inflammatory process upon the recognition of CNS antigens, which leads to destruction of the neurons. These include innate immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Additionally, the activation and extravasation of adaptive immune cells such as CD4+ T cells into the CNS may lead to further exacerbation of the disease. However, many studies revealed that immune cells could have either a protective or pathological role in MS. In this review, we highlight the roles of innate and adaptive immune cellular and soluble players that contribute to the pathogenesis of MS and EAE, which may be used as potential targets for therapy.
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27
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Negron A, Stüve O, Forsthuber TG. Ectopic Lymphoid Follicles in Multiple Sclerosis: Centers for Disease Control? Front Neurol 2020; 11:607766. [PMID: 33363512 PMCID: PMC7753025 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.607766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While the contribution of autoreactive CD4+ T cells to the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is widely accepted, the advent of B cell-depleting monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies has shed new light on the complex cellular mechanisms underlying MS pathogenesis. Evidence supports the involvement of B cells in both antibody-dependent and -independent capacities. T cell-dependent B cell responses originate and take shape in germinal centers (GCs), specialized microenvironments that regulate B cell activation and subsequent differentiation into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) or memory B cells, a process for which CD4+ T cells, namely follicular T helper (TFH) cells, are indispensable. ASCs carry out their effector function primarily via secreted Ig but also through the secretion of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Memory B cells, in addition to being capable of rapidly differentiating into ASCs, can function as potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to cognate memory CD4+ T cells. Aberrant B cell responses are prevented, at least in part, by follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells, which are key suppressors of GC-derived autoreactive B cell responses through the expression of inhibitory receptors and cytokines, such as CTLA4 and IL-10, respectively. Therefore, GCs represent a critical site of peripheral B cell tolerance, and their dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. In MS patients, the presence of GC-like leptomeningeal ectopic lymphoid follicles (eLFs) has prompted their investigation as potential sources of pathogenic B and T cell responses. This hypothesis is supported by elevated levels of CXCL13 and circulating TFH cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients, both of which are required to initiate and maintain GC reactions. Additionally, eLFs in post-mortem MS patient samples are notably devoid of TFR cells. The ability of GCs to generate and perpetuate, but also regulate autoreactive B and T cell responses driving MS pathology makes them an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we will summarize the evidence from both humans and animal models supporting B cells as drivers of MS, the role of GC-like eLFs in the pathogenesis of MS, and mechanisms controlling GC-derived autoreactive B cell responses in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Negron
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Neurology Section, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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28
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Cohen M, Giladi A, Raposo C, Zada M, Li B, Ruckh J, Deczkowska A, Mohar B, Shechter R, Lichtenstein RG, Amit I, Schwartz M. Meningeal lymphoid structures are activated under acute and chronic spinal cord pathologies. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 4:4/1/e202000907. [PMID: 33277355 PMCID: PMC7723261 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that acute insult to the central nervous system induces the formation of lymphocyte aggregates reminiscent of tertiary lymphoid structures within the spinal cord meninges. Unlike draining CNS-cervical lymph nodes, meningeal lymphocytes are locally activated during neuro-inflammtion and neurodegeneration. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are organized aggregates of B and T cells formed ectopically during different stages of life in response to inflammation, infection, or cancer. Here, we describe formation of structures reminiscent of TLS in the spinal cord meninges under several central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. After acute spinal cord injury, B and T lymphocytes locally aggregate within the meninges to form TLS-like structures, and continue to accumulate during the late phase of the response to the injury, with a negative impact on subsequent pathological conditions, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Using a chronic model of spinal cord pathology, the mSOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we further showed by single-cell RNA-sequencing that a meningeal lymphocyte niche forms, with a unique organization and activation state, including accumulation of pre-B cells in the spinal cord meninges. Such a response was not found in the CNS-draining cervical lymph nodes. The present findings suggest that a special immune response develops in the meninges during various neurological pathologies in the CNS, a possible reflection of its immune privileged nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amir Giladi
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Catarina Raposo
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mor Zada
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Baoguo Li
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Julia Ruckh
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Boaz Mohar
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ravid Shechter
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rachel G Lichtenstein
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel .,Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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29
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Baniahmad A, Birkner K, Görg J, Loos J, Zipp F, Wasser B, Bittner S. The frequency of follicular T helper cells differs in acute and chronic neuroinflammation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20485. [PMID: 33235306 PMCID: PMC7686332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77588-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond the major role of T cells in the pathogenesis of the autoimmune neuroinflammatory disorder multiple sclerosis (MS), recent studies have highlighted the impact of B cells on pathogenic inflammatory processes. Follicular T helper cells (Tfh) are essential for the promotion of B cell-driven immune responses. However, their role in MS and its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), is poorly investigated. A first step to achieving a better understanding of the contribution of Tfh cells to the disease is the consideration of Tfh cell localization in relation to genetic background and EAE induction method. Here, we investigated the Tfh cell distribution during disease progression in disease relevant organs in three different EAE models. An increase of Tfh frequency in the central nervous system (CNS) was observed during peak of C57BL/6 J EAE, paralleling chronic disease activity, whereas in relapsing-remitting SJL EAE mice Tfh cell frequencies were increased during remission. Furthermore, transferred Tfh-skewed cells polarized in vitro induced mild clinical symptoms in B6.Rag1-/- mice. We identified significantly higher levels of Tfh cells in the dura mater than in the CNS both in C57BL/6 and in SJL/J mice. Overall, our study emphasizes diverse, non-static roles of Tfh cells during autoimmune neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalie Baniahmad
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Birkner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johanna Görg
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Loos
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beatrice Wasser
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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30
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Monaco S, Nicholas R, Reynolds R, Magliozzi R. Intrathecal Inflammation in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218217. [PMID: 33153042 PMCID: PMC7663229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) are associated with chronic demyelination, axonal loss, neurodegeneration, cortical and deep gray matter damage, and atrophy. These changes are strictly associated with compartmentalized sustained inflammation within the brain parenchyma, the leptomeninges, and the cerebrospinal fluid. In progressive MS, molecular mechanisms underlying active demyelination differ from processes that drive neurodegeneration at cortical and subcortical locations. The widespread pattern of neurodegeneration is consistent with mechanisms associated with the inflammatory molecular load of the cerebrospinal fluid. This is at variance with gray matter demyelination that typically occurs at focal subpial sites, in the proximity of ectopic meningeal lymphoid follicles. Accordingly, it is possible that variations in the extent and location of neurodegeneration may be accounted for by individual differences in CSF flow, and by the composition of soluble inflammatory factors and their clearance. In addition, “double hit” damage may occur at sites allowing a bidirectional exchange between interstitial fluid and CSF, such as the Virchow–Robin spaces and the periventricular ependymal barrier. An important aspect of CSF inflammation and deep gray matter damage in MS involves dysfunction of the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier and inflammation in the choroid plexus. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the role of intrathecal inflammation compartmentalized to CNS and non-neural tissues in progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Monaco
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movements Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Richard Nicholas
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London W12 ONN, UK; (R.N.); (R.R.)
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London W12 ONN, UK; (R.N.); (R.R.)
| | - Roberta Magliozzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movements Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London W12 ONN, UK; (R.N.); (R.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (R.M.)
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31
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Michel L, Grasmuck C, Charabati M, Lécuyer MA, Zandee S, Dhaeze T, Alvarez JI, Li R, Larouche S, Bourbonnière L, Moumdjian R, Bouthillier A, Lahav B, Duquette P, Bar-Or A, Gommerman JL, Peelen E, Prat A. Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule regulates B lymphocyte migration across central nervous system barriers. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/518/eaaw0475. [PMID: 31723036 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of B lymphocyte-associated oligoclonal immunoglobulins in the cerebrospinal fluid is a classic hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS). The clinical efficacy of anti-CD20 therapies supports a major role for B lymphocytes in MS development. Although activated oligoclonal populations of pathogenic B lymphocytes are able to traffic between the peripheral circulation and the central nervous system (CNS) in patients with MS, molecular players involved in this migration have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166) identifies subsets of proinflammatory B lymphocytes and drives their transmigration across different CNS barriers in mouse and human. We also showcased that blocking ALCAM alleviated disease severity in animals affected by a B cell-dependent form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Last, we determined that the proportion of ALCAM+ B lymphocytes was increased in the peripheral blood and within brain lesions of patients with MS. Our findings indicate that restricting access to the CNS by targeting ALCAM on pathogenic B lymphocytes might represent a promising strategy for the development of next-generation B lymphocyte-targeting therapies for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Michel
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Camille Grasmuck
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Marc Charabati
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Marc-André Lécuyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Stephanie Zandee
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Tessa Dhaeze
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jorge I Alvarez
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Rui Li
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sandra Larouche
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Lyne Bourbonnière
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | - Boaz Lahav
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Evelyn Peelen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada. .,Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
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Korin B, Avraham S, Azulay-Debby H, Farfara D, Hakim F, Rolls A. Short-term sleep deprivation in mice induces B cell migration to the brain compartment. Sleep 2020; 43:zsz222. [PMID: 31553459 PMCID: PMC7616588 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence highlight the involvement of immune cells in brain activity and its dysfunction. The brain's immune compartment is a dynamic ensemble of cells that can fluctuate even in naive animals. However, the dynamics and factors that can affect the composition of immune cells in the naive brain are largely unknown. Here, we examined whether acute sleep deprivation can affect the brain's immune compartment (parenchyma, meninges, and choroid plexus). Using high-dimensional mass cytometry analysis, we broadly characterized the effects of short-term sleep deprivation on the immune composition in the mouse brain. We found that after 6 h of sleep deprivation, there was a significant increase in the abundance of B cells in the brain compartment. This effect can be accounted for, at least in part, by the elevated expression of the migration-related receptor, CXCR5, on B cells and its ligand, cxcl13, in the meninges following sleep deprivation. Thus, our study reveals that short-term sleep deprivation affects the brain's immune compartment, offering a new insight into how sleep disorders can affect brain function and potentially contribute to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Korin
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shimrit Avraham
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hilla Azulay-Debby
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dorit Farfara
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Fahed Hakim
- Pediatric Pulmonary Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Cancer Research Center, EMMS Hospital, Nazareth, Israel
| | - Asya Rolls
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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33
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Ward LA, Lee DS, Sharma A, Wang A, Naouar I, Ma XI, Pikor N, Nuesslein-Hildesheim B, Ramaglia V, Gommerman JL. Siponimod therapy implicates Th17 cells in a preclinical model of subpial cortical injury. JCI Insight 2020; 5:132522. [PMID: 31821174 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Subpial demyelination is a specific hallmark of multiple sclerosis and a correlate of disease progression. Although the mechanism(s) that mediate pathogenesis in the subpial compartment remain unclear, it has been speculated that inflammation in the overlying meninges may be associated with subpial injury. Here we show that adoptive transfer of proteolipid protein-primed Th17 cells into SJL/J recipient mice induces subpial demyelination associated with microglial/macrophage activation, disruption of the glial limitans, and evidence of an oxidative stress response. This pathology was topologically associated with foci of immune cells in the meninges and occurred in the absence of measurable anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein IgM or IgG antibodies. To test the role of brain-infiltrating leukocytes on subpial injury, we modulated sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor1,5 activity with BAF312 (siponimod) treatment. Administration of BAF312, even after adoptively transferred T cells had entered the brain, significantly ameliorated clinical experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and diminished subpial pathology, concomitant with a selective reduction in the capacity of transferred T cells to make Th17 cytokines. We conclude that sustained subpial cortical injury is associated with the capacity for brain-resident T cells to produce Th17 cytokines, and this pathological process occurs in an S1P receptor1,5-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis Sw Lee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anshu Sharma
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ikbel Naouar
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xianjie I Ma
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalia Pikor
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Valeria Ramaglia
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Cortini A, Bembich S, Marson L, Cocco E, Edomi P. Identification of novel non-myelin biomarkers in multiple sclerosis using an improved phage-display approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226162. [PMID: 31805175 PMCID: PMC6894809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the etiology of multiple sclerosis is not yet understood, it is accepted that its pathogenesis involves both autoimmune and neurodegenerative processes, in which the role of autoreactive T-cells has been elucidated. Instead, the contribution of humoral response is still unclear, even if the presence of intrathecal antibodies and B-cells follicle-like structures in meninges of patients has been demonstrated. Several myelin and non-myelin antigens have been identified, but none has been validated as humoral biomarker. In particular autoantibodies against myelin proteins have been found also in healthy individuals, whereas non-myelin antigens have been implicated in neurodegenerative phase of the disease. To provide further putative autoantigens of multiple sclerosis, we investigated the antigen specificity of immunoglobulins present both in sera and in cerebrospinal fluid of patients using phage display technology in a new improved format. A human brain cDNA phage display library was constructed and enriched for open-read-frame fragments. This library was selected against pooled and purified immunoglobulins from cerebrospinal fluid and sera of multiple sclerosis patients. The antigen library was also screened against an antibody scFv library obtained from RNA of B cells purified from the cerebrospinal fluid of two relapsing remitting patients. From all biopanning a complex of 14 antigens were identified; in particular, one of these antigens, corresponding to DDX24 protein, was present in all selections. The ability of more frequently isolated antigens to discriminate between sera from patients with multiple sclerosis or other neurological diseases was investigated. The more promising novel candidate autoantigens were DDX24 and TCERG1. Both are implicated in RNA modification and regulation which can be altered in neurodegenerative processes. Therefore, we propose that they could be a marker of a particular disease activity state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cortini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Bembich
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorena Marson
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Cagliari/ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Edomi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail:
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35
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DiSano KD, Royce DB, Gilli F, Pachner AR. Central Nervous System Inflammatory Aggregates in the Theiler's Virus Model of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1821. [PMID: 31428102 PMCID: PMC6687912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, as seen in chronic infections or inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), results in the accumulation of various B cell subsets in the CNS, including naïve, activated, memory B cells (Bmem), and antibody secreting cells (ASC). However, factors driving heterogeneous B cell subset accumulation and antibody (Ab) production in the CNS compartment, including the contribution of ectopic lymphoid follicles (ELF), during chronic CNS inflammation remain unclear and is a major gap in our understanding of neuroinflammation. We sought to address this gap using the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) model of progressive MS. In this model, injection of the virus into susceptible mouse strains results in a persistent infection associated with demyelination and progressive disability. During chronic infection, the predominant B cell phenotypes accumulating in the CNS were isotype-switched B cells, including Bmem and ASC with naïve/early activated and transitional B cells present at low frequencies. B cell accumulation in the CNS during chronic TMEV-IDD coincided with intrathecal Ab synthesis in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Mature and isotype-switched B cells predominately localized to the meninges and perivascular space, with IgG isotype-switched B cells frequently accumulating in the parenchymal space. Both mature and isotype-switched B cells and T cells occupied meningeal and perivascular spaces, with minimal evidence for spatial organization typical of ELF mimicking secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). Moreover, immunohistological analysis of immune cell aggregates revealed a lack of SLO-like ELF features, such as cell proliferation, cell death, and germinal center B cell markers. Nonetheless, flow cytometric assessment of B cells within the CNS showed enhanced expression of activation markers, including moderate upregulation of GL7 and expression of the costimulatory molecule CD80. B cell-related chemokines and trophic factors, including APRIL, BAFF, CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL19, and CXCL13, were elevated in the CNS. These results indicate that localization of heterogeneous B cell populations, including activated and isotype-switched B cell phenotypes, to the CNS and intrathecal Ab (ItAb) synthesis can occur independently of SLO-like follicles during chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista D DiSano
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Darlene B Royce
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Francesca Gilli
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Andrew R Pachner
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
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36
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Marques VD, Passos GRD, Mendes MF, Callegaro D, Lana-Peixoto MA, Comini-Frota ER, Vasconcelos CCF, Sato DK, Ferreira MLB, Parolin MKF, Damasceno A, Grzesiuk AK, Muniz A, Matta APDC, Oliveira BESD, Tauil CB, Maciel DRK, Diniz DS, Corrêa EC, Coronetti F, Jorge FMH, Sato HK, Gonçalves MVM, Sousa NADC, Nascimento OJM, Gama PDD, Domingues R, Simm RF, Thomaz RB, Morales RDR, Dias RM, Apóstolos-Pereira SD, Machado SCN, Junqueira TDF, Becker J. Brazilian Consensus for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: Brazilian Academy of Neurology and Brazilian Committee on Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2019; 76:539-554. [PMID: 30231128 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20180078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The expanding therapeutic arsenal in multiple sclerosis (MS) has allowed for more effective and personalized treatment, but the choice and management of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) is becoming increasingly complex. In this context, experts from the Brazilian Committee on Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and the Neuroimmunology Scientific Department of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology have convened to establish this Brazilian Consensus for the Treatment of MS, based on their understanding that neurologists should be able to prescribe MS DMTs according to what is better for each patient, based on up-to-date evidence and practice. We herein propose practical recommendations for the treatment of MS, with the main focus on the choice and management of DMTs, as well as present a review of the scientific rationale supporting therapeutic strategies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Daccach Marques
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brasil
| | | | - Maria Fernanda Mendes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - Dagoberto Callegaro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - Marco Aurélio Lana-Peixoto
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Centro de Investigação em Esclerose Múltipla de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte MG, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Bernardo Tauil
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília DF, Brasil.,Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília DF, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Frederico M H Jorge
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Renan Domingues
- Senne Líquor Diagnóstico, São Paulo SP, Brasil.,Hospital Cruz Azul, São Paulo SP, Brasil.,Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas SP, Brasil
| | - Renata Faria Simm
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jefferson Becker
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS, Brasil.,Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói RJ, Brasil
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37
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Van Kaer L, Postoak JL, Wang C, Yang G, Wu L. Innate, innate-like and adaptive lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of MS and EAE. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:531-539. [PMID: 30874627 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which the immune system damages the protective insulation surrounding the nerve fibers that project from neurons. A hallmark of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), is autoimmunity against proteins of the myelin sheath. Most studies in this field have focused on the roles of CD4+ T lymphocytes, which form part of the adaptive immune system as both mediators and regulators in disease pathogenesis. Consequently, the treatments for MS often target the inflammatory CD4+ T-cell responses. However, many other lymphocyte subsets contribute to the pathophysiology of MS and EAE, and these subsets include CD8+ T cells and B cells of the adaptive immune system, lymphocytes of the innate immune system such as natural killer cells, and subsets of innate-like T and B lymphocytes such as γδ T cells, natural killer T cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Several of these lymphocyte subsets can act as mediators of CNS inflammation, whereas others exhibit immunoregulatory functions in disease. Importantly, the efficacy of some MS treatments might be mediated in part by effects on lymphocytes other than CD4+ T cells. Here we review the contributions of distinct subsets of lymphocytes on the pathogenesis of MS and EAE, with an emphasis on lymphocytes other than CD4+ T cells. A better understanding of the distinct lymphocyte subsets that contribute to the pathophysiology of MS and its experimental models will inform the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Joshua L Postoak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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38
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McMenamin PG, Saban DR, Dando SJ. Immune cells in the retina and choroid: Two different tissue environments that require different defenses and surveillance. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 70:85-98. [PMID: 30552975 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the eye immune defenses must take place in a plethora of differing microenvironments ranging from the corneal and conjunctival epithelia facing the external environment to the pigmented connective tissue of the uveal tract containing smooth muscle, blood vessels and peripheral nerves to the innermost and highly protected neural retina. The extravascular environment of the neural retina, like the brain parenchyma, is stringently controlled to maintain conditions required for neural transmission. The unique physiological nature of the neural retina can be attributed to the blood retinal barriers (BRB) of the retinal vasculature and the retinal pigment epithelium, which both tightly regulate the transport of small molecules and restrict passage of cells and macromolecules from the circulation into the retina in a similar fashion to the blood brain barrier (BBB). The extracellular environment of the neural retina differs markedly from that of the highly vascular, loose connective tissue of the choroid, which lies outside the BRB. The choroid hosts a variety of immune cell types, including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) and mast cells. This is in marked contrast to the neural parenchyma of the retina, which is populated almost solely by microglia. This review will describe the current understanding of the distribution, phenotype and physiological role of ocular immune cells behind or inside the blood-retinal barriers and those in closely juxtaposed tissues outside the barrier. The nature and function of these immune cells can profoundly influence retinal homeostasis and lead to disordered immune function that can lead to vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G McMenamin
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Daniel R Saban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samantha J Dando
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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39
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Wicken C, Nguyen J, Karna R, Bhargava P. Leptomeningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis: Insights from animal and human studies. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 26:173-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Høglund RA, Polak J, Vartdal F, Holmøy T, Lossius A. B-cell composition in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients treated with dimethyl fumarate. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 26:90-95. [PMID: 30243235 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cells may contribute to the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has recently been shown to reduce the frequency of memory B cells in blood, but it is not known whether the drug influences the cellular composition in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). METHODS A cross-sectional study examining the cellular composition in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 10 patients treated with DMF and 18 patients receiving other disease modifying drugs or no treatment. RESULTS Patients treated with DMF had reduced proportions of memory B cells in blood compared to other MS patients (p = 0.0007), and the reduction correlated with treatment duration (rs = -0.75, p = 0.021). In the CSF, the absolute number of mononuclear cells were significantly lower in DMF-treated patients compared to the other patients (p = 0.023), and there was a disproportionate decrease of plasmablasts (p = 0.031). CONCLUSION The results of this exploratory study support a B-cell mediated mechanism of action for DMF in both blood and CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune A Høglund
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Justyna Polak
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode Vartdal
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trygve Holmøy
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Lossius
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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41
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which gives rise to focal lesions in the gray and white matter and to diffuse neurodegeneration in the entire brain. In this review, the spectrum of MS lesions and their relation to the inflammatory process is described. Pathology suggests that inflammation drives tissue injury at all stages of the disease. Focal inflammatory infiltrates in the meninges and the perivascular spaces appear to produce soluble factors, which induce demyelination or neurodegeneration either directly or indirectly through microglia activation. The nature of these soluble factors, which are responsible for demyelinating activity in sera and cerebrospinal fluid of the patients, is currently undefined. Demyelination and neurodegeneration is finally accomplished by oxidative injury and mitochondrial damage leading to a state of "virtual hypoxia."
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Wien, Austria
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42
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Hassani A, Corboy JR, Al-Salam S, Khan G. Epstein-Barr virus is present in the brain of most cases of multiple sclerosis and may engage more than just B cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192109. [PMID: 29394264 PMCID: PMC5796799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory condition of the central nervous system (CNS). It is a major cause of neurological disability in young adults, particularly women. What triggers the destruction of myelin sheaths covering nerve fibres is unknown. Both genetic and infectious agents have been implicated. Of the infectious agents, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a common herpesvirus, has the strongest epidemiological and serological evidence. However, the presence of EBV in the CNS and demonstration of the underlying mechanism(s) linking EBV to the pathogenesis of MS remain to be elucidated. We aimed at understanding the contribution of EBV infection in the pathology of MS. We examined 1055 specimens (440 DNA samples and 615 brain tissues) from 101 MS and 21 non-MS cases for the presence of EBV using PCR and EBER-in situ hybridization (EBER-ISH). EBV was detected by PCR and/or EBER-ISH in 91/101 (90%) of MS cases compared to only 5/21 (24%) of non-MS cases with other neuropathologies. None of the samples were PCR positive for other common herpesviruses (HSV-1, CMV, HHV-6). By quantitative PCR, EBV viral load in MS brain was mainly low to moderate in most cases. However, in 18/101 (18%) of MS cases, widespread but scattered presence of EBV infected cells was noted in the affected tissues by EBER-ISH. Immunohistochemical analysis of EBV gene expression in the 18 heavily infected cases, revealed that the EBV latent protein EBNA1, and to a lesser extent the early lytic protein BZLF1 were expressed. Furthermore, using double-staining we show for the first time that astrocytes and microglia, in addition to B-cells can also be infected. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive study demonstrating that EBV is present and transcriptionally active in the brain of most cases of MS and supports a role for the virus in MS pathogenesis. Further studies are required to address the mechanism of EBV involvement in MS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Hassani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tawam Hospital Campus, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - John R. Corboy
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Rocky Mountain MS Center at University of Colorado, Aurora, United States of America
| | - Suhail Al-Salam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tawam Hospital Campus, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Gulfaraz Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tawam Hospital Campus, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
- * E-mail:
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43
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Korin B, Dubovik T, Rolls A. Mass cytometry analysis of immune cells in the brain. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:377-391. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Veroni C, Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Fagnani C, Aloisi F. Transcriptional profile and Epstein-Barr virus infection status of laser-cut immune infiltrates from the brain of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:18. [PMID: 29338732 PMCID: PMC5771146 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is debated whether multiple sclerosis (MS) might result from an immunopathological response toward an active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection brought into the central nervous system (CNS) by immigrating B cells. Based on this model, a relationship should exist between the local immune milieu and EBV infection status in the MS brain. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed expression of viral and cellular genes in brain-infiltrating immune cells. Methods Twenty-three postmortem snap-frozen brain tissue blocks from 11 patients with progressive MS were selected based on good RNA quality and prominent immune cell infiltration. White matter perivascular and intrameningeal immune infiltrates, including B cell follicle-like structures, were isolated from brain sections using laser capture microdissection. Enhanced PCR-based methods were used to investigate expression of 75 immune-related genes and 6 EBV genes associated with latent and lytic infection. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistical methods. Results Genes related to T cell activation, cytotoxic cell-mediated (or type 1) immunity, B cell growth and differentiation, pathogen recognition, myeloid cell function, type I interferon pathway activation, and leukocyte recruitment were found expressed at different levels in most or all MS brain immune infiltrates. EBV genes were detected in brain samples from 9 of 11 MS patients with expression patterns suggestive of in situ activation of latent infection and, less frequently, entry into the lytic cycle. Comparison of data obtained in meningeal and white matter infiltrates revealed higher expression of genes related to interferonγ production, B cell differentiation, cell proliferation, lipid antigen presentation, and T cell and myeloid cell recruitment, as well as more widespread EBV infection in the meningeal samples. Multivariate analysis grouped genes expressed in meningeal and white matter immune infiltrates into artificial factors that were characterized primarily by genes involved in type 1 immunity effector mechanisms and type I interferon pathway activation. Conclusion These results confirm profound in situ EBV deregulation and suggest orchestration of local antiviral function in the MS brain, lending support to a model of MS pathogenesis that involves EBV as possible antigenic stimulus of the persistent immune response in the central nervous system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-1049-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Veroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Rosicarelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Fagnani
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Aloisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Hiltensperger M, Korn T. The Interleukin (IL)-23/T helper (Th)17 Axis in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a029637. [PMID: 29101111 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T helper (Th)17 cells are responsible for host defense against fungi and certain extracellular bacteria but have also been reported to play a role in a variety of autoimmune diseases. Th17 cells respond to environmental cues, are very plastic, and might also be involved in tissue homeostasis and regeneration. The imprinting of pathogenic properties in Th17 cells in autoimmunity seems highly dependent on interleukin (IL)-23. Since Th17 cells were first described in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, they have been suggested to also promote tissue damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). Indeed, some studies linked Th17 cells to disease severity in MS, and the efficacy of anti-IL-17A therapy in MS supported this idea. In this review, we will summarize molecular features of Th17 cells and discuss the evidence for their function in experimental models of autoimmune diseases and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hiltensperger
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Korn
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
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Tertiary Lymphoid Structures Among the World of Noncanonical Ectopic Lymphoid Organizations. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1845:1-15. [PMID: 30141004 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8709-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLOs), also known as ectopic lymphoid structures, are associated with chronic infections and inflammatory diseases. Despite their association with pathology, these structures are actually a normal, albeit transient, component of the immune system and facilitate local immune responses that are meant to mitigate inflammation and resolve infection. Many of the mechanisms controlling the formation and function of tertiary lymphoid structures have been identified, in part by experimentally triggering their formation using defined stimuli under controlled conditions. Here, we introduce the experimental and pathological conditions in which tertiary lymphoid tissues are formed, describe the mechanisms linked to their formation, and discuss their functions in the context of both infection and inflammation.
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Üçal M, Haindl MT, Adzemovic MZ, Strasser J, Theisl L, Zeitelhofer M, Kraitsy K, Ropele S, Schäfer U, Fazekas F, Hochmeister S. Widespread cortical demyelination of both hemispheres can be induced by injection of pro-inflammatory cytokines via an implanted catheter in the cortex of MOG-immunized rats. Exp Neurol 2017; 294:32-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Tesfagiorgis Y, Zhu SL, Jain R, Kerfoot SM. Activated B Cells Participating in the Anti-Myelin Response Are Excluded from the Inflamed Central Nervous System in a Model of Autoimmunity that Allows for B Cell Recognition of Autoantigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:449-457. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Papotto PH, Ribot JC, Silva-Santos B. IL-17+ γδ T cells as kick-starters of inflammation. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:604-611. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mills EA, Mirza A, Mao-Draayer Y. Emerging Approaches for Validating and Managing Multiple Sclerosis Relapse. Front Neurol 2017; 8:116. [PMID: 28424654 PMCID: PMC5372802 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by relapses in the majority of patients. A definitive clinical diagnosis of relapse in MS can be complicated by the presence of an infection or comorbid disorder. In this mini-review, we describe efforts to develop enhanced imaging techniques and biomarker detection as future tools for relapse validation. There is emerging evidence of roles for meningeal inflammation, sex hormones, comorbid metabolic or mood disorders, and a dysregulated immune profile in the manifestation and severity of relapse. Specific subsets of immune cells likely drive the pathophysiology of relapse, and identification of a patient's unique immunological signature of relapse may help guide future diagnosis and treatment. Finally, these studies highlight the diversity in terms of relapse presentation, immunological signature, and response in patients with MS, indicating that going forward the best approach to assessment and treatment of relapse will be multifactorial and highly personalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mills
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ali Mirza
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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