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Antony F, Kinha D, Nowińska A, Rouse BT, Suryawanshi A. The immunobiology of corneal HSV-1 infection and herpetic stromal keratitis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0000624. [PMID: 39078136 PMCID: PMC11391706 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00006-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYHuman alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1) is a highly successful neurotropic pathogen that primarily infects the epithelial cells lining the orofacial mucosa. After primary lytic replication in the oral, ocular, and nasal mucosal epithelial cells, HSV-1 establishes life-long latency in neurons within the trigeminal ganglion. Patients with compromised immune systems experience frequent reactivation of HSV-1 from latency, leading to virus entry in the sensory neurons, followed by anterograde transport and lytic replication at the innervated mucosal epithelial surface. Although recurrent infection of the corneal mucosal surface is rare, it can result in a chronic immuno-inflammatory condition called herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). HSK leads to gradual vision loss and can cause permanent blindness in severe untreated cases. Currently, there is no cure or successful vaccine to prevent latent or recurrent HSV-1 infections, posing a significant clinical challenge to managing HSK and preventing vision loss. The conventional clinical management of HSK primarily relies on anti-virals to suppress HSV-1 replication, anti-inflammatory drugs (such as corticosteroids) to provide symptomatic relief from pain and inflammation, and surgical interventions in more severe cases to replace damaged cornea. However, each clinical treatment strategy has limitations, such as local and systemic drug toxicities and the emergence of anti-viral-resistant HSV-1 strains. In this review, we summarize the factors and immune cells involved in HSK pathogenesis and highlight alternate therapeutic strategies for successful clinical management of HSK. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of immunoregulatory cytokines and immunometabolism modulators as promising HSK therapies against emerging anti-viral-resistant HSV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferrin Antony
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Divya Kinha
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna Nowińska
- Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
- Ophthalmology Department, Railway Hospital in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Barry T Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amol Suryawanshi
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Musa M, Enaholo E, Aluyi-Osa G, Atuanya GN, Spadea L, Salati C, Zeppieri M. Herpes simplex keratitis: A brief clinical overview. World J Virol 2024; 13:89934. [PMID: 38616855 PMCID: PMC11008405 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v13.i1.89934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of our minireview is to provide a brief overview of the diagnosis, clinical aspects, treatment options, management, and current literature available regarding herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). This type of corneal viral infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which can affect several tissues, including the cornea. One significant aspect of HSK is its potential to cause recurrent episodes of inflammation and damage to the cornea. After the initial infection, the HSV can establish a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglion, a nerve cluster near the eye. The virus may remain dormant for extended periods. Periodic reactivation of the virus can occur, leading to recurrent episodes of HSK. Factors triggering reactivation include stress, illness, immunosuppression, or trauma. Recurrent episodes can manifest in different clinical patterns, ranging from mild epithelial involvement to more severe stromal or endothelial disease. The severity and frequency of recurrences vary among individuals. Severe cases of HSK, especially those involving the stroma and leading to scarring, can result in vision impairment or even blindness in extreme cases. The cornea's clarity is crucial for good vision, and scarring can compromise this, potentially leading to visual impairment. The management of HSK involves not only treating acute episodes but also implementing long-term strategies to prevent recurrences and attempt repairs of corneal nerve endings via neurotization. Antiviral medications, such as oral Acyclovir or topical Ganciclovir, may be prescribed for prophylaxis. The immune response to the virus can contribute to corneal damage. Inflammation, caused by the body's attempt to control the infection, may inadvertently harm the corneal tissues. Clinicians should be informed about triggers and advised on measures to minimize the risk of reactivation. In summary, the recurrent nature of HSK underscores the importance of both acute and long-term management strategies to preserve corneal health and maintain optimal visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutali Musa
- Department of Optometry, University of Benin, Benin 300283, Nigeria
- Department of Ophthalmology, Africa Eye Laser Centre, Km 7, Benin 300105, Nigeria
| | - Ehimare Enaholo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Africa Eye Laser Centre, Km 7, Benin 300105, Nigeria
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Sight Africa, Nkpor 434101, Nigeria
| | - Gladness Aluyi-Osa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Africa Eye Laser Centre, Km 7, Benin 300105, Nigeria
| | | | - Leopoldo Spadea
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome 00142, Italy
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
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3
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Sharma D, Sharma S, Akojwar N, Dondulkar A, Yenorkar N, Pandita D, Prasad SK, Dhobi M. An Insight into Current Treatment Strategies, Their Limitations, and Ongoing Developments in Vaccine Technologies against Herpes Simplex Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020206. [PMID: 36851084 PMCID: PMC9966607 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, the most prevalent viral infection that typically lasts for a lifetime, is associated with frequent outbreaks of oral and genital lesions. Oral herpes infection is mainly associated with HSV-1 through oral contact, while genital herpes originates due to HSV-2 and is categorized under sexually transmitted diseases. Immunocompromised patients and children are more prone to HSV infection. Over the years, various attempts have been made to find potential targets for the prevention of HSV infection. Despite the global distress caused by HSV infections, there are no licensed prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines available on the market against HSV. Nevertheless, there are numerous promising candidates in the pre-clinical and clinical stages of study. The present review gives an overview of two herpes viruses, their history, and life cycle, and different treatments adopted presently against HSV infections and their associated limitations. Majorly, the review covers the recent investigations being carried out globally regarding various vaccine strategies against oral and genital herpes virus infections, together with the recent and advanced nanotechnological approaches for vaccine development. Consequently, it gives an insight to researchers as well as people from the health sector about the challenges and upcoming solutions associated with treatment and vaccine development against HSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Supriya Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Natasha Akojwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Ayusha Dondulkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Nikhil Yenorkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Deepti Pandita
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (S.K.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Satyendra K. Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (S.K.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Mahaveer Dhobi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (S.K.P.); (M.D.)
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Matundan HH, Jaggi U, Ghiasi H. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Glycoproteins Differentially Regulate the Activity of Costimulatory Molecules and T Cells. mSphere 2022; 7:e0038222. [PMID: 36094100 PMCID: PMC9599263 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00382-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 70 years, multiple approaches to develop a prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine to control herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection have failed to protect against primary infection, reactivation, or reinfection. In contrast to many RNA viruses, neither primary HSV infection nor repeated clinical recurrence elicits immune responses capable of completely preventing virus reactivation; yet the 12 known HSV-1 glycoproteins are the major inducers and targets of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following infection. While costimulatory molecules and CD4/CD8 T cells both contribute significantly to HSV-1-induced immune responses, the specific effects of individual HSV-1 glycoproteins on CD4, CD8, CD80, and CD86 activities are not known. To determine how nine major HSV-1 glycoproteins affect T cells and costimulatory molecule function, we tested the independent effects of gB, gC, gD, gE, gG, gH, gI, gK, and gL on CD4, CD8, CD80, and CD86 promoter activities in vitro. gD, gK, and gL had a suppressive effect on CD4, CD8, CD80, and CD86 promoter activities, while gG and gH specifically suppressed CD4 promoter activity. In contrast, gB, gC, gE, and gI stimulated CD4, CD8, CD80, and CD86 promoter activities. Luminex analysis of splenocytes and bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) transfected with each glycoprotein showed differing cytokine/chemokine milieus with higher responses in splenocytes than in BMDCs. Our results with the tested major HSV-1 glycoproteins suggest that costimulatory molecules and T cell responses to the nine glycoproteins can be divided into (i) stimulators (i.e., gB, gC, gE, and gI), and (ii) nonstimulators (i.e., gD, gK, and gL). Thus, consistent with our previous studies, a cocktail of select HSV-1 viral genes may induce a wider spectrum of immune responses, and thus protection, than individual genes. IMPORTANCE Currently no effective vaccine is available against herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Thus, there is a critical need to develop a safe and effective vaccine to prevent and control HSV infection. The development of such approaches will require an advanced understanding of viral genes. This study provides new evidence supporting an approach to maximize vaccine efficacy by using a combination of HSV genes to control HSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry H. Matundan
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC – SSB3, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC – SSB3, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC – SSB3, Los Angeles, California, USA
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5
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Chen J, Liao S, Xiao Z, Pan Q, Wang X, Shen K, Wang S, Yang L, Guo F, Liu HF, Pan Q. The development and improvement of immunodeficient mice and humanized immune system mouse models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007579. [PMID: 36341323 PMCID: PMC9626807 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models play an indispensable role in the study of human diseases. However, animal models of different diseases do not fully mimic the complex internal environment of humans. Immunodeficient mice are deficient in certain genes and do not express these or show reduced expression in some of their cells, facilitating the establishment of humanized mice and simulation of the human environment in vivo. Here, we summarize the developments in immunodeficient mice, from the initial nude mice lacking T lymphocytes to NOD/SCID rgnull mice lacking T, B, and NK cell populations. We describe existing humanized immune system mouse models based on immunodeficient mice in which human cells or tissues have been transplanted to establish a human immune system, including humanized-peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Hu-PBMCs), humanized hematopoietic stem cells (Hu-HSCs), and humanized bone marrow, liver, thymus (Hu-BLT) mouse models. The different methods for their development involve varying levels of complexity and humanization. Humanized mice are widely used in the study of various diseases to provide a transitional stage for clinical research. However, several challenges persist, including improving the efficiency of reconstructing the human B cell immune response, extending lifespan, improving the survival rate of mice to extend the observation period, and improving the development of standardized commercialized models and as well as their use. Overall, there are many opportunities and challenges in the development of humanized immune system mouse models which can provide novel strategies for understanding the mechanisms and treatments of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingjun Pan
- *Correspondence: Hua-feng Liu, ; Qingjun Pan,
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6
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Grinage E, Shukla D. Optineurin in ocular herpes infection. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109059. [PMID: 35390332 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that can infect humans in the eye and travel to the trigeminal ganglion to establish latency. HSV-1 causes various disease states in both the primary and secondary sites of infection including the eye and the nervous system. This DNA virus exploits various adaptive measures to infect host cells, hijack host cell proteins, evade host immune response and spread from cell-to-cell to avoid immune detection. Recent data suggest that Optineurin (OPTN), a host protein, is a key restriction factor that prevents cell-to-cell spread of HSV-1 and guards against serious damage to the nervous system during infection. In recent years OPTN has gained increased attention because of its involvement in cellular mechanisms that promote homeostasis and prevent neurodegeneration. At the center of it all is the role OPTN plays as a receptor for selective autophagy. This review summarizes our latest understanding of the viral lifecycle, disease pathologies, and OPTN-mediated protective mechanisms during HSV-1 infection of the eye and the nervous system. We specifically highlight recent discoveries that implicate OPTN as crucial in the prevention of ocular and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earon Grinage
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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7
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Battaglia DM, Sanchez-Pino MD, Nichols CD, Foster TP. Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Induced Serotonin-Associated Metabolic Pathways Correlate With Severity of Virus- and Inflammation-Associated Ocular Disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:859866. [PMID: 35391733 PMCID: PMC8982329 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.859866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-associated diseases are a complex interaction between cytolytic viral replication and inflammation. Within the normally avascular and immunoprivileged cornea, HSV ocular infection can result in vision-threatening immune-mediated herpetic keratitis, the leading infectious cause of corneal blindness in the industrialized world. Viral replicative processes are entirely dependent upon numerous cellular biosynthetic and metabolic pathways. Consistent with this premise, HSV infection was shown to profoundly alter gene expression associated with cellular amino acid biosynthetic pathways, including key tryptophan metabolism genes. The essential amino acid tryptophan is crucial for pathogen replication, the generation of host immune responses, and the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin. Intriguingly, Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), the neuronal specific rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin synthesis, was the most significantly upregulated gene by HSV in an amino acid metabolism PCR array. Despite the well-defined effects of serotonin in the nervous system, the association of peripheral serotonin in disease-promoting inflammation has only recently begun to be elucidated. Likewise, the impact of serotonin on viral replication and ocular disease is also largely unknown. We therefore examined the effect of HSV-induced serotonin-associated synthesis and transport pathways on HSV-1 replication, as well as the correlation between HSV-induced ocular serotonin levels and disease severity. HSV infection induced expression of the critical serotonin synthesis enzymes TPH-1, TPH-2, and DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), as well as the serotonin transporter, SERT. Concordantly, HSV-infected cells upregulated serotonin synthesis and its intracellular uptake. Increased serotonin synthesis and uptake was shown to influence HSV replication. Exogenous addition of serotonin increased HSV-1 yield, while both TPH-1/2 and SERT pharmacological inhibition reduced viral yield. Congruent with these in vitro findings, rabbits intraocularly infected with HSV-1 exhibited significantly higher aqueous humor serotonin concentrations that positively and strongly correlated with viral load and ocular disease severity. Collectively, our findings indicate that HSV-1 promotes serotonin synthesis and cellular uptake to facilitate viral replication and consequently, serotonin's proinflammatory effects may enhance the development of ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Marie Battaglia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Maria D. Sanchez-Pino
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Charles D. Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Timothy P. Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- The Louisiana Vaccine Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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8
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Xiao S, Yang Y, Miao W, Lyu C, Tao J, Yu Y. Activation of the STAT5 Signaling Pathway by Yiqi Jiedu Formula Induces Regulatory T Cell-Mediated Alleviation of Corneal Immunopathological Damage in Mice With Recurrent Herpes Simplex Keratitis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:790787. [PMID: 35126129 PMCID: PMC8814580 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.790787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Yiqi Jiedu (YQJD) formula on the repair of corneal lesions in mice with recurrent herpes simplex virus keratitis (HSK). Sixty female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups: a normal control group (Naive), a recurrence model group (Re), and a YQJD group. After inducing recurrence by ultraviolet irradiation, the ocular surfaces of different groups of mice were observed using a slit lamp and photographed, and ocular surface scores were calculated. The abundance of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells was determined by flow cytometry in peripheral blood and spleen cells. The CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs were assessed by immunofluorescence in the cornea. The levels of the cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β in serum and splenocyte culture supernatants were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, the activation status of the STAT5 signaling pathway was examined by protein blotting, and the effect of YQJD on Treg cells through inhibition of the STAT5 pathway was observed in vitro. YQJD alleviated corneal inflammation by enhancing the STAT5 signaling pathway, thereby promoting the differentiation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells, increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β, and maintaining immune tolerance. YQJD increased the proportion of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells; also, in the cornea, YQJD inhibited the aggregation of macrophages and CD4+ cells and reduced the proportion of Th17 cells and other pro-inflammatory cells. Moreover, YQJD promoted the secretion of IL-4 to protect the cornea, leading to the mitigation of corneal immunopathological damage. YQJD reduced corneal lesions in recurrent HSK mice by stimulating Treg cells, inducing immune tolerance, and inhibiting corneal immunopathological responses via modulation of the STAT5 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanhong Miao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunming Lyu
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhua Tao
- Shanghai Eye Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Nabi R, Lewin AC, Collantes TM, Chouljenko VN, Kousoulas KG. Intramuscular Vaccination With the HSV-1(VC2) Live-Attenuated Vaccine Strain Confers Protection Against Viral Ocular Immunopathogenesis Associated With γδT Cell Intracorneal Infiltration. Front Immunol 2021; 12:789454. [PMID: 34868077 PMCID: PMC8634438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.789454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) ocular infection is one of the leading causes of infectious blindness in developed countries. The resultant herpetic keratitis (HK) is caused by an exacerbated reaction of the adaptive immune response that persists beyond virus clearance causing substantial damage to the cornea. Intramuscular immunization of mice with the HSV-1(VC2) live-attenuated vaccine strain has been shown to protect mice against lethal ocular challenge. Herein, we show that following ocular challenge, VC2 vaccinated animals control ocular immunopathogenesis in the absence of neutralizing antibodies on ocular surfaces. Ocular protection is associated with enhanced intracorneal infiltration of γδ T cells compared to mock-vaccinated animals. The observed γδ T cellular infiltration was inversely proportional to the infiltration of neutrophils, the latter associated with exacerbated tissue damage. Inhibition of T cell migration into ocular tissues by the S1P receptors agonist FTY720 produced significant ocular disease in vaccinated mice and marked increase in neutrophil infiltration. These results indicate that ocular challenge of mice immunized with the VC2 vaccine induce a unique ocular mucosal response that leads into the infiltration of γδ T cells resulting in the amelioration of infection-associated immunopathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Cornea/immunology
- Cornea/pathology
- Cornea/virology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Herpes Simplex Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Herpes Simplex Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/virology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/pathology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/prevention & control
- Keratitis, Herpetic/virology
- Lymphangiogenesis
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Neutrophil Infiltration
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiq Nabi
- Department of Pathobiological Science, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Andrew C. Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Therese M. Collantes
- Department of Pathobiological Science, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Vladimir N. Chouljenko
- Department of Pathobiological Science, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Konstantin G. Kousoulas
- Department of Pathobiological Science, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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10
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Jaggi U, Matundan HH, Yu J, Hirose S, Mueller M, Wormley FL, Ghiasi H. Essential role of M1 macrophages in blocking cytokine storm and pathology associated with murine HSV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009999. [PMID: 34653236 PMCID: PMC8550391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular HSV-1 infection is a major cause of eye disease and innate and adaptive immunity both play a role in protection and pathology associated with ocular infection. Previously we have shown that M1-type macrophages are the major and earliest infiltrates into the cornea of infected mice. We also showed that HSV-1 infectivity in the presence and absence of M2-macrophages was similar to wild-type (WT) control mice. However, it is not clear whether the absence of M1 macrophages plays a role in protection and disease in HSV-1 infected mice. To explore the role of M1 macrophages in HSV-1 infection, we used mice lacking M1 activation (M1-/- mice). Our results showed that macrophages from M1-/- mice were more susceptible to HSV-1 infection in vitro than were macrophages from WT mice. M1-/- mice were highly susceptible to ocular infection with virulent HSV-1 strain McKrae, while WT mice were refractory to infection. In addition, M1-/- mice had higher virus titers in the eyes than did WT mice. Adoptive transfer of M1 macrophages from WT mice to M1-/- mice reduced death and rescued virus replication in the eyes of infected mice. Infection of M1-/- mice with avirulent HSV-1 strain KOS also increased ocular virus replication and eye disease but did not affect latency-reactivation seen in WT control mice. Severity of virus replication and eye disease correlated with significantly higher inflammatory responses leading to a cytokine storm in the eyes of M1-/- infected mice that was not seen in WT mice. Thus, for the first time, our study illustrates the importance of M1 macrophages specifically in primary HSV-1 infection, eye disease, and survival but not in latency-reactivation. Macrophages circulating in the blood or present in different tissues constitute an important barrier against infection. We previously showed that the absence of M2 macrophages does not impact HSV-1 infectivity in vivo. However, in this study we demonstrated an essential role of M1 macrophages in protection from primary HSV-1 replication, death, and eye disease but not in latency-reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Harry H. Matundan
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jack Yu
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Satoshi Hirose
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mathias Mueller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Floyd L. Wormley
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Greenan E, Gallagher S, Khalil R, Murphy CC, Ní Gabhann-Dromgoole J. Advancing Our Understanding of Corneal Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Immune Evasion Mechanisms and Future Therapeutics. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091856. [PMID: 34578437 PMCID: PMC8473450 DOI: 10.3390/v13091856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) is a disease that commonly affects the cornea and external eye and is caused by Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1). This virus infects approximately 66% of people worldwide; however, only a small portion of these people will develop symptoms in their lifetime. There is no cure or vaccine available for HSV-1; however, there are treatments available that aim to control the inflammation caused by the virus and prevent its recurrence. While these treatments are beneficial to those suffering with HSK, there is a need for more effective treatments to minimise the need for topical steroids, which can have harmful effects, and to prevent bouts of disease reactivation, which can lead to progressive corneal scarring and visual impairment. This review details the current understanding of HSV-1 infection and discusses potential novel treatment options including microRNAs, TLRs, mAbs, and aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Greenan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland; (E.G.); (C.C.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), RSCI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Sophie Gallagher
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University (TU) Dublin, Kevin Street, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Rana Khalil
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), RSCI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Conor C. Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland; (E.G.); (C.C.M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joan Ní Gabhann-Dromgoole
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland; (E.G.); (C.C.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), RSCI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
- Correspondence:
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Two Sides to Every Story: Herpes Simplex Type-1 Viral Glycoproteins gB, gD, gH/gL, gK, and Cellular Receptors Function as Key Players in Membrane Fusion. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091849. [PMID: 34578430 PMCID: PMC8472851 DOI: 10.3390/v13091849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and type-2 (HSV-2) are prototypical alphaherpesviruses that are characterized by their unique properties to infect trigeminal and dorsal root ganglionic neurons, respectively, and establish life-long latent infections. These viruses initially infect mucosal epithelial tissues and subsequently spread to neurons. They are associated with a significant disease spectrum, including orofacial and ocular infections for HSV-1 and genital and neonatal infections for HSV-2. Viral glycoproteins within the virion envelope bind to specific cellular receptors to mediate virus entry into cells. This is achieved by the fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane. Similarly, viral glycoproteins expressed on cell surfaces mediate cell-to-cell fusion and facilitate virus spread. An interactive complex of viral glycoproteins gB, gD/gH/gL, and gK and other proteins mediate these membrane fusion phenomena with glycoprotein B (gB), the principal membrane fusogen. The requirement for the virion to enter neuronal axons suggests that the heterodimeric protein complex of gK and membrane protein UL20, found only in alphaherpesviruses, constitute a critical determinant for neuronal entry. This hypothesis was substantiated by the observation that a small deletion in the amino terminus of gK prevents entry into neuronal axons while allowing entry into other cells via endocytosis. Cellular receptors and receptor-mediated signaling synergize with the viral membrane fusion machinery to facilitate virus entry and intercellular spread. Unraveling the underlying interactions among viral glycoproteins, envelope proteins, and cellular receptors will provide new innovative approaches for antiviral therapy against herpesviruses and other neurotropic viruses.
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Wang S, Jaggi U, Yu J, Ghiasi H. Blocking HSV-1 glycoprotein K binding to signal peptide peptidase reduces virus infectivity in vitro and in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009848. [PMID: 34352042 PMCID: PMC8370620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HSV glycoprotein K (gK) is an essential herpes protein that contributes to enhancement of eye disease. We previously reported that gK binds to signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and that depletion of SPP reduces HSV-1 infectivity in vivo. To determine the therapeutic potential of blocking gK binding to SPP on virus infectivity and pathogenicity, we mapped the gK binding site for SPP to a 15mer peptide within the amino-terminus of gK. This 15mer peptide reduced infectivity of three different virus strains in vitro as determined by plaque assay, FACS, and RT-PCR. Similarly, the 15mer peptide reduced ocular virus replication in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice and also reduced levels of latency and exhaustion markers in infected mice when compared with control treated mice. Addition of the gK-15mer peptide also increased the survival of infected mice when compared with control mice. These results suggest that blocking gK binding to SPP using gK peptide may have therapeutic potential in treating HSV-1-associated infection. Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and HSV-1 glycoprotein K (gK) are essential genes in the host and virus, respectively. SPP and gK genes are both highly conserved. Previously we reported that gK binding to SPP is important for virus infectivity in vitro and in vivo. In this study we have identified the gK binding site to SPP and have shown that a gK peptide that blocks gK binding to SPP can block HSV-1 infectivity in vitro and in vivo using different strains of virus and mice. Thus, the ability of this peptide to block gK binding to SPP may be a useful tool to control HSV-1-induced eye disease in patients with herpes stromal keratitis (HSK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Wang
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jack Yu
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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O’Neil TR, Hu K, Truong NR, Arshad S, Shacklett BL, Cunningham AL, Nasr N. The Role of Tissue Resident Memory CD4 T Cells in Herpes Simplex Viral and HIV Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:359. [PMID: 33668777 PMCID: PMC7996247 DOI: 10.3390/v13030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) were first described in 2009. While initially the major focus was on CD8+ TRM, there has recently been increased interest in defining the phenotype and the role of CD4+ TRM in diseases. Circulating CD4+ T cells seed CD4+ TRM, but there also appears to be an equilibrium between CD4+ TRM and blood CD4+ T cells. CD4+ TRM are more mobile than CD8+ TRM, usually localized deeper within the dermis/lamina propria and yet may exhibit synergy with CD8+ TRM in disease control. This has been demonstrated in herpes simplex infections in mice. In human recurrent herpes infections, both CD4+ and CD8+ TRM persisting between lesions may control asymptomatic shedding through interferon-gamma secretion, although this has been more clearly shown for CD8+ T cells. The exact role of the CD4+/CD8+ TRM axis in the trigeminal ganglia and/or cornea in controlling recurrent herpetic keratitis is unknown. In HIV, CD4+ TRM have now been shown to be a major target for productive and latent infection in the cervix. In HSV and HIV co-infections, CD4+ TRM persisting in the dermis support HIV replication. Further understanding of the role of CD4+ TRM and their induction by vaccines may help control sexual transmission by both viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. O’Neil
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (T.R.O.); (K.H.); (N.R.T.); (S.A.)
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Kevin Hu
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (T.R.O.); (K.H.); (N.R.T.); (S.A.)
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Truong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (T.R.O.); (K.H.); (N.R.T.); (S.A.)
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sana Arshad
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (T.R.O.); (K.H.); (N.R.T.); (S.A.)
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Barbara L. Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (T.R.O.); (K.H.); (N.R.T.); (S.A.)
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (T.R.O.); (K.H.); (N.R.T.); (S.A.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
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Zheng W, Xu Q, Zhang Y, E X, Gao W, Zhang M, Zhai W, Rajkumar RS, Liu Z. Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immunity against herpesviridae infection: a current perspective on viral infection signaling pathways. Virol J 2020; 17:192. [PMID: 33298111 PMCID: PMC7726878 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decades, researchers have demonstrated the critical role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the innate immune system. They recognize viral components and trigger immune signal cascades to subsequently promote the activation of the immune system. Main body Herpesviridae family members trigger TLRs to elicit cytokines in the process of infection to activate antiviral innate immune responses in host cells. This review aims to clarify the role of TLRs in the innate immunity defense against herpesviridae, and systematically describes the processes of TLR actions and herpesviridae recognition as well as the signal transduction pathways involved. Conclusions Future studies of the interactions between TLRs and herpesviridae infections, especially the subsequent signaling pathways, will not only contribute to the planning of effective antiviral therapies but also provide new molecular targets for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Xiaofei E
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Mogen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Weijie Zhai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | | | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
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Xu X, Feng X, Wang L, Yi T, Zheng L, Jiang G, Fan S, Liao Y, Feng M, Zhang Y, Li D, Li Q. A HSV1 mutant leads to an attenuated phenotype and induces immunity with a protective effect. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008703. [PMID: 32776994 PMCID: PMC7440667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) is a complicated structural agent with a sophisticated transcription process and a high infection rate. A vaccine against HSV1 is urgently needed. As multiple viral-encoded proteins, including structural and nonstructural proteins, contribute to immune response stimulation, an attenuated or deficient HSV1 vaccine may be relatively reliable. Advances in genomic modification technologies provide reliable means of constructing various HSV vaccine candidates. Based on our previous work, an M6 mutant with mutations in the UL7, UL41, LAT, Us3, Us11 and Us12 genes was established. The mutant exhibited low proliferation in cells and an attenuated phenotype in an animal model. Furthermore, in mice and rhesus monkeys, the mutant can induce remarkable serum neutralizing antibody titers and T cell activation and protect against HSV1 challenge by impeding viral replication, dissemination and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Yi
- Weirui Biotechnology (Kunming) Co., Ltd, Kunming, China
| | - Lichun Zheng
- Weirui Biotechnology (Kunming) Co., Ltd, Kunming, China
| | - Guorun Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Shengtao Fan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Min Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
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Tormanen K, Wang S, Jaggi U, Ghiasi H. Restoring Herpesvirus Entry Mediator (HVEM) Immune Function in HVEM -/- Mice Rescues Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Latency and Reactivation Independently of Binding to Glycoprotein D. J Virol 2020; 94:e00700-20. [PMID: 32522859 PMCID: PMC7394883 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00700-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune modulatory protein herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) is one of several cellular receptors used by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) for cell entry. HVEM binds to HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) but is not necessary for HSV-1 replication in vitro or in vivo Previously, we showed that although HSV-1 replication was similar in wild-type (WT) control and HVEM-/- mice, HSV-1 does not establish latency or reactivate effectively in mice lacking HVEM, suggesting that HVEM is important for these functions. It is not known whether HVEM immunomodulatory functions contribute to latency and reactivation or whether its binding to gD is necessary. We used HVEM-/- mice to establish three transgenic mouse lines that express either human WT HVEM or human or mouse HVEM with a point mutation that ablates its ability to bind to gD. Here, we show that HVEM immune function, not its ability to bind gD, is required for WT levels of latency and reactivation. We further show that HVEM binding to gD does not affect expression of the HVEM ligands BTLA, CD160, or LIGHT. Interestingly, our results suggest that binding of HVEM to gD may contribute to efficient upregulation of CD8α but not PD1, TIM-3, CTLA4, or interleukin 2 (IL-2). Together, our results establish that HVEM immune function, not binding to gD, mediates establishment of latency and reactivation.IMPORTANCE HSV-1 is a common cause of ocular infections worldwide and a significant cause of preventable blindness. Corneal scarring and blindness are consequences of the immune response induced by repeated reactivation events. Therefore, HSV-1 therapeutic approaches should focus on preventing latency and reactivation. Our data suggest that the immune function of HVEM plays an important role in the HSV-1 latency and reactivation cycle that is independent of HVEM binding to gD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Tormanen
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Hirose S, Jaggi U, Wang S, Tormanen K, Nagaoka Y, Katsumata M, Ghiasi H. Role of TH17 Responses in Increasing Herpetic Keratitis in the Eyes of Mice Infected with HSV-1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:20. [PMID: 32516406 PMCID: PMC7415293 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.6.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose TH17 cells play an important role in host defense and autoimmunity yet very little is known about the role of IL17 in herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infectivity. To better understand the relationship between IL17 and HSV-1 infection, we assessed the relative impact of IL17A-deficiency and deficiency of its receptors on HSV-1 responses in vivo. Methods We generated IL17RA−/− and IL17RA−/−RC−/− mice in-house and infected them along with IL17A−/− and IL17RC−/− mice in the eyes with 2 × 105 PFU/eye of wild type (WT) HSV-1 strain McKrae. WT C57BL/6 mice were used as control. Virus replication in the eye, survival, corneal scarring (CS), angiogenesis, levels of latency-reactivation, and levels of CD8 and exhaustion markers (PD1, TIM3, LAG3, CTLA4, CD244, and CD39) in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of infected mice were determined on day 28 postinfection. Results No significant differences in virus replication in the eye, survival, latency, reactivation, and exhaustion markers were detected among IL17A−/−, IL17RA−/−, IL17RC−/−, IL17RA−/−RC−/−, and WT mice. However, mice lacking IL17 had significantly less CS and angiogenesis than WT mice. In addition, angiogenesis levels in the absence of IL17RC and irrespective of the absence of IL17RA were significantly less than in IL17A- or IL17RA-deficient mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that the absence of IL17 protects against HSV-1-induced eye disease, but has no role in protecting against virus replication, latency, or reactivation. In addition, our data provide rationale for blocking IL17RC function rather than IL17A or IL17RA function as a key driver of HSV-1-induced eye disease.
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Wang L, Wang R, Xu C, Zhou H. Pathogenesis of Herpes Stromal Keratitis: Immune Inflammatory Response Mediated by Inflammatory Regulators. Front Immunol 2020; 11:766. [PMID: 32477330 PMCID: PMC7237736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) is one of the primary diseases that cause vision loss or even blindness after herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infection. HSK-associated vision impairment is predominantly due to corneal scarring and neovascularization caused by inflammation. In the infected cornea, HSV can activate innate and adaptive immune responses of host cells, which triggers a cascade of reactions that leads to the release of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, microRNA, and other regulatory factors that have stimulating or inhibitory effects on tissue. Physiologically, host cells show homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the factors involved in HSK pathogenesis from the perspective of immunity, molecules, and pathological angiogenesis. We also describe in detail the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lesions of the corneal stroma in response to HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Jilin City Central Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Runbiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jilin City Central Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Chuyang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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20
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Heparanase-Regulated Syndecan-1 Shedding Facilitates Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Egress. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01672-19. [PMID: 31827001 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01672-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) can infect virtually all cell types in vitro An important reason lies in its ability to exploit heparan sulfate (HS) for attachment to cells. HS is a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan located on the cell surface and tethered to proteoglycans such as syndecan-1. Previously, we have shown that heparanase (HPSE) facilitates the release of viral particles by cleaving HS. Here, we demonstrate that HPSE is a master regulator where, in addition to directly enabling viral release via HS removal, it also facilitates cleavage of HS-containing ectodomains of syndecan-1, thereby further enhancing HSV-1 egress from infected cells. Syndecan-1 cleavage is mediated by upregulation of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) that accompanies higher HPSE expression in infected cells. By overexpressing HPSE, we have identified MMP-3 and MMP-7 as important sheddases of syndecan-1 shedding in corneal epithelial cells, which are natural targets of HSV-1 infection. MMP-3 and MMP-7 were also naturally upregulated during HSV-1 infection. Altogether, this paper shows a new connection between HSV-1 release and syndecan-1 shedding, a phenomenon that is regulated by HPSE and executed by the MMPs. Our results also identify new molecular markers for HSV-1 infection and new targets for future interventions.IMPORTANCE HSV-1 is a common cause of recurrent viral infections in humans. The virus can cause a range of mucosal pathologies. Efficient viral egress from infected cells is an important step for HSV-1 transmission and virus-associated pathologies. Host mechanisms that contribute to HSV-1 egress from infected cells are poorly understood. Syndecan-1 is a common heparan sulfate proteoglycan expressed by many natural target cells. Despite its known connection with heparanase, a recently identified mediator of HSV-1 release, syndecan-1 has not been previously investigated in HSV-1 release. In this study, we demonstrate that the shedding of syndecan-1 by MMP-3 and MMP-7 supports viral egress. We show that the mechanism behind the activation of these MMPs is mediated by heparanase, which is upregulated upon HSV-1 infection. Our study elucidates a new connection between HSV-1 egress, heparanase, and matrix metallopeptidases; identifies new molecular markers of infection; and provides potential new targets for therapeutic interventions.
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21
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Expression of Murine CD80 by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 in Place of Latency-Associated Transcript (LAT) Can Compensate for Latency Reactivation and Anti-apoptotic Functions of LAT. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01798-19. [PMID: 31852788 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01798-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High rates of wild-type (WT) herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) latency reactivation depend on the anti-apoptotic activities of latency-associated transcript (LAT). Replacing LAT with the baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis protein (cpIAP) or cellular FLIP (FLICE-like inhibitory protein) gene restored the WT latency reactivation phenotype to that of a LAT-minus [LAT(-)] virus, while similar recombinant viruses expressing interleukin-4 (IL-4) or interferon gamma (IFN-γ) did not. However, HSV-1 recombinant virus expressing cpIAP did not restore all LAT functions. Recently, we reported that a similar recombinant virus expressing CD80 in place of LAT had higher latency reactivation than a LAT-null virus. The present study was designed to determine if this CD80-expressing recombinant virus can restore all LAT functions as observed with WT virus. Our results suggest that overexpression of CD80 fully rescues LAT function in latency reactivation, apoptosis, and immune exhaustion, suggesting that LAT and CD80 have multiple overlapping functions.IMPORTANCE Recurring ocular infections caused by HSV-1 can cause corneal scarring and blindness. A major function of the HSV-1 latency-associated transcript (LAT) is to establish high levels of latency and reactivation, thus contributing to the development of eye disease. Here, we show that the host CD80 T cell costimulatory molecule functions similarly to LAT and can restore the ability of LAT to establish latency, reactivation, and immune exhaustion as well as induce the expression of caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9, and Bcl2. Our results suggest that, in contrast to several other previously tested genes, CD80-expressing virus can completely compensate for all known and tested LAT functions.
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Tormanen K, Wang S, Ghiasi H. CD80 Plays a Critical Role in Increased Inflammatory Responses in Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Infected Mouse Corneas. J Virol 2020; 94:e01511-19. [PMID: 31619558 PMCID: PMC6955247 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01511-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection suppresses CD80 but not CD86 expression in vitro and in vivo This suppression required the HSV-1 ICP22 gene. We also reported that overexpression of CD80 by HSV-1 exacerbated corneal scarring in BALB/c mice. We now show that this recombinant virus (HSV-CD80) expressed high levels of CD80 both in vitro in cultured rabbit skin cells and in vivo in infected mouse corneas. CD80 protein was detected on the surface of infected cells. The virulence of the recombinant HSV-CD80 virus was similar to that of the parental strain, and the replication of HSV-CD80 was similar to that of control virus in vitro and in vivo Transcriptome analysis detected 75 known HSV-1 genes in the corneas of mice infected with HSV-CD80 or parental virus on day 4 postinfection. Except for significantly higher CD80 expression in HSV-CD80-infected mice, levels of HSV-1 gene expression were similar in corneas from HSV-CD80-infected and parental virus-infected mice. The number of CD8+ T cells was higher, and the number of CD4+ T cells was lower, in the corneas of HSV-CD80-infected mice than in mice infected with parental virus. HSV-CD80-infected mice displayed a transient increase in dendritic cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed mild differences in dendritic cell maturation and interleukin-1 signaling pathways and increased expression of interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 (Ifit2). Together, these results suggest that increased CD80 levels promote increased CD8+ T cells, leading to exacerbated eye disease in HSV-1-infected mice.IMPORTANCE HSV-1 ocular infections are the leading cause of corneal blindness. Eye disease is the result of a prolonged immune response to the replicating virus. HSV-1, on the other hand, has evolved several mechanisms to evade clearance by the host immune system. We describe a novel mechanism of HSV-1 immune evasion via ICP22-dependent downregulation of the host T cell costimulatory molecule CD80. However, the exact role of CD80 in HSV-1 immune pathology is not clear. In this study, we show that eye disease is independent of the level of HSV-1 replication and that viral expression of CD80 has a detrimental role in corneal scarring, likely by increasing CD8+ T cell recruitment and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Tormanen
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC-SSB3, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC-SSB3, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC-SSB3, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Yadavalli T, Suryawanshi R, Ali M, Iqbal A, Koganti R, Ames J, Aakalu VK, Shukla D. Prior inhibition of AKT phosphorylation by BX795 can define a safer strategy to prevent herpes simplex virus-1 infection of the eye. Ocul Surf 2019; 18:221-230. [PMID: 31770600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the prophylactic antiviral efficacy, corneal tolerance and toxicity of topically dosed BX795, a non-nucleoside small-molecule inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). METHODS Prophylactic treatment with BX795 was performed both in-vitro on human corneal epithelial cells and in-vivo on mice prior to HSV-1 challenge. Viral burden was evaluated using a standard plaque assay. In a separate experiment, mice were treated topically 3-times daily for 4-weeks with BX795 to evaluate corneal tolerance and toxicity. Phenol-red thread measurements, fluorescein staining and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were used to evaluate tear production, dryness and corneal structural changes. Corneal sensitivity and intraocular pressure were measured using esthesiometery and tonometery respectively. RESULTS Both in-vitro and in-vivo results showed a robust suppression of HSV-1 infection when treated prophylactically with BX795. The fluorescein stain and phenol-red results for the BX795-treated eyes did not show signs of corneal surface dryness when compared to trifluridine (TFT), an FDA-approved topical antiviral. The OCT measurements showed no signs of structural changes to the cornea suggesting that BX795 treatment was well tolerated without any apparent signs of toxicity or inflammation. The corneal sensitivity of BX795-treated eyes was not significantly different from TFT-treated eyes. No significant increase in the intraocular pressure of BX795-treated mice was observed. CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic treatment with BX795 protects corneal cells from HSV-1 infection. The antiviral is well-tolerated on murine corneas without any detectable toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rahul Suryawanshi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Marwan Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Aqsa Iqbal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Joshua Ames
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar Aakalu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Absence of Signal Peptide Peptidase, an Essential Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Glycoprotein K Binding Partner, Reduces Virus Infectivity In Vivo. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01309-19. [PMID: 31511378 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01309-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein K (gK) binds to signal peptide peptidase (SPP), also known as minor histocompatibility antigen H13. Binding of gK to SPP is required for HSV-1 infectivity in vitro SPP is a member of the γ-secretase family, and mice lacking SPP are embryonic lethal. To determine how SPP affects HSV-1 infectivity in vivo, the SPP gene was deleted using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase driven by the ubiquitously expressed ROSA26 promoter. SPP mRNA was reduced by more than 93% in the cornea and trigeminal ganglia (TG) and by 99% in the liver of tamoxifen-injected mice, while SPP protein expression was reduced by 90% compared to the level in control mice. Mice lacking SPP had significantly less HSV-1 replication in the eye as well as reduced gK, UL20, ICP0, and gB transcripts in the cornea and TG compared to levels in control mice. In addition, reduced infiltration of CD45+, CD4+, CD8+, F4/80+, CD11c+, and NK1.1+ T cells was observed in the cornea and TG of SPP-inducible knockout mice compared to that in control mice. Finally, in the absence of SPP, latency was significantly reduced in SPP-inducible knockout mice compared to that in control mice. Thus, in this study we have generated SPP-inducible knockout mice and shown that the absence of SPP affects virus replication in the eye of ocularly infected mice and that this reduction is correlated with the interaction of gK and SPP. These results suggest that blocking this interaction may have therapeutic potential in treating HSV-1-associated eye disease.IMPORTANCE Glycoprotein K (gK) is an essential and highly conserved HSV-1 protein. Previously, we reported that gK binds to SPP, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein, and blocking this binding reduces virus infectivity in vitro and also affects gK and UL20 subcellular localization. To evaluate the function of gK binding to SPP in vivo, we generated SPP-inducible knockout mice and observed the following in the absence of SPP: (i) that significantly less HSV-1 replication was seen in ocularly infected mice than in control mice; (ii) that expression of various HSV-1 genes and cellular infiltrates in the eye and trigeminal ganglia of infected mice was less than that in control mice; and (iii) that latency was significantly reduced in infected mice. Thus, blocking of gK binding to SPP may be a useful tool to control HSV-1-induced eye disease in patients with herpes stromal keratitis (HSK).
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Koganti R, Yadavalli T, Shukla D. Current and Emerging Therapies for Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Infections. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100429. [PMID: 31658632 PMCID: PMC6843252 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic, double-stranded DNA virus that can cause a wide variety of diseases, including many ocular pathologies. It is one of the leading causes of infectious blindness in the United States. Because of its ubiquitous nature and its potential to cause serious ocular maladies, there is a significant need for more effective antiviral therapies against ocular HSV-1. In this review, we discuss the lifecycle of HSV-1 as it pertains to corneal infections and the clinically approved as well as emerging treatments to combat HSV-1 infections. We also highlight some newly identified host targets for the antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Nyayanit DA, Sahay RR, Sakpal GN, Shete AM, Chaubal GC, Sarkale P, Srivastava R, Mohandas S, Yadav PD. Identification and phylogenetic analysis of herpes simplex virus-1 from clinical isolates in India. Access Microbiol 2019; 1:e000047. [PMID: 32974534 PMCID: PMC7470303 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infection is acquired in childhood and persists throughout a person’s lifetime. Here, we present two cases from India; one showing symptoms of postpartum haemorrhage with disseminated intravascular coagulation, and the second one showing signs of acute encephalitis syndrome. The aetiological agent in both cases was identified as HSV-1 using the PCR method. The next-generation sequencing method retrieved ~97 % of the viral genome from the isolates of the clinical samples. The phylogenetic analysis of the retrieved genomes revealed that they belong to clade II of HSV-1. This study identifies a few sequence variations in the glycoprotein region of HSV-1 during two different clinical manifestations. There are a couple of papers that analyse variations in the glycoprotein region of clinical samples. Further, this study also highlights the importance of considering HSV-1 during differential diagnosis when analysing the nosocomial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rima R. Sahay
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Anita M. Shete
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Prasad Sarkale
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Koujah L, Shukla D, Naqvi AR. CRISPR-Cas based targeting of host and viral genes as an antiviral strategy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 96:53-64. [PMID: 30953741 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections in human are leading cause of mortality and morbidity across the globe. Several viruses (including HIV and Herpesvirus), have evolved ingenious strategies to evade host-immune system and persist life-long. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) is an ancient antiviral system recently discovered in bacteria that has shown tremendous potential as a precise, invariant genome editing tool. Using CRISPR-Cas based system to activate host defenses or genetic modification of viral genome can provide novel, exciting and successful antiviral mechanisms and treatment modalities. In this review, we will provide progress on the CRISPR-Cas based antiviral approaches that facilitate clearance of virus-infected cells and/or prohibit virus infection or replication. We will discuss on the possibilities of CRIPSR-Cas as prophylaxis and therapy in viral infections and review the challenges of this potent gene editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulia Koujah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Afsar R Naqvi
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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28
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Rajasagi NK, Rouse BT. The Role of T Cells in Herpes Stromal Keratitis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:512. [PMID: 30941142 PMCID: PMC6433787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The blinding inflammatory lesion stromal keratitis (SK), which occurs in some patients in response to ocular herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, represents mainly an immune cell mediated inflammatory response to the virus infection. The principal orchestrators of the immunopathological lesions are T cells although additional events participate that include the extent of recruitment of non-lymphoid cells, the extent of neoangiogenesis, and the extent of damage to nerve function. This review focuses on evidence that the balance of the functional subsets of T cells has a major impact on lesion severity and duration. Accordingly, if proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 CD4 T cells, and perhaps in some cases CD8 T cells, predominate lesions occur earlier and are more severe. Lesions are diminished when cells with regulatory function predominate. Moreover, when regulatory cells acquire the property to produce Amphiregulin this may facilitate lesion resolution. An objective to controlling lesions is to learn how to manipulate the balance of T cells to favor the representation and function of regulatory T cells and their products over proinflammatory cells. In this review we emphasize how exploiting the differential metabolic requirements of immune cells could be a valuable approach to control SK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K Rajasagi
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Barry T Rouse
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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