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Wang Z, Shao J. Fungal vaccines and adjuvants: a tool to reveal the interaction between host and fungi. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:293. [PMID: 38850421 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections are incurring high risks in a range from superficial mucosal discomforts (such as oropharyngeal candidiasis and vulvovaginal candidiasis) to disseminated life-threatening diseases (such as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and cryptococcal meningitis) and becoming a global health problem in especially immunodeficient population. The major obstacle to conquer fungal harassment lies in the presence of increasing resistance to conventional antifungal agents used in newly clinically isolated strains. Although recombinant cytokines and mono-/poly-clonal antibodies are added into antifungal armamentarium, more effective antimycotic drugs are exceedingly demanded. It is comforting that the development of fungal vaccines and adjuvants opens up a window to brighten the prospective way in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of fungal assaults. In this review, we focus on the progression of several major fungal vaccines devised for the control of Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Cryptococcus spp., Coccidioides spp., Paracoccidioides spp., Blastomyces spp., Histoplasma spp., Pneumocystis spp. as well as the adjuvants adopted. We then expound the interaction between fungal vaccines/adjuvants and host innate (macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils), humoral (IgG, IgM and IgA) and cellular (Th1, Th2, Th17 and Tc17) immune responses which generally experience immune recognition of pattern recognition receptors, activation of immune cells, and clearance of invaded fungi. Furthermore, we anticipate an in-depth understanding of immunomodulatory properties of univalent and multivalent vaccines against diverse opportunistic fungi, providing helpful information in the design of novel fungal vaccines and adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixu Wang
- Laboratory of Anti-Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Anti-Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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Ran X, Parikh P, Abendroth J, Arakaki TL, Clifton MC, Edwards TE, Lorimer DD, Mayclin S, Staker BL, Myler P, McLaughlin KJ. Structural and functional characterization of FabG4 from Mycolicibacterium smegmatis. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2024; 80:82-91. [PMID: 38656226 PMCID: PMC11058512 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x2400356x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The rise in antimicrobial resistance is a global health crisis and necessitates the development of novel strategies to treat infections. For example, in 2022 tuberculosis (TB) was the second leading infectious killer after COVID-19, with multi-drug-resistant strains of TB having an ∼40% fatality rate. Targeting essential biosynthetic pathways in pathogens has proven to be successful for the development of novel antimicrobial treatments. Fatty-acid synthesis (FAS) in bacteria proceeds via the type II pathway, which is substantially different from the type I pathway utilized in animals. This makes bacterial fatty-acid biosynthesis (Fab) enzymes appealing as drug targets. FabG is an essential FASII enzyme, and some bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB, harbor multiple homologs. FabG4 is a conserved, high-molecular-weight FabG (HMwFabG) that was first identified in M. tuberculosis and is distinct from the canonical low-molecular-weight FabG. Here, structural and functional analyses of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis FabG4, the third HMwFabG studied to date, are reported. Crystal structures of NAD+ and apo MsFabG4, along with kinetic analyses, show that MsFabG4 preferentially binds and uses NADH when reducing CoA substrates. As M. smegmatis is often used as a model organism for M. tuberculosis, these studies may aid the development of drugs to treat TB and add to the growing body of research that distinguish HMwFabGs from the archetypal low-molecular-weight FabG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Ran
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Prashit Parikh
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Jan Abendroth
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Beryllium Discovery Corporation, 7869 Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | | | - Matthew C. Clifton
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Beryllium Discovery Corporation, 7869 Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Thomas E. Edwards
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Beryllium Discovery Corporation, 7869 Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Donald D. Lorimer
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- UCB Pharma, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Bart L. Staker
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter Myler
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Krystle J. McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
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Xie W, Wang L, Luo D, Soni V, Rosenn EH, Wang Z. Mycobacterium smegmatis, a Promising Vaccine Vector for Preventing TB and Other Diseases: Vaccinomics Insights and Applications. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1302. [PMID: 37631870 PMCID: PMC10459588 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium smegmatis (M.sm) is frequently used as an alternative model organism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) studies. While containing high sequence homology with M.tb, it is considered non-pathogenic in humans. As such it has been used to study M.tb and other infections in vivo and more recently been explored for potential therapeutic applications. A body of previous research has highlighted the potential of using genetically modified M.sm displaying rapid growth and unique immunostimulatory characteristics as an effective vaccine vector. Novel systems biology techniques can further serve to optimize these delivery constructs. In this article, we review recent advancements in vaccinomics tools that support the efficacy of a M.sm-based vaccine vector. Moreover, the integration of systems biology and molecular omics techniques in these pioneering studies heralds a potential accelerated pipeline for the development of next-generation recombinant vaccines against rapidly developing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weile Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Longlong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Vijay Soni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric H. Rosenn
- School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Zhe Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Mycobacterium intracellulare induces a Th17 immune response via M1-like macrophage polarization in canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11818. [PMID: 35821058 PMCID: PMC9276657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) is one of the most prevalent pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria that cause chronic pulmonary disease. The prevalence of MAC infection has been rising globally in a wide range of hosts, including companion animals. MAC infection has been reported in dogs; however, little is known about interaction between MAC and dogs, especially in immune response. In this study, we investigated the host immune response driven by M. intracellulare using the co-culture system of canine T helper cells and autologous monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that canine MDMs differentiated into M1-like macrophages after M. intracellulare infection and the macrophages secreted molecules that induced Th1/Th17 cell polarization. Furthermore, canine lymphocytes co-cultured with M. intracellulare-infected macrophages induced the adaptive Th17 responses after 5 days. Taken together, our results indicate that M. intracellulare elicits a Th17 response through macrophage activation in this system. Those findings might help the understanding of the canine immune response to MAC infection and diminishing the potential zoonotic risk in One Health aspect.
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Lee JM, Park J, Reed SG, Coler RN, Hong JJ, Kim LH, Lee W, Kwon KW, Shin SJ. Vaccination inducing durable and robust antigen-specific Th1/Th17 immune responses contributes to prophylactic protection against Mycobacterium avium infection but is ineffective as an adjunct to antibiotic treatment in chronic disease. Virulence 2022; 13:808-832. [PMID: 35499090 PMCID: PMC9067471 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2068489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) causing pulmonary disease in humanshas emerged worldwide. Thus, effective strategies simultaneously aiming to prevent MAC infection and accelerate therapeutic efficacy are required. To this end, subunit vaccine-induced protection against a well-defined virulent Mycobacterium avium (Mav) isolate was assessed as a preventative and therapeutic modality in murine models. Mav-derived culture filtrate antigen (CFA) was used as a vaccine antigen with glucopyranosyl lipid A stable emulsion (GLA-SE) or GLA-SE plus cyclic-di-GMP (GLA-SE/CDG), and we compared the immunogenicities, protective efficacies and immune correlates. Interestingly, CFA+GLA-SE/CDG immunization induced greater CFA-specific Th1/Th17 responses in both the lung and spleen than among the tested groups. Consequently, protective efficacy was optimally achieved with CFA+GLA-SE/CDG by significantly reducing bacterial loads along with long-lasting maintenance of antigen-specific Th1/Th17 cytokine-producing multifunctional T cell responses and relevant cytokine productions. Thus, we employed this subunit vaccine as an adjunct to antibiotic treatment. However, this vaccine was ineffective in further reducing bacterial loads. Collectively, our study demonstrates that strong Mav CFA-specific Th1/Th17 responses are critical for preventative protection against Mav infection but may be ineffective or even detrimental in an established and progressive chronic disease, indicating that different approaches to combating Mav infection are necessary according to vaccination purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Mi Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Rhea N Coler
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jung Joo Hong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Lee-Han Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kee Woong Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Sato F, Nakamura Y, Katsuki A, Khadka S, Ahmad I, Omura S, Martinez NE, Tsunoda I. Curdlan, a Microbial β-Glucan, Has Contrasting Effects on Autoimmune and Viral Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:805302. [PMID: 35198458 PMCID: PMC8859099 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.805302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease characterized by inflammatory demyelination and axonal degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Bacterial and fungal infections have been associated with the development of MS; microbial components that are present in several microbes could contribute to MS pathogenesis. Among such components, curdlan is a microbial 1,3-β-glucan that can stimulate dendritic cells, and enhances T helper (Th) 17 responses. We determined whether curdlan administration could affect two animal models for MS: an autoimmune model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and a viral model, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD). We induced relapsing-remitting EAE by sensitizing SJL/J mice with the myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)139-151 peptide and found that curdlan treatment prior to PLP sensitization converted the clinical course of EAE into hyperacute EAE, in which the mice developed a progressive motor paralysis and died within 2 weeks. Curdlan-treated EAE mice had massive infiltration of T cells and neutrophils in the CNS with higher levels of Th17 and Th1 responses, compared with the control EAE mice. On the other hand, in TMEV-IDD, we found that curdlan treatment reduced the clinical scores and axonal degeneration without changes in inflammation or viral persistence in the CNS. In summary, although curdlan administration exacerbated the autoimmune MS model by enhancing inflammatory demyelination, it suppressed the viral MS model with reduced axonal degeneration. Therefore, microbial infections may play contrasting roles in MS depending on its etiology: autoimmunity versus viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Yumina Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aoshi Katsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sundar Khadka
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ijaz Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Nicholas E. Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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