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de Azevedo SSD, Ribeiro-Alves M, Côrtes FH, Delatorre E, Hoagland B, Villela LM, Grinsztejn B, Veloso VG, Morgado MG, Souza TML, Bello G. HIV-1 controllers exhibit an enhanced antiretroviral innate state characterised by overexpression of p21 and MCPIP1 and silencing of ERVK-6 RNA expression. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2024; 119:e240071. [PMID: 39292108 PMCID: PMC11404982 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760240071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection can activate the expression of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), particularly HERV-K (HML-2). HIV controllers (HICs) are rare people living with HIV (PLWHs) who naturally control HIV-1 replication and overexpress some cellular restriction factors that negatively regulate the LTR-driven transcription of HIV-1 proviruses. OBJECTIVES To understand the ability of HICs to control the expression of endogenous retroviruses. METHODS We measured endogenous retrovirus type K6 (ERVK-6) RNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HICs (n = 23), antiretroviral (ART)-suppressed subjects (n = 8), and HIV-1-negative (NEG) individuals (n = 10) and correlated the transcript expression of ERVK-6 with multiple HIV-1 cellular restriction factors. FINDINGS Our study revealed that ERVK-6 RNA expression in PBMCs from HICs was significantly downregulated compared with that in both the ART and NEG control groups. Moreover, we detected that ERVK-6 RNA levels in PBMCs across all groups were negatively correlated with the expression levels of p21 and MCPIP1, two cellular restriction factors that limit the activation of macrophages and T cells by downregulating the activity of NF-kB. MAIN CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that HICs activate innate antiviral mechanisms that may simultaneously downregulate the transcription of both exogenous (HIV-1) and endogenous (ERVK-6) retroviruses. Future studies with larger cohorts should be performed to confirm this hypothesis and to explore the role of p21 and MCPIP1 in regulating HERV-K expression in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST/AIDS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Heloise Côrtes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Edson Delatorre
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Genômica e Ecologia Viral, Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - Brenda Hoagland
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST/AIDS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Larissa M Villela
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST/AIDS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST/AIDS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Valdilea Gonçalvez Veloso
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST/AIDS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mariza G Morgado
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Thiago Moreno L Souza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Inovação em Doenças de Populações Negligenciadas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Arbovírus e Vírus Hemorrágicos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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2
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Poveda E, Fitzgerald W, Alonso-Domínguez J, Aguayo-Arjona J, Mariño A, Álvarez H, Valcarce N, Pérez A, Ruiz-Mateos E, Margolis L, Lederman MM, Freeman ML. Elevated plasma levels of IP-10 and MIG are early predictors of loss of control among elite HIV controllers. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1446730. [PMID: 39267749 PMCID: PMC11390527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1446730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasma cytokine levels were quantified among 30 persons with HIV (PWH) identified as elite controllers (15 transient controllers [studied a median of 1.38 years before losing viral control] and 15 persistent controllers). Thirty antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive PWH, 30 ART-treated PWH with undetectable viremia, and 30 HIV-uninfected controls also were studied. Higher levels of cytokines were recognized among PWH than among controls, with EC displaying the highest levels. Elevated levels of IP-10 and MIG were identified among transient controllers as predictors of the loss of viral control. These findings offer feasible biomarkers for predicting virologic outcome and loss of control in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Poveda
- Group of Virology and Pathogenesis, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Wendy Fitzgerald
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jacobo Alonso-Domínguez
- Group of Virology and Pathogenesis, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - José Aguayo-Arjona
- Statistics and Methodology Unit, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana Mariño
- Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol, Sergas, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Hortensia Álvarez
- Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol, Sergas, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Nieves Valcarce
- Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol, Sergas, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alexandre Pérez
- Group of Virology and Pathogenesis, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Michael M Lederman
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Michael L Freeman
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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3
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Ni W, Ren L, Liao L, Li D, Luo Z, Zhu M, Liu Y, Xing H, Wang Z, Shao Y. Plasma proteomics analysis of Chinese HIV-1 infected individuals focusing on the immune and inflammatory factors afford insight into the viral control mechanism. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1378048. [PMID: 38799426 PMCID: PMC11116669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1378048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) with HIV infection can naturally control viral replication for up to a decade without antiretroviral therapy (ART), but the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon remain elusive. Methods To investigate the relevant immune and inflammatory factors associated with this natural control mechanism, we collected plasma samples from 16 LTNPs, 14 untreated viral progressors (VPs), 17 successfully ART-treated patients (TPs), and 16 healthy controls (HCs). The OLINK immune response panel and inflammation panel were employed to detect critical proteins, and the plasma neutralizing activity against a global panel of pseudoviruses was assessed using TZM-bl cells. Results The combination of IL17C, IL18, DDX58, and NF2 contributed to discriminating LTNPs and VPs. IL18 and CCL25 were positively associated with CD4+ T cell counts but negatively correlated with viral load. Furthermore, CXCL9 and CXCL10 emerged as potential supplementary diagnostic markers for assessing the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Finally, TNFRSF9 displayed positive correlations with neutralization breadth and Geometry Median Titer (GMT) despite the lack of significant differences between LTNPs and VPs. Conclusion In summary, this study identified a set of biomarkers in HIV-infected individuals at different disease stages. These markers constitute a potential network for immune balance regulation in HIV infection, which is related to the long-term control of HIV by LTNPs. It provides important clues for further exploring the immune regulatory mechanism of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqi Ni
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjie Liao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenwu Luo
- Autoimmune Department, BioRay Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Meiling Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Xing
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
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4
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Amand M, Adams P, Schober R, Iserentant G, Servais JY, Moutschen M, Seguin-Devaux C. The anti-caspase 1 inhibitor VX-765 reduces immune activation, CD4 + T cell depletion, viral load, and total HIV-1 DNA in HIV-1 infected humanized mice. eLife 2023; 12:83207. [PMID: 36800238 PMCID: PMC9937651 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection results in the activation of inflammasome that may facilitate viral spread and establishment of viral reservoirs. We evaluated the effects of the caspase-1 inhibitor VX-765 on HIV-1 infection in humanized NSG mice engrafted with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Expression of caspase-1, NLRP3, and IL-1β was increased in lymph nodes and bone marrow between day 1 and 3 after HIV-1 infection (mean fold change (FC) of 2.08, 3.23, and 6.05, p<0.001, respectively). IFI16 and AIM2 expression peaked at day 24 and coincides with increased IL-18 levels (6.89 vs 83.19 pg/ml, p=0.004), increased viral load and CD4+ T cells loss in blood (p<0.005 and p<0.0001, for the spleen respectively). Treatment with VX-765 significantly reduced TNF-α at day 11 (0.47 vs 2.2 pg/ml, p=0.045), IL-18 at day 22 (7.8 vs 23.2 pg/ml, p=0.04), CD4+ T cells (44.3% vs 36,7%, p=0.01), viral load (4.26 vs 4.89 log 10 copies/ml, p=0.027), and total HIV-1 DNA in the spleen (1 054 vs 2 889 copies /106 cells, p=0.029). We demonstrated that targeting inflammasome activation early after infection may represent a therapeutic strategy towards HIV cure to prevent CD4+ T cell depletion and reduce immune activation, viral load, and the HIV-1 reservoir formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Amand
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of HealthEsch sur AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Philipp Adams
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of HealthEsch sur AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Rafaela Schober
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of HealthEsch sur AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Gilles Iserentant
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of HealthEsch sur AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Jean-Yves Servais
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of HealthEsch sur AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Michel Moutschen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Liège, CHU de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Carole Seguin-Devaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of HealthEsch sur AlzetteLuxembourg
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5
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Caetano DG, Ribeiro-Alves M, Hottz ED, Vilela LM, Cardoso SW, Hoagland B, Grinsztejn B, Veloso VG, Morgado MG, Bozza PT, Guimarães ML, Côrtes FH. Increased biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in HIV-1 viremic controllers and low persistent inflammation in elite controllers and art-suppressed individuals. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6569. [PMID: 35449171 PMCID: PMC9023525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV controllers (HICs) are models of HIV functional cure, although some studies have shown persistent inflammation and increased rates of atherosclerosis in HICs. Since immune activation/inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), we evaluated clinical data and inflammation markers in HIV-1 viremic controllers (VC), elite controllers (EC), and control groups (HIV positive individuals with virological suppression by antiretroviral therapy—cART; HIV negative individuals—HIVneg) to assess whether they presented elevated levels of inflammation markers also associated with CVD. We observed the highest frequencies of activated CD8+ T cells in VCs, while EC and cART groups presented similar but slightly altered frequencies of this marker when compared to the HIVneg group. Regarding platelet activation, both HICs groups presented higher expression of P-selectin in platelets when compared to control groups. Monocyte subset analyses revealed lower frequencies of classical monocytes and increased frequencies of non-classical and intermediate monocytes among cART individuals and in EC when compared to HIV negative individuals, but none of the differences were significant. For VC, however, significant decreases in frequencies of classical monocytes and increases in the frequency of intermediate monocytes were observed in comparison to HIV negative individuals. The frequency of monocytes expressing tissue factor was similar among the groups on all subsets. In terms of plasma markers, VC had higher levels of many inflammatory markers, while EC had higher levels of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 compared to control groups. Our data showed that VCs display increased levels of inflammation markers that have been associated with CVD risk. Meanwhile, ECs show signals of lower but persistent inflammation, comparable to the cART group, indicating the potential benefits of alternative therapies to decrease inflammation in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Gama Caetano
- Laboratory of AIDS and Molecular Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in STD and AIDS, National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas - INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eugênio Damaceno Hottz
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Larissa Melo Vilela
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in STD and AIDS, National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas - INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sandra Wagner Cardoso
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in STD and AIDS, National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas - INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Brenda Hoagland
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in STD and AIDS, National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas - INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in STD and AIDS, National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas - INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valdilea Gonçalves Veloso
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in STD and AIDS, National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas - INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariza Gonçalves Morgado
- Laboratory of AIDS and Molecular Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Torres Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Heloise Côrtes
- Laboratory of AIDS and Molecular Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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6
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Pérez-Yanes S, Pernas M, Marfil S, Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Ortiz R, Urrea V, Rovirosa C, Estévez-Herrera J, Olivares I, Casado C, Lopez-Galindez C, Blanco J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. The Characteristics of the HIV-1 Env Glycoprotein Are Linked With Viral Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:763039. [PMID: 35401460 PMCID: PMC8988142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.763039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis and clinical progression is incomplete due to the variable contribution of host, immune, and viral factors. The involvement of viral factors has been investigated in extreme clinical phenotypes from rapid progressors to long-term non-progressors (LTNPs). Among HIV-1 proteins, the envelope glycoprotein complex (Env) has been concentrated on in many studies for its important role in the immune response and in the first steps of viral replication. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of 41 Envs from 24 patients with different clinical progression rates and viral loads (VLs), LTNP-Elite Controllers (LTNP-ECs); Viremic LTNPs (vLTNPs), and non-controller individuals contemporary to LTNPs or recent, named Old and Modern progressors. We studied the Env expression, the fusion and cell-to-cell transfer capacities, as well as viral infectivity. The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Envs were also performed. In every functional characteristic, the Envs from subjects with viral control (LTNP-ECs and vLTNPs) showed significant lower performance compared to those from the progressor individuals (Old and Modern). Regarding sequence analysis, the variable loops of the gp120 subunit of the Env (i.e., V2, V4, and mainly V5) of the progressor individuals showed longer and more glycosylated sequences than controller subjects. Therefore, HIV-1 Envs from virus of patients presenting viremic control and the non-progressor clinical phenotype showed poor viral functions and shorter sequences, whereas functional Envs were associated with virus of patients lacking virological control and with progressor clinical phenotypes. These correlations support the role of Env genotypic and phenotypic characteristics in the in vivo HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - María Pernas
- Unidad de Virologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Marfil
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Raquel Ortiz
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Urrea
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Rovirosa
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Isabel Olivares
- Unidad de Virologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Casado
- Unidad de Virologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Concepción Casado,
| | - Cecilio Lopez-Galindez
- Unidad de Virologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cecilio Lopez-Galindez,
| | - Julià Blanco
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
- Chair of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain
- Julià Blanco,
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- *Correspondence: Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández,
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7
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Sperk M, Mikaeloff F, Svensson-Akusjärvi S, Krishnan S, Ponnan SM, Ambikan AT, Nowak P, Sönnerborg A, Neogi U. Distinct lipid profile, low-level inflammation, and increased antioxidant defense signature in HIV-1 elite control status. iScience 2021; 24:102111. [PMID: 33659876 PMCID: PMC7892918 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 elite controllers (EC) are a rare but heterogeneous group of HIV-1-infected individuals who can suppress viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. The mechanisms of how EC achieve undetectable viral loads remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate host plasma metabolomics and targeted plasma proteomics in a Swedish HIV-1 cohort including EC and treatment-naïve viremic progressors (VP) as well as HIV-negative individuals (HC) to get insights into EC phenotype. Metabolites belonging to antioxidant defense had higher levels in EC relative to VP, whereas inflammation markers were increased in VP compared with EC. Only four plasma proteins (CCL4, CCL7, CCL20, and NOS3) were increased in EC compared with HC, and CCL20/CCR6 axis can play an essential role in EC status. Our study suggests that low-level inflammation and oxidative stress at physiological levels could be important factors contributing to elite control phenotype. Increased acylcholine as unique HIV-1 positive elite controllers (EC) feature Physiological oxidative stress and inflammation profile in EC Increased in CCL4, CCL7, CCL20, and NOS3 in EC compared with HIV-ve control CCR6-CCL20-dependent anti-HIV mechanism can play an essential role in EC status
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Sperk
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Flora Mikaeloff
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Sara Svensson-Akusjärvi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Shuba Krishnan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Sivasankaran Munusamy Ponnan
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Anoop T Ambikan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm 14152, Sweden.,Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm 14152, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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8
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Early Antiretroviral Therapy Prevents Viral Infection of Monocytes and Inflammation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01478-20. [PMID: 32907978 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01478-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite early antiretroviral therapy (ART), treatment interruption is associated with viral rebound, indicating early viral reservoir (VR) seeding and absence of full eradication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) that may persist in tissues. Herein, we address the contributing role of monocytes in maintaining VRs under ART, since these cells may represent a source of viral dissemination due to their ability to replenish mucosal tissues in response to injury. To this aim, monocytes with classical (CD14+), intermediate (CD14+ CD16+), and nonclassical (CD16+) phenotypes and CD4+ T cells were sorted from the blood, spleen, and intestines of untreated and early-ART-treated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) before and after ART interruption. Cell-associated SIV DNA and RNA were quantified. We demonstrated that in the absence of ART, monocytes were productively infected with replication-competent SIV, especially in the spleen. Reciprocally, early ART efficiently (i) prevented the establishment of monocyte VRs in the blood, spleen, and intestines and (ii) reduced systemic inflammation, as indicated by changes in interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) plasma levels. ART interruption was associated with a rebound in viremia that led to the rapid productive infection of both CD4+ T cells and monocytes. Altogether, our results reveal the benefits of early ART initiation in limiting the contribution of monocytes to VRs and SIV-associated inflammation.IMPORTANCE Despite the administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV persists in treated individuals and ART interruption is associated with viral rebound. Persistent chronic immune activation and inflammation contribute to disease morbidity. Whereas monocytes are infected by HIV/SIV, their role as viral reservoirs (VRs) in visceral tissues has been poorly explored. Our work demonstrates that monocyte cell subsets in the blood, spleen, and intestines do not significantly contribute to the establishment of early VRs in SIV-infected rhesus macaques treated with ART. By preventing the infection of these cells, early ART reduces systemic inflammation. However, following ART interruption, monocytes are rapidly reinfected. Altogether, our findings shed new light on the benefits of early ART initiation in limiting VR and inflammation.
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Gomes STM, da Silva Graça Amoras E, Gomes ÉR, Queiroz MAF, Júnior ECS, de Vasconcelos Massafra JM, da Silva Lemos P, Júnior JLV, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Immune escape mutations in HIV-1 controllers in the Brazilian Amazon region. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:546. [PMID: 32711474 PMCID: PMC7382849 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection is characterized by high viral replication and a decrease in CD4+ T cells (CD4+TC), resulting in AIDS, which can lead to death. In elite controllers and viremia controllers, viral replication is naturally controlled, with maintenance of CD4+TC levels without the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS The aim of the present study was to describe virological and immunological risk factors among HIV-1-infected individuals according to characteristics of progression to AIDS. The sample included 30 treatment-naive patients classified into three groups based on infection duration (> 6 years), CD4+TC count and viral load: (i) 2 elite controllers (ECs), (ii) 7 viremia controllers (VCs) and (iii) 21 nonviremia controllers (NVCs). Nested PCR was employed to amplify the virus genome, which was later sequenced using the Ion PGM platform for subtyping and analysis of immune escape mutations. RESULTS Viral samples were classified as HIV-1 subtypes B and F. Greater selection pressure on mutations was observed in the group of viremia controllers, with a higher frequency of immunological escape mutations in the genes investigated, including two new mutations in gag. The viral sequences of viremia controllers and nonviremia controllers did not differ significantly regarding the presence of immune escape mutations. CONCLUSION The results suggest that progression to AIDS is not dependent on a single variable but rather on a set of characteristics and pressures exerted by virus biology and interactions with immunogenetic host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Tatielle Monteiro Gomes
- Laboratory of Virology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Pará (ICB/UFPA), Ananindeua, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | - Érica Ribeiro Gomes
- Laboratory of Virology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Pará (ICB/UFPA), Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratory of Virology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Pará (ICB/UFPA), Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo Costa Sousa Júnior
- Health Surveillance Department, Ministry of Health (IEC-SVS/MS), Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | - Poliana da Silva Lemos
- Health Surveillance Department, Ministry of Health (IEC-SVS/MS), Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - João Lídio Vianez Júnior
- Health Surveillance Department, Ministry of Health (IEC-SVS/MS), Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Pará (ICB/UFPA), Ananindeua, Brazil
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de Azevedo SSD, Ribeiro-Alves M, Côrtes FH, Delatorre E, Spangenberg L, Naya H, Seito LN, Hoagland B, Grinsztejn B, Veloso VG, Morgado MG, Souza TML, Bello G. Increased expression of CDKN1A/p21 in HIV-1 controllers is correlated with upregulation of ZC3H12A/MCPIP1. Retrovirology 2020; 17:18. [PMID: 32615986 PMCID: PMC7333275 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some multifunctional cellular proteins, as the monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein 1 (ZC3H12A/MCPIP1) and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1A/p21, are able to modulate the cellular susceptibility to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Several studies showed that CDKN1A/p21 is expressed at high levels ex vivo in cells from individuals who naturally control HIV-1 replication (HIC) and a recent study supports a coordinate regulation of ZC3H12A/MCPIP1 and CDKN1A/p21 transcripts in a model of renal carcinoma cells. Here, we explored the potential associations between mRNA expression of ZC3H12A/MCPIP1 and CDKN1A/p21 in HIC sustaining undetectable (elite controllers-EC) or low (viremic controllers-VC) viral loads. RESULTS We found a selective upregulation of ZC3H12A/MCPIP1 and CDKN1A/p21 mRNA levels in PBMC from HIC compared with both ART-suppressed and HIV-negative control groups (P≤ 0.02) and higher MCPIP1 and p21 proteins levels in HIC than in HIV-1 negative subjects. There was a moderate positive correlation (r ≥ 0.57; P ≤ 0.014) between expressions of both transcripts in HIC and in HIC combined with control groups. We found positive correlations between the mRNA level of CDKN1A/p21 with activated CD4+ T cells levels in HIC (r ≥ 0.53; P ≤ 0.017) and between the mRNA levels of both CDKN1A/p21 (r = 0.74; P = 0.005) and ZC3H12A/MCPIP1 (r = 0.58; P = 0.040) with plasmatic levels of sCD14 in EC. Reanalysis of published transcriptomic data confirmed the positive association between ZC3H12A/MCPIP1 and CDKN1A/p21 mRNA levels in CD4+ T cells and monocytes from disparate cohorts of HIC and other HIV-positive control groups. CONCLUSIONS These data show for the first time the simultaneous upregulation of ZC3H12A/MCPIP1 and CDKN1A/p21 transcripts in the setting of natural suppression of HIV-1 replication in vivo and the positive correlation of the expression of these cellular factors in disparate cohorts of HIV-positive individuals. The existence of a common regulatory pathway connecting ZC3H12A/MCPIP1 and CDKN1A/p21 could have a synergistic effect on HIV-1 replication control and pharmacological manipulation of these multifunctional host factors may open novel therapeutic perspectives to prevent HIV-1 replication and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwellen S. D. de Azevedo
- Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST-AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas-INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda H. Côrtes
- Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900 Brazil
| | - Edson Delatorre
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucia Spangenberg
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Informática y Ciencias de la Computación, Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnologías, Universidad Católica del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Hugo Naya
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Pasturas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Leonardo N. Seito
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos–Farmanguinhos FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Brenda Hoagland
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST-AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas-INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST-AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas-INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valdilea G. Veloso
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST-AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas-INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariza G. Morgado
- Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900 Brazil
| | - Thiago Moreno L. Souza
- National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDPN), FIOCRUZ, Center for Technological Development in Health-CDTS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900 Brazil
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Ruiz-Mateos E, Poveda E, Lederman MM. Antiretroviral Treatment for HIV Elite Controllers? Pathog Immun 2020; 5:121-133. [PMID: 32582872 PMCID: PMC7307444 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v5i1.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In most HIV-infected persons, the natural history of untreated infection is one of sustained viremia, progressive CD4 T cell depletion with resultant morbidity and mortality. The advent of effective combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) that controls HIV replication has altered this landscape dramatically. Yet a rare population of HIV-infected persons-elite controllers (EC)-can control HIV replication such that plasma levels of virus are "undetectable" without ART. The EC phenotype is heterogeneous, with some subjects durably controlling the virus-persistent elite controllers-and some eventually losing viral control-transient elite controllers. Overall, EC tend to have robust HIV-specific T cell responses and in some cases, mainly in transient elite controllers, elevated activation and inflammation indices that diminish with ART suggesting that endogenous defenses against this persistent pathogen come at the cost of heightened activation/inflammation. A limited data set suggests that cardiovascular disease risk as well as the occur-rence of other morbid events may be greater in the overall EC population than in treated HIV infection. ART in EC decreases activation indices but does not appear to increase circulating CD4 T cell numbers nor do we know if it alters clinical outcomes. Thus, it is difficult to recommend or discourage a decision to start ART in the EC population but the authors lean toward treatment particularly in those EC whose activation indices are high and those who are progressively losing circulating CD4 T cell numbers. Biomarkers that can reliably predict loss of virologic control and immune failure are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases; Microbiology and Preventive Medicine; Institute of Biomedicine of Seville; Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Eva Poveda
- Group of Virology and Pathogenesis; Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur)-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo; SERGAS-UVigo; Vigo, Spain
| | - Michael M. Lederman
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Center for AIDS Research; Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals; Cleveland Medical Center; Cleveland, Ohio
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12
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Casado C, Galvez C, Pernas M, Tarancon-Diez L, Rodriguez C, Sanchez-Merino V, Vera M, Olivares I, De Pablo-Bernal R, Merino-Mansilla A, Del Romero J, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Ruiz-Mateos E, Salgado M, Martinez-Picado J, Lopez-Galindez C. Permanent control of HIV-1 pathogenesis in exceptional elite controllers: a model of spontaneous cure. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1902. [PMID: 32024974 PMCID: PMC7002478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite controllers (EC) represent a small subset of HIV-1-infected people that spontaneously control viral replication. However, natural virological suppression and absence of immune dysfunction are not always long-term sustained. We define exceptional EC (EEC) as HIV-1 subjects who maintain the EC characteristics without disease progression for more than 25 years. We analyzed three EEC, diagnosed between 1988 and 1992, who never showed signs of clinical disease progression in absence of any antiretroviral treatment. A comprehensive clinical, virological, and immunological study was performed. The individuals simultaneously exhibited ≥3 described host protective alleles, low levels of total HIV-1 DNA (<20 copies/106 CD4+ T-cells) without evidence of replication-competent viruses (<0.025 IUPM), consistent with high levels of defective genomes, strong cellular HIV-1-specific immune response, and a high poly-functionality index (>0.50). Inflammation levels of EEC were similar to HIV-1 negative donors. Remarkably, they showed an exceptional lack of viral evolution and 8-fold lower genetic diversity (<0.01 s/n) in env gene than other EC. We postulate that these EEC represent cases of spontaneous functional HIV-1 cure. A non-functional and non-genetically evolving viral reservoir along with an HIV-1-specific immune response seems to be key for the spontaneous functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepcion Casado
- Virología Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Galvez
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Maria Pernas
- Virología Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Tarancon-Diez
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodriguez
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Sanchez-Merino
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit. Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus. Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Vera
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Olivares
- Virología Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca De Pablo-Bernal
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Alberto Merino-Mansilla
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit. Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus. Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Del Romero
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60011, USA
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Spain.
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cecilio Lopez-Galindez
- Virología Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Caetano DG, de Paula HHS, Bello G, Hoagland B, Villela LM, Grinsztejn B, Veloso VG, Morgado MG, Guimarães ML, Côrtes FH. HIV-1 elite controllers present a high frequency of activated regulatory T and Th17 cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228745. [PMID: 32023301 PMCID: PMC7001932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is characterized by generalized deregulation of the immune system, resulting in increased chronic immune activation. However, some individuals called HIV controllers (HICs) present spontaneous control of viral replication and have a more preserved immune system. Among HICs, discordant results have been observed regarding immune activation and the frequency of different T cell subsets, including Treg and Th17 cells. We evaluated T cell immune activation, differentiation and regulatory profiles in two groups of HICs—elite controllers (ECs) and viremic controllers (VCs)—and compared them to those of cART-treated individuals (cART) and HIV-1-negative (HIV-neg) individuals. ECs demonstrated similar levels of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in comparison to HIV-neg, while cART and VCs showed elevated T cell activation. CD4+ T cell subset analyses showed differences only for transitional memory T cell frequency between the EC and HIV-neg groups. However, VC individuals showed higher frequencies of terminally differentiated, naïve, and stem cell memory T cells and lower frequencies of transitional memory and central memory T cells compared to the HIV-neg group. Among CD8+ T cell subsets, ECs presented higher frequencies of stem cell memory T cells, while VCs presented higher frequencies of terminally differentiated T cells compared to the HIV-neg group. HICs showed lower frequencies of total Treg cells compared to the HIV-neg and cART groups. ECs also presented higher frequencies of activated and a lower frequency of resting Treg cells than the HIV-neg and cART groups. Furthermore, we observed a high frequency of Th17 cells in ECs and high Th17/Treg ratios in both HIC groups. Our data showed that ECs had low levels of activated T cells and a high frequency of activated Treg and Th17 cells, which could restrict chronic immune activation and be indicative of a preserved mucosal response in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo G. Caetano
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hury H. S. de Paula
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Brenda Hoagland
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas—INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa M. Villela
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas—INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas—INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valdilea G. Veloso
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas—INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariza G. Morgado
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monick L. Guimarães
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda H. Côrtes
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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14
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Paim AC, Cummins NW, Natesampillai S, Garcia-Rivera E, Kogan N, Neogi U, Sönnerborg A, Sperk M, Bren GD, Deeks S, Polley E, Badley AD. HIV elite control is associated with reduced TRAILshort expression. AIDS 2019; 33:1757-1763. [PMID: 31149947 PMCID: PMC6873462 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) dependent apoptosis has been implicated in CD4 T-cell death and immunologic control of HIV-1 infection. We have described a splice variant called TRAILshort, which is a dominant negative ligand that antagonizes TRAIL-induced cell death in the context of HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 elite controllers naturally control viral replication for largely unknown reasons. Since enhanced death of infected cells might be responsible, as might occur in situations of low (or inhibited) TRAILshort, we tested whether there was an association between elite controller status and reduced levels of TRAILshort expression. DESIGN Cohort study comparing TRAILshort and full length TRAIL expression between HIV-1 elite controllers and viremic progressors from two independent populations. METHODS TRAILshort and TRAIL gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was determined by RNA-seq. TRAILshort and TRAIL protein expression in plasma was determined by antibody bead array and proximity extension assay respectively. RESULTS HIV-1 elite controllers expressed less TRAILshort transcripts in PBMCs (P = 0.002) and less TRAILshort protein in plasma (P < 0.001) than viremic progressors. CONCLUSION Reduced TRAILshort expression in PBMCs and plasma is associated with HIV-1 elite controller status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Paim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nathan W Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maike Sperk
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gary D Bren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Steve Deeks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric Polley
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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15
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Elite controllers and lessons learned for HIV-1 cure. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 38:31-36. [PMID: 31252326 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Following the success of HIV-1 antiviral treatment that maintains undetectable levels of viral replication and lack of clinical progression, the design of an HIV-1 cure for patients became the next objective. The success of the treated individuals together with the identification of subjects that spontaneously control the clinical progression for long periods, such as long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) and particularly LTNP Elite Controllers (LTNP EC) have shed hope for the feasibility of a potential cure. Although a successful cure has not been attained yet, these patients have provided critical information on the mechanisms involved in the clinical control such as host genetic factors, as well as strong immune responses against the virus. Less attention has been paid to virological factors, particularly the association of the genetic variability and the control of viral infection. Considering all these studies, it has become clear that a combination of several host, immune and viral factors is needed to attain control of the viral replication control and the non-progressor clinical phenotype. Because this control can be reached through different combinations of factors, this group of individuals is not homogenous. As HIV-1 cure has been shown to be extremely difficult to achieve, a more feasible objective is the functional cure of the viral infection. After the analysis of multiple studies on the mechanisms of control in LTNP EC, we found subjects with various host protective factors and prolonged viral control. These subjects present a complete lack of evolution after more than 20-30 years of infection, stable levels of CD4+ cells (>400-500 cells/μl), a strong immune response, and no signs of clinical progression. We propose that individuals with these characteristics could have attained a functional cure of the HIV-1 infection.
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16
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Argilaguet J, Pedragosa M, Esteve-Codina A, Riera G, Vidal E, Peligero-Cruz C, Casella V, Andreu D, Kaisho T, Bocharov G, Ludewig B, Heath S, Meyerhans A. Systems analysis reveals complex biological processes during virus infection fate decisions. Genome Res 2019; 29:907-919. [PMID: 31138618 PMCID: PMC6581057 DOI: 10.1101/gr.241372.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The processes and mechanisms of virus infection fate decisions that are the result of a dynamic virus-immune system interaction with either an efficient effector response and virus elimination or an alleviated immune response and chronic infection are poorly understood. Here, we characterized the host response to acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infections by gene coexpression network analysis of time-resolved splenic transcriptomes. First, we found an early attenuation of inflammatory monocyte/macrophage prior to the onset of T cell exhaustion, and second, a critical role of the XCL1-XCR1 communication axis during the functional adaptation of the T cell response to the chronic infection state. These findings not only reveal an important feedback mechanism that couples T cell exhaustion with the maintenance of a lower level of effector T cell response but also suggest therapy options to better control virus levels during the chronic infection phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Argilaguet
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Mireia Pedragosa
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Graciela Riera
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Enric Vidal
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA-IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Peligero-Cruz
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Valentina Casella
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Protein Chemistry, DCEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan.,Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Gennady Bocharov
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute for Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Simon Heath
- CNAG-CRG, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
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17
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HIV Controllers Have Low Inflammation Associated with a Strong HIV-Specific Immune Response in Blood. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01690-18. [PMID: 30814287 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01690-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV controllers (HIC) maintain control of HIV replication without combined antiretroviral treatment (cART). The mechanisms leading to virus control are not fully known. We used gene expression and cellular analyses to compare HIC and HIV-1-infected individuals under cART. In the blood, HIC are characterized by a low inflammation, a downmodulation of natural killer inhibitory cell signaling, and an upregulation of T cell activation gene expression. This balance that persists after stimulation of cells with HIV antigens was consistent with functional analyses showing a bias toward a Th1 and cytotoxic T cell response and a lower production of inflammatory cytokines. Taking advantage of the characterization of HIC based upon their CD8+ T lymphocyte capacity to suppress HIV-infection, we show here that unsupervised analysis of differentially expressed genes fits clearly with this cytotoxic activity, allowing the characterization of a specific signature of HIC. These results reveal significant features of HIC making the bridge between cellular function, gene signatures, and the regulation of inflammation and killing capacity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Moreover, these genetic profiles are consistent through analyses performed from blood to peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T cells. HIC maintain strong HIV-specific immune responses with low levels of inflammation. Our findings may pave the way for new immunotherapeutic approaches leading to strong HIV-1-specific immune responses while minimizing inflammation.IMPORTANCE A small minority of HIV-infected patients, called HIV controllers (HIC), maintains spontaneous control of HIV replication. It is therefore important to identify mechanisms that contribute to the control of HIV replication that may have implications for vaccine design. We observed a low inflammation, a downmodulation of natural killer inhibitory cell signaling, and an upregulation of T-cell activation gene expression in the blood of HIC compared to patients under combined antiretroviral treatment. This profile persists following in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with HIV antigens, and was consistent with functional analyses showing a Th1 and cytotoxic T cell response and a lower production of inflammatory cytokines. These results reveal significant features of HIC that maintain strong HIV-specific immune responses with low levels of inflammation. These findings define the immune status of HIC that is probably associated with the control of viral load.
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de Azevedo SSD, Côrtes FH, Delatorre E, Ribeiro-Alves M, Hoagland B, Grinsztejn B, Veloso VG, Morgado MG, Bello G. Proviral Quasispecies Diversity Is Not Associated With Virologic Breakthrough or CD4 + T Cell Loss in HIV-1 Elite Controllers. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:673. [PMID: 31001238 PMCID: PMC6454058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite controllers (EC) are able to control HIV-1 replication to extremely low levels (<50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL) in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. However, some EC experience CD4+ T cell loss and/or lose their ability to control HIV-1 over the course of infection. High levels of HIV-1 env proviral diversity, activated T cells and proinflammatory cytokines were pointed out as relevant biomarkers for detection of EC at risk of virologic/immunologic progression. The aim of this study was to assess the importance of proviral diversity as a prognostic marker of virologic and/or immunologic progression in EC. To this end, we analyzed plasma viremia, total HIV DNA levels, T cells dynamics, and activation/inflammatory biomarkers in EC with low (ECLD = 4) and high (ECHD = 6) HIV-1 env diversity. None of ECLD and ECHD subjects displayed evidence of immunologic progression (decrease in absolute and percentage of CD4+ T cells) and only one ECHD subject presented virologic progression (≥2 consecutive viral loads measurements above the detection limit) 2–5 years after determination of proviral env diversity. Despite differences in proviral genetic diversity, the ECLD and ECHD subgroups displayed comparable levels of total cell-associated HIV DNA, activated CD8+ T (CD38+HLA-DR+) cells and plasmatic inflammatory biomarkers (IP-10, IL-18, RANTES, PDGF-AA, and CTACK). These results indicate that the genetic diversity of the HIV-1 proviral reservoir is not a surrogate marker of residual viral replication, immune activation or inflammation, nor an accurate biomarker for the prediction of virologic breakthrough or CD4+ T cells loss in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwellen S D de Azevedo
- Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda H Côrtes
- Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edson Delatorre
- Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST e AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Brenda Hoagland
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST e AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST e AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valdilea G Veloso
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST e AIDS, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariza G Morgado
- Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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