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Sudol ASL, Crispin M, Tews I. The IgG-specific endoglycosidases EndoS and EndoS2 are distinguished by conformation and antibody recognition. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107245. [PMID: 38569940 PMCID: PMC11063906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The IgG-specific endoglycosidases EndoS and EndoS2 from Streptococcus pyogenes can remove conserved N-linked glycans present on the Fc region of host antibodies to inhibit Fc-mediated effector functions. These enzymes are therefore being investigated as therapeutics for suppressing unwanted immune activation, and have additional application as tools for antibody glycan remodeling. EndoS and EndoS2 differ in Fc glycan substrate specificity due to structural differences within their catalytic glycosyl hydrolase domains. However, a chimeric EndoS enzyme with a substituted glycosyl hydrolase from EndoS2 loses catalytic activity, despite high structural homology between the two enzymes, indicating either mechanistic divergence of EndoS and EndoS2, or improperly-formed domain interfaces in the chimeric enzyme. Here, we present the crystal structure of the EndoS2-IgG1 Fc complex determined to 3.0 Å resolution. Comparison of complexed and unliganded EndoS2 reveals relative reorientation of the glycosyl hydrolase, leucine-rich repeat and hybrid immunoglobulin domains. The conformation of the complexed EndoS2 enzyme is also different when compared to the earlier EndoS-IgG1 Fc complex, and results in distinct contact surfaces between the two enzymes and their Fc substrate. These findings indicate mechanistic divergence of EndoS2 and EndoS. It will be important to consider these differences in the design of IgG-specific enzymes, developed to enable customizable antibody glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S L Sudol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Ivo Tews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Zhu J, Liu S, Fang J, Cui Z, Wang B, Wang Y, Liu L, Wang Q, Cao X. Enzymolysis-based RNA pull-down identifies YTHDC2 as an inhibitor of antiviral innate response. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113192. [PMID: 37776518 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response must be terminated in a timely manner at the late stage of infection to prevent unwanted inflammation. The role of m6A-modified RNAs and their binding partners in this process is not well known. Here, we develop an enzymolysis-based RNA pull-down (eRP) method that utilizes the immunoglobulin G-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS) to fish out m6A-modified RNA-associated proteins. We apply eRP to capture the methylated single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) probe-associated proteins and identify YT521-B homology domain-containing 2 (YTHDC2) as the m6A-modified interferon β (IFN-β) mRNA-binding protein. YTHDC2, induced in macrophages at the late stage of virus infection, recruits IFN-stimulated exonuclease ISG20 (IFN-stimulated exonuclease gene 20) to degrade IFN-β mRNA, consequently inhibiting antiviral innate immune response. In vitro and in vivo deficiency of YTHDC2 increases IFN-β production at the late stage of viral infection. Our findings establish an eRP method to effectively identify RNA-protein interactions and add mechanistic insight to the termination of innate response for maintaining homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Frontier Research Center for Cell Response, Institute of Immunology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jiali Fang
- Frontier Research Center for Cell Response, Institute of Immunology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zenghui Cui
- Frontier Research Center for Cell Response, Institute of Immunology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bingjing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yuzhou Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Frontier Research Center for Cell Response, Institute of Immunology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China.
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Sudol ASL, Butler J, Ivory DP, Tews I, Crispin M. Extensive substrate recognition by the streptococcal antibody-degrading enzymes IdeS and EndoS. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7801. [PMID: 36528711 PMCID: PMC9759587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic cleavage of IgG antibodies is a common strategy used by pathogenic bacteria to ablate immune effector function. The Streptococcus pyogenes bacterium secretes the protease IdeS and the glycosidase EndoS, which specifically catalyse cleavage and deglycosylation of human IgG, respectively. IdeS has received clinical approval for kidney transplantation in hypersensitised individuals, while EndoS has found application in engineering antibody glycosylation. We present crystal structures of both enzymes in complex with their IgG1 Fc substrate, which was achieved using Fc engineering to disfavour preferential Fc crystallisation. The IdeS protease displays extensive Fc recognition and encases the antibody hinge. Conversely, the glycan hydrolase domain in EndoS traps the Fc glycan in a "flipped-out" conformation, while additional recognition of the Fc peptide is driven by the so-called carbohydrate binding module. In this work, we reveal the molecular basis of antibody recognition by bacterial enzymes, providing a template for the development of next-generation enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S. L. Sudol
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - John Butler
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Dylan P. Ivory
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Ivo Tews
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Max Crispin
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
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Lavine N, Ohayon A, Mahroum N. Renal autoimmunity: The role of bacterial and viral infections, an extensive review. Autoimmun Rev 2022; 21:103073. [PMID: 35245692 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is a process by which the loss of self-tolerance results in an immune attack against the body own tissues and organs. For autoimmunity to occur, various elements serving as triggers were described by which infections are considered one of the leading factors. In turn, renal involvement in autoimmune diseases, whether by an organ-specific attack, or as part of a systemic disease process, is well known. As bacterial and viral infections are considered to be common triggers for autoimmunity in general, we aimed to study their association with renal autoimmunity in particular. We performed an extensive search of the recent and relevant medical literature regarding renal autoimmunity syndromes such as infection-associated glomerulonephritis and vasculitis, associated with bacterial and viral infections. By utilizing PubMed and Google Scholar search engines, over 200 articles and case reports were reviewed. Among other mechanisms, direct infection of the renal parenchyma, molecular mimicry, induction of B-cells or secretion of superantigens, bacterial and viral pathogens were found to correlate with the development of renal autoimmunity. Nevertheless, this was not true for all pathogens, as some mimic autoimmune diseases and others show a surprisingly protective effect. The exact immunopathogenesis is yet to be determined, however. For conclusion, bacterial and viral infections are linked to renal autoimmunity by both direct damage and as mediators of systemic diseases. Further research particularly on the immunopathogenetic mechanisms of renal autoimmunity associated with infections is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noy Lavine
- St. George School of Medicine, University of London, London, UK; Zabludowicz Center for autoimmune diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | - Aviran Ohayon
- St. George School of Medicine, University of London, London, UK; Zabludowicz Center for autoimmune diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Naim Mahroum
- Zabludowicz Center for autoimmune diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Update on Maintenance Therapies for ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40674-021-00176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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